WO2008048251A3 - Procédé et appareil consistant à améliorer la distribution de fluide dans un échangeur de chaleur - Google Patents
Procédé et appareil consistant à améliorer la distribution de fluide dans un échangeur de chaleur Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008048251A3 WO2008048251A3 PCT/US2006/040112 US2006040112W WO2008048251A3 WO 2008048251 A3 WO2008048251 A3 WO 2008048251A3 US 2006040112 W US2006040112 W US 2006040112W WO 2008048251 A3 WO2008048251 A3 WO 2008048251A3
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- heat exchanger
- fluid
- improving distribution
- channel heat
- mini
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
- F28F9/026—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits
- F28F9/027—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits in the form of distribution pipes
- F28F9/0273—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits in the form of distribution pipes with multiple holes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B39/00—Evaporators; Condensers
- F25B39/02—Evaporators
- F25B39/028—Evaporators having distributing means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
- F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
- F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
- F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
- F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
- F28D1/05366—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
- F28D1/05383—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators with multiple rows of conduits or with multi-channel conduits
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
- F28F9/026—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits
- F28F9/028—Header boxes; End plates with static flow control means, e.g. with means for uniformly distributing heat exchange media into conduits by using inserts for modifying the pattern of flow inside the header box, e.g. by using flow restrictors or permeable bodies or blocks with channels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2260/00—Heat exchangers or heat exchange elements having special size, e.g. microstructures
- F28F2260/02—Heat exchangers or heat exchange elements having special size, e.g. microstructures having microchannels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
- F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
- F28F9/0243—Header boxes having a circular cross-section
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
L'invention concerne un échangeur de chaleur à mini-canaux ou un échangeur de chaleur à micro-canaux comprenant un insert (140, 240, 340, 440, 540, 640, 4, 940, 1040) d'un certain volume. L'insert est disposé dans un intervalle entre plusieurs tubes (130, 230, 330, 430, 530, 630, 1, 930, 1030) de l'échangeur de chaleur à mini-canaux ou de l'échangeur de chaleur à micro-canaux et une paroi interne d'un collecteur (120, 220, 320, 420, 520, 620, 2, 920, 1020).
Priority Applications (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2006/040112 WO2008048251A2 (fr) | 2006-10-13 | 2006-10-13 | Procédé et appareil consistant à améliorer la distribution de fluide dans un échangeur de chaleur |
| CN200680056532.0A CN101548150B (zh) | 2006-10-13 | 2006-10-13 | 用于改善换热器中的流体分配的方法和装置 |
| EP06816875A EP2079974B1 (fr) | 2006-10-13 | 2006-10-13 | Procédé et appareil consistant à améliorer la distribution de fluide dans un échangeur de chaleur |
| US12/445,443 US20100089559A1 (en) | 2006-10-13 | 2006-10-13 | Method and apparatus for improving distribution of fluid in a heat exchanger |
| AT06816875T ATE549590T1 (de) | 2006-10-13 | 2006-10-13 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur verbesserung der fluidverteilung in einem wärmetauscher |
| ES06816875T ES2384185T3 (es) | 2006-10-13 | 2006-10-13 | Método y aparato para mejorar la distribución de fluido en un intercambiador de calor |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2006/040112 WO2008048251A2 (fr) | 2006-10-13 | 2006-10-13 | Procédé et appareil consistant à améliorer la distribution de fluide dans un échangeur de chaleur |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2008048251A2 WO2008048251A2 (fr) | 2008-04-24 |
| WO2008048251A3 true WO2008048251A3 (fr) | 2009-04-30 |
Family
ID=39314520
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2006/040112 Ceased WO2008048251A2 (fr) | 2006-10-13 | 2006-10-13 | Procédé et appareil consistant à améliorer la distribution de fluide dans un échangeur de chaleur |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20100089559A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2079974B1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN101548150B (fr) |
| AT (1) | ATE549590T1 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2384185T3 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2008048251A2 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104344607B (zh) * | 2013-08-08 | 2018-07-06 | 浙江盾安热工科技有限公司 | 一种换热器 |
| CN110168305A (zh) * | 2016-11-30 | 2019-08-23 | 法雷奥热系统公司 | 用于均匀化构成制冷剂回路的热交换器的管内的制冷剂分配的装置 |
Families Citing this family (65)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101680689B (zh) * | 2007-05-22 | 2012-11-14 | 贝洱两合公司 | 热交换器 |
| JP5114771B2 (ja) * | 2007-05-29 | 2013-01-09 | 株式会社ケーヒン・サーマル・テクノロジー | 熱交換器 |
| US20090173482A1 (en) * | 2008-01-09 | 2009-07-09 | Beamer Henry E | Distributor tube subassembly |
| US7921558B2 (en) * | 2008-01-09 | 2011-04-12 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Non-cylindrical refrigerant conduit and method of making same |
| WO2010000311A1 (fr) * | 2008-07-01 | 2010-01-07 | A-Heat Allied Heat Exchange Technology Ag | Bloc échangeur thermique et procédé de fabrication d'un bloc échangeur thermique |
| US20110127023A1 (en) * | 2008-07-10 | 2011-06-02 | Taras Michael F | Design characteristics for heat exchangers distribution insert |
| CN101782295B (zh) * | 2009-01-20 | 2012-11-14 | 三花控股集团有限公司 | 双向微通道换热器的回路结构 |
| CN101691981B (zh) | 2009-07-23 | 2011-12-07 | 三花丹佛斯(杭州)微通道换热器有限公司 | 具有改进的制冷剂流体分配均匀性的多通道换热器 |
| CN101660870B (zh) * | 2009-09-16 | 2012-07-18 | 三花丹佛斯(杭州)微通道换热器有限公司 | 具有改进制冷剂分配性能的换热器 |
| KR20110104667A (ko) * | 2010-03-17 | 2011-09-23 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 냉매 분배장치, 그 냉매 분배장치를 구비하는 증발기 및 냉동장치 |
| US20110240276A1 (en) * | 2010-04-01 | 2011-10-06 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Heat exchanger having an inlet distributor and outlet collector |
| KR101666253B1 (ko) * | 2010-04-26 | 2016-10-13 | 린나이가부시기가이샤 | 열교환기 |
| CN101865574B (zh) | 2010-06-21 | 2013-01-30 | 三花控股集团有限公司 | 换热器 |
| CN103003653B (zh) * | 2010-06-29 | 2015-06-17 | 江森自控科技公司 | 采用流分配歧管的多通道换热器 |
| US9267737B2 (en) | 2010-06-29 | 2016-02-23 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | Multichannel heat exchangers employing flow distribution manifolds |
| US9151540B2 (en) | 2010-06-29 | 2015-10-06 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | Multichannel heat exchanger tubes with flow path inlet sections |
| CN101886891B (zh) * | 2010-07-20 | 2012-07-18 | 三花丹佛斯(杭州)微通道换热器有限公司 | 制冷剂导引装置和具有它的换热器 |
| CN101922883B (zh) * | 2010-09-13 | 2012-09-26 | 三花控股集团有限公司 | 制冷剂导管和具有该制冷剂导管的换热器 |
| JP5651431B2 (ja) * | 2010-11-08 | 2015-01-14 | 株式会社ケーヒン・サーマル・テクノロジー | コンデンサ |
| CN102072684B (zh) * | 2011-01-06 | 2012-10-17 | 三花控股集团有限公司 | 制冷剂分配装置和具有它的换热器 |
| CN102252559B (zh) * | 2011-05-20 | 2013-02-13 | 广东美的制冷设备有限公司 | 微通道换热器及其制作方法 |
| KR101317377B1 (ko) * | 2011-11-21 | 2013-10-22 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 차량용 컨덴서 |
| US9581397B2 (en) | 2011-12-29 | 2017-02-28 | Mahle International Gmbh | Heat exchanger assembly having a distributor tube retainer tab |
| EP2810014B1 (fr) * | 2012-02-02 | 2017-12-13 | Carrier Corporation | Procédé de fabrication d'échangeur de chaleur à ailettes et à tubes aplatis |
| CN103363732A (zh) * | 2012-04-10 | 2013-10-23 | 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 | 分液装置及包括该分液装置的空调器 |
| CN103363731A (zh) * | 2012-04-10 | 2013-10-23 | 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 | 分液装置及包括该分液装置的空调器 |
| WO2013190617A1 (fr) * | 2012-06-18 | 2013-12-27 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Échangeur de chaleur |
| FR2993647B1 (fr) | 2012-07-23 | 2016-09-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Absorbeur a echangeur a plaques avec element de repartition poreux |
| JP6015229B2 (ja) * | 2012-08-10 | 2016-10-26 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 熱交換器 |
| DE102012217340A1 (de) * | 2012-09-25 | 2014-03-27 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Wärmeübertrager |
| CN107166811B (zh) * | 2012-12-21 | 2020-11-06 | 特灵国际有限公司 | 微通道热交换器的制冷剂分配器 |
| KR102079722B1 (ko) * | 2013-04-18 | 2020-02-20 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 열교환기 |
| WO2015023347A1 (fr) * | 2013-08-12 | 2015-02-19 | Carrier Corporation | Échangeur de chaleur et répartiteur de débit |
| WO2015073106A1 (fr) * | 2013-11-18 | 2015-05-21 | Carrier Corporation | Évaporateur à contournement de vapeur instantanée |
| CN106574808B (zh) * | 2014-08-19 | 2020-04-07 | 开利公司 | 低制冷剂充灌量微通道热交换器 |
| US10184703B2 (en) | 2014-08-19 | 2019-01-22 | Carrier Corporation | Multipass microchannel heat exchanger |
| US10197312B2 (en) * | 2014-08-26 | 2019-02-05 | Mahle International Gmbh | Heat exchanger with reduced length distributor tube |
| DE102015114562A1 (de) | 2015-09-01 | 2017-03-02 | Halla Visteon Climate Control Corp. | Wärmeübertrager mit Sammlerrohr |
| EP3236189B1 (fr) | 2015-11-30 | 2019-01-09 | Carrier Corporation | Échangeur de chaleur pour applications cvc résidentiel |
| US10551099B2 (en) | 2016-02-04 | 2020-02-04 | Mahle International Gmbh | Micro-channel evaporator having compartmentalized distribution |
| JP6155412B1 (ja) * | 2016-09-12 | 2017-06-28 | 三菱電機株式会社 | ヘッダー、熱交換器および空気調和装置 |
| EP3309494B1 (fr) * | 2016-10-13 | 2021-04-28 | HS Marston Aerospace Limited | Échangeur de chaleur |
| FR3059394B1 (fr) * | 2016-11-30 | 2019-06-21 | Valeo Systemes Thermiques | Dispositif d’homogeneisation de la distribution d’un fluide refrigerant a l’interieur de tubes d’un echangeur de chaleur constitutif d’un circuit de fluide refrigerant |
| US10563895B2 (en) * | 2016-12-07 | 2020-02-18 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | Adjustable inlet header for heat exchanger of an HVAC system |
| WO2018204808A1 (fr) * | 2017-05-05 | 2018-11-08 | Carrier Corporation | Échangeur de chaleur pour applications de pompe à chaleur |
| FR3066262B1 (fr) * | 2017-05-10 | 2019-11-22 | Valeo Systemes Thermiques | Echangeur de chaleur constitutif d'un circuit de fluide refrigerant |
| US11022382B2 (en) | 2018-03-08 | 2021-06-01 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | System and method for heat exchanger of an HVAC and R system |
| WO2019207799A1 (fr) * | 2018-04-27 | 2019-10-31 | 日立ジョンソンコントロールズ空調株式会社 | Climatiseur et échangeur thermique |
| JP7124425B2 (ja) * | 2018-05-02 | 2022-08-24 | 富士電機株式会社 | 冷却装置、半導体モジュールおよび車両 |
| CN108645271B (zh) * | 2018-05-11 | 2019-10-11 | 西安交通大学 | 一种均匀分配管式换热器管内流量的进出口管箱 |
| US10982870B2 (en) * | 2018-08-31 | 2021-04-20 | Jonhson Controls Technology Company | Working fluid distribution systems |
| CN110940220B (zh) * | 2018-09-25 | 2022-03-01 | 丹佛斯有限公司 | 用于换热器的分配管组件和具有该分配管组件的集流管组件和换热器 |
| US11713931B2 (en) * | 2019-05-02 | 2023-08-01 | Carrier Corporation | Multichannel evaporator distributor |
| CN110207507B (zh) * | 2019-06-19 | 2020-07-17 | 中国船舶科学研究中心(中国船舶重工集团公司第七0二研究所) | 一种适用于水下装备的舷间换热器 |
| CN112125299A (zh) * | 2019-06-24 | 2020-12-25 | 浙江工业大学 | 一种气体驱动的多通道层状材料剥离装置 |
| CN110806142A (zh) * | 2019-09-10 | 2020-02-18 | 江苏科菱库精工科技有限公司 | 一种微通道集管及其使用方法 |
| CN110470165A (zh) * | 2019-09-10 | 2019-11-19 | 江苏科菱库精工科技有限公司 | 一种双排微通道集管及其使用方法 |
| JP6840212B2 (ja) * | 2019-11-11 | 2021-03-10 | 日立ジョンソンコントロールズ空調株式会社 | 分配器、熱交換器、室内機、室外機および空気調和装置 |
| WO2021234959A1 (fr) * | 2020-05-22 | 2021-11-25 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Distributeur de fluide frigorigène, échangeur de chaleur et climatiseur |
| EP4184084B1 (fr) * | 2020-07-14 | 2025-03-05 | Sanhua (Hangzhou) Micro Channel Heat Exchanger Co. Ltd | Échangeur de chaleur |
| WO2023062800A1 (fr) * | 2021-10-15 | 2023-04-20 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Distributeur, échangeur de chaleur et dispositif de thermopompe |
| JP7693095B2 (ja) * | 2022-03-18 | 2025-06-16 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 空気調和装置の室外機および空気調和装置 |
| WO2024224637A1 (fr) * | 2023-04-28 | 2024-10-31 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Échangeur de chaleur et dispositif à cycle de réfrigération |
| WO2024257145A1 (fr) * | 2023-06-12 | 2024-12-19 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Échangeur de chaleur et climatiseur |
| CN117641850B (zh) * | 2023-12-04 | 2024-07-02 | 南京理工大学 | 一种仿生植物根茎的歧管微通道散热装置 |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1684083A (en) * | 1927-06-02 | 1928-09-11 | Samuel C Bloom | Refrigerating coil |
| US2759248A (en) * | 1950-06-22 | 1956-08-21 | Russell H Burgess | Method of making heat transfer units |
| US4524823A (en) * | 1983-03-30 | 1985-06-25 | Suddeutsch Kuhlerfabrik Julius Fr. Behr GmbH & Co. KG | Heat exchanger having a helical distributor located within the connecting tank |
| US4557324A (en) * | 1983-08-08 | 1985-12-10 | Nihon Radiator Co., Ltd. | Serpentine type evaporator |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3017272B2 (ja) * | 1990-11-07 | 2000-03-06 | 株式会社ゼクセル | 熱交換器 |
| JPH10206081A (ja) * | 1997-01-27 | 1998-08-07 | Kobe Steel Ltd | オープンラック型蒸発装置の熱交換パネル |
| US6179051B1 (en) * | 1997-12-24 | 2001-01-30 | Delaware Capital Formation, Inc. | Distributor for plate heat exchangers |
| JP2000346568A (ja) * | 1999-05-31 | 2000-12-15 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 熱交換器 |
| CN1611907A (zh) * | 2003-10-30 | 2005-05-04 | 乐金电子(天津)电器有限公司 | 集管内的制冷剂分配结构 |
| EP1548380A3 (fr) | 2003-12-22 | 2006-10-04 | Hussmann Corporation | Evaporateur à tubes plats avec micro-distributeur |
-
2006
- 2006-10-13 CN CN200680056532.0A patent/CN101548150B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-10-13 EP EP06816875A patent/EP2079974B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
- 2006-10-13 AT AT06816875T patent/ATE549590T1/de active
- 2006-10-13 ES ES06816875T patent/ES2384185T3/es active Active
- 2006-10-13 WO PCT/US2006/040112 patent/WO2008048251A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2006-10-13 US US12/445,443 patent/US20100089559A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1684083A (en) * | 1927-06-02 | 1928-09-11 | Samuel C Bloom | Refrigerating coil |
| US2759248A (en) * | 1950-06-22 | 1956-08-21 | Russell H Burgess | Method of making heat transfer units |
| US4524823A (en) * | 1983-03-30 | 1985-06-25 | Suddeutsch Kuhlerfabrik Julius Fr. Behr GmbH & Co. KG | Heat exchanger having a helical distributor located within the connecting tank |
| US4557324A (en) * | 1983-08-08 | 1985-12-10 | Nihon Radiator Co., Ltd. | Serpentine type evaporator |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104344607B (zh) * | 2013-08-08 | 2018-07-06 | 浙江盾安热工科技有限公司 | 一种换热器 |
| CN110168305A (zh) * | 2016-11-30 | 2019-08-23 | 法雷奥热系统公司 | 用于均匀化构成制冷剂回路的热交换器的管内的制冷剂分配的装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2079974A2 (fr) | 2009-07-22 |
| CN101548150A (zh) | 2009-09-30 |
| ES2384185T3 (es) | 2012-07-02 |
| CN101548150B (zh) | 2015-09-09 |
| WO2008048251A2 (fr) | 2008-04-24 |
| US20100089559A1 (en) | 2010-04-15 |
| ATE549590T1 (de) | 2012-03-15 |
| EP2079974A4 (fr) | 2011-02-23 |
| EP2079974B1 (fr) | 2012-03-14 |
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