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WO2008079411A1 - System and method for ultrasonic assisted edm machining - Google Patents

System and method for ultrasonic assisted edm machining Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008079411A1
WO2008079411A1 PCT/US2007/026458 US2007026458W WO2008079411A1 WO 2008079411 A1 WO2008079411 A1 WO 2008079411A1 US 2007026458 W US2007026458 W US 2007026458W WO 2008079411 A1 WO2008079411 A1 WO 2008079411A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
ultrasonic horn
component part
attachment portion
longitudinal axis
ultrasonic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2007/026458
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Robert S. Soloff
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sonics and Materials Inc
Original Assignee
Sonics and Materials Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sonics and Materials Inc filed Critical Sonics and Materials Inc
Publication of WO2008079411A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008079411A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23H—WORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
    • B23H7/00—Processes or apparatus applicable to both electrical discharge machining and electrochemical machining
    • B23H7/38—Influencing metal working by using specially adapted means not directly involved in the removal of metal, e.g. ultrasonic waves, magnetic fields or laser irradiation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the field of electrical discharge machining ("EDM machining"), and more particularly to a system and method which incorporates ultrasonics to assist in the formation of parts, such as turbine blades, using EDM machining.
  • EDM machining electrical discharge machining
  • Another alternative to vibrate the blade is to place the blade in a cavity machined into the horn face and pour epoxy into the cavity in order to hold the blade in place after the epoxy is cured.
  • this requires that the horn, blade and epoxy all have to be at a set resonant frequency, which is not easily accomplished. Also, after one is finished with the machining operation the epoxy must be removed, also not an easy task to accomplish.
  • a more effective method of coupling the blade to the horn is to first determine the resonant half wavelength of the blade and directly drive it with a matching horn of the same frequency.
  • the problem still exists as to how to attach the blade to the horn.
  • the present invention addresses this problem.
  • a system for ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining of a component part having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion includes an ultrasonic horn having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion.
  • the half wavelength resonant frequency of the ultrasonic horn is the same as the half wavelength resonant frequency of the component part.
  • one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises a male part and the other one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises a female part sized and shaped to mate and engage one another when the component part and the ultrasonic horn are at generally the same temperature.
  • the female part has generally the same shape as and smaller dimensions than the male part when the component part and the ultrasonic horn are at generally the same temperature.
  • the one of the component part and the ultrasonic horn whose attachment portion comprises the female part is formed of a material having a greater coefficient of thermal expansion than does the one of the component part and the ultrasonic horn whose attachment portion comprises the male part.
  • the attachment portion of the component part comprises the male part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises the female part.
  • the component part comprises a turbine blade and the male part comprises a tang.
  • the component part is formed from steel and the ultrasonic horn is formed from titanium or aluminum.
  • the attachment portion of the component part is disposed along the longitudinal axis of the component part.
  • the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn is disposed along the longitudinal axis of the ultrasonic horn.
  • the longitudinal axis of the component part and the longitudinal axis of the ultrasonic horn are coaxial.
  • a method for ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining comprises the steps of: (i) providing a component part having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion; (ii) providing an ultrasonic horn having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion, wherein the half wavelength resonant frequency of the ultrasonic horn is the same as the half wavelength resonant frequency of the component part, and wherein one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises a male part and the other one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises a female part sized and shaped to mate and engage one another when the component part and the ultrasonic
  • the female part has generally the same shape as and smaller dimensions than the male part when the component part and the ultrasonic horn are at generally the same temperature.
  • the one of the component part and the ultrasonic horn whose attachment portion comprises the female part is formed of a material having a greater coefficient of thermal expansion than does the one of the component part and the ultrasonic horn whose attachment portion comprises the male part
  • the mating step comprises the steps of: (a) heating the component part and the ultrasonic horn such that the female part expands to a greater extent that the male part expands; (b) fitting the male part into the female part; and (c) cooling the component part and the ultrasonic horn such that the female part and the male part shrink such that the male part is engaged within the female part.
  • the attachment portion of the component part comprises the male part and wherein the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises the female part.
  • the component part comprises a turbine blade and the male part comprises a tang.
  • the component part is formed from steel and the ultrasonic horn is formed from titanium or aluminum.
  • the attachment portion of the component part is disposed along the longitudinal axis of the component part. In certain of these embodiments, the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn is disposed along the longitudinal axis of the ultrasonic horn. In certain embodiments, the longitudinal axis of the component part and the longitudinal axis of the ultrasonic horn are coaxial.
  • the step of ultrasonically vibrating the ultrasonic horn is performed by a source of ultrasonic energy which imparts ultrasonic vibrations to the ultrasonic horn.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a component part, particularly a . turbine blade, in connection with which the system of the present invention may be used for ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an ultrasonic horn portion of the system for ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the component part of FIG. 1 joined with the ultrasonic horn of FIG. 2, as well as additional portions of the system for ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining of the present invention.
  • the present invention stems from the fact that every turbine blade 10 (shown schematically in FIG. 1 ) has tangs 12 at one end that are used to attach it to a rotating shaft (not shown) after manufacture of the blade 10. Applicant has discovered that attachment of the blade 10 to a horn can be accomplished by making a horn 14 (shown schematically in FIG. 2) having the same resonant frequency as the turbine blade 10 with slightly smaller mating female tangs 16, as compared to the male tangs 14 of the blade 12, which are then heated to capture the tangs 12 of the blade 10 by fitting the blade 10 at the output end of the horn 14.
  • the horn 14 may be made from either titanium or aluminum, for example, since both of these metals have a greater coefficient of expansion than the steel turbine blades 10.
  • the horn 14 is heated up to expand the mating section thereof (i.e., the female tangs 16) so that the mating section of the blade 10 (i.e., the male tangs 12) can be slipped into place, and then the horn 14 is cooled to get a shrink fit on the turbine tangs 12 (as shown schematically in FIG. 3). This holds the blade 10 in place during the machining operation.
  • heating the horn 14 expands the horn 14 and allows the blade 10 to be easily removed. All of the methods described would typically involve the blade 10 and horn 14 being submerged in Dl water.
  • the blade 10 has a longitudinal axis A 1
  • the horn 14 has a longitudinal axis A 2
  • the male tang 12 of the blade 10 is disposed along the longitudinal axis A 1 of the blade 10
  • the female tang 16 of the horn 14 is disposed along the longitudinal axis A 2 of the horn 14. It is also preferable if the longitudinal axis A 1 of the blade 10 and the longitudinal axis A 2 of the horn 14 are coaxial when the two are joined (as shown in FIG. 3).
  • the system further includes a source of ultrasonic energy 18 which imparts ultrasonic vibrations to the horn 14 (also as shown schematically in FIG. 3).

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)

Abstract

A system for ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining of a component part having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion, is provided. The system includes an ultrasonic horn having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion. The half wavelength resonant frequency of the ultrasonic horn is the same as the half wavelength resonant frequency of the component part. Additionally, one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn is a male part and the other one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn is a female part sized and shaped to mate and engage one another when the component part and the ultrasonic horn are at generally the same temperature.

Description

TITLE OF INVENTION
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ULTRASONIC ASSISTED EDM MACHINING
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This patent application claims the benefit of, under Title 35, United States Code, Section 119(e), U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/871 ,691 , filed December 22, 2006.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to the field of electrical discharge machining ("EDM machining"), and more particularly to a system and method which incorporates ultrasonics to assist in the formation of parts, such as turbine blades, using EDM machining.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The machining of small holes in an alloy steel turbine blade is often currently being done using an EDM machining process, in which the electrolyte used is typically deionized water (Dl water). While such process provides several advantages over other known alternatives, as is known, the process can be quite slow. For example, in a typical turbine blade, there are as many as 50-100 holes required for each blade, and the time required to drill them is quite long. However, it has been shown that when ultrasonic energy is added to an EDM machining process the speed of material removal is increased. Therefore, applying ultrasonic energy to the turbine blade reduces the EDM machining time. [0004] However, the problem exists as to how to efficiently couple ultrasonic energy to the blade. One alternative is to clamp the blade to the face of a half wavelength resonant horn. However, this is a very difficult task to accomplish because the combination of the horn, blade and clamp must sustain the ultrasonic vibrations. Problematically, the forces from the ultrasonic vibration tend to shake the clamp and horn apart after only a few seconds of operation.
[0005] Another alternative to vibrate the blade is to place the blade in a cavity machined into the horn face and pour epoxy into the cavity in order to hold the blade in place after the epoxy is cured. However, this requires that the horn, blade and epoxy all have to be at a set resonant frequency, which is not easily accomplished. Also, after one is finished with the machining operation the epoxy must be removed, also not an easy task to accomplish.
[0006] A more effective method of coupling the blade to the horn is to first determine the resonant half wavelength of the blade and directly drive it with a matching horn of the same frequency. However, the problem still exists as to how to attach the blade to the horn. The present invention addresses this problem.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] More specifically, in accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a system for ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining of a component part having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion, is provided. The system includes an ultrasonic horn having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion. The half wavelength resonant frequency of the ultrasonic horn is the same as the half wavelength resonant frequency of the component part. Additionally, one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises a male part and the other one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises a female part sized and shaped to mate and engage one another when the component part and the ultrasonic horn are at generally the same temperature.
[0008] In some embodiments, the female part has generally the same shape as and smaller dimensions than the male part when the component part and the ultrasonic horn are at generally the same temperature.
[0009] In some embodiments, the one of the component part and the ultrasonic horn whose attachment portion comprises the female part is formed of a material having a greater coefficient of thermal expansion than does the one of the component part and the ultrasonic horn whose attachment portion comprises the male part. In certain of these embodiments, the attachment portion of the component part comprises the male part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises the female part. In certain of these embodiments, the component part comprises a turbine blade and the male part comprises a tang. In certain embodiments, the component part is formed from steel and the ultrasonic horn is formed from titanium or aluminum.
[00010] In some embodiments, the attachment portion of the component part is disposed along the longitudinal axis of the component part. In certain of these embodiments, the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn is disposed along the longitudinal axis of the ultrasonic horn. In certain of these embodiments, the longitudinal axis of the component part and the longitudinal axis of the ultrasonic horn are coaxial.
[00011] In some embodiments, the system further includes a source of ultrasonic energy which imparts ultrasonic vibrations to the ultrasonic horn. [00012] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method for ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining comprises the steps of: (i) providing a component part having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion; (ii) providing an ultrasonic horn having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion, wherein the half wavelength resonant frequency of the ultrasonic horn is the same as the half wavelength resonant frequency of the component part, and wherein one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises a male part and the other one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises a female part sized and shaped to mate and engage one another when the component part and the ultrasonic horn are at generally the same temperature; (iii) mating the male part and the female part together to join the component part and the ultrasonic horn; and (iv) ultrasonically vibrating the ultrasonic horn and the component part joined thereto at the half wavelength resonant frequency of the ultrasonic horn and the component part.
[00013] In some embodiments, the female part has generally the same shape as and smaller dimensions than the male part when the component part and the ultrasonic horn are at generally the same temperature.
[00014] In some embodiments, the one of the component part and the ultrasonic horn whose attachment portion comprises the female part is formed of a material having a greater coefficient of thermal expansion than does the one of the component part and the ultrasonic horn whose attachment portion comprises the male part, and the mating step comprises the steps of: (a) heating the component part and the ultrasonic horn such that the female part expands to a greater extent that the male part expands; (b) fitting the male part into the female part; and (c) cooling the component part and the ultrasonic horn such that the female part and the male part shrink such that the male part is engaged within the female part.
[00015] In certain of these embodiments, the attachment portion of the component part comprises the male part and wherein the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises the female part. In certain embodiments, the component part comprises a turbine blade and the male part comprises a tang. In certain embodiments, the component part is formed from steel and the ultrasonic horn is formed from titanium or aluminum.
[00016] In some embodiments, the attachment portion of the component part is disposed along the longitudinal axis of the component part. In certain of these embodiments, the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn is disposed along the longitudinal axis of the ultrasonic horn. In certain embodiments, the longitudinal axis of the component part and the longitudinal axis of the ultrasonic horn are coaxial.
[00017] In some embodiments, the step of ultrasonically vibrating the ultrasonic horn is performed by a source of ultrasonic energy which imparts ultrasonic vibrations to the ultrasonic horn.
[00018] The invention and its particular features and advantages will become more apparent from the following detailed description considered with reference to the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[00019] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a component part, particularly a . turbine blade, in connection with which the system of the present invention may be used for ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining. [00020] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an ultrasonic horn portion of the system for ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining of the present invention.
[00021] FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the component part of FIG. 1 joined with the ultrasonic horn of FIG. 2, as well as additional portions of the system for ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[00022] The present invention stems from the fact that every turbine blade 10 (shown schematically in FIG. 1 ) has tangs 12 at one end that are used to attach it to a rotating shaft (not shown) after manufacture of the blade 10. Applicant has discovered that attachment of the blade 10 to a horn can be accomplished by making a horn 14 (shown schematically in FIG. 2) having the same resonant frequency as the turbine blade 10 with slightly smaller mating female tangs 16, as compared to the male tangs 14 of the blade 12, which are then heated to capture the tangs 12 of the blade 10 by fitting the blade 10 at the output end of the horn 14.
[00023] The horn 14 may be made from either titanium or aluminum, for example, since both of these metals have a greater coefficient of expansion than the steel turbine blades 10. To accomplish the inventive attachment method, the horn 14 is heated up to expand the mating section thereof (i.e., the female tangs 16) so that the mating section of the blade 10 (i.e., the male tangs 12) can be slipped into place, and then the horn 14 is cooled to get a shrink fit on the turbine tangs 12 (as shown schematically in FIG. 3). This holds the blade 10 in place during the machining operation. [00024] After machining, heating the horn 14 expands the horn 14 and allows the blade 10 to be easily removed. All of the methods described would typically involve the blade 10 and horn 14 being submerged in Dl water.
[00025] Preferably, the blade 10 has a longitudinal axis A1, and the horn 14 has a longitudinal axis A2. Most preferably, the male tang 12 of the blade 10 is disposed along the longitudinal axis A1 of the blade 10, and the female tang 16 of the horn 14 is disposed along the longitudinal axis A2 of the horn 14. It is also preferable if the longitudinal axis A1 of the blade 10 and the longitudinal axis A2 of the horn 14 are coaxial when the two are joined (as shown in FIG. 3).
[00026] As will be immediately recognized by those skilled in the art, the system further includes a source of ultrasonic energy 18 which imparts ultrasonic vibrations to the horn 14 (also as shown schematically in FIG. 3).
[00027] Although the invention has been described with reference to a particular arrangement of parts, features and the like, these are not intended to exhaust all possible arrangements or features, and indeed many other modifications and variations will be ascertainable to those of skill in the art. For example, although the component part is described above as being a blade 10, the system of the present invention could readily be adapted to work with various other component parts.

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A system for ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining of a component part having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion, the system comprising: an ultrasonic horn having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion; wherein the half wavelength resonant frequency of the ultrasonic horn is the same as the half wavelength resonant frequency of the component part; and wherein one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises a male part and the other one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises a female part sized and shaped to mate and engage one another when the component part and the ultrasonic horn are at generally the same temperature.
2. The system of Claim 1 wherein the female part has generally the same shape as and smaller dimensions than the male part when the component part and the ultrasonic horn are at generally the same temperature.
3. The system of Claim 1 wherein the one of the component part and the ultrasonic horn whose attachment portion comprises the female part is formed of a material having a greater coefficient of thermal expansion than does the one of the component part and the ultrasonic horn whose attachment portion comprises the male part.
4. The system of Claim 3 wherein the attachment portion of the component part comprises the male part and wherein the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises the female part.
5. The system of Claim 4 wherein the component part comprises a turbine blade and wherein the male part comprises a tang.
6. The system of Claim 4 wherein the component part is formed from steel and the ultrasonic horn is formed from titanium or aluminum.
7. The system of Claim 1 wherein the attachment portion of the component part is disposed along the longitudinal axis of the component part.
8. The system of Claim 7 wherein the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn is disposed along the longitudinal axis of the ultrasonic horn.
9. The system of Claim 8 wherein the longitudinal axis of the component part and the longitudinal axis of the ultrasonic horn are coaxial.
10. The system of Claim 1 further comprising a source of ultrasonic energy which imparts ultrasonic vibrations to the ultrasonic horn.
11. A method for ultrasonic assisted electrical discharge machining comprising the steps of: providing a component part having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion; providing an ultrasonic horn having a longitudinal axis, a half wavelength resonant frequency along the longitudinal axis and an attachment portion, wherein the half wavelength resonant frequency of the ultrasonic horn is the same as the half wavelength resonant frequency of the component part; wherein one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises a male part and the other one of the attachment portion of the component part and the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises a female part sized and shaped to mate and engage one another when the component part and the ultrasonic horn are at generally the same temperature; mating the male part and the female part together to join the component part and the ultrasonic horn; and ultrasonically vibrating the ultrasonic horn and the component part joined thereto at the half wavelength resonant frequency of the ultrasonic horn and the component part.
12. The method of Claim 11 wherein the female part has generally the same shape as and smaller dimensions than the male part when the component part and the ultrasonic horn are at generally the same temperature.
13. The method of Claim 11 wherein the one of the component part and the ultrasonic horn whose attachment portion comprises the female part is formed of a material having a greater coefficient of thermal expansion than does the one of the component part and the ultrasonic horn whose attachment portion comprises the male part, and wherein the mating step comprises the steps of: heating the component part and the ultrasonic horn such that the female part expands to a greater extent that the male part expands; fitting the male part into the female part; and cooling the component part and the ultrasonic horn such that the female part and the male part shrink such that the male part is engaged within the female part.
14. The method of Claim 13 wherein the attachment portion of the component part comprises the male part and wherein the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn comprises the female part.
15. The method of Claim 14 wherein the component part comprises a turbine blade and wherein the male part comprises a tang.
16. The method of Claim 14 wherein the component part is formed from steel and the ultrasonic horn is formed from titanium or aluminum.
17. The method of Claim 11 wherein the attachment portion of the component part is disposed along the longitudinal axis of the component part.
18. The method of Claim 17 wherein the attachment portion of the ultrasonic horn is disposed along the longitudinal axis of the ultrasonic horn.
19. The method of Claim 18 wherein the longitudinal axis of the component part and the longitudinal axis of the ultrasonic horn are coaxial.
20. The method of Claim 11 wherein the step of ultrasonically vibrating the ultrasonic horn is performed by a source of ultrasonic energy which imparts ultrasonic vibrations to the ultrasonic horn.
PCT/US2007/026458 2006-12-22 2007-12-26 System and method for ultrasonic assisted edm machining Ceased WO2008079411A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US87169106P 2006-12-22 2006-12-22
US60/871,691 2006-12-22

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008079411A1 true WO2008079411A1 (en) 2008-07-03

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PCT/US2007/026458 Ceased WO2008079411A1 (en) 2006-12-22 2007-12-26 System and method for ultrasonic assisted edm machining

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4393292A (en) * 1979-07-17 1983-07-12 Inoue-Japax Research Incorporated Method of and apparatus for electrical discharge machining a small and deep hole into or through a workpiece
US5931367A (en) * 1996-08-08 1999-08-03 Ultex Corporation Removable bonding working portions for an ultrasonic welder
US6734384B2 (en) * 2001-08-10 2004-05-11 Ann Arbor Machine Company Electrical discharge machine apparatus with improved dielectric flushing
US20070026458A1 (en) * 2004-12-17 2007-02-01 Entelos, Inc. Assessing insulin resistance using biomarkers

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4393292A (en) * 1979-07-17 1983-07-12 Inoue-Japax Research Incorporated Method of and apparatus for electrical discharge machining a small and deep hole into or through a workpiece
US5931367A (en) * 1996-08-08 1999-08-03 Ultex Corporation Removable bonding working portions for an ultrasonic welder
US6734384B2 (en) * 2001-08-10 2004-05-11 Ann Arbor Machine Company Electrical discharge machine apparatus with improved dielectric flushing
US20070026458A1 (en) * 2004-12-17 2007-02-01 Entelos, Inc. Assessing insulin resistance using biomarkers

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