WO2005112162A2 - Inertial pump for moving gases in a micro fuel cell - Google Patents

Abstract

A fuel cell device includes at least one and preferably two gas storage chambers, the gas storage chambers being connected via gas flow channels to a fuel cell membrane, such as a proton exchange membrane. A piston in each gas storage chamber moves to compress the gas upon being subject to an acceleration force. A flow control opens upon a predetermined condition being achieved to provide the compressed gases to a fuel cell membrane.

Description

S P E C I F I C A T I O

TITLE "INERTIAL PUMP FOR MOVING GASES IN A MICRO FUEL CELL"

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional Patent

Application Serial No. 60/556,502, filed March 26, 2004, and United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/566,43S, filed April 30, 2004, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention relates generally to a fuel cell, and more particularly to a fuel cell having a pump or other gas transfer apparatus for moving gases in the fuel cell, as well as to a method for construction of and operation of a fuel cell.

Description of the Related Art

[0003] In a fuel cell, the chemical energy that is present in hydrogen and the oxidant

(oxygen) is cleanly, quietly and efficiently converted electrochemically into electrical energy. The hydrogen is oxidized at the anode (negative pole) and the oxygen (or oxygen from the air) is reduced at the cathode (positive pole) of a single cell. The catalyst on the anode promotes the oxidation of hydrogen molecules into hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons: the hydrogen ions migrate through a special membrane to the cathode, where the cathode catalyst causes the combination of the hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen to produce water. In this construction, the membrane is a polymer membrane so that the fuel cell is a so-called Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel cell (or PEMFC or PEM). The membrane conducts the hydrogen ions from one side to the other while blocking the free electrons but does so more efficiently when fully hydrated.

[0004] λλT en connected to an electrical circuit, the electrical energy of the fuel cell produces a flow of electrons through the external circuit as electric current, which can be used, for example, to run a direct current (DC) electric motor. For utilization in an AC circuit, an inverter provides alternating current (AC) for those kinds of applications.

[0005] The electrodes may be formed by a thin layer of a catalyst applied to an appropriate backing placed on the opposite surface of the thin polymer membrane. Two bipolar plates are positioned against this backing, one on each side of the membrane. The bipolar plates have two functions: transmission of electrons through the elementary cells and release of heat to the external environment. The side of the bipolar plates facing the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) may be provided with ribs, which allow for the distribution of the gases (hydrogen and air) and the discharge of the resultant product water.

[0006] Increased power is achieved in fuel cell technology by enlarging the cell area

(to handle an increase in the amperage requirements) and by combining a number of single cells in series to produce a fuel cell stack. The bipolar plates are configured to handle increased voltage requirements.

[0007] The several types of fuel cells are characterized by means of the electrolyte type. The electrolyte in between the electrodes defines the operating temperature of the fuel cell and a suitable catalyst can be selected for that operating temperature.

[0008] There is a major need for standby power for munitions production suitable for military applications. Munitions today are "smart" which means they have embedded electronics to aid in achieving hits on the desired targets. This use of electronics requires electricity to power the embedded hardware and software,

[0009] Currently, batteries and in particular lithium batteries are employed in most smart munitions, However, since munitions are generally produced during periods of non-use and are for later use during periods of conflict, storage or "shelf life" becomes a critical issue in this application. Batteries that are embedded in such devices must be capable of long term survival, requiring continued reliably for perhaps decades in storage, and generally under the most demanding environmental conditions. As an alternative, the batteries may need to be put into the munitions immediately prior to use of the munitions, not something one would want to do in combat. These batteries are called "reserve" batteries in the military.

[0010] Thermal reserve batteries are employed in some munitions but more commonly are used in bombs and missiles. The only difference in operating function between lithium batteries and thermal batteries is that thermal batteries are generally used for higher power applications. Beyond that, thermal reserve batteries are generally subject to the same demanding operating conditions as the lithium batteries.

[0011] U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2003 0152S15 discloses microscopic batteries that are integrated or integratable with and provide internal power to MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) and integrated microcircuits, either on a retrofit or original manufacture basis. The MEMS involve the fabrication and use of miniature devices, which comprise microscopic moving parts (such as motors, relays, pumps, sensors, accelerometers, etc.). The MEMS devices can be combined with integrated circuits, and can perform numerous functions. For example, military' applications for remote sensors and accelerometers include: safing and arming of fuses; friend or foe identification; embedded sensors for system integrity monitoring; communications systems monitoring, such as with satellites; low power mobile displays; flexible sensing surfaces; and numerous others, The microscopic batteries of Patent Publication Application No. 2003 0152815 do not employ fuel cell technology due to the perceived limitation of providing sufficient power to drive the microdevices.

[0012] U.S. Patent No. 6,506,513 and U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2003

00S2421 each disclose a fuel cell assembly in which a fuel tank is located separate from the fuel cell and feeds the fuel to the cell via capillary action using a fuel permeating material U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2003 0129464 discloses a fuel cell assembly employing a separate fuel source which is rupturable by a needle for drawing out the fuel which is supplied to the fuel cell.

[0013] Although generators could be considered as standby power sources, their large size precludes them from all but the most energy intensive applications, so they are not normally considered where small size is necessary, but may be utilized when size is not a concern. Batteries in all their many t}pes and sizes fill most short and medium shelf life niches with little problems, It's only where the shelf life requirements go into the decades that traditional batteries start to have failure issues because of their inherent chemical nature.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0014] The present invention provides a fuel cell having at least one fuel chamber and a fuel pump mechanism to drive fuel from fuel chamber to the fuel cell. Preferably, the fuel chamber, fuel pump mechanism and the fuel cell are integrated into a single compact unit. The compact fuel cell may be used in various applications, one of which is for powering munitions,

[0015] Where munitions applications are concerned, micro fuel cell systems, including those utilizing polymer electrolyte membranes, face a myriad of issues relating to both operation and performance. The power source is subject to challenging G-forces, spin and shock influences and other impacts commonly encountered in a typical ordnance environment. These factors are best addressed by basic mechanical engineering and packaging design. Setting these aside, two critical issues remain which go to the very heart of developing a successful power source for a munitions product. The first is shelf life, or storage life, of the fuel cell, This speaks to its "readiness" or reliability. The second centers on the storage and operating environment of the munitions. This aspect speaks to the ability to "work" in harsh environments. [0016] From the standpoint of, for example, the US Department of Defense military units, it is desired that the shelf life of the source of the electrical power last as long as the munitions themselves, perhaps as long as twenty or more years.

[0017] The environmental conditions that most impact electrical power sources are large temperature extremes. Cold temperature in particular is a major concern since full functionality may demand performance at temperatures reaching as low as -60 degrees below zero (F) or even colder. Intense heat, too. can be a powerful factor, but in polymer electrolyte membrane storage systems of the type discussed herein, heat is not as critical an issue. As disclosed below, the problems related to both shelf life and temperature extremes are solved using a mechanical method including the use of an inertial pump,

[0018] The present invention provides a fuel cell that will generate electricity after being in a standby mode for a long period of time, for example, man}' years, and also provides a method of construction such a fuel cell. In general usage, the standby mode is also referred to as the shelf life of a device,

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] Figure 1A is a schematic side view of a fuel cell stack, Figure IB is a functional block diagram of fuel storage tanks connected to a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Battery fuel cell, and Figure 1C is a side cross-section view of an inertial switch, according to one aspect of the present invention;

[0020] Figure 2A is a side cross-sectional view of an inertial pump in accordance with the principles of the present invention shown in a storage position, Figure 2B is a side cross-sectional view of the inertia] pump of Figure 2 A shown in the fired position, and Figure 2C is a side cross-sectional view of the inertial pump of Figure 2A shown in the activated position; [0021] Figure 3A is a side cross-sectional view of a fuel cell assembly of the present invention according to a first embodiment, and Figure 3B are side and plan views of components of the fuel cell assembly of Figure 3A;

[0022] Figure 4 is a side cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of the present fuel cell assembly;

[0023] Figure 5 is a side cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of the present fuel cell assembly;

[0024] Figure 6 is a side cross-sectional view of a fourth embodiment of the present fuel cell assembly;

[0025] Figure 7 is a side cross-sectional view of a fifth embodiment of the present fuel cell assembly;

[0026] Figure 8 is a side cross-sectional view of a sixth embodiment of the present fuel cell assembly;

[0027] Figure 9 is a side cross-sectional view of a seventh embodiment of the present fuel cell assembly;

[0028] Figure 10 is a side cross-sectional view of an eighth embodiment of the present fuel cell assembly;

[0029] Figure 11 is a side cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the inertial pump;

[0030] Figure 12 is a side cross-sectional view of a further embodiment of the inertial pump;

[0031] Figures 13A is a schematic view of a first embodiment of external fuel tanks for use with the present fuel cell; [0032] Figure 13B is schematic view of a second embodiment of external fuel tanks for use with the present fuel cell; and

[0033] Figure 14 is a side cross-sectional view of a cylinder portion for an inertial pump for an embodiment of the present fuel cell;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0034] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the micro fuel cell includes three major features or components: (1) a poljτner electrolyte membrane, or PEM fuel cell; (2) so- called nanotechnology storage tanks or miniature cells for hydrogen and oxygen to be relied upon by the fuel cell in generating electricity; and (3) a miniature or nanotechnology inertial switch, which are all assembled into a Pohmer Electrolyte Membrane Batten' (PEMERY).

[0035] In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a device for providing the required components/ingredients such as hydrogen and/or oxygen, or other components to the fuel cell is disclosed. In particular, an inertial pump is provided that maintains the active energizing components or ingredients of a micro fuel cell is physically separate compartments, and maintains such separation until such time as power supplied by the fuel cell is needed, and accordingly, must be powered or electrified. Where a fuel cell system depends upon energizing components or ingredients in the form of gases, namely hydrogen and oxygen, these two gases are maintained apart by the arrangement of the inertial pump of the present invention. This is a very important aspect of this design, as the fuel cell must be kept in a dry or un-hydrated state to prevent damage during long-term storage. This is achieved by blocking any flow of hydrogen or the oxidant to the fuel cell prior to the time of use,

[0036] .Another aspect of the invention is that by configuring the components it would be possible to use the water generated by the fuel cell conversion process to hydrate the PEM fuel cell, Hydration is required to get maximum efficiency of conversion. In this design the PEM fuel cell is stored dry to prevent damage, so that as a result the fuel cell will operate at a reduced capacity when first activated. The water generated by the initial start of conversion of fuel to electricity is used to hydrate the PEM cell thereby increasing the efficiency of the PEM fuel cell in conversion of hydrogen and oxygen to electricity.

[0037] Another aspect of the invention is in the design of the inertial pump to avoid "blow-by" of compressed gases upon activation of the inertial pump; while another aspect of the invention is in the design of the gas ports for the hydrogen andy'or oxygen tanks in order to avoid the need for alignment guides for the activating piston.

[0038] In an embodiment of the invention, a topless construction of the activating piston enables more gas to be stored in the hydrogen and/or oxygen tank; while a further embodiment of the invention involves improvements to the tank design to utilize a center exhaust port that is sealed to the piston when not activated,

[0039] The improvements to the tank design also involve the use of various configurations of the hydrogen and oxygen tanks to achieve a balanced configuration while also providing for efficient exhaust of the gases at positions that enable rapid delivery of the hydrogen and oxygen to the fuel cell. The improvements to the tank design also involve providing coatings to the insides of the storage tanks that provide a more effective seal for the hydrogen tank, although it may be possible to provide a coating on the outside as well or in place of the interior coating,

[0040] Figures 1A, IB and 1C illustrate the component fuel cell stack (Figure 1A), an inertial switch (Figure IB), and the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Batten,' (PEMERY) system of one aspect of the present invention, The micro fuel cell according to one example implementation of the present invention is a new product configured uniquely from several emerging technologies. Another aspect of the invention also involves the process of making the new product, The micro fuel cell includes three major features or components: (1) a polymer electrolyte membrane, or PEM; (2) so-called nanotechnology or miniature storage tanks or cells for hydrogen and oxygen to be relied upon by the fuel cell in generating electricity which may be actiλ'ated to release the hydrogen and oxygen; and (3) a miniature or nanotechnology inertial switch, such as a G-force or acceleration force switch or a centrifugal-force switch. When assembled, these three features or components together present a very small package uniquely suitable for this application,

[0041] The first component of interest is the fuel cell. A fuel cell stack 18 is shown in

Figure 1A, including an anode end plate 20, a membrane electrode assembly 22, a bipolar plate 24. a second membrane electrode assembly 26, a second bipolar plate 28, a third membrane electrode assembly 30 and a cathode end plate 32. The anode 20 is connected through an electrical circuit 34, shown as a simple conductor in the figure, to the cathode 32. by providing hydrogen and oxygen 36 and 38, respectively, to the fuel cell stack 18 an electrical current is generated.

[0042] Current work on polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells has produced cells of 0.2 millimeters in thickness that can produce better than 0.5 ampere of current per square centimeter at 0,7 volts. Supporting structures will increase that size, and stacking of the cells would be required to deliver higher voltages. Through these recent advancements in PEM design, a remarkably small cell will generate voltages and currents as good as any existing or proposed battery,

[0043] Many methods of building fuel cell stacks (a series of fuel cells assembled together to achieve the desired voltage and amperage of the design) are possible, In embodiments of the present invention, the fuel cells are stacked end on end rather than one on top of the other. This allows for a thin but tall profile which fits the design and construction of the present fuel cell better than the more traditional arrangement of one cell on top of the other,

[0044] The elements of this PEM technology have developed to the point that appropriate and inventive packaging or assembling is all that is required. This invention depicts such a unique assembly and the method of making such an assembly. As promising as PEM fuel cell technology is in size reduction, it is the overall system that's important so any future development that also could be miniaturized would also work in this application. [0045] The second component is storage of the fuel and oxidant required by the fuel cell, All PEM fuel cells, no matter how they are made, require a source of hydrogen and oxygen in order to operate. Typically, this supply must be proximate to the cell structure. To accomplish this in a miniaturized environment requires, in one embodiment of the invention, a corresponding miniaturization of conventional storage "tanks" made extremely small. In Figure IB, the fuel cell stack 18 is connected to a hydrogen supply 44 and an oxygen supply 46 through a switch 48, which here is an inertial switch, The resulting operation of the fuel cell stack 1 S produces a DC current 50.

[0046] Alternatively, in another embodiment, these "tanks" may be constructed from very small blocks of material, which is honeycombed, or otherwise "tunneled." In other words, such blocks are infiltrated with micro channels, cavities, passages, sinuses or nano- tunnels functioning as one or more storage media, In a munitions application where only a very short active life is required, material can be constructed or otherwise provided with micro-cavities or nano tubes or tunnels affording adequate storage capacity for the hydrogen and oxygen required to run the fuel cell for a period of time sufficient to carry out its objectives.

[0047] The third critical component in the unique fuel cell structure and method is a connecting device 48 placed between the PEM cell assembly 18 and the two gas storage tanks 44 and 46. The purpose of this connecting device is to serve as a means for deliver}' of the stored hydrogen and oxygen to the proximity of the power generation portion of the cells such that the voltage generation can take place, Many equivalent variations of this connecting device are possible, for example, chemical, electrical, or mechanical switches are possible, but the preferred embodiment for a munitions application involves a mechanical inertial switch 48. The inertial switch 48. also referred to as a flow control switch, controls the flow of gases between the storage chambers and the fuel cell membrane, In the preferred application of the present device, inertial energy is utilized to operate the switch from a flow inhibiting position or condition to a flow permitting position or condition. [0048] In its most basic form as shown in Figure 1 C, a mechanical inertial switch 4S includes two miniature sharp hollow probes 54 positioned above and/or adjacent to one or more membranes 56 (not the fuel cell membranes) respectively located so as to separate the fuel cell from each source of oxygen and hydrogen, The probes 54 are connected to a weight 58 that provides the inertial impetus for the probes to pierce the membrane 56. The membrane 56 is supported by a receiver 60 that permits the probes 56 to pierce the membrane where desired. Once the membrane 56 is pierced, gas flow channels 62 and 64 are opened to permit the passage of the fuel and oxygenator, which here is hydrogen and oxygen.

[0049] By design, each of the probes 54 is counterbalanced separately or jointly against movement (for example by a biasing force afforded by a spring or spring-like element, a resilient memory material, pneumatic pressure, or other similar and equivalent means) to generally and continuously (for long periods of time) maintain the probes in a first position that is adjacent to yet apart from respective blocking membranes (that are not the fuel cell membranes).

[0050] More recently, delicately designed micro-inertia switches have been developed; these too can be employed in this structural context, Upon the imposition of dynamic forces of movement, usually expressed in terms of G-forces or acceleration forces, sufficient to overcome the biasing force, the probes move against their respective membranes, thereby rupturing or penetrating the membranes. In this way, hydrogen and oxygen are released to flow to the fuel cell active area, A G-force or acceleration force may be experienced by the device during a sudden acceleration of the device, such as when fired by in an artillery round, or during sudden deceleration, such as upon impact by a moving object. When subject to sudden acceleration, the piston, due to its weight, tends to resist moving while the body of the device is accelerated. This drives the piston to the lower position. In an impact situation, the piston tends to keep moving while the body of the device is stopping, forcing the piston to the lower position. Proper orientation relative to the direction of travel is required to trigger the operation of the device, It is foreseeable to provide more than one of the present devices at different orientations to trigger operation from forces at different directions. The force to trigger operation can be set to different levels by selection of components and construction so that a greater or lesser force is required to initiate operation of the fuel cell. As such, the impact to start operation of the present fuel cell may be a plane crash so as to power an emergency beacon or a locator for the black box. The impact may be an automobile or other vehicle crash, where the fuel cell power is supplied to an emergency alert system, The impact or acceleration tlireshold may be set lower so that a user may trigger operation by striking or shaking the device. Far more possibilities exist for utilization of the present device, all of which are within the scope of this invention,

[0051] Since many applications of this micro fuel cell technology involve one-time use, no reset action is required, However, a reset mechanism and system may be provided in an alternative embodiment for either military or commercial applications.

[0052] Thus, presented herein is a new assembly, as well as a new and novel application of combined emerging nano-technologies, most particularly PEM fuel cells with micro-inertia switches, Many equivalent variations and modifications of these components are possible. Comparisons with currently used battery technologies in this field of application sen'e best to illustrate the properties of this invention.

[0053] A distinguishing feature of embodiments of the present fuel cell and method is that prior to activation (either purposeful or in response to inertial forces) there are no active processes going on as exist with respect to common batteries, Where traditional batteries are involved, such ongoing processes typically act to deplete a battery's capacity to perform when ultimately needed.

[0054] In the assembly described and illustrated in the Figures 1A, IB and 1C, all the components needed to run the device, and to generate electricity if and when needed, are separated by physical barriers. Since these barriers are generally stable by design, the shelf life of the unit is inherently very long, A life period of 15 to 20 years, or even twice that period, is not unreasonable. The only limitation would be the life of the materials utilized in building the fuel cell itself. [0055] The present fuel cell and the method for its fabrication in its most basic form will have applications across a wide range of fields, from military ordnance systems to commercial signaling devices or detectors, and to space exploration where a power-up cycle may be called upon a year or even many years following a launch. Its miniature size makes the present fuel cell particularly suitable anytime and anywhere that space is limited, weight is critical and time to power-up may be considerably long.

[0056] In many applications, an inertia switch may be unnecessary. The inertial switch could be replaced with any other on/off device, giving the unit the ability to turn on and run for some period and then turn off again. This would give extended life to essentially any use, whether it is a military application or commercial in nature.

[0057] Alternatives exist for the gas storage means, as well. The objective is to supply the necessary hydrogen and oxygen to meet the power requirement parameters of the product being powered, Just as power classifications exist among AAA, AA, C and D size batteries, this also is true of the micro fuel cell unit, which may be designed specifically to meet certain power demand levels.

[0058] A high acceleration or inertial switch designed for military application could be replaced by a low acceleration or inertial force switch that would allow turning on a battery with a shake of the hand prior to use. According to embodiments of the invention, a replacement is provided for a D size battery that has no limit on the shelf life. However, in some applications switching the power supply on and off may be required, thus necessitating a reset switch incorporated into the present fuel cell.

[0059] Turning now to Figures 2A. 2B and 2C, a fuel cell having a compact configuration is provided at 70. The fuel cell 70 of Figure 2A has a polymer electrolyte membrane 72 connected by flow channels 74 and 76 to adjacent storage chambers 78 and SO, respectively, for the fuel and oxygenator. The chambers 78 and SO each have pistons 82 and 84 that include sharp probes S6 and SS at the lower edges thereof. The fuel cell assembly 70 may remain in this configuration for significant periods of time,

1 ? [0060] Upon being subject to a sufficient inertial force, such as being fired from an artillery device, the fuel cell 70 moves through the state illustrated in Figure 2B. Specifically, the piston S2 is moving downward (relative to the drawing) in the chamber 78 and thereby compressing the gas held therein, Similarly, the piston 84 is moving downward in the chamber SO to compress the gas held in this chamber. The movement of the pistons S2 and 84 brings the sharp probes 86 and 88 toward sealing portions 90 and 92 in the respective storage chambers.

[0061] Figure 2C shows the fuel cell 70 after the pistons 82 and 84 have reached the end of their travel within the storage chambers 78 and SO. The sharp probes 86 and 88 pierce the sealing portions 90 and 92 and permit the compressed gases in the chambers 7S and SO to enter the channels 74 and 76, The gases reach the polymer electrolyte membrane 72 and initiate the generation of electricity from the fuel cell assembly. Electrical connections are provided from the polymer electrolyte membrane to exterior portions of the fuel cell assembly 70 so that the assembly 70 may be connected to an electrical circuit. The basic principle of operation of embodiments of compact fuel cells is thereby disclosed. Specific embodiments of fuel cells that generally operate according to these principles as presented herein below.

[0062] Figures 3A to 10 each illustrate an example implementation of an inertial pump for moving gases in a micro fuel cell system in accordance with another aspect of the present invention. In this regard, the inertial pump shown in these figures operate generally in a similar manner, Thus, their operation is described collectively hereinbelow. But first, the structural components of each will be described with reference to the figures.

[0063] In Figure 3A, the fuel cell device 100 has a housing 102 that is configured to be the size and shape of a battery. The battery format may be AA, C or D size or other sizes and shapes but here is a D size battery form factor. The devices are cylindrical in overall shape, although other shapes are possible and are within the scope of this invention,

[0064] Inside the housing 102 is a hydrogen chamber 104 that includes a piston 106 that includes two piston rings 108 and 1 10, The piston 106 is movable within the chamber 1 ά 104 and is shown in the storage position at the top of the chamber 104. The upper ring 108 is engaged in a channel 1 12 in the sidewall of the chamber 104. A second channel 113 is provided in the chamber sidewall at the opposite end of the chamber 104. A plurality of projections 114 extend from the bottom of the piston 106 to serve as a standoff to control the final volume of the gas. In particular, further piston movement is inhibited by the projections 1 14 striking the bottom of the chamber 104,

[0065] The housing also includes an oxygen chamber 116 at the lower end relative to the view of the figure. The lower chamber 116 is connected to the upper chamber and is mounted so that the chambers are coaxial of one another. The chambers need not be coaxial in every embodiment, but may be located at different locations relative to one another, including offset, side-by-side, or othenvise, The chambers are cylindrical in this embodiment, although they may be other shapes. The lower chamber 116 has a piston 1 18 that is shown in the actiλ'ated or down position. This position is shown merely for purposes of illustrating the two positions of the pistons, since in operation generally both pistons are either in the upper storage position or both are in the lower activated position. In the lower position, the piston 1 18 has an upper piston ring 120 that has been disengaged from an upper channel 122 and has a lower piston ring 124 that has engaged with a lower channel 126. The engagement of the lower piston ring in the lower channel keeps the piston in the activated position even if the pressure of the compressed gas tries to push the piston up, Projections 128 as standoff structures on the bottom of the piston 1 18 abut or nearly abut the bottom of the chamber 1 16,

[0066] Both of the chambers 104 and 1 16 have gas flow channels 130 at the bottom of the chambers that lead to a compartment 132 in which is provided a PEM fuel cell membrane stack 134. The flow channels 130 from the two chambers 104 and 116 connect to opposite sides of the membrane stack so as to enable the fuel cell to operate. Check valves 136 are provided in each of the channels 130, The check valves 136 are the inertial switches, or flow control switched in this embodiment. Here, the check valves are provided with a spring biased ball bearing seated on a valve seat, although other valve constructions are possible as well. The ball bearing can be replace by any type of valve member that seats on the valve seat. The check valves 136 open at a predetermined gas pressure when the spring force is overcome and the ball bearing moves away from the valve seat, The opening of the check valve 136 permits the gas to pass from the chamber to the fuel cell membrane. Two such check valves 136 and channels 130 are shown in the drawing, although more or fewer may be provided. For example, a preferred embodiment includes four flow channels per chamber. The compartment 132 and the fuel cell stack 134 are wrapped around the gas chambers 104 and 116. A space is provided between the outer wall of the chambers and the fuel cell to collect and store wastewater resulting from the fuel cell process, if necessary.

[0067] The illustrated fuel cell has a gas storage capacity of 2.9 CC and provides an

8: 1 compression ratio. To facilitate sealing of the chambers, the chambers are formed of a cylindrical main portion 138 with top and bottom caps 140 and 142 threaded thereon. An O- ring seal 144 is provided between the threaded connections,

[0068] Figure 3B shows the components in exploded view, including the main portion 13S with the channels 1 12 and 1 13 if provided as the upper chamber, or 122 and 126 if provided as the lower chamber, For the sake of simplicity, only the reference characters for the upper chamber are used for the remainder of the discussion of this figure, although both sets of characters apply. The caps 140 and 142 thread on the main portion 13S and the check valves 136 fit into the lower cap 142. The piston 106 with the projections 1 14 is shown in side view and top view. Grooves 146 for accepting the piston rings are provided at two locations on the sidewall of the piston 106. The piston rings 108 and 1 10 are shown in side view and the ring 10S is shown in top view to reveal the split 148 therein that permits compression of the ring so that the ring can slide on the inside wall of the chamber. By comparing the rings 1 OS and 110, the ring 1 OS has a beveled outer edge to permit release from the groove 112,

[0069] The piston rings and the corresponding channels in the chamber walls are provided as position retaining means for the piston. Other position retaining means may be provided instead, The retaining means for the storage position should have enough resistance to movement of the piston to preλ'ent unintentional activation of the device. The retaining means for the activated position of the piston should have enough resistance to movement to hold the piston in place against the force from the compressed gas. Choices of shapes and/or materials of the components will effect these and may be selected for a desired application.

[0070] In the embodiment of Figure 4. a configuration to provide a 2: 1 volume ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is provided, The upper chamber holds the hydrogen and the lower chamber holds the oxygen. A gas compression ratio of 3:1 is controlled by standoff structures 150 and 152 on the pistons 154 and 156, The piston position is controlled by two rings 158 and 160 fitting into upper or lower grooves 162 and 164 of the chamber wall. The upper ring 158 is beveled and the upper groove 162 is also beveled to release so as to permit movement of the piston. Neither the lower ring 160 nor the lower groove 164 is beveled, so that a positive lock is provided thereby. The gas flow is controlled by check valves 166.

[0071] The fuel cell membrane stack 168 occupies less than all the space between the outer wall of the device and the gas cylinder so that a space 170 is provided for water accumulation, The fuel cell membrane stack 16S is wrapped around the fuel cylinders. As in the prior figure, the upper cylinder 154 is shown in the upper or storage position with the upper ring 158 fitted into the upper groove 162 in the chamber wall. The lower piston is shown for purposes of illustration only in the lower position with the lower ring 160 in the non-beveled groove 164. As noted before, either both pistons are in the upper position or both are in the lower position during ordinary operation. The remaining parts of this embodiment are the same or functionally similar to those of Figure 3A.

[0072] The illustrated fuel cell structure provides 3.6 volts DC at 0,6 amps (2 watts) for at least two minutes run time when constructed in a D size battery form factor.

[0073] In Figure 5, the fuel cell device has the two chambers 1 S2 and 184 each with a piston 186 and 188. The pistons 186 and 1 88 have a single piston ring 190 in a channel in the piston that engages an upper groove 192 when the piston is in the upper or storage position and a lower groove 194 that is engaged by the piston ring 190 when the piston is in the lower position or active position. An O-ring 196 is provided in a second channel in the pistons 186 and 1 SS, respectively, to provide a seal with the sidewall of the chamber.

[0074] The pistons 186 and 188 have standoff structures 198 that provide a compression ratio of 3: 1 for the gas upon activation. The gas ratio is 2:1 for the hydrogen and oxygen. Check valves 200 provide a threshold for controlling gas flow, four of which are preferably provided. Other structures and functions are similar or identical to the foregoing embodiments,

[0075] Figure 6 shows an embodiment of the fuel cell device that has the O-ring seal

204 of the previous embodiment for controlling gas leakage passed the pistons 206, but which is provided with a step 208 in the bore of the cylinder wall against which the pistons 206 rest when in the down or activated position. This eliminates the need for the standoff structure of the previous embodiments. The step 208 can be any change in diameter of the cylinder wall whether in a continuous ring around the cylinder wall or an intermittent structure or stop. The bore diameter may remain at the reduced diameter below the step or may be shaped to a larger diameter after the step. Other shapes of the cylinder wall are also possible in this and other embodiments. All other structures shown in Figure 6 are the same or similar to previous embodiments.

[0076] Turning to Figure 7, the fuel cell device 220 had the gas cylinders or chambers 222 and 224 with pistons 226 as before. Also in the cylinders or chambers is a sleeve 228 and 230 that defines the stop against which the piston 226 or 22S strikes when moving to the activated lower position, The sleeves 230 each have a lower knife edge 232. The knife edge 232 is adjacent to a thin wall portion 234 that provides a barrier between the cylinder and gas flow channels 236. The thin wall portion 234 is formed by leaving that portion un-machined during shaping of the cylinder end cap 238 and 240. It is noted that the end cap 238 forms an end of both chambers 222 and 224 in these embodiment, as well as in several previously mentioned embodiments. ,_ „, ,„ WO 2005/112162

[0077] The knife edge 232 pierces the thin wall portion 234 when the sleeve 230 is struck by the piston 226 or 228. This releases the compressed gas into the flow channels and to the fuel cell membrane. The knife edges 232 are preferably shaped to allow the gas to flow through the punctured thin wall portion 234 such as by having gaps, ridges or other shapes. The thin wall portion may be shaped to provide an opening to break away when pierced with the knife portions. The knife edges need not be sharp if such a break away member is provided. The sleeves 228 and 230 are of different lengths to proλ'ide for the 3: 1 compression ratio of the gas chambers, which themselves have a ratio of 2:1 for the two gases.

[0078] Figure 8 has an embodiment of the fuel cell device 240 in which sleeves 242 and 244 in the chambers provide stops for pistons 246 and 24S as before. The sleeves 242 and 244 haλ'e teeth 250 instead of the knife edge of the previous embodiment. The teeth 250 penetrate the thin wall portion 252

the sleeve 242 or 244 is struck by the piston 246 or 248, respectiλ-ely. The teeth 250 penetrate the thin walled portion 252 only at the positions where ports are provided for the flow channels 254. Other components and functions are the same or similar to previous embodiments,

[0079] In the λ'iew of Figure 9, the embodiment of the fuel cell device 260 has the sleeves 262 and 264 connected to the underside of the pistons 266 and 268. The sleeves 262 and 264 haλ'e teeth 270 positioned at the floλv channels 272 to pierce thin walled portions 274 to permit the gas flow to reach the fuel cell membrane. The sleeves 262 and 264 are also considered skirts on the pistons 266 and 26S. All other features are as in the foregoing,

[0080] Figure 10 shoλvs a preferred embodiment of the fuel cell device 280. Details are shown in this figure that are also present in the previous embodiments but have been omitted for the sake of clarity. A positive terminal 282 is mounted on the top of the housing 284, separated therefrom by an insulating member 286. A conductor 2S8, shoλλn as a wire although as mentioned above may be in various configurations, extends from the positive terminal 282 to the fuel cell stack 290. A further lead 292 extends from the other end of the fuel cell stack 290 to the housing 284 to provide the ground connection for the circuit. [0081] The fuel cell stack 290 is provided with the gases via flow channels 294 and 296 to carry the gases to the fuel cell stack when the thin wall portions 29S are pierced. The thin λλ-alled portions 298 are pierced by teeth 300 formed on loλver edges of a skirt or sleeve 302 or 304 that are provided on the pistons 306 and 308. The pistons 306 and 30S have each have a piston ring 310 and an O-ring 312. The piston ring 310 moves from an upper groove 314 to a lower groove 316 upon activation. The lower groove is wider than the piston ring 310 and the upper groove 314 and the piston ring 310 are both beveled.

[0082] A charging port 320 is proλ'ided in a sidewall of the upper chamber 322 and a charging port 324 is proλ'ided in the lower chamber 326, A constricted orifice 32S is proλ'ided in the gas floλλ' channels to control the gas flow. Grooλ'es are provided on the teeth 300 to provide a gas flow path to the flow channels from the chambers.

[0083] In a D size battery form factor, this embodiment stores 1 1 ,6 CCs of hydrogen and 5.8 CCs of oxygen. If provides a 3:1 compression ratio for the gases upon activation (loλvering of the pistons). Assuming a close to adiabatic compression and a pre-charge of 75 PSI, the operating pressure is just over 400 PSI and the gas will heat to a temperature of about 200 degrees F in the chambers. This produces a power output of 2 Watts or more, at 3,6 Volts DC and 0.6 Amps for over 2 minutes.

[0084] In the embodiments of the inertia! pumps shown, two compartments are constructed and placed in the cell. In one example, the two compartments are cylinders both about 7/8 of an inch in diameter and one of which is about 1 Vi inches in height and the other of which is about % inch in height. These cylinders are stacked one on top of the other. One cylinder, generally the larger cylinder, is filled with or supplied with hydrogen gas, and the other, smaller cylinder is filled λλ'ith or supplied λvith oxygen gas. Both gases are preferably under relatively low pressure, as for example, around 1 0 to 500 PSI (pounds per square inch). Higher pressures can be used if the fuel cell is required to give longer running times. Around the outside of the two cylinders is wrapped the PEM fuel cell stack, that is either continuous or in indiλ'idual segments, Around the outside is a protective case. [0085] Inside of each of the two cylinders is proλ'ided a high mass piston-type device. Two annular rings are fitted into channels in each piston, much like the piston rings found on a conλ'entional automobile engine, The top ring of the two rings is constructed to pressure fit or frictionally engage the interior container wall to hold the piston at the top of the container. The bottom ring of the tλvo rings similarly proλides a pressure fit or friction fit to hold the piston at the bottom of the container. Alternatively, one ring is provided and configured to do both functions as a simplification,

[0086] The present deλ'ice is preferably formed of a durable, gas impermeable material, such as a metal. In one example, the body of the device is formed of aluminum or an aluminum alloy, λλ'hereas in another example it is formed of steel or a steel alloy. The piston material should haλ'e sufficient mass to

the frictional forces holding it in the storage position plus any forces resulting from the piston ring or other position retaining means. As such, the piston may be formed of a heavy material, including lead, brass, tungsten, steel, platinum, alloys of any of the foregoing or other like materials or alloys,

[0087] The inertial pump of the present invention is a means of storing and delivering and processing of the gases to the polymer electrolyte membrane stack, To effect the internal compression of the two gases, the free floating, relatively dense (high mass) pistons are constructed and placed within a holder/container of the inertial pump in such a way as to be moveable therein under the influence of the acceleration forces involved in the munitions projectile launch. This results in the pistons moving from a first (or stored position) to a second (or pressure-imparting position) such that the piston acts to compress the gases.

[0088] By putting the fuel containers in the center of the fuel cell device, two forces can be utilized for work. The first force is the acceleration force, λvhich forces the piston of the pump down into the pressure imparting, actiλ'ated position. When the present fuel cell device is installed in a deλ'ice that revolves, such as a munitions round or projectile, a second force comes into play, The second force is the centripetal force, λvhich moves the gases to the outside of the structure λvhere the PEM fuel cell stack is preferably positioned. By compressing the gases, the pressure and temperature of the gases in the inertial pump is increased, The compression of the gases as well as the centripetal forces move the hydrogen and oxygen to the fuel stack quickly and effectively. The generated heat also helps the chemical reaction in the fuel cell as described in further detail below. Thus, the inertial pump in accordance with the exemplary embodiments provide several advantageous features. As can be appreciated, the present device allows the hydrogen and oxygen to be kept isolated from the PEM fuel cell stack, but yet be quickly delivered to the fuel cell stack when desired.

[0089] Proper operation of this second ring is particularly important in some embodiments, since otherwise, once the acceleration of the projectile stops, the piston would reverse its rapid movement and slide back to the top of the container thereb reversing the heating and compression of the gas that is desired. Thus, the second ring holds the compression and heating at the λ'alue achieved by the dowmvard movement of the piston as discussed in further detail below. Further, it doesn't allow the compression and heating to reverse, λvhich is λλ'hat would happen if the piston were allowed to return to the holding position.

[0090] On the bottom of the piston may be a series of projections or stand offs that control the extent of the downward oλ'ement of the piston so as to control the amount of compression given to the gases. Along with these major components are lines, passageways and/or check valves that are placed to direct the gas flow. In addition, suitable conductors (shown in Figure 10, for example) for carrying the generated electricity are also provided. Also provided in some embodiments are a number of strategically placed open chambers to hold the water that is byproduct of the fuel cell process. If required by the design, different voltages could be generated in the fuel cell system by adding taps to the fuel cell stacks at the appropriate points.

[0091] The inertial Sλvitch described preλ'iously is one means of opening the flow so as to proλ'ide the required components to the fuel cell, for example, hydrogen and/or oxygen. The inertial switch initially provides a barrier to gas floλv to the polymer electrolyte membrane cell and λvhen the inertial sλvitch is activated, the barrier no longer blocks the gas movement so that the gas will floλv to the fuel cell membrane if the gas is at a pressure higher than the gas in the PEM stack. The piston of the inertial pump compresses the gas to create the pressure differential so that λλ'hen the inertial sλvitch opens, the gas components are provided to the PEM stack.

[0092] In addition to the above, by implementing the present invention, intense cold temperatures resulting from storage of the fuel cell in cold places or in arctic-type use can be overcome by the use of internal, adiabatic or isothermal compression of the gases, for example the hydrogen and oxygen, the effect of λλ'hich is to produce heat in the compressed gases. The significant acceleration forces both compress the gases and heat them such that the resultant hot high pressure gases λvould be forced into the fuel cell stacks by both the acceleration force and centripetal force, Of course, cool and loλv pressure gas λvould be moved as well if the temperature increase or the pressure increase is not significant for what ever reason, for example, due to the effect the container λvill have on the process, However, because of the short time span of the compression process, it is expected that the process will be closer to the adiabatic,

[0093] The PEM fuel cell λvorks best at approximately 80 degrees C and that temperature λvould be attainable with the acceleration force generated at launch of the poλvered projectile. The chemical process of the fuel cell itself also generates heat, which causes the temperature of the device to approach that level. In long-term use fuel cell applications, some cooling may actually be required.

[0094] An additional advantage of this system is that the gases could be stored at a much loλver pressure, λvhich λvould minimize losses due to leakage, especially with respect to leakage of the hydrogen. It λλ'ould also be possible to heat the gases with chemicals if the compression proves not to be sufficient.

[0095] Figures 2A - 2C generally illustrate the operation of an example of an inertial pump in accordance with the present inλ'ention, In particular, it shoλvs the inertial pump functioning as a storage deλ'ice (Figure 2A) in λvhich gases are stored in the inertial pump, the inertial pump functioning as a compression pump (Figure 2B) as the projectile in λvhich the fuel cell is mounted is fired so as to begin compression of the gases, and the inertial pump functioning as a release sλvitch (Figure 2C) in the fully activated configuration λvhere the inertial pump has been activated and the gases have been compressed by the pistons and are released to the polymer electrolyte membrane of the fuel cell.

[0096] In addition to the above describe implementation; alternative implementations may be employed with a check valve as a switch for the gas in place of the membrane. A check λ'alve of one embodiment is designed to open at a certain threshold pressure. The storage pressure of the gas is loλver than the threshold pressure so that the λ'alve is shut during storage. When the piston oλ'es in the piston chamber, the pressure of the gas goes up to a level exceeding the threshold and the λ'alve opens. Any number of check valves may be utilized but either two or four check valves are currently considered an optimum number for each chamber. Embodiments having two check valves are shown in Figures 3A through 10. In another embodiment, a combination of the two different sλvitch devices is provided for controlling gas flow, both a membrane sλvitch and a check valve,

[0097] Controlling the hydrogen and oxygen gas flow once the device has been activated may be done through λ-arious means such as regulators or flow control orifices, The simplest and presently considered the optimal means is use of flow control orifices as shoλλT in Figures 3 to 10.

[0098] In order to prevent or at least reduce the problem of hydrogen or oxygen gas

"bloλv by" when the piston comes doλvn, the fuel cell device of some embodiments further includes a seal at the bottom of the piston skirt. Hoλvever, for the seal on the piston skirt to λvork or at least insure better performance, a lower retaining grooλ'e in the cylinder wall has a bevel or taper machined in the wall as shoλvn in Figure 5, This taper must be on the side closest to the bottom of the container and is provided to allow the "O" ring contained in the piston skirt to run past the groove λvithout being damaged, A conλ'entional rectangular groove is less desirable for this purpose as the edge may cut into the "O" ring thereby destroying the seal.

[0099] In preferred embodiments, another seal method is employed in lieu of an "O" ring on the piston skirt. In this embodiment, a sealing band is built into the bottom of the inside of the cylinder tank wall. On actuation, the piston skirt moves down and the outside perimeter of the skirt engages the seal band thereby making a positive seal when the skirt reaches the bottom of the cylinder,

[00100] The seal band may be made of any suitable flexible material and need only seal the gas from escaping for the active time of the fuel cell device, λλtiich in some applications will be well under 5 minutes. When using this alternative, the probes on the piston skirt are of a slightly different design to alloλv the probes to pass by the seal without damaging it. This does not effect the operation of the probes in punching through the bottom seal material. The actual cutting edge of the probe is displaced toλλ'ard the inside a sufficient distance such that it misses the sealing band upon its descent.

[00101] As an alternatiλ'e to this embodiment, a deep groove is machined into the bottom of the tanks, This results in the avoidance of a requirement for a guiding device on the piston to insure that the probes on the bottom of the piston skirt are lined up with the ports, Specifically, for this alternative construction, there is no requirement for any guides as the ports are proλ'ided by a grooλ'e machined completely around the outside bottom of the tank insuring that the probes on the skirt ahvays break through into this opening no matter where they hit or strike on the bottom. This simplifies the design and construction of the device by eliminating any piston guides and will therefore considerably reduces manufacturing costs.

[00102] To aid in connecting the gas collecting groove to the fuel cell assembly, it is advantageous to make an adapter ring that fits into a machined groove on the outside of the container. This adapter ring is used to connect the two tanks to the fuel cell assembly. The adapter ring is may be attached by many different methods but laser welding is presently vieλved as the quickest and most reliable method to insure a positive gas seal. As an alternative to a separate adapter ring, the adapter ring can be built into the fuel cell manifold assembly.

[00103] Returning to the overall device construction, it is seen that for certain applications it is possible to store enough of both gases (in this case, hydrogen and oxygen) to run the fuel cell without need of compressing and heating either gas. However, these embodiments still need an effective gas seal and some apparatus for activation of the gas flow on launch of the projectile or upon some other activation eλ'ent. In these situations, the inertial pump of the invention is essentially identical to the piston skirt design discussed above. In the alternatiλ'e construction of the tank/piston design, the directional ports for conducting gas flow are altered from the illustrated embodiments λλ'hich λλ'ere described as being disposed in the bottom of the hydrogen and oxygen tanks to take the gas to the fuel cell after actuation. For this alternatiλ'e, all embodiments λvould be the same except that there is no top to the piston, or at least the piston has an opening therethrough. Instead, the piston can be a skirt-only device without a top on the piston. This construction would permit more gas to be stored in the tank and yet the piston skirt λvould perform essentially as shown in Figure 3A. This piston skirt of this embodiment has a groove in the same location as the earlier piston such that the groove contains a retaining ring, Hoλvever, no gas sealing "O" ring is required in this design.

[00104] In other embodiments, the gas storage cylinder design is identical for both gases, On actuation the retaining ring collapses into the skirt and the sleeve moves down under the force of acceleration. At the bottom of the movement, the probes break through the seal material, and the gas floλvs to the fuel cell through ports or through the groove. In addition, the retaining ring engages the bottom cylinder groove just as in the earlier piston design to permanently lock the skirt in place,

[00105] In yet another alternatiλ'e embodiment, in order to aid in the operation of the fuel cell a refinement is applied only to the hydrogen storage tank, although this alternative construction could also be used on the oxygen tank if it λvere determined that an additional vacuum λvas required in operation. The structural difference of this embodiment begins with a small port being placed in the middle of the top of the hydrogen tank on the inside as shoλvn in Figure 6. This port is designed ith a sharp circular ring on the inside that extends or protrudes slightly into the hydrogen storage chamber, In a matching location on the piston, a counter bore is machined into the piston top. The counter bore receiλ'es an insert of a metal composed of a soft metal, such as lead or brass, that λvould make an effective gas seal. Alternatively, polymers could be used for the insert to form the gas seal.

[00106] When the tank is assembled, the piston is forced into the sharp ring of the port making a seal. As long as the piston is in its raised, storage position, the port of the tank is sealed, Hoλvever once the projectile in λvhich the fuel cell device is mounted is launched or fired, the piston is propelled doλvnλvardly so that the port is opened in the top of the tank. That port is constructed so as to be vented, for example by suitable machining or tubing directed to the fuel cell compartment.

[00107] In a further adλ'antage of this construction, as the piston moves doλvnwardly, it causes a vacuum to be formed in the chamber above piston. The effect of this λ'acuum is to pull or draλv in any residual gas in the fuel cell chamber into the chamber above the piston. This vacuum effect results or aids in the flow of hydrogen and oxygen into the fuel cell, as well as aids in removal of λvater and water vapor bi-products of the fuel cell process. The result is that, since the λvithdraλval of the gas from beloλv the piston occurs, more force is applied to the piston to punch through the bottom seal than in the previous embodiments. As an additional advantage, less constructional material is needed to fabricate this device, leaλ'ing a device that will be lighter and less expensive to fabricate and operate, while having enhanced performance.

[00108] As a further λ'ariation of this embodiment, the positions of the sharp ring seal and soft metal insert can be reversed. That is, placement of the soft metal or polymer sealing disk can be in the inside top of the tank top; while the sharp ring seal is placed in the top of the piston. The exhaust port stays in the tank top in the center.

[00109] In still a further alternative to this embodiment, tλvo sealing rings and one sealing disk is provided in either the top of the piston or the inside top of the tank. However, in all these variations there is still only the requirement to have one port, which remains, in the top of the tank.

[00110] Figure 11 provides two alternatives to the foregoing embodiments, On the left side of the drawing, a bevel 340 is provided on the loλver grooλ'e 342. A flow channel member 344 is proλ'ided on the floλv channel 346 to direct the gas flow. On the right side of the figure is a tooth structure 350 haλ'ing a portion extending away from the sidewall 352 of the chamber. A lower gasket 354 is proλ'ided at the loλver end of the chamber set into the side wall 352, This gasket 354 prevents the gas blow by that occurs with the gas under pressure and is provided in place of the O-ring.

[00111] Still another alternative construction for the embodiment of Figure 12 involves a two piece top 370 to the storage tank. In the lower piece 372, in other words, the part that actually contains the gas, a machined pin is proλ'ided in the center facing into the tank. The machined pin has a flange machined into its top λλ'here it joins the container top λvith breakaλvay grooves also machined into it. The pin itself can be threaded on the free end. Prior to assembly, the pin is screwed or othenλ'ise affixed or fastened into the top of the piston λλ'here a matching female tread or corresponding connection is placed. Other methods of attaching might also be possible for attachment of the pin, such as retaining clips and the like. The remainder of the top is then assembled to the tank using any convention method such as including laser welding.

[00112] In operation, when the projectile in λλ'hich the fuel cell device is mounted is launched or fired, the acceleration force propels the piston doλv vardly as in all the previous embodiments. The difference in this embodiment is that a pin is affixed to the piston, λλ'hich will pull down on the loλver portion of the flange on the pin. The flange includes breakaλvay grooves machined into the flange, so that the pin breaks free thereby opening a path for the vacuum to pull the λ'apors and gases into the top of the tank, in a manner similar to the previously described embodiments. In this embodiment, it is not necessary to machine the upper retaining groove in the storage tank wall.

[00113] With proper design, the pin sen'es the same purpose as, but does not eliminate the need for the ring as the ring is still required to lock the piston in the do vn, or loλvered, position after being actiλ'ated. This embodiment, λvhile someλvhat complex to configure and manufacture, may offer a more effective seal than the soft disk arrangement.

[00114] With regard to still another embodiment of the invention, it is envisioned that for certain applications a configuration with one supply tank on top of the other supply tank design, in other λvords, a vertical design, might not be the desirable method of construction because of space restrictions in the end use. Specifically, a design λvith more width than height is a more desirable configuration,

[00115] To achieve this configuration, an embodiment is proλ'ided haλ'ing a someλvhat different oλ'erall tank configuration. One alternative device (and method for its construction) of this embodiment includes three substantially identical tanks 400 placed in a side-by-side configuration as shoλvn in Figure 13A thus forming a ring of tanks 400 with their centers on a common radius from their common center. The tanks 400 touch one another at along a portion of the tank peripheries. As an example, one tank 402 can be for oxygen and the other tλvo tanks 404 for hydrogen, This arrangement offers the right gas ratios for operation, but does require a third tank.

[00116] As an alternative to the embodiment of Figure 13A, the alternative construction of Figure 13B proλ'ides better space utilization λλtien compared with the three tanks configuration of Figure 13 A, and λvould also λvork well as a loλv profile design. In this embodiment, once the diameter of the tank 410 λvas determined, the tank is diλ'ided into three compartments 412, 414 and 416, The first compartment 412 is a circular compartment at the center for directing the gas floλv to the fuel cell. The balance of the tank structure is outside that first compartment and surrounds the first compartment, The balance of the tank structure is further diλ'ided into two sections. One section 412 is about 120 degrees and the other section 416 is about 240 degrees in angular dimension, shoλvn in Figure 13B, This angular configuration of inner and outer compartments offers the proper 2 to 1 gas ratio for fuel cell operation.

[00117] To actiλ'ate the device, two mini-piston probes, such as those illustrated in

Figures 3 to 10 are proλ'ided in the center compartment. When these two mini-pistons are propelled downλλ ardly under acceleration force, each breaks open membranes or other seals, again like those of Figures 3 to 10 to cause the gas to flow to the fuel cell from each of the two tank sections, shown in Figure 13B, in a manner similar to the vertically structured tank designs above,

[00118] Another embodiment of this invention inλ'olves the delivery systems for fuel cell gases. That is. h drogen and oxygen manifolds are constructed to bring the gases to the fuel cell for use in generating electricity. Advantageously, these manifolds are also used to support the fuel cell in the fuel cell deλ'ice and also to protect the fuel cell from the high acceleration forces of projectile firing. Also built into the manifolds is preferably a means of delivering the hydrogen and oxygen to the fuel manifolds from the fuel storage tanks.

[00119] In this embodiment, three methods of construction of these manifolds are set forth, In all alternatives, these manifolds are formed as two holloλλ' or porous cylinders. That is, an outer holloλv or porous cylinder that fits between the outer shell of the fuel cell device and the fuel cell itself and an inner holloλv or porous cylinder that fits between the fuel cell and the inertial pump assembly. These hollow or porous cylinders are similar in function to a section of tubing, as they both feed gases to the fuel cell. As such, the hollow or porous cylinder must alloλv for gas floλv though its inner surface to the fuel cell catalyzed area.

[00120] On the inner holloλv or porous cylinder the actual PEM fuel cell is positioned, see Figure 8, λvhile on the other side of the fuel cell is the second holloλv or porous cylinder, The inner cylinder runs from the fuel cell on its outer wall to the fuel tank assembly on its inner wall. This construction is very similar to the other, second cylinder except the porous side for gas flow is on the outer wall, As there is slightly less surface area on the inner cylinder compared to the outer cylinder, it should be the cylinder that contains the hydrogen. The other holloλλ' or porous cylinder, i.e., the "outer" one, should therefore be the one with the oxygen. The reason for this difference is that the oxygen reaction with the catalyst is sloλver than the reaction of the hydrogen. Therefore, in putting the oxygen gas in the manifold λvith the larger surface area one compensates slightly for that oxygen deficiency.

[00121] As previously stated, there are three methods used to make these manifolds. A first method is to machine the manifold from metal while a second method is to form the manifold by metal stamping. The third method is to use a solid porous material λvith an appropriate sealant on the outer surface, Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, the stamping method has the advantage of loλver cost, but also requires the highest tooling requirement. In contrast, the machining method requires minimum tooling, but is more costly to fabricate each unit. The porous material method appears to be the best compromise as it λλ'ould require less tooling than the stamping and each unit is less costly to make than in the machining method.

[00122] The alternative configuration just described, considered along with the optional configurations presented in the preceding paragraphs, offers considerable flexibility in addressing structural and performance design requirements. For example, this feature can be crucial to satisfying US Department of Defense requirements for a λ'ariety of sizes and shapes for its munitions batteries.

[00123] Finally, hydrogen gas, especially λλ'hen under compression, has a tendency to leak through many materials oλ'er time. Since long storage life under pressure is a major . issue in the employment of this invention, eλ'ery effort must be made to minimize this loss. The λvall thickness and the fit of all the joints must be carefully designed and machined to maximize this containment function, [00124] Seals will also be added λλ'here appropriate, but in order to enhance the storage capability and minimize gas loss the inner surface of the storage tanks will need to be coated. This coating, λvhich can take many forms, is important to the leakage issue. The coating could be formed by plating, vacuum deposition or be provided in the form of a native oxide, Each of these methods of formation, cause the coating material to be chemically bonded to the base material forming a layer that penetrates the base material surface.

[00125] Once the tanks are assembled and the gas is pumped in, the tanks must be sealed to insure a long storage life, For instance, an objective for some embodiments is to meet the 20-year storage requirement of the US Department of Defense. The various embodiments of the fuel cell device achieve this storage requirement. However, it is enλ'isioned that there may be a requirement for at least one final sealing step. In particular, such a final sealing step may include forming a laser λveld to all the joints. The disclosed construction lends itself to such a sealing step, and laser λvelding of all of the tank joins is preferred in the assembly and joining the λ'arious components of the present fuel cell device,

[00126] Of course, the inertial pump of the present invention is scalable to the extent that many fuel cell PEM storage sizes are possible, both small and large. For purpose of explanation and structural description, an exemplary micro fuel cell is contemplated at the size of a traditional "D" size battery. The PEM fuel cell technology utilized in a package of that size is more than capable of any of the power and duration times required by so-called smart mortars, artillery and tank rounds. Certainly, greater than two watts can be generated for more than two minutes λvith such a device.

[00127] The last elements required to complete the system are the electrical connections from the fuel cell membrane, the source of electric poλλ'er, to the external device that will be using the poλλ'er. In the embodiment of Figure 10, the deλ'ice is configured as a generic D size battery and the case is grounded as the negative terminal. A raised button is provided on the top of the case and is connected to the fuel cell membrane as the positive terminal. The positive terminal is insulated from the case to preλ'ent shorts. In other form factors the poλver connections are made by conducting pins or screλv terminals to suit the needs of the actual end use configuration.

[00128] Figure 14 shows a fuel cell structure 430 that fits into the outer housing of the fuel cell deλ'ice. The fuel cell structure has gas ports 432 and 434 for carrying gas from the chambers to the fuel cell membrane. Positive and negative electrical leads 436 and 438 extend from the fuel cell sub-assemble and run to the appropriate connecting points on the completed device. Figure 10 shows the connections to the case and positive terminal of the completed assembly,

[00129] The internal connections from the fuel cell anode and cathode terminals may be made by any suitable means, including λvires, bus bars or flexible strips of conductive material. The connections are of a suitable size and insulated for proper operation. Other types of connections are possible and are λvithin the scope of this invention as well.

[00130] APPENDIX A and APPENDIX B list various specifications and performance calculations for the inertial pump and components therefore in accordance with exemplary embodiments. In particular, dimensions of the piston and cylinder are provided as well as pressure after compression and temperature of hydrogen and oxygen. These performance calculations show the efficacy of the inertial pump of the present invention.

[00131] The present fuel cell deλ'ice has been primarily described as operating to power munitions. The device is far more λ'ersatile than that, hoλvever, and can power many different types of devices or provide poλλ'er to many different types of systems. Without modification, the disclosed deλ'ice may be used for any number of one-time use applications, including: poλver to micro-pumps for delivering medicine to a remotely located patient, or devices not expected to be used on a regular basis such as emergency radio beacons as used in doλλmed aircraft, stranded hikers or skiers and the like. Such life and death situations can result in a fatality if an emergency device has a dead battery. A reliable long term storage poλver supply is needed. [00132] It is foreseeable that the present deλ'ice may proλ'ide only the fuel in a storage chamber and the oxidizer may be available by exposure to air, for example. As such, the scope of the present invention extends in some embodiments to a deλ'ice having a single gas storage chamber, a single piston and a flow control sλvitch to selectively deliver the gas to a fuel cell membrane. The other side of the membrane is exposed to the air or to the environment in λvhich it is located. The efficiency of such a single chambered device is likely to be loλver than one proλ'iding the oxidizer under pressure, but λλ'here a compact size or reduction in parts, cost, weight or materials is important, such a construction may have great value.

[00133] While PEM fuel cell technology is referenced many times throughout this disclosure, the concept described herein is not intended to be limited to that technology only. Indeed, as appropriate to the specific application, any fuel cell technology λvould work in this configuration. PEM technology, however, is presently the best technology that is adaptable to miniaturization and loλver cost.

[00134] The foregoing description discloses not only a fuel cell device but also a method of operating a fuel cell deλ'ice and even a method for making a fuel cell device,

[00135] Of course, the inertial pump described above and shown in the appended figures are only illustrative examples of the present invention and the present invention is not limited thereto, In this regard, while various embodiments in accordance with the present inλ'ention have been shoλvn and described, it is understood that the invention is not limited thereto. The present inλ'ention may be changed, modified and further applied by those skilled in the art. Therefore, this inλ'ention is not limited to the detail shoλvn and described previously, but also includes all such changes and modifications.

[00136] Although other modifications and changes may be suggested by those skilled in the art, it is the intention of the inventors to embody within the patent warranted hereon all changes and modifications as reasonably and properly come within the scope of their contribution to the art.

Claims

I CLAIM: 1. A fuel cell deλ'ice, comprising: a first chamber constructed so as to hold a quantity of a gas; a second chamber constructed so as to hold a quantity of a gas; a first piston in said first chamber, said first piston being movable between a first position and a second position; a second piston in said second chamber, said second piston being moλ'able between a first position and a second position; a fuel cell membrane; a first flow channel from said first chamber to said fuel cell membrane; a second flow channel from said second chamber to said fuel cell membrane; and a flow control sλvitch in at least one of said first flow channel and said second flow channel.

2. A fuel cell deλ'ice as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said floλv switch is a first floλv switch in said first flow channel, and further comprising: a second flow switch in said second floλv channel.

3. A fuel cell device as claimed in claim 1, λvherein said first chamber and said second chamber are connected to one another and are coaxial with one another.

4. A fuel cell device as claimed in claim 3, further comprising: a membrane housing enclosing said fuel cell membrane, said membrane housing extending around at least part of a circumference of said first and second chambers.

5. A fuel cell device as claimed in claim 1 , λvherein said flow control switch includes a spring biased valve member bearing against a valve seat so inhibit floλv a gas through said floλ-v control sλvitch until a spring force is overcome.

6. A fuel cell device as claimed in claim 1 , λλ'herein said floλv control sλvitch includes at least one thin λλ'all portion blocking floλv through said at least one of said first floλv channel and said second floλv channel, a piercing member moveable by at least one of said first and second pistons to pierce said at least one thin wall portion to permit flow of a gas through said at least one of said first flow channel and said second floλv channel.

7. A fuel cell deλ'ice as claimed in claim 1, λvherein said piercing member includes a sleeve in at least one of said first and second chambers, said sleeve being separate from said first and second pistons.

8. A fuel cell device as claimed in claim 1 , λvherein said piercing member is mounted on at least one of said first piston and said second piston.

9. A fuel cell deλ'ice as claimed in claim 9, λvherein said piercing member includes a skirt mounted on said at least one of said first piston and said second piston.

10. A fuel cell device as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising: a piston stop in at least one of said first and second chambers to halt movement of a corresponding one of said first and second pistons at a predetermined position.

1 1. A fuel cell device as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising: at least one piston ring mounted on at least one of said first and second piston; at least one of said first and second chambers having a sidewall defining at least one channel shaped to accept said at least one piston ring λvhen said at least one of said first and second piston is in a predetermined position.

12. A fuel cell deλ'ice, comprising: a chamber constructed to hold a quantity of a gas; a piston in said chamber, said piston being movable between a first position and a second position; a fuel cell membrane; a floλv channel from said chamber to said fuel cell membrane; and a flow control switch in said floλv channel,

13. A method for operation of a fuel cell, comprising the steps of: storing a first gas in a first chamber; storing a second gas in a second chamber; compressing said first and second gases in said first and second chambers, said compressing step including moλ'ing first and second pistons in corresponding ones of said first and second chambers upon said first and second pistons being subject to an acceleration force; and proλ'iding said first and second gases to a fuel cell membrane upon said compressing step reaching a predetermined threshold.

14. A method as claimed in claim 13, λλ'herein said predetermined threshold is defined by a predetermined gas pressure.

15. A method as claimed in claim 14, λvherein said predetermined threshold is defined by a predetermined piston position in said chambers.