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WO2007007191A1 - Composition - Google Patents

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Publication number
WO2007007191A1
WO2007007191A1 PCT/IB2006/002243 IB2006002243W WO2007007191A1 WO 2007007191 A1 WO2007007191 A1 WO 2007007191A1 IB 2006002243 W IB2006002243 W IB 2006002243W WO 2007007191 A1 WO2007007191 A1 WO 2007007191A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
compound
fuel
iron
ppm
mixtures
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
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PCT/IB2006/002243
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English (en)
Inventor
Uwe Bilstein
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Innospec Deutschland GmbH
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Innospec Deutschland GmbH
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Innospec Deutschland GmbH filed Critical Innospec Deutschland GmbH
Priority to AU2006268005A priority Critical patent/AU2006268005B2/en
Priority to KR1020087003176A priority patent/KR101405723B1/ko
Priority to JP2008519015A priority patent/JP5555423B2/ja
Priority to EP06795271.3A priority patent/EP1899440B1/fr
Priority to HK08104519.6A priority patent/HK1114631B/en
Priority to CN2006800323618A priority patent/CN101258226B/zh
Priority to KR1020137026176A priority patent/KR20130122698A/ko
Publication of WO2007007191A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007007191A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
    • C10L1/1857—Aldehydes; Ketones
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/06—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for facilitating soot removal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
    • C10L1/1691—Hydrocarbons petroleum waxes, mineral waxes; paraffines; alkylation products; Friedel-Crafts condensation products; petroleum resins; modified waxes (oxidised)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
    • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
    • C10L1/1888—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof tall oil
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
    • C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an additive composition for fuel, a fuel composition, and methods and uses of such compositions.
  • the present invention relates to compositions which may be used to reduce soot content and ash content of an exhaust of a combustion system for fuel.
  • the invention also relates to an essentially hydrocarbon mixture (HC mixture) which burns so as to produce very little soot, particularly heating oil and a corresponding additive concentrate.
  • HC mixture essentially hydrocarbon mixture
  • Ferrocene and its derivatives are known from the literature. Ferrocene and its manufacture were described for the first time in Nature 168 (1951 ), Page 1039. Since then, ferrocene and its derivatives as well as corresponding manufacturing procedures have been the object of numerous patents, e.g. US 2 769 828, US 2 834 796, US 2 898 360 and US 3 437 634.
  • DE 34 18 648 names ferrocene (dicyclopentadienyl iron) as a possible additive in order to optimise combustion of heating oil. This optimised combustion encourages complete combustion of the heating oil.
  • camphor has been used in fuel to provide a reduction in either fuel consumption or hazardous emissions.
  • camphor is not known to reduce soot.
  • camphor Rather, as discussed in US 5 116 390, a disadvantage of using camphor is that additional soot formation is noted on burning fuel that contains camphor as an additive.
  • CN 1597873 discloses a fuel which includes methanol, hydrogen peroxide, ferrocene and camphor that reduces the harmful emissions.
  • the present invention alleviates the problems of the prior art.
  • the present invention provides an additive composition for a fuel comprising:
  • a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound and mixtures thereof;
  • the present invention provides a fuel composition comprising an additive composition of the present invention and a fuel.
  • the present invention provides a fuel composition
  • a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and mixtures thereof;
  • an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof; and (iii) a fuel selected from biofuel, diesel, marine fuel, heating oil, middle distillate oil and heavy fuel oil.
  • the present invention provides a method for combustion of a fuel composition in a combustion system with an exhaust, comprising providing the fuel composition comprising: (i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and mixtures thereof;
  • the task of the invention is to provide a hydrocarbon mixture which contains an organic iron compound in combination with a further component which leads to a considerable reduction in soot. That is the combination of the iron compound and the further component produces a greater reduction in the amount of soot compared to that observed if the same quantity of iron compound is used alone, or to that observed if the same quantity of the further component is used alone.
  • the quantity of the iron compound used in the mixture may be reduced to a level where, if the iron compound were used on its own, its catalytic effect in respect of soot reduction would be minimal.
  • This task is fulfilled by means of a hydrocarbon mixture which produces little soot on combustion with at least 0.1 ppm ferrocene and at least 1 ppm camphor added.
  • metal compounds such as ferrocene
  • metal compounds can improve combustion in a combustion system and reduce carbon deposits leading to a reduction in the amount of soot observed in the exhaust of the combustion system.
  • the quantity of iron compound required to produce an adequate reduction in soot also leads to an increased amount of ash being formed.
  • organic compounds such as camphor
  • do not produce ash but are known to increase the amount of soot observed.
  • compositions comprising a metal compound in small quantities, such as ferrocene, and an organic compound, such as camphor, can provide good reductions in soot whilst only producing low amounts of ash.
  • such a composition provides significantly better soot reduction than is observed if the same amount of metal compound is used in the absence of the organic compound.
  • the metal compound (i) is selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and mixtures thereof.
  • the metal compound (i) is selected from an iron compound, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, manganese(ll) 2-ethylhexanoate, manganese naphthenate, calcium 2-ethylhexanoate, calcium napthenate, calcium sulfonate, cerium(lll) 2-ethylhexanoate, cerium sulfonate, and mixture thereof.
  • the metal compound (i) for use in the invention are fuel soluble or dispersible and preferably fuel stable.
  • the precise nature of the metal containing compounds is less important.
  • the manganese compound is selected from a manganese carbonyl compound, manganese(ll) 2-ethylhexanoate, manganese naphthenate, and mixtures thereof.
  • the most desirable general type of manganese carbonyl compounds utilised in accordance with this invention comprise organomanganese polycarbonyl compounds.
  • organomanganese polycarbonyl compounds For best results, use should be made of a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound of the type described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,828,417 and 3,127,351.
  • cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, ethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, dimethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, trimethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, propylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, isopropylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, butylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, pentylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, hexylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, ethylmethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, dimethyloctylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, dodecylcyclopenta
  • the manganese compound is an organomanganese compound.
  • a preferred organomanganese compound is cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. Particularly preferred for use in the practice of this invention is methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
  • organomanganese compounds which may be employed include the acyl manganese tricarbonyls such as methylacetyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and benzoyl methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, described in U.S. Pat No.
  • cyclopentadienyl manganese dicarbonyl compounds of the formula RMn(CO) 2 L where R is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl group having 5 to 18 carbon atoms, and L is a ligand, such as an olefin, an amine, a phosphine, SO 2 , tetrahydrofuran, or the like.
  • R is a substituted or unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl group having 5 to 18 carbon atoms
  • L is a ligand, such as an olefin, an amine, a phosphine, SO 2 , tetrahydrofuran, or the like.
  • Such compounds are referred to, for example in, Herberhold, M., Metal ⁇ -Complexes, Vol. II, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1967 or Giordano, PJ. and Weighton, M. S., Inorg. Chem.
  • the manganese compound is a manganese complex.
  • the manganese compound is selected from cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and substituted cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
  • the manganese compound may be cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and substituted cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, wherein the substituents can be, for example, one or more Ci -5 alkyl groups, preferably Ci -2 alkyl groups. A combination of such manganese complexes may also be used.
  • the manganese compound is selected from cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and substituted cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
  • the manganese compound is methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT).
  • the calcium compound is selected from calcium 2-ethylhexanoate, calcium napthenate, calcium sulfonate, and mixtures thereof.
  • the calcium compound is calcium sulfonate.
  • the cerium compound is selected from cerium(lll) 2-ethylhexanoate, cerium sulfonate, and mixtures thereof.
  • the metal compound (i) is an iron compound or a mixture of iron compounds.
  • the iron compound is an iron complex selected from bis-cyclopentadienyl iron; substituted bis-cyclopentadienyl iron; overbased iron soaps, such as iron tallate and iron octoate; and mixtures thereof.
  • the iron compound is an iron complex selected from bis-cyclopentadienyl iron, substituted bis-cyclopentadienyl iron and mixtures thereof.
  • the iron compound is a substituted bis-cyclopentadienyl iron selected from adamantyl bis-cyclopentadienyl iron, bis(dicyclopentadienyl-iron) dicarbonyl and mixtures thereof.
  • Bis(dicyclopentadienyl-iron) dicarbonyl is also known as cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer.
  • the iron compound is an iron complex selected from bis-cyclopentadienyl iron, adamantyl bis-cyclopentadienyl iron, bis(dicyclopentadienyl-iron)dicarbonyl, iron tallate and iron octoate; and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable substituted bis-cyclopentadienyl iron complexes are those wherein the substituents can be, for example, one or more C 1-30 alkyl groups, preferably Ci -2 o alkyl groups, preferably C 1-10 alkyl groups, C 1-5 alkyl groups, preferably C 1-2 alkyl groups. A combination of such iron complexes may also be used.
  • Suitable alkyl-substituted-dicyclopentadienyl iron complexes are cyclopentadienyl- (methylcyclopentadienyl) iron, cyclopentadienyl(ethyl-cyclopentadienyl) iron, bis- (methylcyclopentadienyl) iron, bis-(ethylcyclopentadienyl) iron, bis-(1,2-dimethyl- cyclopentadienyl) iron, and bis-(1-methyl-3-ethylcyclo-pentadienyl) iron.
  • These iron complexes can be prepared by the processes taught in US-A-2680756, US-A-2804468, GB-A-0733129 and GB-A-0763550.
  • Another volatile iron complex is iron pentacarbonyl.
  • Suitable iron complexes are bis-cyclopentadienyl iron and/or bis-(methylcyclo-pentadienyl) iron.
  • transition metals including iron
  • hydrocarbon solvents e.g. diesel fuel
  • Substituted bis-cyclopentadienyl complex of iron for use in the invention include those in which substitution may be on either or both of the cyclopentadienyl groups.
  • Suitable substituents include, for example, one or more C 1-5 alkyl groups, preferably C 1-2 alkyl groups.
  • Particularly suitable alkyl-substituted-dicyclopentadienyl iron complexes include cyclopentadienyl(methylcyclopentadienyl) iron, bis- (methylcyclopentadienyl) iron, bis-(ethylcyclopentadienyl) iron, bis-(1 ,2- dimethylcyclopentadienyl) iron and 2,2-diethylferrocenyl-propane.
  • substituents that may be present on the cyclopentadienyl rings include cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl, aryl groups such as tolylphenyl, and acetyl groups, such as present in diacetyl ferrocene.
  • a particularly useful substituent is the hydroxyisopropyl group, resulting in ( ⁇ -hydroxyisopropyl) ferrocene.
  • ( ⁇ -hydroxyisopropyl)ferrocene is a room temperature liquid.
  • Ferrocenes linked by a "bridge” may be used in the present invention. Suitable compounds are taught in WO 02/018398 and WO 03/020733. Thus, a suitable "bridge” linking ferrocenes may be a unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl group.
  • the term "unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl group” as used herein means a group comprising at least C and H and which may, optionally, comprise one or more suitable substituents.
  • one carbon atom of the "bridge" hydrocarbyl group is attached to two ferrocene moieties, hence, bridging the ferrocenes. Further ferrocene moieties may be attached via further "bridge” hydrocarbyl groups.
  • a typical unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl group is an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon group.
  • hydrocarbon means any one of an alkylene group, an alkenylene group, an alkynylene group, which groups may be linear, branched or cyclic, or an aryl group.
  • the unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon group may be an alkylene, branched alkylene or cycloalkylene group.
  • the term hydrocarbon also includes those groups but wherein they have been optionally substituted.
  • hydrocarbon is a branched structure having substituent(s) thereon
  • substitution may be on either the hydrocarbon backbone or on the branch; alternatively the substitutions may be on the hydrocarbon backbone and on the branch.
  • a preferred unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon group is an unsubstituted or substituted alkylene group having at least one carbon atom in the alkylene linkage. More preferably, the unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbon group is an unsubstituted or substituted alkylene group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkylene linkage, for example, having at least 2 carbon atoms in the alkylene linkage or having one carbon atom in the alkylene linkage.
  • the hydrocarbyl group comprises more than one C then those carbons need not necessarily be linked to each other.
  • at least two of the carbons may be linked via a suitable element or group.
  • the hydrocarbyl group may contain hetero atoms. Suitable hetero atoms will be apparent to those skilled in the art and include, for instance, sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen, for example, oxygen.
  • organometallic complexes of iron may also be used in the invention, to the extent that these are fuel soluble and stable.
  • Such complexes include, for example, iron pentacarbonyl, di-iron nonacarbonyl, (1 ,3-butadiene)-iron tricarbonyl, and (cyclopentadienyl)-iron dicarbonyl dimer.
  • Salts such as di-tetralin iron tetraphenylborate (Fe(C 10 H 12 ) 2 (B(C 6 H 5 ) 4 ) 2 ) may also be employed.
  • a preferred iron complex is ferrocene (i.e. bis-cyclopentadienyl iron).
  • ferrocene equivalent quantities of other organic iron compounds which are soluble in hydrocarbon mixtures can be used in respect of the iron content. This applies to all statements and descriptions which follow.
  • Dicyclopentadienyl iron has proven to be particularly suitable.
  • Ferrocene derivatives can be used at least in part instead of ferrocene. Ferrocene derivatives are compounds where, starting from a basic ferrocene molecule, further substituents are found on one or both of the cyclopentadienyl rings. Examples could be ethylferrocene, butylferrocene, acetylferrocene and 2,2-bis- ethylferrocenylpropane. Geminal bisferrocenylalkanes are also suitable, as described, for example, in DE 201 10 995 and DE 102 08 326.
  • the substituted ferrocenes are preferred iron compounds for use in the invention.
  • Ferrocene itself is an especially preferred iron compound on this basis.
  • Ferrocene of suitable purity is sold in a range of useful forms as PLUTOcen R TM and as solutions, Satacen R TM both by lnnospec GmbH.
  • the iron compounds for use in the invention need not feature iron-carbon bonds in order to be fuel compatible and stable. Salts may be used; these may be neutral or overbased. Thus, for example, overbased soaps including iron stearate, iron oleate and iron naphthenate may be used. Methods for the preparation of metal soaps are described in The Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Ed, Vol. 8:432-445, John Wiley & Sons, 1993. Suitable stoichiometric, or neutral, iron carboxylates for use in the invention include the so-called 'drier-iron' species, such as iron tris(2-ethylhexanoate) [19583-54-1].
  • Iron complexes not featuring metal-carbon bonds and not prepared as in the preceding reference may also be used in the invention provided these are adequately fuel compatible and stable.
  • Examples include complexes with ⁇ -diketonates, such as tetramethylheptanedionate.
  • Iron complexes of the following chelating ligands are also suitable for use in the invention:
  • aromatic Mannich bases such as those prepared by reaction of an amine with an aldehyde or ketone followed by nucleophilic attack on an active hydrogen containing compound, e.g. the product of the reaction of two equivalents of (tetrapropenyl)phenol, two of formaldehyde and one of ethylenediamine, • hydroxyaromatic oximes, such as (polyisobutenyl)-salicylaldoxime. These may be prepared by reaction of (polyisobutenyl)phenol, formaldehyde and hydroxylamine;
  • Schiff bases such as those prepared by condensation reactions between aldehydes or ketones (e.g. (tert-butyl)-salicylaldehyde) and amines (e.g. dodecylamine).
  • aldehydes or ketones e.g. (tert-butyl)-salicylaldehyde
  • amines e.g. dodecylamine
  • a tetradentate ligand may be prepared using ethylenediamine (half equivalent) in place of dodecylamine;
  • substituted phenols such as 2-substituted-8-quinolinols, for example 2-dodecenyl-8- quinolinol or 2-N-dodecenylamino-methylphenol;
  • substituted phenols such as those wherein the substituent is NR 2 or SR in which R is a long chain (e.g. 20-30 C atoms) hydrocarbyl group.
  • R is a long chain (e.g. 20-30 C atoms) hydrocarbyl group.
  • the aromatic rings may beneficially be further substituted with hydrocarbyl groups, e.g. lower alkyl groups;
  • carboxylic acid esters in particular succinic acid esters such as those prepared by reaction of an anhydride (e.g. dodecenyl succinic anhydride) with a single equivalent of an alcohol (e.g. Methylene glycol); • acylated amines. These may be prepared by a variety of methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • anhydride e.g. dodecenyl succinic anhydride
  • alcohol e.g. Methylene glycol
  • acylated amines e.g. Methylene glycol
  • particularly useful chelates are those prepared by reaction of alkenyl substituted succinates, such as dodecenyl succinic anhydride, with an amine, such as N,N'-dimethyl ethylene diamine or methyl-2-methylamino- benzoate; • amino-acids, for example those prepared by reaction of an amine, such as dodecylamine, with an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated ester, such as methylmethacrylate. In cases where a primary amine is used, this may be subsequently acylated, such as with oleic acid or oleyl chloride;
  • hydroxamic acids such as that prepared from the reaction of hydroxylamine with oleic acid
  • linking group is CH 2 .
  • linking group is CH 2 OCH 2 ;
  • alkylated, substituted pyridines such as 2-carboxy-4-dodecylpyridine
  • borated acylated amines These may be prepared by reaction of a succinic acylating agent, such as poly(isobutylene)succinic acid, with an amine, such as tetraethylenepentamine. This procedure is then followed by boronation with a boron oxide, boron halide or boronic acid, amide or ester. Similar reactions with phosphorus acids result in the formation of phosphorus-containing acylated amines, also suitable for providing an oil-soluble iron chelate for use in the invention;
  • a succinic acylating agent such as poly(isobutylene)succinic acid
  • pyrrole derivatives in which an alkylated pyrrole is substituted at the 2-position by OH, NH 2 , NHR, CO 2 H, SH or C(O)H.
  • Particularly suitable pyrrole derivatives include 2-carboxy-t-butylpyrroles;
  • sulphonic acids such as those of the formula R 1 SO 3 H, where R 1 is a C 10 to about C 60 hydrocarbyl group, e.g. dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid;
  • organometallic complexes of iron such as ferrocene, substituted ferrocenes, iron naphthenate, iron succinates, stoichiometric or over-based iron soaps (carboxylate or sulphonate), iron picrate, iron carboxylate and iron -diketonate complexes.
  • Suitable iron picrates for use in the invention include those described in US-A-4,370,147 and US-A-4,265,639.
  • iron-containing compounds for use in the invention include those of the formula M(R)x.nL wherein: M is an iron cation; R is the residue of an organic compound RH in which R is an organic group containing an active hydrogen atom H replaceable by the metal M and attached to an O, S, P, N or C atom in the group R; x is 2 or 3; n is 0 or a positive integer indicating the number of donor ligand molecules forming a dative bond with the metal cation; and L is a species capable of acting as a Lewis base.
  • the organic compound (ii) is selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof.
  • the organic compound (ii) is selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable substituted bicyclic monoterpenes are those wherein the substituents can be, for example, one or more of aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, acetate and ether functional groups.
  • the organic compound (ii) is a bicyclic monoterpene or substituted bicyclic monoterpene selected from camphor, camphene, isobornyl acetate, dipropyleneglycol- isobomyl ether and mixtures thereof.
  • the organic compound (ii) is selected from camphor, camphene, isobornyl acetate, dipropyleneglycol-isobomyl ether, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof.
  • the organic compound (ii) is camphor.
  • Camphor has the systematic name 1 ,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one.
  • Camphor has the following structure:
  • the present invention provides an additive composition for a fuel comprising:
  • a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and mixtures thereof; and (ii) an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof; with the proviso that the composition is substantially free of methanol.
  • the composition comprises less than 10 wt %, preferably less than 5 wt %, preferably less than 2 wt %, preferably less than 1 wt %, preferably less than 0.5 wt %, preferably less than 0.1 wt %, preferably less than 0.05 wt %, preferably less than 0.01 wt % methanol.
  • the present invention provides an additive composition for a fuel comprising:
  • a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and mixtures thereof; and (ii) an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof; with the proviso that the composition is substantially free of C1 to C5 alcohol.
  • C1 to C5 alcohol means a straight chain or branched alcohol containing between 1 and 5 carbon atoms, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and pentanol.
  • An example of a suitable branched alcohol is tertiary butanol.
  • the composition comprises less than 10 wt %, preferably less than 5 wt %, preferably less than 2 wt %, preferably less than 1 w t%, preferably less than 0.5 wt %, preferably less than 0.1 wt %, preferably less than 0.05 wt %, preferably less than 0.01 wt % C1 to C5 alcohol compounds.
  • the present invention provides an additive composition for a fuel comprising:
  • a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and mixtures thereof; and (ii) an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof; with the proviso that the composition is substantially free of any alcohol.
  • the composition comprises less than 10 wt %, preferably less than 5 wt %, preferably less than 2 wt %, preferably less than 1 w t%, preferably less than 0.5 wt %, preferably less than 0.1 wt %, preferably less than 0.05 wt %, preferably less than 0.01 wt % alcohol.
  • the present invention provides an additive composition for a fuel comprising: (i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound, and mixtures thereof; and (ii) an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof; with the proviso that the composition is substantially free hydrogen peroxide.
  • the composition comprises less than 10 wt %, preferably less than 5 wt %, preferably less than 2 wt %, preferably less than 1 wt %, preferably less than 0.5 wt %, preferably less than 0.1 wt %, preferably less than 0.05 wt %, preferably less than 0.01 wt % of hydrogen peroxide.
  • the metal compound (i) is bis-cyclopentadienyl iron and the organic compound (ii) is camphor.
  • the additive composition further comprises a solvent. It is convenient for the additive composition to be added as a solution of the active components in a solvent. It is preferable for such solutions to exhibit a high concentration of the active components in the solvent. Ideal solvents are those in which all the active ingredients dissolve equally well and which form a solution which is stable over prolonged storage periods, and also under cold conditions.
  • the solvent is selected from an aromatic compound, a paraffin compound and mixtures thereof.
  • paraffin compound includes both straight chain and branched chain compounds.
  • the branched chain compounds are also known as iso-paraffins.
  • the additive composition for a fuel comprises the metal compound or compounds (i) in an amount sufficient to provide less than 30,000 ppm of the metal; preferably less than 15,000 ppm; preferably less than 6,000 ppm.
  • the additive composition for a fuel comprises the metal compound or compounds (i) in an amount sufficient to provide from 3 ppm to 30,000 ppm of the metal; preferably from 15 ppm to 15,000 ppm; preferably from 60 ppm to 6,000 ppm.
  • the additive composition for a fuel comprises less than 90,000 ppm of the metal compound (i); preferably less than 45,000 ppm; preferably less than 18,000 ppm.
  • the additive composition for a fuel comprises from 10 ppm to 90,000 ppm of the metal compound (i); preferably from 50 ppm to 45,000 ppm; preferably from 200 ppm to 18,000 ppm.
  • the additive composition for a fuel comprises at least 100 ppm of the organic compound (ii); preferably at least 500 ppm; preferably at least 1 ,000 ppm; preferably at least 2,000 ppm; preferably at least 10,000 ppm; preferably at least 50,000 ppm; preferably at least 80,000 ppm; preferably at least 100,000 ppm.
  • the additive composition for a fuel comprises from 100 ppm to 700,000 ppm of the organic compound (ii); preferably from 500 ppm to about 350,000 ppm; preferably from about 2,000 ppm to about 140,000 ppm; preferably from about 50,000 ppm to about 130,000 ppm; preferably from about 80,000 ppm to about 120,000 ppm.
  • the fuel additives according to the invention may be added as part of a package to the fuel prior to combustion. This may be done at any stage in the fuel supply chain (for example, at the refinery or distribution terminal) or may be added via a dosing device associated with the combustion system, for examples, on-board the vehicle.
  • a dosing device may dose the additives either to the fuel or even separately direct into the combustion chamber or inlet system.
  • the fuel additives may be added to the fuel in the combustion systems' fuel tank by the user, a so-called 'aftermarket' treatment.
  • the additive composition is a solution.
  • the additive composition is for addition to a fuel.
  • Such an additive might be dosed at any stage in the fuel supply chain prior to combustion of the fuel.
  • the fuel additives of the invention may be dosed to the fuel at any stage in the fuel supply chain.
  • each additive is added to the fuel close to the engine or combustion system, within the fuel storage system for the engine or combustion system at the refinery, distribution terminal or at any other stage in the fuel supply chain, including aftermarket use.
  • the additive may be added to the fuel at the refinery or at the distribution terminal.
  • the volume of solvent used will be such as to provide a non-viscous solution, suitable for use in a dispenser bottle or syringe pack.
  • the solvents to be used should be readily fuel soluble and compatible, including with respect to boiling point range, and preferably will have flash points in excess of 62 0 C for ease of storage.
  • the additive composition for a fuel is an additive concentrate composition.
  • the fuel is selected from gasoline, diesel, marine fuel, heating oil, middle distillate oil, .heavy fuel oil and including such fuels containing renewable or bio-derived components and commonly termed bio-fuel, e.g. bio diesel.
  • the fuel is selected from biofuel, diesel, marine fuel, heating oil, middle distillate oil and heavy fuel oil. In another aspect, preferably the fuel is selected from diesel, marine fuel, heating oil, middle distillate oil and heavy fuel oil
  • the fuel is gasoline.
  • the fuel is a fuel for spark ignition engines such as gasoline.
  • the fuel is a fuel for a high compression spontaneous ignition engine.
  • the fuel is diesel.
  • the diesel may be biodiesel, low sulphur diesel and ultra- low sulphur diesel.
  • the fuel is marine fuel or bunker fuel.
  • the fuel is heating oil, for example, kerosene.
  • a light heating oil Preferably, the light heating oil is HEL: Schutt al.
  • the fuel is a middle distillate oil.
  • the fuel is a heavy fuel oil.
  • the fuel is a hydrocarbon mixture, preferably, a liquid hydrocarbon mixture.
  • the fuel composition comprises at least 0.1 ppm of the metal compound (i).
  • the fuel composition comprises 9 ppm or less of the metal compound (i); preferably 8 ppm or less of the metal compound (i).
  • the fuel composition comprises the metal compound (i) in from about 0.1 ppm to about 9 ppm.
  • the fuel composition comprises the metal compound (i) in from about 0.5 ppm to about 8 ppm.
  • the metal compound (i) is ferrocene
  • 0.1 ppm of ferrocene is an amount sufficient to provide 0.03 ppm of the metal (iron).
  • the fuel composition comprises a metal compound (i) in an amount sufficient to provide 0.03 ppm of the metal, it would be present in an equivalent amount to 0.1 ppm of ferrrocene.
  • the fuel composition comprises the metal compound (i) in an amount sufficient to provide at least 0.03 ppm of the metal.
  • the fuel composition comprises the metal compound (i) in an amount to provide 2.70 ppm or less of the metal.
  • the fuel composition comprises the metal compound (i) in an amount to provide 2.40 ppm or less of the metal.
  • the fuel composition comprises the metal compound (i) in an amount sufficient to provide from 0.03 ppm to 2.70 ppm of the metal.
  • the fuel composition comprises the metal compound (i) in an amount sufficient to provide from 0.15 ppm to 2.40 ppm of the metal.
  • the fuel composition comprises 70 ppm or less of the organic compound (ii); preferably 60 ppm or less; preferably 50 ppm or less.
  • the fuel composition comprises at least 1 ppm of the organic compound (ii).
  • the fuel composition comprises the organic compound (ii) in from about 1 ppm to about 70 ppm; preferably from about 10 ppm to about 60 ppm; preferably from about 20 ppm to about 50 ppm.
  • the fuel composition is provided by diluting an additive concentrate composition of the present invention in the fuel.
  • the ratio of additive concentrate composition to fuel is from 1 : 100 to 1 :10,000; preferably from 1 :500 to 1 :8,000; preferably from 1 :1 ,000 to 1 :5,000; preferably from 1 :1 ,500 to 1 :3000.
  • the fuel composition is substantially free of methanol.
  • the fuel composition is substantially free of C1 to C5 alcohol. In a further aspect, the fuel composition is substantially free of alcohol.
  • the composition is substantially free of hydrogen peroxide.
  • the metal compound (i) is bis-cyclopentadienyl iron and the organic compound (ii) is camphor.
  • This system may be used in many different application areas.
  • the application area is diesel fuel.
  • the application area is marine fuels.
  • the application area is heating oil.
  • the application area is middle distillate oil.
  • the application area is heavy fuel oil
  • the application area is the regeneration of diesel particulate filters.
  • the application area is the reduction of soot content and ash content of an exhaust of a combustion system.
  • the application area is the improvement of combustion efficiency of a combustion system.
  • the application area is the improvement of fuel economy of a combustion system.
  • the present invention provides a hydrocarbon mixture which produces little soot on combustion with at least 0.1 ppm ferrocene and at least 1 ppm camphor added.
  • camphor is meant a group of compounds consisting of double-ring-form, monoterpenic hydrocarbons such as camphene or phenzene, or analog aldehydes or monoterpenic ketones, for example phenzione. 1 ,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one is preferred.
  • a preferred ferrocene concentration therefore does not exceed 9 ppm, but is preferably 8 ppm or less.
  • the concentration of camphor should also not exceed 70 ppm and is preferably a maximum of 60 ppm, in particular a maximum of 50 ppm.
  • the majority of the hydrocarbons contained in the hydrocarbon mixture are petroleum derived.
  • the hydrocarbon mixtures can also contain other natural or renewable materials, such as, for example, rapeseed oil methyl ester.
  • Particularly suitable hydrocarbon mixtures consist of middle distillates, as are manufactured in crude oil refineries.
  • Such middle distillates are the main component of diesel oils and of heating oils, in particular heating oils with particularly low viscosity.
  • the precise specification of such products is laid down in DIN standards.
  • heating oils especially in so-called HEL: Schut extra Whyfl ⁇ ssig according to DIN 51603, Part 1 heating oils.
  • Heating oils serve, as the name suggests, to provide heat. For this purpose they are burnt using special burners and with the addition of air.
  • the advantages of the present invention become particularly clear in such applications, as the present application produces less visible smoke, and less measurable soot.
  • a further object of the invention is an additive concentrate for manufacture of a hydrocarbon mixture with additive as described herein in numbered paragraph (1), with a content of 0.1-25 ppm ferrocene or, in relation to iron, an equivalent volume of another organic iron component which can dissolve in hydrocarbon, along with 1 to 80 ppm camphor.
  • hydrocarbon mixtures to which no additive has been added can be transformed into hydrocarbon mixtures according to the invention, by adding a corresponding quantity of the concentrate to the hydrocarbon mixture and preferably mixing it so that it is homogeneous. It would also be possible to add corresponding amounts of ferrocene and camphor separately to the mixture. However, it would not only be necessary to ensure correct relation of the concentrate to the hydrocarbon mixture, but also the correct relation of the individual additive components to one another. Therefore it is simpler and more customer-friendly to offer an additive which already contains ferrocene and camphor in the correct relation to one another. Preferably the relation by weight of ferrocene to camphor is 7:40 in the additive concentrate.
  • the additive concentrate and/or the fuel may further comprise further additives, such as performance-enhancing additives.
  • further additives include corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, gum inhibitors, anti-oxidants, solvent oils, anti-static agents, dyes, anti-icing agents, ashless dispersants and detergents.
  • the ratio of metal compound (i) (measured in ppm) to organic compound (ii) (measured in ppm) is from 9:1 to 1 :700.
  • the ratio of metal compound (i) to organic compound (ii) is from 2:1 to1 :100; preferably from 1 :1 to 1 :10; preferably from 1:2 to 1 :8; preferably from 1 :3 to 1 :7.
  • the ratio of metal provided by the metal compound (i) (measured in ppm) to organic compound (ii) (measured in ppm) is from 27:10 to 3:7000.
  • the ratio of metal provided by the metal compound (i) to organic compound (ii) is from 6:10 to 3:1000; preferably from 3:10 to 3:100; preferably from 3:20 to 3:80; preferably from 3:30 to 3:70.
  • the present invention provides a method for combustion of a fuel composition in a combustion system, comprising providing a fuel composition comprising:
  • a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound and mixtures thereof;
  • an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof;
  • the present invention provides for combustion of a fuel composition in a combustion system, comprising providing a fuel composition comprising: (i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound and mixtures thereof; (ii) an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof; and (iii) a fuel; and combusting the same such that fuel economy of the fuel is improved.
  • a fuel composition comprising: (i) a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound and mixtures thereof; (ii) an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof; and (iii) a fuel; and combusting the same such that fuel economy of the fuel is improved.
  • the present invention provides a method of regenerating a particulate filter located in an exhaust system of a combustion system for fuel, which comprises contacting carbon-based particulates, present in the particulate filter, with combustion products of a fuel composition comprising:
  • a metal compound selected from an iron compound, , a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound and mixtures thereof;
  • an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof;
  • the metal compound (i) is bis-cyclopentadienyl iron and the organic compound (ii) is camphor.
  • the combustion system is selected from a burner, engine and furnace.
  • the combustion system is selected from a burner and a furnace.
  • the combustion system is an engine.
  • the engine is a compression ignition engine (diesel engine).
  • the combustion system is an engine.
  • the engine is a spark ignition engine.
  • the present invention provides a use of:
  • a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound and mixtures thereof;
  • an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof; for reducing soot content and ash content of an exhaust of a combustion system for fuel.
  • the present invention provides a use of an additive composition as herein defined for reducing soot content and ash content of an exhaust of a combustion system for fuel. In a further aspect, the present invention provides a use of a fuel composition as herein defined for reducing soot content and ash content of an exhaust of a combustion system for fuel.
  • the present invention provides a use of:
  • a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound and mixtures thereof; and (ii) an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof; for improving the combustion efficiency of a fuel.
  • the present invention provides a use of an additive composition as herein defined for improving the combustion efficiency of a fuel.
  • the present invention provides a use of a fuel composition as herein defined for improving the combustion efficiency of a fuel.
  • the present invention provides a use of:
  • a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound and mixtures thereof;
  • an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof; for improving the fuel economy of a combustion system.
  • the present invention provides a use of an additive composition as herein defined for improving the fuel economy of a combustion system.
  • the present invention provides a use of a fuel composition as herein defined for improving the fuel economy of a combustion system.
  • the present invention provides a use of:
  • a metal compound selected from an iron compound, a manganese compound, a calcium compound, a cerium compound and mixtures thereof;
  • an organic compound selected from a bicyclic monoterpene, substituted bicyclic monoterpene, adamantane, propylene carbonate and mixtures thereof; for decreasing the regeneration temperature and/or required regeneration frequency of a particulate filter located in an exhaust system of a combustion system.
  • the present invention provides a use of an additive composition as herein defined for decreasing the regeneration temperature and/or required regeneration frequency of a particulate filter located in an exhaust system of a combustion system.
  • the present invention provides a use of a fuel composition as herein defined for decreasing the regeneration temperature and/or required regeneration frequency of a particulate filter located in an exhaust system of a combustion system.
  • the Bacharach soot number is a qualitative measure for evaluating the completeness of combustion, based on the optical absorption of visible light by particles that have been deposited on a filter.
  • the Bacharach soot number is part of the required testing procedure for judging the combustion quality of oil burners in countries such as Switzerland.
  • a well defined amount of undiluted flue gas is sucked through a white filter, leaving behind a discoloured spot.
  • the colour of the spot is compared with a calibrated gray scale reaching from 0 (white) to 9 (black). This number is assessed electronically by measuring the reflectance of visible light shone on the loaded filter. The discolouring of the sample filter is attributed to the presence of black shoot.
  • the fuel composition provides a 0.5 reduction in the Bacharach soot number compared with the Bacharach soot number observed with the fuel alone.
  • the fuel composition provides a 0.8 reduction in the Bacharach soot number; preferably a 1.0 reduction in the Bacharach soot number; preferably a 1.2 reduction in the Bacharach soot number: preferably a 1.5 reduction in the Bacharach soot number; preferably a 1.8 reduction in the Bacharach soot number; preferably a 2.0 reduction in the Bacharach soot number compared with the Bacharach soot number observed with the fuel alone.
  • the fuel composition provides a Bacharach soot number of less than 1.0; preferably, less than 0.9; preferably, less than 0.8; preferably, less than 0.7; preferably, less than 0.6; preferably, less than 0.5.
  • the soot content is measured by ASTM test method D-2156.
  • the fuel composition provides an ash content of 0.010 wt % or less.
  • the fuel composition provides an ash content of 0.009 wt % or less; 0.008 wt % or less; 0.007 wt % or less; 0.006 wt % or less; 0.005 wt % or less; 0.004 wt % or less; 0.003 wt % or less; 0.002 wt % or less; 0.001 wt % or less.
  • Ash content may be measured according to the standard method DIN EN 6245.
  • the steel hot water boiler was brought up to operating temperature with additive-free heating oil.
  • a smoke spot number of approximately 4 was set by throttling the air feed to the burner.
  • the duration of the trial was approximately 0.75 hours, and then the smoke spot number was measured.
  • camphor is meant a group of compounds consisting of double-ring-form, monoterpenic hydrocarbons such as camphene or phenzene, or analog aldehydes or monoterpenic ketones, for example phenzione. 1 ,7,7- trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one is preferred.
  • HC mixture characterised in that the HC mixture is heating oil, in particular HEL (extra light heating oil).
  • Additive concentrate according to numbered paragraph (6) characterised in that the ratio by weight of ferrocene to camphor is around 7 to 40.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne une composition d'addition pour carburant, une composition de carburant ainsi que des procédés pour obtenir ces compositions et leurs utilisations. Plus particulièrement, la présente invention concerne des compositions pouvant être utilisées pour réduire la teneur en suies et la teneur en cendres d'un échappement d'un système de combustion pour carburant. Plus particulièrement, ces compositions comprennent (i) un composé métallique choisi parmi un composé de fer, un composé de manganèse, un composé de calcium, un composé de cérium et des mélanges de ceux-ci, et (ii) un composé organique choisi parmi un monoterpène bicyclique, un monoterpène bicyclique substitué, un adamantane, un carbonate de propylène et des mélanges de ceux-ci.
PCT/IB2006/002243 2005-07-07 2006-07-06 Composition Ceased WO2007007191A1 (fr)

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AU2006268005A AU2006268005B2 (en) 2005-07-07 2006-07-06 Composition
KR1020087003176A KR101405723B1 (ko) 2005-07-07 2006-07-06 조성물
JP2008519015A JP5555423B2 (ja) 2005-07-07 2006-07-06 組成物
EP06795271.3A EP1899440B1 (fr) 2005-07-07 2006-07-06 Composition de combustible
HK08104519.6A HK1114631B (en) 2005-07-07 2006-07-06 Fuel composition
CN2006800323618A CN101258226B (zh) 2005-07-07 2006-07-06 燃料组合物和燃料添加剂组合物
KR1020137026176A KR20130122698A (ko) 2005-07-07 2006-07-06 조성물

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WO2008084251A1 (fr) * 2007-01-11 2008-07-17 Innospec Limited Composition, procédé et utilisation
WO2009013536A3 (fr) * 2007-07-20 2009-03-12 Innospec Ltd Amélioration des compositions d'hydrocarbures ou concernant les compositions d'hydrocarbures
WO2009035658A1 (fr) * 2007-09-13 2009-03-19 Timburn, Inc. Procédé de réduction de dépôts inflammables de créosote et autres matières organiques dans des chambres de combustion
WO2010061223A1 (fr) 2008-11-26 2010-06-03 Innospec Limited Amélioration de compositions d'additif de combustible ou se rapportant à celles-ci

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DE102007001987A1 (de) 2005-07-07 2008-07-10 Innospec Deutschland Gmbh Verwendung von KW-Gemischen
JP2010163529A (ja) * 2009-01-15 2010-07-29 Taihokohzai:Kk 燃料添加剤
DE102009020544A1 (de) 2009-05-08 2010-11-11 Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Brennverbesserte Polystyrolkunststoffe
CN103140576B (zh) * 2010-08-10 2015-02-11 百斯特技术品牌公司 柴油燃料燃烧增强性添加剂
KR101537159B1 (ko) * 2013-08-13 2015-07-16 금종자원개발주식회사 이온연료(항공유용)
DE102014113817A1 (de) 2013-10-15 2015-04-16 Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erkennung eines Objekts in Einem Bild
RU2756770C1 (ru) * 2020-10-19 2021-10-05 Акционерное Общество «Кемико» Депрессорно-диспергирующая присадка к дизельным топливам и способ ее получения
EP4370633A1 (fr) 2021-07-16 2024-05-22 Innospec Limited Compositions de mazout et procédés et utilisations associés
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JP2010515801A (ja) * 2007-01-11 2010-05-13 インノスペック リミテッド 組成物、方法及び使用
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WO2009035658A1 (fr) * 2007-09-13 2009-03-19 Timburn, Inc. Procédé de réduction de dépôts inflammables de créosote et autres matières organiques dans des chambres de combustion
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JP2009500466A (ja) 2009-01-08
DE102005032119A1 (de) 2007-01-18
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EP2287277A1 (fr) 2011-02-23
EP1899440B1 (fr) 2016-06-15

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