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WO2006115485A2 - Systeme d'imagerie radiofrequence pour applications medicales et autres applications - Google Patents

Systeme d'imagerie radiofrequence pour applications medicales et autres applications Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006115485A2
WO2006115485A2 PCT/US2005/013952 US2005013952W WO2006115485A2 WO 2006115485 A2 WO2006115485 A2 WO 2006115485A2 US 2005013952 W US2005013952 W US 2005013952W WO 2006115485 A2 WO2006115485 A2 WO 2006115485A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
radio
imaging system
frequency
beams
radio frequency
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2005/013952
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English (en)
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WO2006115485A3 (fr
Inventor
Stuart M. Gleman
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Individual
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Priority to PCT/US2005/013952 priority Critical patent/WO2006115485A2/fr
Publication of WO2006115485A2 publication Critical patent/WO2006115485A2/fr
Publication of WO2006115485A3 publication Critical patent/WO2006115485A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves
    • A61B5/0507—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves using microwaves or terahertz waves
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of imaging systems and specifically to an imaging system for medical and other applications in which the internal structures of an overall object can be seen without invading or damaging the object.
  • X-Rays using film and other detectors have had medical and industrial application for over one hundred years. Ultrasound has been used for certain medical and industrial applications for about 50 years.
  • Computer-Aided Tomography (CAT) Scanning (utilizing both ionizing radiation and radioactive tracers) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technology have been used for about 30 years. All of the ionizing radiation systems have dangers and risks associated with their use, particularly to human subjects.
  • the MRIs are less invasive but use a large and very expensive superconducting magnet, which makes them stationary and quite expensive to use.
  • the present invention is an attempt to reduce the costs and risks associated with (for example) medical imaging of internal structures and organs of the human body; and to produce a portable, safe, noninvasive and inexpensive instrument for clinical and field use.
  • the present invention uses both of these effects (anomalous propagation - and ordinary propagation for certain frequencies - and evanescent propagation - and sub- wavelength sub-Rayleigh criterion resolution by use of scanned apertures) to create images of the internals of the human body, or of other subjects such as animals, solid rocket grains, and so on (any non-electrically conductive subject of X-Ray, CAT, or MRI technology, any non conductive subject of ultrasound imaging, and classes of subjects yet to be determined).
  • the present invention is a lightweight, portable imaging system for medical and other applications in which the internal structures of an overall object must be seen without invading or damaging the object or exposing it to ionizing radiations, or immersing it in a strong magnetic field.
  • This system is particularly useful for viewing the internal organs and structures of living creatures.
  • the instrument works by transmitting electromagnetic waves of single or a multiplicity of frequencies, where these frequencies are referred to as "radio frequencies", and where "radio frequency” refers to the entire band of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation from extremely low (approaching zero) to optical frequencies, but specifically excluding X-rays and gamma rays, through the object (for example the human body) and measuring the absorption and scattering of these waves by the various structures and inhomogeneities of the object, using scanning sub-wavelength resolution detectors.
  • An "X-Ray” type of image can be created by an x-y planar scan of the detectors (and sometimes the source) over the object.
  • a "CAT-Scan” three-dimensional image can be created by a cylindrical (theta-z) scan of the detectors and sources around and along the object.
  • the device uses sensitive detection, for example synchronous or lock-in detection, and scanned apertures to accomplish the measurement of the transmission or scattering and enhanced spatial resolution.
  • Diffraction effects from the structures are compensated in the imaging algorithm software, using several techniques, such as comparison of the data with measured and calculated diffraction patterns for the generic object, and changing the distance of the source and the detector on alternate scans. Further corrections can be accomplished by using small and large angle scattering from the structures, as measured by a simultaneous scan with spatially offset (from the direct straight-line beam) detector systems.
  • the invention is very lightweight in comparison to existing MRI or CAT-Scan technology, and it is anticipated that a lightweight, inexpensive, portable instrument based on this invention can be constructed for use by emergency medical teams (as one example).
  • the present invention uses no ionizing radiation or film, in contrast to ordinary X-Ray technology.
  • the present invention uses no strong static magnetic fields, as with MRI technology.
  • Two particular applications of the invention are veterinary medicine and Chemical-Biological Warfare battlefields, where it will allow easy and quick imaging of trauma in subjects who are still clothed in their protective garments.
  • Two more particular applications of the invention are industrial non-destructive inspection, and security inspection.
  • the invention is a radio-frequency imaging apparatus for noninvasively imaging the internal structure of an object, the apparatus comprising, means for generating a beam comprised of radio frequency signals that is to be passed through the object, means for transmitting the beam toward the object, means for receiving the beam after the beam has passed through the object, the means for receiving the beam could be, for example, a parabolic reflector antenna, the means for receiving the beam could be a waveguide crystal detector mount with a small limiting, scanning means for providing images of the object's internal structure, means for processing said images of the object's internal structure, and means for displaying the images of the object's internal structure.
  • the radio frequency signals are comprised of a single frequency. In an alternate form, the radio frequency signals are comprised of multiple frequencies.
  • An alternate embodiment of the invention provides the imaging system mentioned above further comprising computer means for comparing the generated images of the object with actual images of the object, the actual images of the object stored in a computer storage medium, the means for comparing to determine if the object is missing components, and if said object is a human or animal, to determine if the object is missing an internal organ or has broken or damaged an internal organ, the computer means capable of correcting the generated image to more closely match the stored actual image.
  • the radio-frequency imaging system further comprises means for generating additional beams and means for transmitting additional beams, the means for transmitting the additional beams are situated proximate the object in order to obtain localized RF energy cross-beam information.
  • the additional beams are comprised of radio frequency signals, each of a different frequency.
  • the scanning means is physically connected to the signal transmitting means and the signal receiving means and moves one or both in a linear orientation about the object in order to measure the beam's attenuation and to create an X-Y planar tomographic scan of the object representing the spatial position of the beam through the object.
  • the scanning means moves one or both of the signal transmitting means and the signal receiving means in a rotational orientation about the object in order to measure the beam's attenuation and to create a three-dimensional cylindrical tomographical scan of the object representing a spatial position of the beam through the object.
  • the radio-frequency imaging system further comprises detector means coupled to the transmitting means and the receiving means, the detection means situated within the path of the beam.
  • the detection means are for measuring the ratio of received signal power to transmitted signal power (i.e. the attenuation).
  • the detector means can also measure the ratio of received signal power to transmitted signal power for multiple beams, each beam comprised of RF signals of either the same or of differing frequencies.
  • the portable radio-frequency imaging system further comprises one or more auxiliary detectors coupled to the signal transmitting means and the signal receiving means, wherein the auxiliary detectors are situated at predetermined angles in relation to the path of the beam in order to gather additional information regarding RF energy scattered out of the beam.
  • the auxiliary detectors can also gather additional information about RF energy scattered out of multiple beams, each beam comprised of RF signals of either the same or of differing frequencies.
  • the one or more auxiliary detectors are sensitive to a frequency caused by the interaction of the beams with the internal structure or organs of the object.
  • the interaction of the multiple beams can produce a therapeutic effect when the object is a live human or live animal.
  • the present invention described herein also finds useful application in the security field.
  • the invention can be applied as a security imaging system, for example in airports, for noninvasively scanning people or objects.
  • the present invention's application in the medical and veterinary fields can be expanded with the addition of a chemical agent which binds to specific tissues in the human or animal and/or migrates to specific fluid reservoirs, for example, cerebrospinal fluid or lymphatic fluids.
  • a chemical agent which binds to specific tissues in the human or animal and/or migrates to specific fluid reservoirs, for example, cerebrospinal fluid or lymphatic fluids.
  • This is similar in use to radio-opaque dyes that are used in angiography or pyelography and which modifies the interaction of the electromagnetic waves with these tissues or fluids so that they are selectively imaged.
  • the present invention can be used in conjunction with chemical agents, which bind to specific tissues or tumors and increase the interaction of the electromagnetic waves with these tissues.
  • the present invention also comprises a method of noninvasively imaging the internal structure of a human or object.
  • the method comprises the steps of generating a beam comprised of radio frequency signals that is to be passed through the person or object, transmitting the beam toward the person or object, receiving the beam after the beam has passed through the person or object, scanning the beam for providing images of the person or the object's internal structure, processing the images of the person or the object's internal structure, and displaying the images of the person or the object's internal structure.
  • the method described above further comprises the step of providing a detector with an effective aperture less than or equal to one wavelength of the transmitted and received radio frequency signals.
  • the method described above further comprises the step of comparing the generated images of the object with actual images of the object, the actual images of the object stored in a computer storage medium, the step of comparing to determine if the object is missing components, and if the object is a human or animal, determining if the object is missing an internal organ or has broken an internal organ, the computer means capable of correcting the generated image to more closely match the stored actual image.
  • a system for noninvasively affecting, processing or interacting with internal structures, subsystems and/or components of an industrial object or system comprising, means for transmitting one or more scanned beams of radio frequency energy wherein each beam has a different frequency through the object or the system such that the radio frequency energies are delivered to a volume of intersection of beams, and wherein combinations of the frequencies interact specifically with the internal structures, the subsystems and/or the components to create a desired effect.
  • system further comprises software instructions stored in a computer storage medium, the software instructions to compensate for diffraction effects from the object using several techniques, such as comparison of the data with measured and calculated diffraction patterns for the generic object, and changing the distance of the source and the detector on alternate scans.
  • CAT Computer-Aided Tomography
  • the present invention provides an imaging system for medical and other applications in which the internal structures of an overall object must be seen without invading or damaging the object.
  • the system works by transmitting electromagnetic waves of single or a multiplicity of frequencies through the object (for example the human body) and measuring the absorption and scattering of these waves by the various structures and inhomogeneities of the object, using scanning sub-wavelength resolution detectors.
  • An "X- Ray” type of image can be created by an x-y planar scan of the detectors (and sometimes the source) over the object.
  • a "CAT-Scan” three-dimensional image can be created by a cylindrical (theta-z) scan of the detectors and sources around and along the object.
  • the device uses sensitive detection and scanned apertures to accomplish the transmission and sub- wavelength spatial resolution. Diffraction effects from the structures are compensated in the imaging algorithm software, using several techniques, such as comparison of the data with measured and calculated diffraction patterns for the generic object, and changing the distance of the source and the detector on alternate scans.
  • Figure 1 is a block diagram of the components of preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the invention as illustrated in Figure 1 showing the system being scanned in a cylindrical fashion.
  • Figure 3 is an alternate embodiment of the present invention using multiple frequency sources and multiple scattered beam detectors.
  • Figure 4a illustrates the test results of a linear scan across a human hand using the imaging system of the present invention.
  • Figure 4b illustrates the test results of a linear scan across a human forearm using the imaging system of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 illustrates the test results of a rotational scan across a human forearm using the imaging system of the present invention.
  • the present invention is a novel imaging system incorporating a Radio-Frequency source (for example a 10 gigahertz klystron), which is used to excite an antenna (for example a resonant cavity with an aperture), which allows RF energy to be emitted from this antenna.
  • a Radio-Frequency source for example a 10 gigahertz klystron
  • an antenna for example a resonant cavity with an aperture
  • RF energy to be emitted from this antenna for example a resonant cavity with an aperture
  • a standard horn or parabolic reflector antenna is used to create a spatially broad, perhaps substantially uniform RF field, with approximately plane parallel wavefronts in front of the antenna.
  • the aperture of the antenna is so small that only a small percentage of the applied RF "leaks" from the opening, creating circular wavefronts, emanating from the aperture.
  • This RF then propagates through the subject to be received by a very small receiving antenna, in one embodiment a resonant cavity with a small aperture (less than a wavelength in extent in most instances).
  • the straight line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna defines a "beam" through the subject.
  • the attenuation of this beam will vary as it is scanned laterally or rotationally around the subject. Lateral scans will yield "X-Ray” type images. Rotational scans will provide CAT or MRI tomography type images after appropriate transformation by an accessory computer.
  • Use of synchronous detection techniques in conjunction with a modulated transmitted beam will allow detection of extremely small levels of RF energy transmitted through the subject.
  • an RF signal source 20 provides a constant power level of RF power to the sending or transmitting antenna 30.
  • the source can be modulated with a repetitive pattern e.g. square wave modulated or pseudo-random noise modulated, in order to facilitate detecting the small amount of signal power actually transmitted through the subject 40.
  • the transmitting antenna 30 delivers whatever power is actually transmitted through the subject to the receiving antenna 5OA and detector 5OB.
  • the detector 5OB in turn sends the signal to the electronics subsystem, which provides the digitized signal 60 to the computer 70 for processing by an algorithm set to deliver the final image to the graphic display 80.
  • the image is obtained in this embodiment via scanner 90 by scanning the receiving antenna 5OA and transmitting antenna 30 rigidly affixed to one another by mechanism 100 (see Figure 2) in a raster or other type of systematic scan pattern.
  • the raw detected signal is captured as a function of the X-Y coordinates of the transmitter and receiver antennas, and the computer displays the resulting smoothed, sharpened, transformed, enhanced or otherwise digitally processed image to the user (or alternatively print its out on a printer), and archives it for future reference.
  • the same general system is scanned in a cylindrical fashion (Theta-Z scan) around and along the subject, as shown in Figure 2.
  • the system is being scanned in a cylindrical manner by the simultaneous movement of both the transmitting antenna 30 and receiving antenna 5OA along the z-axis and spinning around this axis as indicated by ⁇ .
  • the raw data must then be transformed into slices and stacks of slices as in conventional tomographic scanner systems, to yield the 3-D picture of the internals of the subject.
  • an auxiliary detector or array of detectors is rigidly affixed to the transmitter-receiver antenna pair so that these detector antennas are not in the straight-line path between the transmitter and the main receiver antennas.
  • These auxiliary antennas are used to gather information on the RF energy scattered out of the beam as a function of the spatial position of the beam with respect to the subject.
  • This auxiliary information can be used in conjunction with the main absorption beam information to enhance the resolution and the accuracy of the image obtained by this multi-beam, absorption and scattering system.
  • receivers tuned to somewhat different frequencies than the main beam transmitter, to detect localized fluorescence-like signals from organs and structures of the subject.
  • a further variation of this system could use multiple frequencies of the transmitted beam, or multiple beams with differing frequencies, in order to obtain localized (crossed-beam) information from the organs and structures of the subject both by the direct and scattered energy at the transmitted frequencies and the received signals at difference and perhaps other frequencies.
  • This scheme is depicted in Figure 3.
  • the dish Underneath the dish is an X-Y table where the Y-axis is controlled by a manual micrometer knob, and the X-axis (the axis of the scans) is controlled by a stepper motor, set to run at a constant speed.
  • Attached to the carriage of the X-Y table is a standard X-band waveguide crystal mount, pointing straight up at the transmitting, source antenna (the dish).
  • the subject hand or arm is then held as still as possible just above the crystal mount and associated aperture while the carriage is scanned across.
  • the subject arm was rotated about an axis just above and fixed with respect to the crystal mount, the crystal mount being stationary for this experiment.
  • the output of the crystal is fed to the Y-axis of an X-Y recorder, with the X-axis run on an internal voltage ramp that moves a recorder pen across the page in about the same time as the crystal mount traverses the hand or the rotation of the arm was accomplished in the case of the rotational data.
  • a raw rotational scan of a forearm is shown in Figure 5.
  • the transmitted power level from a 10 inch diameter cassegrain reflector was estimated as low milliwatts and the receiver was a simple crystal mount with a 1N23 crystal.
  • Various apertures were used over the opening of the X-band crystal mount, including a 1/16 inch diameter pinhole in aluminum foil.
  • the scanner having one or more detectors (such as "pinhole” apertures much smaller than a wavelength in lateral dimensions as well as other sorts of antennas),
  • the one or more detectors can be scanned about the object under test to map the received power in various frequency bands and the ratios of the received powers to the various detectors. These data can be used to create a 3D map of the internals of the object.
  • Passive millimeter wave imagers can work for at least some band of frequencies.
  • the spontaneous RF from the substructures can get to the surface of the body and escape to the detectors. By then scanning the detectors the location of the substructures can be determined.
  • the cross correlations (such as, but not limited to, time correlations) of the detector signals can be used as an additional measure of the structure of the object.
  • a time window e.g. 10 microseconds, etc.
  • the detectors at whatever location they are at for the same window can be gated and the waveforms seen can be cross correlated. Structure will be found in the correlelogram.
  • the correlelogram is stored and the detectors moved and correlated again.
  • the image of these correlelograms may contain valuable information, such as, but not limited to, enhancing RF images.
  • the transmitted signals can be of an impulse nature (e.g. as close to a
  • Dirac Delta as required for the desired spatial resolution
  • a train of RF impulses with broadband detection of the received RF or with specific frequency or frequencies detection of the received RF, to create a sort of bistatic impulse radar.
  • RF radio frequency
  • the delta function or impulse is ideally a half sine burst a few picoseconds long (i.e. a few cycles of really high frequency RF, the shorter in time the better).
  • cross correlation detection of transmitted and received pulses can be performed to determine the time delay of the signals and aid in determining the location of the structures internal to the object.
  • cross correlation detection between the various detectors in order can be performed to determine the location of structures or anomalies within the object under test.
  • the present invention can also be used to determine or examine interactions with other phenomena whether spontaneous or induced within the test object.
  • the interaction of the RF beams within the test object with time variations or oscillations of shape or state of structures in the object is used to enhance the location and delineation of the structures, or to determine the variations themselves.
  • hearts beat, lungs breather and whistle, muscles constantly buzz, blood vessels hiss and whistle, etc.
  • the present invention could be used as a Doppler imager (related to a bistatic Doppler radar or a Doppler ultrasound imager) to map blood flow with high resolution.
  • a determination or examination can be conducted of the interaction with a variation or oscillation in state of structure which is induced externally, including, but not limited to, a sonic or ultrasonic wave transmitted through the object under the test.
  • Acoustic waves or shocks can be sent and the present invention used to see the absorption, reflection and any interactions of the waves with the structures.
  • the response of the structures to the waves can also be seen.
  • the interaction itself may also be used to improve the visibility of the structures to the present invention.
  • the sonic or ultrasonic wave itself can be a scanned beam for creating a sonogram.
  • the sonogram can be incorporated into the spatial data acquired and refined by the computer.
  • An improvement can be achieved by using multisensor fusion, such as, but not limited fusion of images.
  • the RF in the crossed beams can be used to create an ultrasonic or sonic pulse in a small volume of the test object, which subsequently propagates to the surface of the object and can be detected by a scanned probe.
  • This variation can be used to enhance the information obtained by RF and sharpen or improve the image obtained. This variation may be helpful or useful to obtain ultrasound access to regions currently inaccessible, such as, but not limited to, inside bones such as the skull.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système d'imagerie destiné à des applications médicales, entre autres, dans lequel les structures internes d'un corps dans son ensemble sont observées de manière sûre et non invasive pour le corps. Ce système émet des ondes électromagnétiques à fréquence simple ou multiple sur le corps (par exemple, le corps humain) et mesure l'absorption et la diffusion de ces ondes par les diverses structures et éléments non homogènes du corps, à l'aide de capteurs de sous-longueurs d'ondes à balayage .
PCT/US2005/013952 2005-04-25 2005-04-25 Systeme d'imagerie radiofrequence pour applications medicales et autres applications Ceased WO2006115485A2 (fr)

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PCT/US2005/013952 WO2006115485A2 (fr) 2005-04-25 2005-04-25 Systeme d'imagerie radiofrequence pour applications medicales et autres applications

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PCT/US2005/013952 WO2006115485A2 (fr) 2005-04-25 2005-04-25 Systeme d'imagerie radiofrequence pour applications medicales et autres applications

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WO2006115485A3 WO2006115485A3 (fr) 2007-04-19

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007088386A3 (fr) * 2006-02-03 2007-09-20 Christopher Paul Hancock Appareil et procédé de détection de discontinuité dans un élément non biologique situé dans une structure biologique
CN113899761A (zh) * 2021-09-14 2022-01-07 严宇飞 一种基于微波扫描的智能医用检测装置及其控制方法

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6246895B1 (en) * 1998-12-18 2001-06-12 Sunnybrook Health Science Centre Imaging of ultrasonic fields with MRI
TWI220329B (en) * 2003-07-22 2004-08-11 Richtek Technology Corp Device and method to improve noise sensitivity of switching system

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007088386A3 (fr) * 2006-02-03 2007-09-20 Christopher Paul Hancock Appareil et procédé de détection de discontinuité dans un élément non biologique situé dans une structure biologique
US8049516B2 (en) 2006-02-03 2011-11-01 Creo Medical Llimited Apparatus and method for detecting a discontinuity within a non-biological element located within a biological structure
CN113899761A (zh) * 2021-09-14 2022-01-07 严宇飞 一种基于微波扫描的智能医用检测装置及其控制方法

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