WO2006018909A1 - Chemical-free soil culture method for plant using simplified facility - Google Patents

Abstract

[PROBLEMS] To provide a soil culture method capable of culturing various plants (field crops) at low cost without agricultural chemicals by using a simplified facility. [MEANS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS] In this chemical-free soil culture method, a framework for forming a space for culturing is manufactured on the ground, the outside of the framework is covered by a near ultraviolet cutting type film or sheet to form an outer film, and an insect-proof net is installed on the inside of the framework to form an inner film. A film or a sheet (hereafter, referred to as a waterproof sheet) preventing underground water from being oozed up in an area wider than the width of the framework is laid on the underside of a culture medium, and a mechanism (hereafter, referred to as a water drain mechanism) for rapidly draining rain water fallen on the surface of the outer film to the outside of a field is installed on the outside of the framework on the waterproof sheet. Also, a pipe or a tube for both irrigation, fertilizing, and ventilation is buried in the culture medium.

Description

 Pesticide-free soil cultivation method using simple facilities

 Technical field

 [0001] The present invention relates to a pesticide-free soil cultivation method for various plants using a simple facility.

 Background art

 [0002] Since the beginning of agriculture, people have made efforts to protect pests and weed power crops. The methods include the use of varieties that are resistant to pests, the cultivating of pests by removing the rest of the crops harvested, the suppression of weeds by vinyl sheets and litter, and the disinfection of soil by the use of solar heat. And biological control using natural enemies such as spiders. Historically, in the Edo period, a method was devised to spread whale oil to paddy fields and remove the pests attached to the rice and continued until the early Showa period. Prior to the war, pesticides derived from natural products such as insecticides containing insecticides (mosquito-repellent incense sticks) and nicotine sulfate (tobacco ingredients), and fungicides containing copper and lime sulfur were used. However, in an era when there was no effective method for controlling pests, for example, in Japan, there was a record that a lot of people were starved to death due to the great damage of rice caused by the union power. In addition, there is a record that in 1845 there was a catastrophic famine that occurred in Ireland in 1845, when the plague of potato, the staple food of people, occurred. On the other hand, effective measures against weeds were not found, and weeding was mainly conducted by hand, and continued until the development of herbicides after the war. However, weeding under hot weather was very hard work.

 After the war, agricultural chemicals developed dramatically with the development of synthetic chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers. In particular, chemically synthesized pesticides are the technological achievements of modern agriculture and have made a significant contribution to increasing yields and reducing work.

 Table 1 shows the changes in total working time and weeding time in paddy rice cultivation, both of which are markedly reduced.

table 1

 1 949 1966 1978 1988 1997 In addition, Table 2 shows the results of a survey in Japan and the United States regarding the damage of pests and the like when cultivated without using pesticides.

Table 2

[Table 2]

表 2中の「推定収穫量減少率」は、農薬を用いた場合に対する農薬を用いない場 合の収穫量の減少率である。 しかし、毒性の強い農薬も多ぐ農作物や土壌中に残留し易いものもあり、昭和 40 年代には社会問題となった。また、最近の厚生省の調査によると、国民の 3人に 1人 が何らかの形でアレルギー疾患の症状を持っており、その原因の一つに農薬が挙げ られて 、る。従って従来の農薬やィ匕学肥料を用いな 、農業の普及が望まれる。 発明の開示

The “estimated yield reduction rate” in Table 2 is the rate of reduction of the yield without the use of pesticides compared to the use of pesticides. However, there are many toxic pesticides and some of them are likely to remain in the crops and soil, which became a social problem in the 1965s. According to a recent survey by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, one out of every three people in the country has some form of allergic disease, one of the causes being pesticides. Therefore, the spread of agriculture is desired without using conventional agricultural chemicals or fertilizers. Disclosure of the invention

 Problems to be solved by the invention

[0003] In order to cultivate plants (agricultural crops) without using pesticides, the plants must be isolated thoroughly, and fertilizer management should be carried out without causing excess or deficiency of water and fertilizer, and the cultivation environment such as temperature and humidity should be maintained. It is necessary to cultivate in a fully controllable facility, and it is necessary to completely control the entrance and exit of workers by completely disinfecting the medium so that no pests enter the facility. However, such a cultivation condition is a facility that is as complete as a plant factory, and can only be satisfied by carrying out complete fertilization management and culture medium management for each plant. It is difficult to achieve pesticide-free cultivation.

 Although the number of crops that have achieved pesticide reduction is increasing in hydroponics, as far as the present inventor knows, there are no pesticide-free cultivation methods that can actually be implemented in soil cultivation, although there are tunnel cultivation methods. In addition, soil-free cultivation using Knowus has been realized without pesticide-free cultivation due to incomplete medium management and plant shielding, and insufficient water and facility management in the house. Absent.

 Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a soil cultivation method capable of cultivating various plants (agricultural crops) at a low cost with no agricultural chemicals using a simple facility.

 Means for solving the problem

[0004] The above-mentioned problems are solved by the following inventions 1) to 5).

1) Create a frame to form a cultivation space on the ground, cover the outside of the frame with a near-UV cut type film or sheet to form an outer coating, and provide an insect coating net on the inner side of the framework. And a film or sheet (hereinafter referred to as a waterproof sheet) that prevents the groundwater from spreading and spreading under the medium with a width wider than the frame, and fell on the outer coating surface outside the frame on the waterproof sheet. A mechanism (hereinafter referred to as a drainage mechanism) for draining rain quickly outside the field is provided, and a watering or fertilizer and aeration-use noise or tube is installed in the medium. A pesticide-free soil cultivation method for plants.

 2) The cultivation space is made into a tunnel, the framework is made of agricultural pipes, and insect repellent nets are sprayed with natural product-derived pest repellents and woven with silver thread, and the drainage mechanism is just outside the framework. A pesticide-free soil plow as described in 1), characterized by laying a culvert drainage pipe, covering the surface of the medium with poly-multi, and winding up the outer coating on top of the frame at high temperatures to ventilate the cultivation space Cultivation method.

 3) The pesticide-free soil cultivation method for plants according to 1) or 2), characterized in that the poly-multi is a silver poly-multi.

 4) A pesticide-free soil cultivation method for a plant according to any one of 1), 3), wherein pests are kept away by using bunker plants and Z or companion plants.

 5) Liquid fertilizer blended in accordance with plant characteristics and nutrient absorption ratio, fertilized at a concentration suitable for the stage of cultivation 1) One of the methods described in 4) Non-agricultural soil cultivation method .

 The invention's effect

 [0005] According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a soil cultivation method capable of cultivating various plants (agricultural crops) using a simple facility at a low cost with no agricultural chemicals.

 Brief Description of Drawings

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of an embodiment of the present invention.

 [Fig. 2] A diagram showing the outline of the arrangement of ridges and tunnels in the field.

 BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0007] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

 The following elements are necessary for pesticide-free soil cultivation. (Ii) Isolate plants (agricultural crops) from pests.

 'Cover the house with an insect screen to prevent the insects from sticking to the plants (crop). 'Use bunker plants (barrier plants) to keep insects away.

 'Use companion plants to keep insects away. (Mouth) Cultivate plants (agricultural crops) steadily.

• Properly manage fertilization! Do not make sick plants or crops! • Make the cultivation environment favorable for the growth of plants (agricultural crops).

 (C) Use environmental control methods that are environmentally friendly.

 • Use repellents (natural harmless) derived from natural products.

 • Use hormonal traps and natural enemies for gentle control.

 The above bunker plant is a plant or vegetation zone that surrounds fields and orchards like a bank so that natural enemies of pests can inhabit, thereby preventing pests from attaching to cultivated plants. It is. For example, insects that feed on natural enemies without causing harm to cultivated plants can be parasitized on bunker plants, and if the number of natural enemies is sufficiently increased by these insects, the insects can be preyed on.

 Compon-on-plants are plants that coexist with cultivated crops and have a beneficial effect on the cultivated crops.For example, odors generated by compon-on plantations can prevent pests from approaching. It has the effect of supporting the growth of cultivated crops. In this way, pests and weeds can be reduced or eliminated by combining certain types of plants. The mechanism is (1) repelling of pests, (2) becoming a decoy plant that attracts pests, (3) insecticidal action and bactericidal action by poisonous substances in the plant body, (4) pests caused by colonization of natural enemies And (5) antagonism against diseases and weeds. The points to keep in mind when combining the cultivated plant with the Vancang Langa Compa-on Plants are whether the cultivation seasons of the two are the same, whether the other plant's pest is called, and there is no common pest. Good combinations include insect-preferred and disliked plants, plants with high nutrient requirements and low plants, deep-rooted plants and shallow-rooted plants, plants that prefer sunlight and plants that prefer shade, plants with high plant height, plants and low, Etc. Specific examples of nonker plants and compan-on plants are shown in Table 3.

Table 3

[Table 3] Example of companion plants (combination plant) (combining A and B)

本発明者は上記 (ィ) (ハ）の各要素につ 、て工夫し、種々の植物 (農作物）に適 用可能な無農薬土耕栽培法を開発した。以下、各構成要件について説明する。なお 、本発明の実施の態様の一例を図 1に示す。

The present inventor has devised each element of (i) and (c) above, and has developed a pesticide-free soil cultivation method applicable to various plants (agricultural products). Hereinafter, each component will be described. An example of an embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG.

First, the outside of the frame of the cultivation space is covered with a near-ultraviolet cut type film or sheet to form an outer coating, and an insect repellent net is provided on the inner side of the framework to isolate the plant from the pests. As the film or sheet, for example, an agricultural soft vinyl product is used. By cutting near ultraviolet rays, the activity of aphids can be inhibited and the pest control effect is increased. Although the outer coating is also used to prevent rain, it is better to wind up the cultivation space by using a hoisting machine to wind up the upper part of the frame at high temperatures. In addition, since pests dislike materials that reflect light, it is preferable to use an insect net that is woven with silver thread because it prevents insects such as aphids that have a high repellent effect from approaching the cultivation space. However, even when using insect repellent nets woven with silver thread or silver poly mulch, sufficient effects cannot be expected in cloudy weather, so pest repellents derived from natural products such as Plant power with pest repellent ability It is advisable to spray the pest repellents that are harmless to human animals as shown in Table 4 (mixed as needed) to keep pests away from the cultivation space. Table 4

[Table 4]

 Plant extract effective for pest repellent and sterilization

栽培用空間を形成する枠組みの形状は任意であるが、公知のトンネル状が簡便で ある。また、枠組みは農業用ノイブ (亜鉛メツキ鋼管)などで作成する。

The shape of the frame forming the cultivation space is arbitrary, but a known tunnel shape is convenient. In addition, the framework will be made with agricultural nouveau (zinc-mesh steel pipe).

 Under the culture medium, a sheet (waterproof sheet) that prevents the groundwater and other soil water from spreading and spreading is to be used for complete irrigation management. For example, after moving a part of the soil in the field (approx. 50 cm) to the outside of the field and laying an agricultural polyolefin film (hereinafter referred to as PO film), the soil is backfilled by about 20 cm. This backfilling is to protect the PO film when the subsequent erection work is performed by the machine.

In addition, a mechanism (drainage mechanism) for quickly draining rain that has fallen on the surface of the outer coating to the outside of the field is provided outside the framework on the waterproof sheet. Avoid excessive moisture. For example, after the medium is backfilled, culvert drainage pipes are laid (embedded) on the PO film just outside the frame with the same width as the frame. [0011] In addition, pipes or tubes for irrigation, fertilization and aeration are embedded in the medium. Complete fertilization management is performed by appropriately sending water, liquid fertilizer and air (warm air, ambient air, cold air) as needed through this nove or tube. A specific example of a pipe or tube is the Shear Hose dedicated to underground irrigation by New Hose. Made of rubber

It is porous (made of rubber chip). The embedding depth is usually 30-50 cm, and the irrigation time is 1 to 1.5 hours. Irrigation should be performed about once a day, and the nutrient solution should be sent once a week. A high discharge pressure blower such as a scroll blower or a rotary blower is used for ventilation. The pressure loss of ventilation is about 20-25KPa. For example, the air supply per lm is about 5 liters Z minutes, the air supply time is 2-3 minutes, and automatic air supply is performed by switching the valve after irrigation. For example, when laying a tarpaulin, the cultivated soil (excluding the cultivated soil that has been backfilled) is returned to the field when the culvert drainage pipes have been laid, and the matured compost is removed every 3 Oa. Mix well with a rotary shaft for 4 tons, and when mixing is complete, use a vertical machine to bury the pipe or tube in each bowl (15-20 cm deep at the center of the bowl). .

 The combination of the pipe or tube, the waterproof sheet, and the rain-preventing outer coating makes it possible to perform sufficient water management with high accuracy and realize healthy plant growth.

[0012] Furthermore, it is preferable to cover the surface of the medium with polymulti (polyethylene agricultural sheet, which is generally black) to prevent moisture evaporation (prevent the soil surface from drying) and control weeds. If poly-multi is used, the same insect repellent effect due to light reflection can be expected as in the case of the insect net woven with silver thread as described above.

 In addition, liquid fertilizer with a composition (particularly amino acid composition) that matches the plant characteristics and nutrient absorption ratio is applied at a concentration suitable for the cultivation stage. This makes it difficult to generate frail and susceptible plants due to excess or shortage of nutrients. Specific examples of fertilizer concentration by plant are shown in Table 5. Table 5

表中の「me」は「ミリグラム当量」である。また、アミノ酸配合の具体例を表 6に示す。 アミノ酸配合は植物の種類によらず同じでょ 、。 [Table 5] (Fertilization concentration)

“Me” in the table is “milligram equivalent”. Specific examples of amino acid blends are shown in Table 6. The amino acid composition is the same regardless of the type of plant.

Table 6

[Table 6]

 7 Mino ”ingredients

液肥としては、化学肥料やィ匕学薬品を含むものは用いないで、人畜無害の有機肥 料を用いることが望ましぐ特に、窒素、リン酸、カリに加えて、カルシウム及び微量要 素である他のミネラルを総合的に含むことから、アミノ酸含有有機液肥と天然の酸性ミ ネラルで卵殻を溶解したものを混合した液肥が好ましい。なお、アミノ酸含有有機液 肥とは、フィッシュソリブル (魚の粗から魚油を分離し濃縮した液体)を蛋白質分解微 生物で醱酵処理し、蛋白質をアミノ酸、ペプチド、核酸などに分解した液体のことで ある。また、天然の酸性ミネラルの代表的なものとしては、火山の火口付近で採取さ れる極酸性の液を用いて麦斑石を溶解した pHが 2. 5程度の酸性液が挙げられ、こ の酸性液を用いれば極めて簡単に卵殻を溶カゝして PH5前後の溶解液を作成するこ とがでさる。

As liquid fertilizers, it is desirable not to use chemical fertilizers or chemicals containing organic chemicals, but to use harmless organic fertilizers, especially in addition to nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potassium, in addition to calcium and trace elements. A liquid fertilizer in which an amino acid-containing organic liquid fertilizer and a natural acid mineral dissolved in eggshell are mixed is preferable because it contains a certain other minerals. In addition, amino acid-containing organic liquid fertilizer means fish solubil (a liquid obtained by separating and concentrating fish oil from crude fish). It is a liquid that has been fermented by living organisms and decomposed into amino acids, peptides, nucleic acids, etc. A typical example of natural acidic minerals is an acidic solution with a pH of about 2.5, in which maltite is dissolved using a very acidic solution collected near the volcano crater. Using an acidic solution, it is very easy to melt the eggshell and make a solution around PH5.

 Plants use enzymes in the body to synthesize various amino acids to create tissues. In addition to becoming part of the tissue, these amino acids are elements of odor !, taste (sweetness, sourness, bitterness, hotness, etc.). Recent research has reported that plants can directly absorb low-molecular-weight amino acids and nucleic acids from the leaves and roots, and that amino acids and nucleic acids can be used as they are, and various amino acid-based fertilizers and activators have been released. It is used for cultivation. Table 7 summarizes research reports on the effects of amino acids on plant growth.

Table 7

[Table 7]

Example

EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. Example 1

 Shishito was cultivated by the cultivation method of the present invention. The outline is shown in Figs. The unit of dimensions in Fig. 1 is "mm".

 First, two ridges with a width of 0.9m were made across a 0.3m passage, and nine pairs of the same ridges were separated by 0.6m. After erection, tunnel struts made of agricultural zinc-plated steel pipe (diameter 25mm) are driven at 0.9m intervals (not shown), tunnel width 2.2m, length 39m, height approx. 1.8m Made a framework. Inside this framework, an insect repellent net of 0.8 mm was provided as an inner coating, and the outer side was covered with a film having a near-ultraviolet ray-cutting function to create a tunnel as an outer coating. Nine of these tunnels were installed on the 10a field.

 Before installing the tunnel, spread about 30 cm of the soil for the field, lay a waterproof sheet on the entire surface after lightly filling, and for drainage on the waterproof sheet at the position between the tunnels (at intervals of 2.8 m) After arranging 10 corrugated pipes (φ 50 X 40m), the soil that had been sprinkled was covered.

 In addition, when the tarpaulin is laid, the soil that has been moved outside the field (excluding the soil that has been backfilled) is returned to the field when the culvert drainage pipe has been laid, and 3-4 tons of fully-ripened compost is added to the rotary. Mix well, and after mixing is completed, use a vertical machine to place irrigation, fertilizer, and aeration tubes in each bowl (15-20 cm deep in the center of the bowl). Buried in. The tube was a Shear hose manufactured by New Hose. Specifications: Inner diameter: 9.2mm, Maximum drop volume: 40mlZmin Zm, Wall thickness: 2.2mm, Optimal drop volume: 10mlZmin Zm or less, Maximum extension distance: 60m, Nominal diameter: 3/8, Working water pressure: 0 1-0. 2 MPa or less, burst pressure: 0.5—0.7 MPa, outer diameter: 13.6 mm.

 An irrigation pump with a maximum discharge pressure of 0.2 MPa was used, and the irrigation time was 1 to 1.5 hours. Irrigation was carried out once a day by feeding nutrient solution once a week.

 A scroll blower was used for ventilation. The air pressure loss was about 20KPa-25KPa, the air supply per lm was about 5 liters Z minutes, the air supply time was 2-3 minutes, and automatic air supply was performed by switching the valve after irrigation.

A film winder was attached to the outer coating, and the outer coating was rolled up at high temperatures in the summer to prevent excessive temperature rise in the tunnel. Seeding power Table 8 shows an overview of the annual schedule until harvest. Table 8

[Table 8]

Month / season cultivation Main work Symbol explanation

 January Medium V transplant ▽

 Bottom

 Harvest

 February Medium Shift

 Bottom

 Upper field preparation

 March Medium T Planting

 Bottom Temporary support stand

 Upper main branch lifting

 April

 Start of harvest

 Bottom

 Up

 May

 Bottom

 Sowing

 Up

 ¾ seed planting

 June

 Bottom

 Up

 July

 Bottom

 Up

 August

 Bottom

 Up

 September

 Bottom

 Up

 1 October Medium

 Bottom

 Up

 1 January Medium Harvest end

 Bottom

 Up

 1 February Medium Sowing

栽培上の特徴及び留意点は次の（1)一（4)の通りである。 under

The features and points to keep in mind for cultivation are as follows (1)-(4).

(1) In order to start raising seedlings at a colder time compared to open field cultivation, the seedling raising period (seeding power is also fixed The period until) is slightly longer (80-100 days). The seedlings are grown in a facility different from the simple facility of the present invention according to the conventional method.

 (2) Close the tunnel outer cover before planting and raise the temperature of the soil.

 (3) The soil will be composted with 2t-3t per 10a as the original manure, and the nutrients necessary for growth will be supplied through the underground irrigation tube using liquid fertilizer.

 (4) During the day, when the temperature inside the tunnel reaches 28-30 ° C, wind up the outer cover to ventilate, and when it falls below 23 ° C, stop ventilation. When ventilation is stopped, condensation tends to occur in the tunnel and it is more likely to be ill. Therefore, when the leaves are wet during the day, it is necessary to a little ventilate and dry the leaves even in cloudy weather. . In summer, if the temperature at night is 20 ° C or higher, leave the outer coating up. When hot and humid after the rainy season, it is necessary to pay close attention to ventilation so that the inside of the tunnel does not become excessively humid.

 The liquid fertilizer used was a mixture of fertilizers with the component concentrations shown in Table 5 and amino acids with the composition shown in Table 6.

 When the results of cultivation as described above were compared with those in outdoor cultivation, the yield and income were as shown in Table 9.

Table 9

[Table 9]

即ち、露地栽培と比べて、 10a当りの収量は 2. 4倍、所得は約 2. 8倍となった。し かも無農薬栽培であるから、作物の商品価値は高く人々の健康や環境への寄与も計 り知れないものがある。

That is, the yield per 10a is 2.4 times and the income is about 2.8 times that of open-air cultivation. Shi Moreover, because it is pesticide-free cultivation, the value of crops is high, and there are some that can not be expected to contribute to people's health and the environment.

 In addition, although it was not adopted in this example, as a companion plant that can be expected to be effective in the cultivation of shitou, garlic, cat-top, coriander, sweet marjoram, french tarragon, mint, laurel, marigold Etc.

Claims

The scope of the claims  [1] Create a framework to form a cultivation space on the ground, cover the outside of the framework with a near-UV-powered film or sheet as an outer coating, and provide an insect net inside the framework as an inner coating A film or sheet (hereinafter referred to as a waterproof sheet) that is wider and wider than the frame under the medium and prevents the groundwater from spreading is laid down, and falls on the outer coating surface outside the frame on the waterproof sheet. A pesticide-free soil cultivation method that features a mechanism for draining rain quickly outside the field (hereinafter referred to as a drainage mechanism) and embeds pipes or tubes for irrigation, fertilization and aeration in the medium. Law.  [2] The cultivation space is made into a tunnel, the framework is made of agricultural pipes, the insect repellent net is sprinkled with pest repellents derived from natural products and woven with silver thread. The plant-free pesticide according to claim 1, characterized in that a culvert drain pipe is laid outside, the surface of the medium is covered with poly-multi, and the outer space is wound up on the upper part of the framework at high temperatures to ventilate the cultivation space. Soil cultivation method.  [3] The non-pesticide-free soil cultivation method for plants according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the polymulti is a silver polymulti.  [4] The pesticide-free soil-cultivating method for plants according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein pests are kept away using bunker plants and Z or compan-on plants.  [5] The non-pesticide-free soil cultivation of plants according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the liquid fertilizer blended in accordance with the plant characteristics and nutrient absorption ratio is fertilized at a concentration suitable for the cultivation stage. Law.