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WO2007148992A1 - Composition végétale bénéfique - Google Patents

Composition végétale bénéfique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007148992A1
WO2007148992A1 PCT/NZ2007/000157 NZ2007000157W WO2007148992A1 WO 2007148992 A1 WO2007148992 A1 WO 2007148992A1 NZ 2007000157 W NZ2007000157 W NZ 2007000157W WO 2007148992 A1 WO2007148992 A1 WO 2007148992A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
composition
additive
protective material
liquid
gel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/NZ2007/000157
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English (en)
Inventor
Gavin Frank Murdoch
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication of WO2007148992A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007148992A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
    • C05D9/02—Other inorganic fertilisers containing trace elements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
    • C05G5/38—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings layered or coated with wax or resins

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to improvements in and relating to fertilizers.
  • the present invention relates to an improved method of, and compositions for, correcting soil pH, supplying nutrients, non-toxic fungicides, insecticides, bactericides or other treatment component(s) to a treatment substrate in a single application, while minimizing losses due to leaching or washing out.
  • Fertilizers are commonly used to treat a number of soil, substrate and/or plant conditions. There are however a significant number of problems associated with the use of conventional fertilizers, these include the following:
  • Leaching can lead to significant losses of fertilizer, thus decreasing its efficiency and increasing the cost to the farmer who must either apply greater volumes of fertilizer, or reapply the fertilizer more regularly. Both these significantly increase the cost - especially on large farms/land blocks and/or those where air application is required.
  • Leaching is also a major environmental concern as it contributes to ground water contamination. As water from rain, irrigation or other sources seeps into the ground it dissolves the fertilizer and carries them into the underground water supply. This is highly undesirable.
  • Fixation occurs when other ingredients in the fertilizer, or compounds in the soil or environment of application interact with the active components of the fertilizer and bind to it. This can significantly decrease the availability of the active component thereby decreasing the efficiency of the compound, and preventing it from producing the desired effect.
  • Fixation may be of one or more active components within a fertilizer. It will be appreciated that fixation of only one compound out of a combination may also undesirably affect or disrupt the ratio or balance of the nutrients supplied, and which are therefore available to the soil or plant.
  • Non-compatible components Often a soil type or plant at a particular stage of development will require a range of active components to provide the optimal conditions. This can be problematic when one or more active components are not compatible with one another. This can lead to undesirable chemical reactions between components, or between the components in the fertilizer, and those in the soil. This can produce undesirable conditions. This may also require that different components are applied at differing times to prevent this, again increasing the time and cost to the farmer or land owner.
  • PCT/NZ2000/00111 relates to a composition, such as a fertilizer for application to a substrate which includes a protective material.
  • the protective material is such that in the presence of both polyvalent cations and water the composition forms a gel.
  • the polyvalent cations can either be present in the protective material (or fertilizer composition) itself or alternatively be present in the substrate.
  • a gel will only form once the protective material comes into contact with water. This allows a gel to be formed which can easily be worked into pellets or other shapes which can then be applied to the soil or plant.
  • the fertilizer may not contain polyvalent cations - these are instead present in the substrate. This means that the fertilizer can be applied as a liquid which then gels when it came into contact with polyvalent cations in the soil or on the plant to which the composition is applied.
  • compositions as disclosed in PCT/NZ2000/00111 have some features which could be improved. These include the following:
  • pellets or pills made out of the composition tend to fuse or join together. This is undesirable, as pellets may contain different active ingredients - which may not be compatible. The fusing of these may therefore lead to undesirable chemical reactions between different active ingredients or fixation or immobilization of these to one another. This may significantly decrease the availability of these active components to the environment of application.
  • the gel formed from the composition described in PCT/NZ2000/00111 has a limited holding capacity of the protective material. This allows active components from adjacent pills to combine and react if the pills have gelled, and fused together.
  • PCT/NZ2000/00111 provide only a weak film of gel when sprayed onto foliage.
  • gelling of the liquid is triggered by a mild acid, when carbon dioxide from respiration of the plant mixes with water to form carbonic acid.
  • the weak film can become brittle and fallible, both when present on foliage or the soil, thus decreasing the protection gained.
  • compositions for application to a substrate including
  • composition characterised in that the composition includes an additive which increases the surface tension of the protective material in its gelled form.
  • the term 'surface tension' should be taken as relating to intermolecular forces between molecules of a liquid or gel-like substance.
  • molecules in the interior or bulk of a liquid experience an attractive force from neighboring molecules which surround on all sides, thus resulting in a net force of zero.
  • the molecules on the surface have neighboring molecules only on one side (the side facing the interior) and thus experience an attractive force which tends to pull them into the interior.
  • compositions for application to a substrate including
  • composition characterised in that the composition includes at least on additive which increases the viscosity of the composition when in gelled form.
  • viscosity should be taken as meaning the internal friction and resistance to flow of a substance, particularly a liquid or gel-like substance.
  • Viscosity can be measured in several ways, these include: how long a liquid takes to flow out of a pipette under the force of gravity, and how fast an object (for example, a steel ball) sinks through the liquid under gravitational force.
  • the physical basis of viscosity is a measure of the ease with which molecules move past one another, the viscosity will depend on the attractive force between the molecules, and on whether there are structural features which may cause neighboring molecules to become "entangled"
  • substrate should be taken as meaning the surface to which the composition is applied or in which it is to act.
  • the substrate may be soil, and will be referred to as such herein.
  • the substrate may alternatively be water, plant material, hydroponics mix or any other environment to which the composition may be applied.
  • the protective material may be a single component, or a combination of more than one component, that have gelling properties when in contact with a liquid and an activator.
  • the protective material may be a protective material described in PCT application number PCT/NZ2000/00111 , which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • the protective material may be a compound(s) which are alkaline or neutral.
  • the protective material may be selected from the group including:
  • the protective material may have clathratic or encapsulating properties.
  • the protective material is such that when it is free of an activator, such as polyvalent cations and the material is dissolved in a liquid, added to a liquid or when a liquid is added to said material, the protective material is free of any gel- forming property, but when polyvalent cations are introduced to the protective material in the presence of a liquid, the protective material forms a gel that thickens.
  • an activator such as polyvalent cations
  • the protective material is free of any gel- forming property, but when polyvalent cations are introduced to the protective material in the presence of a liquid, the protective material forms a gel that thickens.
  • the protective material is such that when the protective material (or the composition) includes an activator, such as polyvalent cations, the protective material is free of any gel-forming property, but when the material is dissolved in a liquid, added to a liquid or when a liquid is added to said material, the protective material forms a gel.
  • an activator such as polyvalent cations
  • the protective material may be one or a combination of the following: ⁇ Sodium, potassium or ammonium salts of 2-ethoxy-5-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) cellulose or of carboxymethylcellulose; or any derivative of a carboxycellulose
  • the protective material(s), treatment substances and/or activators may be present in the ratios and/or concentrations as disclosed in PCT/NZOO/00111.
  • the protective material(s) may be present at a concentration between 0.25 to 10%. However, this should not be seen as limiting, as higher or lower concentrations may be desired depending on the desired gel strength and purpose.
  • the protective material(s) used with the present invention may also become viscous in the presence of a liquid. This makes them an ideal medium for producing a paste or dough. These protective materials can easily be used without the addition of other components to produce pellets, tablets or pills, with or without an activator.
  • the increased viscosity of the protective material may be sufficient to form a paste, whereas the presence of an activator leads to the formation of a gel, which aids formation of a paste, and therefore a pellet, table or pill.
  • a gel should be taken as meaning a semi-solid colloidal suspension.
  • 'activator' should be taken to include any compound which allows the protective material to gel, or form a gel, in the presence of a liquid.
  • the activator may include at least one form of polyvalent cation, and shall be referred to as such herein.
  • any form of polyvalent cation may be utilised as long as it is slightly soluble in a liquid, for example water.
  • the term 'slightly soluble' should be taken as meaning any solute which dissolves a very small amount in a liquid, for example 1 part solute in 100 parts liquid.
  • the activator may be a single form of a polyvalent cation.
  • a combination of polyvalent cations may be utilized.
  • the polyvalent cation(s) may include salts of the following: boron, calcium, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, cobalt, selenium, molybdenum or zinc either individually or in combination.
  • the activator may be an acid. Acid, even mild acids may trigger gel formation of protective materials. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the use of non-toxic and non-harmful polyvalent cations may be preferred over the use of acids to decrease the toxicity and safety requirements.
  • the composition may also include a liquid.
  • the liquid may be water, and shall be referred to as such herein.
  • the liquid may be any liquid which is a solvent for the protective material(s), additive(s), and/or activator(s), such as polyvalent cations.
  • the liquid may be glycerin.
  • the activator may be present in the composition/protective material.
  • the polyvalent cations may be present in the substrate, or present in both the composition/protective material and the substrate.
  • the polyvalent cations may be supplied by a different source, for example separate application after application of the composition.
  • composition may be added to water, forming a gel which can be shaped and worked into a pellet, tablet or pill. These are then dried and applied to the substrate and, in the presence of water, forms a mucilaginous (glue-like) gel.
  • the composition may be in solution. Having the composition in solution has the advantage in that the solution may be sprayed onto plants or other substrates, wherein they will react with polyvalent cations, either provided separately, or already present in the environment to form a gel.
  • gelling may occur due to reaction of the protective material with carbonic acid released form the foliage during respiration.
  • the present invention allows the surface tension and/or viscosity of the solution composition to be controlled by the addition of at least on additive (as discussed below).
  • this can be sprayed onto the substrate from a nozzle, which can be used to adjust the fineness of the spray from a large droplet to a very small droplet.
  • the composition may be formed into a pellet, tablet or pill, herein be referred to as a pill.
  • Reference throughout this specification to a pill should be taken as meaning the composition which has been formed into a solid pill, pellet or tablet-like shape.
  • composition When the composition is made into a solid pill, pellet or tablet like form, a major advantage in including an additive that increases the surface tension and/or viscosity is that leaching of any contained treatment substances is prevented; and the treatment substance(s) are also physically protected to a much higher degree - these prevents undesirable chemical reactions or degradation of the active components.
  • Plants take up the active components of the composition, such as treatment substances (discussed below) through the root system that taps into the environment of the solid pill, pellet or tablet like form, allowing easy assimilation of the treatment substances.
  • treatment substances discussed below
  • composition may also include at least one treatment component.
  • treatment component should be taken as meaning any component or mixture of components which can be used to treat the substrate.
  • the treatment substance may include beneficial components, including but not limited to nutrients, trace elements, enzymes, hormones, medications, biological organisms, or combinations thereof.
  • the treatment substance may alternatively be a herbicide, insecticide, fungicide or any other treatment substance.
  • the treatment substance may be a monovalent alkali salt, such as potassium or sodium or ammonium salts of borate, chloride, sulphate, hydrogen sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, iodide, phosphates (mono-potassium phosphate, di- potassium phosphate), molybdate, nitrate, and thiosulphate.
  • Lithium salts are included but are more expensive, or any combination of the above.
  • the treatment substance may be a trace element, such as a polyvalent salt or chelate.
  • the chelates that are formed from electrolytes containing polyvalent cations, where the positive charge of cations is reduced to zero by providing electrons, using ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid or from complexes. These chelates then are mixed with the mono-valent alkali salts and remain in solution with water. Pills mixed then consisting of mono-valent alkali salts and chelates can be added to water where the pills dissolve completely into solution and be sprayed on to the foliage of plants, on grassland or the prepared soil.
  • the chelates include calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc, or any combination of the above.
  • the treatment substance may be an inorganic compound.
  • Boric Acid and selenium oxide falls into this classification that is totally soluble in water.
  • Inorganic compounds include: calcium and magnesium carbonate, super phosphate (has 60% insoluble calcium sulphate present), phosphate rock with insoluble impurities, sodium, potassium or ammonium Borate, boric acid, selenium oxide and any combination of two or more of these listed above.
  • the treatment substance may be a soluble organic compound, including: urea, glucose, sugars, vitamins, amonoacids, polypeptides and synthetic and natural polymer (such as sulphonated urea-melamineformaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde), citric acid and sodium, potassium or ammonium salt of citric acid, any organic acid or sodium, potassium or ammonium salt of the organic acid, or any combination of two or more of the above.
  • urea glucose, sugars, vitamins, amonoacids, polypeptides and synthetic and natural polymer (such as sulphonated urea-melamineformaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde)
  • citric acid and sodium, potassium or ammonium salt of citric acid any organic acid or sodium, potassium or ammonium salt of the organic acid, or any combination of two or more of the above.
  • the treatment substance may be an inert and insoluble organic or inorganic material that can be mixed with a pill (not including a treatment substance, or including a different treatment substance) in a finely ground or natural material not made in pills, including bark from trees, insoluble inert magnesium aluminum silicate (example Bentonite), clay, sand, elemental Sulphur, pumice, carbon slags, seaweeds and kelps, vegetation waste, animal waste, worm castings, or any combination of the above.
  • a pill not including a treatment substance, or including a different treatment substance
  • a finely ground or natural material not made in pills including bark from trees, insoluble inert magnesium aluminum silicate (example Bentonite), clay, sand, elemental Sulphur, pumice, carbon slags, seaweeds and kelps, vegetation waste, animal waste, worm castings, or any combination of the above.
  • the treatment substance may be a biological organism, such as bacteria, enzymes, fungi, algae, earthworms or any live biological organisms, yeast or any combination of these.
  • composition of the present invention overcomes existing problems of the compositions disclosed in PCT/NZ2000/0011 by the inclusion of an additive(s) to control the surface tension and/or viscosity of the composition.
  • the composition may include an additive.
  • composition may include a number, or combination of additives.
  • the additive(s) utilized in the present invention are capable of enhancing the gelling effect of protective materials. This results from an increase in surface tension and/or viscosity.
  • the same additive may affect/control both the surface tension and the viscosity, and shall be referred to as such herein.
  • the surface tension and viscosity may be affected/controlled by different additives.
  • a significant advantage of the increased surface tension and/or viscosity of the composition containing both a protective material and an additive is that it prevents over swelling of the composition when water is freely available.
  • a second signification advantage is that it also increases the osmotic pressure within the composition to that of the soil solution. It should be appreciated that the higher the concentration of additive the greater the surface tension and/or viscosity. The gel in a water environment will not swell as much in the presence of an additive (as opposed to without the additive). This means that the pill (or gel coating) will retain a smaller spherical size (or thickness), thus increasing the osmotic pressure.
  • the additive may not act as an activator to trigger gelling of the protective material in the presence of a liquid.
  • the additive may include silicon.
  • the additive may be a silicate salt.
  • the silicate salt may preferably be a monovalent cation.
  • Monovalent cations of silicate although acidic do not trigger gelling of the protective material (which can be triggered by acids), and are all soluble salts of the silicate.
  • the silicate salt may be sodium, potassium, ammonium silicate or lithium salts.
  • the silicate may have bactericide, fungicide, herbicide or insecticide properties.
  • the additive may be an acid silicon complex of a predetermined pH between substantially 2 to 12.
  • Sodium, potassium and ammonium silicate can be reacted upon to produce salt complexes with acids.
  • the acid complexes of silicon are soluble in water.
  • these acid salts will be called acid silicon complexes.
  • the concentration and volume of the acid used to form the acid silicon complex may also allow control of the pH of the resulting composition, and therefore the substrate.
  • Sodium; potassium and ammonium silicate are also capable of forming several compounds containing sodium oxide (Na 2 O), potassium oxide (K 2 O), or ((NH 4 J 2 O), silica (Si 2 O), or a mixture of sodium silicates or potassium silicates or ammonium silicate.
  • Sodium ortho silicate is Na 4 SiO 4 (or 2Na 2 O SiO 2 ); sodium meta silicate is Na 2 SiO 3 (or Na 2 O SiO 2 ); sodium of/ silicate is Na 2 S 2 O 5 (or Na 2 O-2SiO 2 ); sodium tetra silicate is Na 2 Si 4 O 9 (or Na 2 O-4SiO 2 ).
  • the sodium in these structures can alternatively be either potassium or ammonium. All these compounds are transparent, glassy or crystalline solids that have high melting points (above 800 0 C) and are water soluble. Sodium, potassium or ammonium silicate has in solution high surface tension.
  • Sodium, potassium or ammonium hydroxide solutions with a high pH i.e. pH 12 will cause serve burning of the skin of humans and animals.
  • the sodium, potassium or ammonium salts of silicon in solution with a pH of 12 has no burning effect and are therefore easily and safely handled.
  • These compounds are produced chiefly by fusing sand and sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate or ammonium carbonate in various proportions.
  • the additive may be silicic acid.
  • Silicic acid H 2 SiO 3
  • silicic acid greatly stimulates plant growth, including increasing sugar production and brix levels; proven increased resistance to fungal pathogens like mildews, fusarium; protect against insect attack by making the cell wall tougher; reduces lodging of grains and early dying
  • acidic silicon compounds do not trigger gelling of the protective materials when in low concentrations - for example up to 5% of the silicon acid in solution. Therefore, it should be appreciated that if a silicon acid is to be used at a concentration higher than 5% the additive may also act as the activator, and should be kept combined with the protective material in the same way as discussed above in relation to the activator.
  • silicic acid at a pH of 2 is non-toxic and will not lead to burning if it comes into contact with the skin. This is highly beneficial.
  • the gel formed in the presence of an activator and a liquid
  • the gel formed has an increased surface tension, and an increased thickness.
  • the degree of this enhancement depends upon the concentration of silicic acid added.
  • Silicic acid is compatible with polyvalent cations (i.e. the silicic acid, unlike protective materials does not gel in the presence of an activator such as polyvalent cations). This fact enables pills to be manufactured with the inclusion of one or more of the trace elements, such as sulphate or nitrate into the pill without the requirement for expensive chelates (which reduce the cation charge to zero). Chelates are very expensive, compared to the soluble acid salts of the polyvalent trace elements which are inexpensive in comparison.
  • Pills of trace elements may then be formed when a solution incorporating the trace element(s) and silicic acid comes in contact with a protective material, for example the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose.
  • a protective material for example the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose.
  • the pills formed in this manner are able to dry without needing heat.
  • a shaped pill can be formed which protected in its own gel environment from leaching, immobilization or reaction with other pills which may include incompatible reactive chemicals.
  • the additive may be an acid salt complex of a silicate salt.
  • the acid salt complex of either sodium, potassium or ammonium silicon products also enhance the surface tension and/or viscosity of a gel formed by protective material(s) in the presence of an activator and a liquid.
  • silicon additives any combination of two or more of these listed above in this classification collectively will be referred to as silicon additives.
  • concentration of silicon products in the composition may vary significantly.
  • One skilled in the art would readily be able to determine the desired concentration for the particular purpose.
  • the silicon product may be present at a concentration of between substantially 0.1 and 3%.
  • the silicon product may be present at a concentration of substantially 2%.
  • the use of silicon additives to increase the surface tension and/or viscosity of the composition has the following additional significant advantages (over just an increase in surface tension and/or viscosity):
  • Silicon compounds play a role in phosphorous transport and release.
  • Silicic acids and humic acids
  • Silicic acids are able to release bound phosphates in insoluble complexes. Phosphate adsorbed or complexed to the silica product will not leach, and will stay in a plant available form.
  • the most useful soluble form of silicic acid are the salts produced with alkali - sodium, potassium or ammonium, lithium can be used but is more expensive. These salts have a pH range from 6.5 to 7.2. Because this pH range is near neutral, these compounds do not have detrimental effect on symbiotic bacteria which thrive at this pH range. Symbiotic bacteria are necessary for the production of humus from the breakdown of complex organic and inorganic compounds. Similarly the near neutral pH does not have an effect on other soil life, such as earthworms.
  • a solution containing a treatment substance such as a single nutrient electrolyte, or a combination of treatment substance may be sprayed into a powdered mixture of protective material(s) and silicon products.
  • composition substantially as described above in which said composition further includes at least one coating substance.
  • the coating substance(s) may include, or be selected from the group of carbohydrate based material and or any of the group of polymers: fats, fatty acids, waxes, wax mixtures, shellac, ammoniated shellac, cellulose acetate phthalates, the sodium salt of carboxypolysaccharide; or a combination of any of the above.
  • Coating substance(s) may be used to effect a time span composition, releasing the contents of the composition at a pre-determined time.
  • the coating may also incorporate a treatment substance, either instead of, or in addition to the treatment substance in the composition.
  • the coating may include the same, or a different treatment substance to the composition.
  • the coating may be an enteric coating as disclosed in PCT/NZ2000/00111.
  • enteric coatings in PCT/NZ2000/00111 is herein incorporated by reference.
  • composition including at least one protective material having the characteristics of forming a gel when exposed to an activator and a liquid, and at least one additive which has the characteristic of increasing the surface tension of the protective material in its gelled form
  • said method including the steps of:
  • composition including at least one protective material having the characteristics of forming a gel when exposed to an activator and a liquid, and at least one additive which has the characteristic of increasing the viscosity of the protective material in its gelled form,
  • said method including the steps of:
  • a pill or pellet may be manufactured by the method of:
  • the powder may be soluble in water and combines with the liquid, preferably in the form of a droplet (liquid/activator), producing a gel. This turns the droplet into a solid pill or pellet.
  • a droplet liquid/activator
  • Various sized pills or pellets can be made depending upon the droplet size.
  • powdered components including the protective material, additive, activator and/or treatment substance may be mixed. These again, will not gel until a liquid is introduced.
  • Drying of the pill is not necessary due to the beneficial effect of the additive which leads to the newly formed pill slowly thickening over a period of time as the newly formed pill rotates down the length of the rotating drum, hardening as the water is concentrated. This significantly decreases the cost of manufacture.
  • air, or hot air can be passed through the drum, or over the pills to dry same.
  • pills When pills are applied to a substrate in a solid form, in the presence of a liquid they will return to a mucilaginous (glue-like) gel (as during manufacture) creating an independent gel sphere without leaching or fixation with soil chemicals, or fusing with adjacent pills.
  • the activator and/or additive may be mixed with the liquid, which is then sprayed (as droplets) onto the powdered protective material. Again, a gel forms on contact and produces a pill or pellet the same way as discussed above.
  • pills or pellets of known size, composition and selected gel forming material are easily manufactured.
  • composition - being a nutrient (treatment substance) or a combination of nutrients, protective material(s) and an additive may be soluble and able to be combined in a liquid without a gel being formed.
  • composition to be sprayed onto the substrate as a solution.
  • composition When the composition sprayed on to a leaf it gels in the presence of carbonic acid (an activator) produced by the respiration plants.
  • carbonic acid an activator
  • the same solution when in contact with soil chemicals will gel, preventing immobilization and leaching.
  • composition without activator
  • the composition can also be formed into a pill. This provides for easier transportation (than of large volumes of solution). On site the pills can then be quickly and easily dissolved to form a solution.
  • a silicon product(s) can also be sold as solid pills rather than as a liquid in drums, which is expensive. This decreases the cartage costs since unnecessary water is not being transported. The pills can easily be dissolved in water at the farm.
  • the manufacture of the pills or pellets is via the above spray method as it allows for the formation of very small pills.
  • this should not be seen as limiting as a dough shaping method wherein a gel is formed, then extruded through cutters or dies to form the desired shape and size may also be utilized to form the pills of the present invention.
  • the dough shaping method is however more expensive not only for the machine but also for maintenance.
  • the uniqueness of the spray method discussed above is that it involves the splitting of the ingredients with protective material(s) and/or additive(s), so that the viscosity and surface tension are controlled, but the gel is not formed until the solution meets the powder in the rotating drum that contains the polyvalent cations when the spherical drop from the spray comes in contact with the powder.
  • the solution contains the polyvalent cation(s) in solution which is sprayed onto the powder in the rotating drum that has the protective material(s) and silicon product(s).
  • the powder is absorbed in the fluid and gels the solution sprayed to produce the pill or pellet.
  • the pills so manufactured can quickly and easily be analyzed, weight for weight, for the contents of nutrients using a flame sequential spectrometer and registered as an agriculture stock item.
  • the present invention allows a wide range of individual pills to be made containing different treatment substances, or combinations of treatment substances. These can then be mixed in a desired ratio to one another to form a mixture of pills containing all the desired treatment substances for application. The registration of each specific combination of registered pills would not be required, thereby significantly decreasing the cost.
  • a combination of a number of different pills may be a standard combination, or may be formulated specifically to meet a specific farmer's requirements based on the farmer's soil/foliage tests, type of soil, climatic conditions, height above sea level, rainfall or irrigation availability and other relevant data.
  • pills containing lime as the treatment substance may be mixed with alkaline nutrients pills, polyvalent nutrient pills and monovalent pills, silicon non toxic pills containing a concentration between 0.5% to 3% for their bactericide, fungicide, herbicide and insecticide action, pills with time span use, pills with enzymes, pills with medication, pills with bacteria and humus forming pills all applied at one time along with time span pills with the seed on planting in just one application to supply all the present and future requirements of the seeds.
  • pills for combination when pills for combination are being produced, which will then be dissolved in a liquid for spray application - pills can be formed without an additive, and separate pills containing only the additives may be formed. When combined these form the required composition for application.
  • this type of information may be collected, sent electronically to a scientist or technician who formulates a specific mixture which can then be electronically transmitted to the main factory and to the sub factory where stocks of pills are available and blended the final prescription.
  • a scientist or technician who formulates a specific mixture which can then be electronically transmitted to the main factory and to the sub factory where stocks of pills are available and blended the final prescription.
  • All the preliminary work of the prescription, costing, ordering as well as delivering the final order can be completed within a few days. This is essential to ensure that farmers meet seasonal requirements e.g. planting. The distance from the main factory would make it impossible to even cart the final product in time for planting hence the need of the simple sub-factories blending the pills together from the prescription.
  • the sub-factories can be organized to run automatically electronically with minimum staff.
  • the viscosity and surface tension of the pill to be formed can be controlled to suit the size of the pill along with the fineness of the nozzle in the spray.
  • solubility of different treatment components may also be relevant when manufacturing individual pills containing different treatment substances.
  • compositions for application to a substrate including at least one component having the characteristics of forming a gel when exposed to an activator and a liquid, characterized in that the composition including at least one additive which increases the surface tension of the composition in its gelled form.
  • compositions for application to a substrate including at least one component having the characteristics of forming a gel when exposed to an activator and a liquid, characterized in that the composition including at least one additive which increases the viscosity of the composition in its gelled form.
  • the component may be any soluble powder, such as glucose, ground urea or starch.
  • Pills can also be made containing only silicon product(s) in solution for spraying into the rotating drum without protective materials by using a soluble powder in the rotating drum, for example glucose; this can be used on its own or with adhesive additive(s) for use of the silicon on its own for a bactericide, herbicide, insecticide, or fungicide action.
  • Coating the pills to control the release of the treatment substance requires first producing the size of the pill required by adjusting the nozzle of the spray containing the ingredients. Then coating the pill by rotating the pills in a rotating drum and spraying on the coating and/or passing the pills through a trough containing a liquid followed by rotating drum containing a powder that will adhere to the pill.
  • a method of treating a substrate including the step of:
  • a prescription for application to a substrate including:
  • the present invention provides a number of significant advantages, including:
  • Pills can be formed with high integrity which do not fuse together. This prevents undesirable reactions of non-compatible components in different pills (when mixed) and increases the surface area of the pill from which the treatment substance can move into the environment of application (this is significantly decreased by fusing of pills).
  • the present invention provides a composition with a significantly higher holding capacity, due to the increased surface tension and/or viscosity. This means that less leaching, fixation or other loss to the environment occurs.
  • Pills incorporating a range of different treatment substances can be produced and mixed to form a fertilizer which can address a number of soil conditions simultaneously.
  • compositions can be formed which are non-toxic - even if utilizing highly acidic or alkaline silicon components.
  • a flexible and stronger coating can be formed on the soil or foliage due to the increased surface tension and/or viscosity, significantly decreasing susceptibility to the feeding of insect lava and other pests.
  • Pills containing single (or combinations of treatment substances were prepared via the following methods. Example methods for different treatment substances are provided below.
  • a concentrated solution is made in water containing mono-potassium di- hydrogen phosphate, KH 2 PO 4 , using the commercial grade that contains insoluble impurities. The impurities settle at the bottom of the vat and are therefore easily removed.
  • the solution from 3 is passed through an adjustable spray nozzle to provide a predetermined droplet size which determines the size of the pills to be formed.
  • the droplets fall into a spinning drum that is continually supplied powder (in this case glucose), inclined to an adjustable inclination.
  • powder in this case glucose
  • the unused powder is recovered and re- circulated two thirds of the length of the drum where a very fine gauze allows the powder to fall through but not the formed pills.
  • the pills are collected at the end of the rotating drum. No drying is required - the composition is concentrated by the soluble glucose utilizing the water in the droplet, and due to the increased surface tension and viscosity provided by the additive.
  • treatment substance is a polyvalent salt
  • the treatment substance is a polyvalent salt
  • These chelate trace elements have the polyvalent cations reduced to zero by donation of electrons to the polyvalent cations from the parent chelate.
  • the polyvalent trace element therefore has no gelling effect upon the protective material with the silicate added.
  • Steps 1 and 2 of method 1 is undertaken, followed by:
  • Steps 1 -4 are followed if the electrolyte is the sodium, potassium or ammonium salt of the acid.
  • steps 1 to 4 of method 2B is followed.
  • Pills or pellets manufactured by any of the methods outlined above may be coated by selecting the enteric coating material, preparing a solution that can be sprayed onto the pills or pellets in or after the rotating drum.. This process may be repeated more than once depending upon the thickness of coating required and according to the size of the pill, and the desired time span over which the contents will be released. Thus the substances contained within coated pills may become available after a determined time when the plant needs a different balance of nutrients. For example when the germinated seed has sprouted and leaves are forming at this time a balance of nutrients containing more nitrogen will enhance growth in size of the leaves and increase photosynthesis.
  • the pill contains only a protective material and additive
  • All the above pills are soluble completely in water and can be used to add to solutions of any nature that requires protective material to any concentration the user desires to produce. It allows the nontoxic silicone additive/s to be add to any water soluble solution for spraying and use for the insecticide, fungicide, herbicide and bactericide action.
  • treatment substance is a medication, insecticide, herbicide, fungicide,, hormone, or antibiotic
  • a water solution of one or more than one of these substances is prepared to a known concentration as required.
  • Stock pills as produced by any of the above methods can be combined to generate a prescription.
  • the prescription can be used for the following purposes (given as examples):
  • the mixture of solid pills are easily packed and transported without water to the place where it is to be applied dissolved in water and sprayed.
  • the solution once sprayed onto the substrate will form a gel on foliage in the presence of mild acid (carbon dioxide, the oxidation product expelled by a plant in respiration, dissolves in water to give a mild acid - carbonic acid) that produces a gel that coats the foliage.
  • mild acid carbon dioxide, the oxidation product expelled by a plant in respiration, dissolves in water to give a mild acid - carbonic acid
  • the solution containing the protective materials forms a mucilaginous gel with polyvalent cations in the soil.
  • the activator may be sprayed in conjunction with, before or after spray application of the composition.
  • the prescription or prescriptions that the scientist can generate is numerous and that preferably the selection of the items within the prescription are all soluble and will not react with any of the materials that are items of the prescription when in solution.
  • Pills or pellets applied to the soil with seed or in preparing the ground for cultivation or application upon pastures instead of forming a gel as with acids and polyvalent cations (as described above for A), the gel is produced in the pill when water is available.
  • the pill with water forms its own shaped environment protecting it from reaction with adjacent pills, preventing leaching and immobilization from soil chemicals.
  • the prescription or prescriptions that the scientist can generate is numerous and that the selection of the items within the prescription are all solid pills or pellets that when water is applied each pill reverts to a gel contain soluble nutrients protected by its own shaped environment and will not react with any of the pills that are items of the prescription and in turn with the soil chemicals preventing leaching and immobilization.
  • pills as described above can be added or mixed together to be put into solution for spraying purposes that have full solubility and soluble protective materials with or without silicon additives.
  • the nutrients contained in each pill or additive has a known percentage of nutrients and elements so that collectively the requirement of nutrients to be applied by spraying is no longer limited by the overall registered nutrient percentages but to the quantity need to be applied.
  • the mixture of pills generated in the prescription is determined to the weight of each nutrient that is needed, water is the dispersing medium.
  • the prescription or prescriptions that the scientist can generate requires silicon additive or a combination of more than one silicon additive, either a single protective material or a combination of protective materials of more than one.
  • the product could be a finely ground powder. This would include a treatment substance mixed with a protective material(s) and an additive(s) blended into a well dispersed powder. The powder can then be dissolved, forming a solution for spray application.
  • the present invention can be utilized to address a number of farming problems, such as diseases, toxicity, deficiencies, infertile soils, fish farming ponds, low crop yield, low performance of stock feeding upon pasture, leaching, immobilization, pollution, high cost of fertilizers, high cost of veterinary professional treatment, high cost of chemical sprays that cause harmful toxic effects to the operator without protective materials, high cost of having to apply numerous applications and the increasing costs of labor and machinery.
  • farming problems such as diseases, toxicity, deficiencies, infertile soils, fish farming ponds, low crop yield, low performance of stock feeding upon pasture, leaching, immobilization, pollution, high cost of fertilizers, high cost of veterinary professional treatment, high cost of chemical sprays that cause harmful toxic effects to the operator without protective materials, high cost of having to apply numerous applications and the increasing costs of labor and machinery.
  • a prescription of pills was generated from individual pills. These used food grade calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, potassium carbonate (antacid action) and iron chelate (stimulates algae growth, in particular symbiotic algae that blooms within a pH range of 6.5 and 9) blended together with potassium silicate (prevents the production of toxic algae) in the following proportions:
  • Iron chelate to each 100kg is added 800mg of iron chelate.
  • Another fish farming application is in prawn farming.
  • the pond water needs to be continuously monitored for pH and secchi values.
  • Secchi values measure the degree of algae that has bloomed indicated by the depth light penetrates the pond.
  • the prawns feed on the algae bloom therefore if this drops the farmer has to feed the prawns up to five times a day with fowl manure and urea.
  • the undesirable side effect to this feeding is formation of nitrogenous material causing pollution.
  • the pH is required to be maintain at around pH 8. Blooming of the algae depends upon a number of factors, the temperature, the correct nutrients for optimum growth, pH, the level of oxygen and nitrogen present and the amount of sunlight.
  • a second pill, or series of pills incorporating algae requirements, such as nutrients, glucose, and trace elements balanced with an excess of iron chelate For example the following prescription:
  • Application rate to the pond the same size as above in this example is 25kg. Maintenance doses of up to 25kg needs to be added to maintain the blooming level as indicated by the secchi values that are monitored daily along with the temperature
  • a fertilizer formulated by the present invention providing a balance of nutrients was dissolved in water was sprayed upon the pasture on a beef farm. This program was evaluated over a period of four years against that of using a commercial recommended application of super NPKS at 400 kg per hectare at a cost of $140 per hectare. The soil analysis for each treatment are recorded below, these were undertaken by R J Hill Laboratories. The results show considerable savings to the farmer and increased yield as well as soil nutrient levels in the soil after using the fertilizer of the present invention for four years.:
  • iodine to overcome iodine deficiencies in animals, which can lead to increased heart rate, ophthalmic goiter (the eyes protrude), increased metabolism (loss of weight) and nervous twitching.
  • deer farmers using a prescription of the present invention incorporating copper did not need to administer stock copper to their animals.
  • This invention lends itself particularly for the growing of crops where large volumes of conventional fertilizers are commonly used to separately correct soil pH, and replace nutrients. Crops often require different conditions throughout their lifecycle, for example at germination of seed, nitrogen may be applied, then at flowering and fruit setting a fertilizer which is low in nitrogen but containing other nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, sulphur and trace elements may be applied. Insecticides, fungicides, bactericides or herbicides may also be required depending on the crop and the conditions.
  • the present invention overcomes many problems associated with crops, as shown below for potatoes. It should be appreciated that this strategy could also be applied to any other crop.
  • Water management and/or rainfall are probably the most important factors determining yield and quality of potatoes. Factors to consider are method of applying water (rainfall, sprinkler irrigation or furrow irrigation), timing of irrigation, and quantity of irrigation. For irrigation management decisions, it should be remembered that: 1) the effective rooting depth of potatoes is 2 ft (60 cm), 2) the soil should not be allowed to dry below 65 percent of field capacity, 3) moisture levels above field capacity will seriously affect yield and quality, and 4) soil types can vary threefold in their respective water holding capacities.
  • water holding capacity is greatly increased by the protective material and silicon ability to hold water and of cause the prevention of leaching and immobilization.
  • the amount of nutrients removed from the soil by potato tubers are as follows:.
  • Iron 0.047 0.021 0.24 0.27 Boron 0.007 0.003 0.04 0.04 and the amount of nutrients removed from the soil by potato vines are as follows:
  • Nitrogen fertilizer is required on most soils to produce a profitable yield of potatoes. However, excess nitrogen levels decrease tuber quality, grade, and yield.
  • Phosphorus and potassium may also be required, however this may vary due to residual levels which can be seen in soil analysis. However, as an example in some areas, 10- 40 pounds (4.5-18 kg) of potassium per area-foot of irrigation water are being applied along with other nutrients such as nitrogen, sulphur, magnesium, and calcium.
  • Supplemental calcium, and magnesium, or zinc and manganese may also be required respectively where leaching of nutrients has occurred, or the soil is calcareous or alkaline. Sulphur may also be required if these levels are low.
  • Micronutrients such as zinc and manganese may be soil applied with other fertilizer. Rates of 5-10 lbs/acre (6 -11 kg/ha) of zinc should be sufficient to take care of three years' production of potatoes.
  • Conventional fertilizers are applied as follows: For nitrogen, nitrate, urea, and ammonium fertilizers are commonly used. For phosphorus, any common carriers of phosphorus provide give satisfactory results, these include treble super phosphates and ammonium phosphates. For potassium, potassium sulphate or potassium chloride are commonly used. Zinc and copper can be applied as sulphates or as chelates.
  • Calcium and magnesium are generally supplied by lime applications. Calcium and magnesium sulphate sources are also available. Sulphur can be applied in elemental form or as a sulphate.
  • Conventional fertilizer is generally applied at pre-planting or by broadcast application.
  • the present invention overcomes these problems of conventional fertilizers. Just one application along with planting will correct the pH supply all the nutrients needed at germination, supply time-span nutrients, particularly the need of more nitrogen when the leaves are being formed to enhance photosynthesis that produces carbohydrate with the action of sunlight, the catalyst chlorophyll, carbon dioxide and water.
  • This invention prevents leaching, immobilization and interaction of the fertilizer that is mixed but protected by its own shaped environment having clathratic properties and gel protection. No need to use expensive chelates when the pills or pellets contain the trace elements as sulphates protected by the protective material with silicon additives.
  • This invention allows the base saturation and bulk density along with the pH to be corrected at root level. Deficiencies of nutrients in the soil are corrected and the amount of balanced nutrients required for the crop supplied all at one application. To do this all that is required is to determine the levels of nutrients from soil analysis, correct the levels to an optimum and add the amount of nutrients needed for the crop to germinate develop to maturity and fruit ready for harvesting.
  • Pills of the present invention containing silicon additives, protective materials, and organic compounds in particular phenols and cresols, hereinafter referred to as Silicon Phenol complexes can also provide herbicide, and insecticide action.
  • a 3% composition of silicon phenol complex will act as a non-toxic herbicide.
  • insects on potatoes The control of insects on potatoes is also an important consideration to maximize yield and quality.
  • the present invention provides a non-toxic insecticide.
  • the use of silicon additives along with the selection of one or more protective materials enhances the activity of the silicon additives. Where for example a 3% aqueous solution of potassium or sodium or ammonium silicate alone produces the best activity, the combination of the silicon additives with a protective material(s) the concentration of the potassium or sodium or ammonium silicate only 2% is necessary to achieve the same result. The reason for this is that the silicon additive with protective material(s) has increased surface tension which provides increased protection.
  • Both the silicon additives and the protective materials are non-toxic consequently resistance is not built up. This method applies mainly for the insects that deposit their larvae on the foliage of plants and the developing larvae are prevented from obtaining their food, that of the foliage of the plant, because of the protective gel covering.
  • Grape vines will be covered in this example in detail.
  • a vine In general, a vine is allowed to establish itself and grow vegetative — producing no fruit for the first two years. After the second full year of growth, the vine is commonly pruned by leaving a few canes on the trellis wires. These canes grow fruit in the third year.
  • the vines In order to establish a vigorous root system the vines require firstly water, and pest and weed control. Secondarily they need to build stores of nutrients. To do that, the grape grower needs to apply the right type and amount of fertilizers.
  • the present invention allows nutrients to be set into the ground at the time of planting so that the fertilizer is available to the root system at a later stage of development, while being protected from leaching and fixation.
  • a balance of nutrients will provide the grape vine with trace elements that are very important in maintaining enzymes for the metabolic reactions, nitrogen to produce healthy leaf development, calcium along with magnesium, potassium and sodium salts to keep the pH acid between 5 to 6 that most varieties of grape vines enjoy, provide phosphate and sulphate.
  • This invention can provide all these nutrients as pills protected as described above from interaction with treatment substances in separate pills.
  • a balance of nutrients is applied four inches below the dug whole in the soil that the vine is planted allowing the root to grow down to tap the reserve.
  • Organic nitrogen as urea protected in the pill stock production already described is more abundant than the balance of the other nutrients.
  • the sulphate salts of the trace elements in their protected pill/s give a cheap method of supply of these trace elements and need not use expensive chelates..
  • Organic material can be added at the time of planting along with this inventions technology, for example sea-weed.
  • the present invention allows non-toxic silicon additives to take the place of toxic residual herbicides.
  • Conventional fertilizers used in growing grape vines include for example calcium nitrate and organic sources of nitrogen such as chicken manure, cow manure, fish emulsion, kelp extract, bat guano and others build the soil and increase biological activity in the soil while they provide nutrients.
  • the nutrients that organic fertilizers provide are expensive and time consuming way to provide nutrients in the soil.
  • the present invention can provide a very cheap and easy way to overcome these problems as previously described.
  • the present invention can also be used to limit toxicity of specific soil components. This commonly occurs in places where Macedamia nut trees in Australia have large deposits of manganese below the surface of the soil deep down that poison the trees that will be killed unless treated. Toxicity in other regions may occur in other countries.
  • the present invention has successfully restored the trees to health with no toxicity by supplying a balance of nutrients without manganese around the root system of the trees and also on the foliage.
  • the alkali fertilizer protected in the pills along with the balance of all the nutrients except manganese was applied in the soil that included the sulphate trace elements.
  • Sprays of a balance of nutrients were sprayed on the foliage that included the chelate trace elements without the manganese chelate.
  • a plant In general a plant consists of 70-90% water, 10-30% organic compounds and 2-5% nutrients that includes the inorganic elements as electrolytes or combined with organic compounds.
  • Plants will not survive without nutrients of elements macro and trace elements, vitamins as well as carbon dioxide water and sunlight. If the plant cannot get magnesium, for example, then the synthesis of chlorophyll will not proceed for magnesium is the central element of its organic molecule chlorophyll. Also the trace elements are needed to produce enzymes that allow metabolism to proceed in the release of energy from carbohydrate metabolism and the synthesis of proteins, fats, oils, vitamins and amino acids, polypeptides and etc.
  • Phosphate rock processed to supply phosphate, ammonium sulphate, potassium fertilizers, lime and urea along with nitrates are the main conventional fertilizers used. Conventional fertilizers have been individually and in combination.
  • Pills from stock to adjust the levels of all the nutrients to the correct level can be selected and combined.
  • the pH is adjusted by correcting the base saturation, the ratio of calcium to magnesium pill(s) selected All the pills are combined together homogeneously mixed and to this mixture is added one or more of the following: ground bark from trees, sand, ground pumice, carbon slag's and worm castings. This mixture is combined with the clay subsoil in the home garden. .
  • the home garden may be sandy soil that having larger particles is prone to leaching and will not hold water.
  • the clay provides colloid small particles, to add to the holding of cations and anions, the extra protective material with silicon additives form a gel in the pore of the soil and holds moisture, the Bentonite swells with water and retains moisture.
  • the nutrients are all protected with the protective materials and silicon additives, to prevent leaching and immobilization.
  • Control of infestation from insects, fungi, harmful bacteria and weeds using this technology can also be undertaken by the home gardener, as described above.
  • Hydroponics is a big industry. Hydroponics means water working so that the substrate is only water is the true meaning. Hydroponics though is extended to include a substrate that is soil less and is not restricted to a water substrate. Sand, gravel, fired clay, pumice, perlite, vermiculite, charcoal, peat, moss, bark, sawdust, wood chips, rice hulls, peanut hulls, plastic foams, Styrofoam, petroleum based rigid foam-like cubes, rock wool and any mixture containing a number of these products. Hydroponics uses nutrient solution to provide the plant essential elements.
  • Dissolving the nutrients in a water medium provides problems with concentration, the mixing of polyvalent cations with the soluble salts of monovalent cationic soluble salts become incompatible unless chelates, that are very expensive, are used.
  • the pH needs to be controlled to the correct range of 6.3 to 6.5 that counts out calcium and magnesium carbonates that are reactive in solution with anions that produce the insoluble salts, example monovalent alkali sulphate that is water soluble reacts with calcium carbonate to for the insoluble calcium sulphate.
  • Calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate are used.
  • Plants can only take up soluble nutrients and requires the essential macro and micro elements in a balance which includes carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur as the Marco-nutrients.
  • the micro-nutrients include iron, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, molybdenum, silicon, aluminum and cobalt.
  • the technology of this invention alters the whole concept of supplying nutrients, correcting pH and controlling disease. It alters the term hydroponics for now instead of supplying the nutrients to the plants via circulation of water with the dissolved nutrients all the nutrients are supplied and mixed as pellets in the substrate, that have protection from leaching, fixation and in particular from reaction of one pellets content with that of another.
  • Water can be supplied via an overhead spray system as well that will allow by this invention soluble nutrients in a balance as described in preceding examples using chelates, when a deficiency needs to be addressed.
  • the main supply of nutrients for the life of the crop is applied all at once and mixed with the soil less substrate and should be more than enough for the crop's needs; the spraying of foliage with dissolved nutrients may not ever be needed.
  • the technology of this invention provides a much simpler method of growing the crops selected by the operator. Without having to mix nutrients the nutrient supply can be changed as the growth of the crop passes into another phase of development by using time-span pills.
  • Example 8 In the preparation of the solutions in Example 8 the surface tension table was prepared and the last three rows, namely Control + copper sulphate 1% silicon + copper sulphate and the last row 2% silicon + copper sulphate was used to observe the increase in surface tension.
  • the solution in the tubes of the same size showed the increase in surface tension by observing the angle of the meniscus with the wall of the tube as the surface tension increased the angle of contact of the solution with the wall of the tube altered from the meniscus being concave downwards to convex downwards.
  • the surface tension is greatest with ST28 and STT that was so thick and rubbery to measure.
  • the least surface tension had a concave meniscus downwards ST1.
  • the ST28 had the greatest surface tension with a meniscus of convex downwards.
  • the gel formed with acid or polyvalent cations has less surface tension than when silicon additives are added to the protective material/s depending upon the concentration of the silicon/s additive added. The higher the concentration of the silicon additive/s added to the protective material/s the higher the surface tension of the gel.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne une composition destinée à être appliquée sur un substrat, ladite composition incluant au moins un matériau protecteur présentant la caractéristique de former un gel en cas d'exposition à un activateur, et un liquide. Ladite composition est caractérisée en ce qu'elle inclut au moins un additif qui augmente la tension de surface du matériau protecteur sous sa forme gélifiée.
PCT/NZ2007/000157 2006-06-19 2007-06-15 Composition végétale bénéfique Ceased WO2007148992A1 (fr)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109092331A (zh) * 2018-08-04 2018-12-28 安徽师范大学 一种空心管状钴硒化合物/钼硒化合物复合纳米材料及其制备方法和应用
BE1029140B1 (fr) * 2021-02-24 2022-09-19 Silinnov Scrl Complexe de silicium biodisponible et stable pour une utilisation agricole

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109092331A (zh) * 2018-08-04 2018-12-28 安徽师范大学 一种空心管状钴硒化合物/钼硒化合物复合纳米材料及其制备方法和应用
CN109092331B (zh) * 2018-08-04 2020-11-20 安徽师范大学 一种空心管状钴硒化合物/钼硒化合物复合纳米材料及其制备方法和应用
BE1029140B1 (fr) * 2021-02-24 2022-09-19 Silinnov Scrl Complexe de silicium biodisponible et stable pour une utilisation agricole

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