WO2005107941A1 - Solid basic catalyst based on alpha-alumina-supported csf - Google Patents
Solid basic catalyst based on alpha-alumina-supported csf Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005107941A1 WO2005107941A1 PCT/FR2005/000929 FR2005000929W WO2005107941A1 WO 2005107941 A1 WO2005107941 A1 WO 2005107941A1 FR 2005000929 W FR2005000929 W FR 2005000929W WO 2005107941 A1 WO2005107941 A1 WO 2005107941A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/02—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
- B01J23/04—Alkali metals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/08—Halides
- B01J27/12—Fluorides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C68/00—Preparation of esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C68/06—Preparation of esters of carbonic or haloformic acids from organic carbonates
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/04—Alumina
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/613—10-100 m2/g
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/582—Recycling of unreacted starting or intermediate materials
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solid basic catalyst, useful in particular for carrying out the catalysis of fine chemical reactions.
- basic catalysts such as, for example, saponification, transesterification, epoxidation, aldolization, ketolization reactions, or Micha ⁇ l reactions, Darzens or de Claisen.
- saponification epoxidation
- aldolization epoxidation
- ketolization reactions epoxidation
- Micha ⁇ l reactions epoxidation
- Darzens or de Claisen e.g., epoxidation of aldolization, ketolization reactions, or Micha ⁇ l reactions
- the most commonly used basic catalysts are typically strong bases such as liquids, for example, hydroxide solutions , hydrides or metallic alcohols which are used within the framework of a homogeneous catalysis
- These homogeneous catalysts are certainly effective, but they have a major drawback: their use at industrial level leads to a non-negligible production of saline effluents which, because of their impact on the environment, require subsequent treatments which are reflected in particular in terms of increased operating costs.
- solid basic catalysts have been developed in recent years which have the advantage of not leading to the formation of salts.
- solid basic catalysts most include t a solid support on the surface of which are deposited basic species, such as microporous zeolites impregnated with alkaline solutions, or alternatively supports based on alumina impregnated with solutions of potassium fluoride or potassium nitrate.
- These solid basic catalysts prove to be particularly interesting and effective. In fact, in addition to the fact that they make it possible to avoid the formation of salts described above, they generally have the advantage of reducing or even avoiding corrosion of the reactors during the reaction due to the location of the basicity on solid support, which improves security conditions.
- heterogeneous solid catalysts of the aforementioned type generally have advantageous basic catalysis properties, and they can be used as heterogeneous basic catalysts in many fine chemistry reactions, where they most often lead to advantageous yields.
- most solid basic catalysts of the aforementioned type require, prior to their implementation, a heat treatment at high temperature, typically at a temperature of the order of at least 500 ° C. , which is not very compatible with the equipment usually available in fine chemistry workshops.
- the solid basic catalysts which do not require such thermal activation at high temperature have, as a general rule, a more reduced catalytic activity.
- the present invention aims to provide solid catalysts useful for the heterogeneous basic catalysis of a fine chemistry reaction which do not require an activation step at a temperature of the order of 500 ° C prior to its use, and which have nevertheless, a catalytic activity at least similar to, or even greater than, that of the solid basic catalysts currently known.
- the subject of the present invention is a solid basic catalyst comprising cesium fluoride CsF supported on ⁇ alumina, capable of being obtained by heat treatment of an ⁇ alumina impregnated with CsF, at a temperature comprised between 100 and 200 ° C at atmospheric pressure, said catalyst comprising between 0.1 and 10 millimole of cesium fluoride (CsF) per gram of catalyst.
- ⁇ alumina is meant, within the meaning of the present description, an alumina which is stable at a temperature above 1000 ° C., in contrast to a ⁇ alumina, unstable at a temperature of 1000 ° C or more.
- An ⁇ alumina generally contains a large proportion of crystalline phase, which can be demonstrated by diffraction of the material by X-rays, the diffraction diagram then having characteristic diffraction peaks.
- an ⁇ alumina is essentially constituted by alumina Al 2 0 3 , substantially free of hydroxyl groups.
- an ⁇ alumina useful within the meaning of the invention may advantageously be an alumina comprising at least 98% by mass, more preferably at least 99% and even more advantageously 99.9% by mass of alumina Al 2 0 3 , this alumina advantageously being free of water and hydroxyl groups.
- ⁇ alumina which is particularly suitable as a support for CsF species in a solid basic catalyst according to the invention, mention may especially be made of ⁇ alumina sold under the name of SPH 512 by the company Rhodia.
- a catalyst according to the invention preferably comprises between 0.5 and 5 mmol (millimole) of cesium fluoride per gram of catalyst.
- this cesium fluoride content is between 0.8 and 2 mmol per gram, and it is for example of the order of 1 mmol per gram.
- a solid basic catalyst according to the present invention advantageously comprises between 0.01 g and 1 g of cesium per gram of ⁇ alumina support. It is generally preferable that this cesium content in the catalyst is at least 0.05 g per gram of ⁇ alumina support, and more advantageously still at least 0.1 g per gram of ⁇ alumina support.
- this content it is not necessary for this content to be greater than 0.5 g per gram of ⁇ alumina support, and it can thus be, for example, between 0.08 and 0.3 g per gram of ⁇ alumina support, this content typically being of the order of 0.01 to 0.15 g, in particular between 0.1 and 0.15 g, and for example around 0.15 g of cesium per gram of alumina support ⁇ .
- this content typically being of the order of 0.01 to 0.15 g, in particular between 0.1 and 0.15 g, and for example around 0.15 g of cesium per gram of alumina support ⁇ .
- the porosity is as high as possible.
- the catalyst has a specific surface of at least 1 m 2 / g, preferably greater than 2 m 2 / g, and even more advantageously greater than or equal to 5 m 2 / g.
- the specific surface of a catalyst according to the invention is most often between 1 and 50 m 2 per gram, advantageously between 2 and 40 m 2 per gram, this specific surface typically being between 5 and 20 m 2 / g, for example, of the order of 10 m / g.
- a solid basic catalyst comprising cesium fluoride CsF supported on ⁇ alumina, as defined above, proves to be particularly effective for carrying out the heterogeneous basic catalysis of chemical reactions.
- the catalyst it is however necessary that at the time of its use, the catalyst be substantially free of water, absorbed or adsorbed.
- the work of the inventors has made it possible to establish that the presence of water, in particular adsorbed, on the catalyst, induces poisoning of the basic catalytic sites of the material, which are generally very few on the catalyst.
- the inventors have thus demonstrated that, most often, in a catalyst according to the invention, there exist on the order of 30 ⁇ mol of catalytic sites per gram of catalyst.
- the catalyst During its storage, which can be carried out in the open air, the catalyst generally has a relatively large content of water, in particular water in adsorbed form, which it is necessary to eliminate when it is desired to use the catalyst for perform the basic catalysis of a chemical reaction.
- activated catalyst or "catalyst in its activated form” will be used to denote a catalyst where basic catalysis sites are accessible, the catalyst being substantially free of water, as opposed to "catalyst in its activatable form", designating a catalyst where the basic catalysis sites are poisoned by adsorbed water.
- the present invention relates both to the catalyst in its activated form (form in which the catalyst is used) and to the catalyst in its activatable form (form in which the catalyst is generally stored).
- the present invention also relates to the process for the preparation of solid basic catalysts based on cesium fluoride CsF supported on ⁇ alumina as defined above.
- a catalyst according to the invention can be obtained by a process comprising a step (A) consisting in depositing cesium fluoride CsF on an ⁇ alumina, followed by a step (B) consisting in eliminating the adsorbed water present in the CsF-based solid deposited on the ⁇ alumina support as obtained at the end of step (A).
- step (A) of the process of the invention comprises the steps consisting in: dispersing ⁇ alumina particles (preferably having a specific surface of between 2 and 50 m 2 / g.
- this aqueous solution of CsF generally containing between 0.1 and 2 mmol of cesium fluoride per gram of ⁇ alumina particles introduced, then - eliminate the water present in the medium advantageously under vacuum, for example under vacuum of a water pump by evaporation (at a temperature generally between 40 and 80 ° C, under vacuum) and / or drying (typically at a temperature between 90 and 1 10 ° C, under vacuum).
- step (A) makes it possible to obtain a solid comprising cesium fluoride deposited on ⁇ alumina which contains water in adsorbed form (activatable form of the catalyst). Removal of this adsorbed water is necessary to free the active basic catalytic sites from the catalyst.
- Step (B) of the process allows the preparation of the activated form of a solid basic catalyst based on cesium fluoride CsF supported on ⁇ alumina as defined above.
- This step (B), called “activation” of the catalyst consists in eliminating the adsorbed water present in the solid based on CsF deposited on the support of ⁇ alumina as obtained at the end of the step (A), so as to release the basic catalytic sites involved in heterogeneous catalysis. It is generally carried out by heat treating the solid at a temperature sufficient to remove the adsorbed water.
- step (B) consists of heat treating the solid resulting from step (A) at a temperature between 100 and 200 ° C at atmospheric pressure, this temperature possibly being lower if step ( B) is driven under vacuum.
- the temperature required to remove the water adsorbed in the solid can vary to some extent depending on the nature of the ⁇ alumina and the amount of cesium fluoride used. It is however very easy to establish for a given solid catalyst obtained at the end of step (A) the temperature necessary for carrying out a desorption of water. This desorption temperature can be established by a thermal analysis, in particular of the DTG type (differential thermogravimetry), by analyzing the gases produced when the temperature of the environment of the catalyst is increased, for example by an analytical system of coupling type.
- DTG type differential thermogravimetry
- step (A) gas chromatography / mass spectrometry.
- the temperature in question is the threshold temperature above which the desorption of the water contained in the catalyst can be carried out.
- a desorption of the water contained in the catalyst can be obtained by treating the catalyst at a temperature of
- step (B) advantageously consists in treating the solid resulting from step (A) at a temperature between 100 and 150 ° C, typically a temperature of 110 to 140 ° C. thus, in most cases, a temperature of the order of 120 ° C proves to be particularly well suited. It is within the competence of a person skilled in the art to adapt the duration of the treatment of said temperature in order to desorb the water present in the catalyst as completely as possible.
- the particularly low activation temperature of the catalysts of the invention constitutes a major advantage of the catalyst of the invention by compared to catalysts of the state of the art.
- most of the known basic catalysts require activation of their catalytic site before their use at a temperature well above 400 ° C., typically between 500 and 600 ° C. This is in particular the case of a supported catalyst.
- potassium fluoride type deposited on a ⁇ alumina type support.
- This particularly high activation temperature is essentially due to the fact that, prior to their implementation, the catalysts of the state of the art require for the most part decarbonation of their active species, which implies temperatures of the order at least 500 ° C. Indeed, for the most part, the catalysts of the prior art are sensitive to carbonation in air. Surprisingly, the catalytic properties of the catalyst of the present invention are not affected by the phenomenon of carbonation in the open air.
- the catalyst of the invention in its activated form, in particular when it is prepared according to the process as defined above, proves to be particularly useful for carrying out the basic catalysis of various chemical reactions such as in particular the saponification reactions , epoxidation, aldolization, ketolization, Knoevenagel condensations. More specifically, the catalyst of the present invention, in its activated form, proves to be particularly advantageous for catalyzing a carbonate transesterification reaction or for carrying out Micha ⁇ l addition reactions.
- the present invention relates to the use of catalysts of the CsF type supported on ⁇ alumina as defined above, in particular in their activated form, for carrying out the basic catalysis of the carbonate transesterification reaction by alcohols.
- transesterification of carbonates with alcohols is meant a reaction corresponding to the following balance equation (I): R 1 -0-COOR 2 + R 3 OH ⁇ R 3 -0-COOR 2 + R 1 OH (I)
- - R 1 and R 2 represent identical or different alkyl groups, advantageously identical, generally comprising from 2 to 18 carbon atoms and, for example, from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, R 1 and R 2 being typically methyl, ethyl, butyl or propyl groups, preferably identical; and - R 3 represents an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group optionally comprising one or more rings or heterocycles and optionally comprising one or more heteroatoms, in particular oxygen or sulfur atoms, said group generally comprising from 2 to 40 carbon atoms , and typically from 3 to 18 carbon atoms.
- the group R 3 can also comprise an OH group, in which case the compound R 3 OH is a diol.
- the subject of the invention is transesterification reactions corresponding to the balance equation (I), in which the compound R 1 -0-COOR 2 is diethylcarbonate in which R 1 and R 2 each represent a group - C 2 H 5 .
- the use of the catalyst of the present invention to catalyze such transesterification reactions leads to quantitative yields with reaction rates much higher than those obtained with the basic catalysts known from the prior art.
- the catalyst of the present invention exhibits an increased catalytic activity compared to catalysts of the potassium fluoride type deposited on ⁇ alumina, in particular in terms of reaction rate.
- the work carried out by the inventors has also made it possible to establish that the catalyst of the invention has a very high turnover (namely a number of catalytic cycles per metal center), generally at least 50 mole per mole of cesium present in the catalyst, this turnover being generally greater than 60 moles per mole of cesium.
- the catalyst of the present invention makes it possible to carry out the reaction (I) by overcoming the presence of solvent, and this very particularly when the starting carbonate R 1 -0-COOR 2 is the diethylcarbonate.
- the use of the catalyst of the present invention allows above all, compared to the catalysts known from the prior art, to drastically increase the speed of the reaction, and thus makes it possible to obtain reaction times much lower than those obtained for the best basic catalysts currently proposed for the catalysis of the transesterification reaction of carbonates such as diethylcarbonate, by different alcohols or diols.
- the reaction times obtained by using the catalyst of the invention are surprisingly short compared to the reaction times generally required using the solid basic catalysts of the prior art.
- the subject of the present invention is the use of a catalyst according to the present invention, in particular in its activated form, for catalyzing a Michael addition reaction.
- the invention relates more particularly to the use of the catalyst according to the invention, for carrying out a Michael addition of a cyclohexene-1 -one on nitroalkanes such as nitroethane.
- Micha ⁇ l's reaction consists, in the general case, of a condensation of an acceptor and a donor, and in most cases, the heterogeneous basic catalysis of this reaction involves the implementation of an excess of one of the two compounds to obtain a quantitative yield.
- the implementation of the catalyst according to the invention makes it possible to carry out the condensation with an equimolar mixture of reactants, and with a very high yield, which makes it possible to avoid an additional step of separation and recycling of unreacted reagents, which results in particular in a reduction of the costs of the process.
- the catalyst of the present invention allows the reaction to be carried out at a moderate temperature, namely at a temperature below 100 ° C. , and generally less than 80 ° C, or even 60 ° C, this temperature being typically of the order of 50 ° C.
- the use of the catalyst of the invention in Micha ⁇ l's reaction makes it possible to obtain a reaction speed particularly high compared to the reaction rates observed with the basic catalysts proposed for carrying out the Micha ⁇ l reaction in the prior art.
- This surprisingly high reaction rate is particularly surprising in view of the results generally obtained for the other basic catalysts currently known.
- the basic catalyst of the invention can also be advantageously used to catalyze particular reactions in which other basic catalysts prove to be ineffective or very ineffective.
- the catalyst of the invention proves to be particularly advantageous for catalyzing Darzins or Claisen reactions.
- the use of a catalyst according to the invention to catalyze reactions of this type constitutes another particular object of the present invention.
- the catalyst of the invention is generally used in an amount of 0.01 g to 0.5 g per mmol of reagent in the catalyzed reaction (the “reagent” to which reference is made here denotes alcohol R 3 OH in the case of the transesterification reaction (I) and the acceptor or the donor in the Michael reaction).
- the “reagent” to which reference is made here denotes alcohol R 3 OH in the case of the transesterification reaction (I) and the acceptor or the donor in the Michael reaction.
- the catalyst of the present invention can be used in an amount of 0.05 to 0.15 g per mmol of reagent in the catalyzed reaction and is typically used in an amount of the order of 0.1 g per mmol of reagent in the catalyzed reaction.
- the solid basic catalysts of the present invention have the advantage of being able to be recycled at the end of their use as catalyst.
- the catalyst can nevertheless be recycled, provided that the catalyst is reactivated before being used in a new cycle catalytic, this reactivation being easily implemented by treating the catalyst at its activation temperature, as defined in the context of step B of the process for the preparation of the above catalyst.
- This activation temperature is of the order of 100 to 200 ° C and generally less than 150 ° C (typically of the order of 120 ° C). Treatment at such a temperature can easily be carried out by placing the catalyst in an oven before it is used in a new catalytic cycle.
- a catalyst according to the present invention has many advantages, and in particular: very great ease of preparation, with in particular an easily activated temperature obtained by an oven treatment compatible with equipment generally available in laboratories or fine chemistry workshops; particularly advantageous catalytic properties, resulting in particular in obtaining extremely high reaction rates with quantitative yields, particularly surprising in view of the results generally obtained with the other solid basic catalysts currently known.
- the catalyst of the present invention turns out to be a particularly advantageous heterogeneous catalyst, capable of being a completely advantageous replacement for the solid basic catalysts of the prior art.
- Example 1 Preparation of a catalyst according to the invention.
- a catalyst consisting of cesium fluoride CsF deposited on an ⁇ alumina support was produced under the following conditions.
- the catalyst of Example 1 was used to catalyze the following transesterification reaction: + EtO-COOEt + EtOH
- Example 3 Other transesterification catalyzed by a CsF catalyst supported by ⁇ alumina. Under the conditions of Example 1 (reaction of 2 mmol of alcohol with 33 mmol of diethylcarbonate in the presence of 0.1 g of catalyst under a nitrogen atmosphere, at 130 ° C.), the transesterification of other alcohols than 1-phenylethanol, according to the following global reaction: ROH + EtO-COOEt ⁇ R-COOEt + EtOH where ROH denotes an alcohol other than ethanol. The results obtained with different alcohols are reported in Table 1 below. TABLE 1 Reaction times and yields obtained for the transesterification of diethylcarbonate with alcohols catalyzed by a catalyst according to the invention
- Example 4 Possibility of recycling the catalyst In the protocol of Examples 2 and 3, the filtrate containing the product is recovered on the one hand and the catalyst on the other hand. The catalyst thus recovered from the filter can be used in a new catalytic cycle. To illustrate this possibility, several catalytic cycles were carried out under the conditions of Example 1, recovering the catalyst at the end of each cycle and reusing it as catalyst in one or more subsequent cycle (s) ). The results obtained for different alcohols are reported in Table 2 below. TABLE 2
- Example 6 Comparison of the catalytic properties of CsF / ⁇ -AI 2 O 3 and other basic catalysts.
- the reaction of Example 2 was carried out using different types of catalysts, other than the catalyst. of the invention. The results obtained are reported in Table 4 below, from which it appears that the best catalytic activity observed is obtained with the catalyst according to the invention (yield of 100% and reaction time more than 5 times lower than with the best known catalysts).
- Example 7 Basic Catalysis of a Michael Addition Reaction The catalyst of claim 1 in its activated form was used to catalyze the Michael add reaction of cyclohexan-1-one on nitroethane. The reaction was carried out at 50 ° C. by introducing into the equimolar mixture of nitroethane and 2-cyclohexanone-1-one in a three-necked flask equipped with a condenser. The solvent and the equimolar mixture of substrates were mixed in this three-necked flask, then 0.1 g of the catalyst was introduced (freshly treated at 120 ° C. under the conditions of Example 1).
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Abstract
Description
Catalyseur basique solide à base de CsF supporté sur alumine α Solid basic catalyst based on CsF supported on α alumina
La présente invention concerne un catalyseur basique solide, utile en particulier pour effectuer la catalyse de réactions de chimie fine. II existe en chimie fine de nombreuses réactions qui nécessitent la mise en œuvre de catalyseurs basiques, telles que, par exemple, les réactions de saponification, de transesterification, d'époxydation, d'aldolisation, de cétolisation, ou les réactions de Michaël, de Darzens ou de Claisen. Pour plus de détails à ce sujet, on pourra notamment se reporter à l'ouvrage. Organic Chemistry, reactions, mechanisms and structures" de J.P. March, 3e e édition, Wiley (1985). Dans ces réactions, les catalyseurs basiques les plus couramment employés sont typiquement des bases liquides fortes telles que, par exemple, des solutions d'hydroxyde, d'hydrures ou d'alcools métalliques qui sont utilisées dans le cadre d'une catalyse homogène. Ces catalyseurs homogènes sont certes efficaces, mais ils présentent un inconvénient majeur : leur utilisation au niveau industriel conduit à une production non négligeable d'effluents salins qui, du fait de leur impact sur l'environnement, nécessitent des traitements ultérieurs qui se traduisent notamment en termes d'augmentation du coût d'exploitation. Pour éviter ce problème, on a développé au cours de ces dernières années des catalyseurs basiques solides qui présentent l'avantage de ne pas conduire à la formation de sels. Parmi ces catalyseurs basiques solides proposés dans ce cadre, la plupart comprennent un support solide à la surface duquel sont déposées des espèces basiques, tels que des zéolites microporeuses imprégnées par des solutions alcalines, ou bien encore des supports à base d'alumine imprégnés par des solutions de fluorure de potassium ou de nitrate de potassium. Ces catalyseurs basiques solides se révèlent particulièrement intéressants et efficaces. En effet, outre le fait qu'ils permettent d'éviter la formation de sels décrite précédemment, ils présentent en général l'avantage de réduire voire d'éviter la corrosion des réacteurs en cours de réaction du fait de la localisation de la basicité sur le support solide, ce qui améliore les conditions de sécurité. En outre, en fin de réaction, du fait de leur caractère solide, ils sont facilement séparables des produits, ce qui se traduit par une réduction des coûts d'exploitation du procédé. En outre, les catalyseurs solides hétérogènes de type précité présentent en général des propriétés de catalyse basiques intéressantes, et ils sont utilisables à titre de catalyseurs basiques hétérogènes dans de nombreuses réaction de chimie fine, où ils conduisent le plus souvent à des rendements intéressants. Cela étant, pour présenter une activité catalytique suffisante, la plupart des catalyseurs basiques solides du type précité nécessitent, préalablement à leur mise en œuvre, un traitement thermique à haute température, typiquement à une température de l'ordre d'au moins 500° C, ce qui s'avère peu compatible avec les équipements usuellement disponibles dans des ateliers de chimie fine. A contrario, les catalyseurs basiques solides qui ne nécessitent pas une telle activation thermique à haute température présentent quant à eux, en règle générale, une activité catalytique plus réduite.The present invention relates to a solid basic catalyst, useful in particular for carrying out the catalysis of fine chemical reactions. There are many reactions in fine chemistry which require the use of basic catalysts, such as, for example, saponification, transesterification, epoxidation, aldolization, ketolization reactions, or Michaël reactions, Darzens or de Claisen. For more details on this subject, reference may in particular be made to the work. Organic Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanisms and structures "JP March, 3 ee Edition, Wiley (1985). In these reactions, the most commonly used basic catalysts are typically strong bases such as liquids, for example, hydroxide solutions , hydrides or metallic alcohols which are used within the framework of a homogeneous catalysis These homogeneous catalysts are certainly effective, but they have a major drawback: their use at industrial level leads to a non-negligible production of saline effluents which, because of their impact on the environment, require subsequent treatments which are reflected in particular in terms of increased operating costs. To avoid this problem, solid basic catalysts have been developed in recent years which have the advantage of not leading to the formation of salts. Among these solid basic catalysts proposed in this context, most include t a solid support on the surface of which are deposited basic species, such as microporous zeolites impregnated with alkaline solutions, or alternatively supports based on alumina impregnated with solutions of potassium fluoride or potassium nitrate. These solid basic catalysts prove to be particularly interesting and effective. In fact, in addition to the fact that they make it possible to avoid the formation of salts described above, they generally have the advantage of reducing or even avoiding corrosion of the reactors during the reaction due to the location of the basicity on solid support, which improves security conditions. In in addition, at the end of the reaction, because of their solid nature, they are easily separable from the products, which results in a reduction in the operating costs of the process. In addition, heterogeneous solid catalysts of the aforementioned type generally have advantageous basic catalysis properties, and they can be used as heterogeneous basic catalysts in many fine chemistry reactions, where they most often lead to advantageous yields. However, in order to have sufficient catalytic activity, most solid basic catalysts of the aforementioned type require, prior to their implementation, a heat treatment at high temperature, typically at a temperature of the order of at least 500 ° C. , which is not very compatible with the equipment usually available in fine chemistry workshops. Conversely, the solid basic catalysts which do not require such thermal activation at high temperature have, as a general rule, a more reduced catalytic activity.
La présente invention vise à fournir des catalyseurs solides utiles pour la catalyse basique hétérogène d'une réaction de chimie fine qui ne nécessitent pas une étape d'activation à une température de l'ordre de 500° C préalablement à son utilisation, et qui présentent néanmoins une activité catalytique au moins similaire, voire supérieure, à celle des catalyseurs basiques solides actuellement connus. A cet effet, la présente invention a pour objet un catalyseur basique solide comprenant du fluorure de césium CsF supporté sur de l'alumine α, susceptible d'être obtenu par traitement thermique d'une alumine α imprégnée par du CsF, à une température comprise entre 100 et 200° C sous pression atmosphérique, ledit catalyseur comprenant entre 0,1 et 10 millimole de fluorure de césium (CsF) par gramme de catalyseur. Par "alumine α" on entend, au sens de la présente description une alumine stable à une température supérieure à 1000° C, par opposition à une alumine γ, instable à une température de 1000° C ou plus. Une alumine α contient en général une proportion importante de phase cristalline, qui peut être mise en évidence par diffraction du matériau par des rayons X, le diagramme de diffraction présentant alors des pics de diffraction caractéristiques. En règle générale, une alumine α est essentiellement constituée par de l'alumine Al203, sensiblement exempte de groupements hydroxylés. Ainsi, par exemple, une alumine α utile au sens de l'invention peut avantageusement être une alumine comprenant au moins 98% en masse, plus préférentiellement au moins 99% et encore plus avantageusement 99,9% en masse d'alumine Al203, cette alumine étant avantageusement exempte d'eau et de groupements hydroxylés. A titre d'exemple d'alumine α particulièrement adaptée à titre de support des espèces CsF dans un catalyseur basique solide selon l'invention, on peut notamment citer l'alumine α commercialisée sous le nom de SPH 512 par la société Rhodia. Un catalyseur selon l'invention comprend préférentiellement entre 0,5 et 5 mmol (millimole) de fluorure de césium par gramme de catalyseur. Typiquement, cette teneur en fluorure de césium est comprise entre 0,8 et 2 mmol par gramme, et elle est par exemple de l'ordre de 1 mmol par gramme. Par ailleurs, un catalyseur basique solide selon la présente invention comprend avantageusement entre 0,01 g et 1 g de césium par gramme de support alumine α. Il est généralement préférable que cette teneur en césium dans le catalyseur soit d'au moins 0,05 g par gramme de support alumine α, et plus avantageusement encore d'au moins 0,1 g par gramme de support alumine α. En règle générale, il n'est cependant pas nécessaire que cette teneur soit supérieure à 0,5 g par gramme de support alumine α, et elle peut ainsi être, par exemple, comprise entre 0,08 et 0,3 g par gramme de support alumine α, cette teneur étant typiquement de l'ordre de 0,01 à 0,15 g, notamment entre 0,1 et 0,15 g, et par exemple aux alentours de 0,15 g de césium par gramme de support alumine α. Notamment de façon à permettre une diffusion efficace des espèces chimiques à la surface du catalyseur, il est en général souhaitable que, dans un catalyseur solide basique selon l'invention, la porosité soit la plus importante possible. A cet effet, on préfère en général que le catalyseur possède une surface spécifique d'au moins 1 m2/g , de préférence supérieure à 2 m2/g, et encore plus avantageusement supérieure ou égale à 5 m2/g. Dans le cas général, la surface spécifique d'un catalyseur selon l'invention est le plus souvent comprise entre 1 et 50 m2 par gramme, avantageusement entre 2 et 40 m2 par gramme, cette surface spécifique étant typiquement comprise entre 5 et 20 m2/g, par exemple, de l'ordre de 10 m /g.The present invention aims to provide solid catalysts useful for the heterogeneous basic catalysis of a fine chemistry reaction which do not require an activation step at a temperature of the order of 500 ° C prior to its use, and which have nevertheless, a catalytic activity at least similar to, or even greater than, that of the solid basic catalysts currently known. To this end, the subject of the present invention is a solid basic catalyst comprising cesium fluoride CsF supported on α alumina, capable of being obtained by heat treatment of an α alumina impregnated with CsF, at a temperature comprised between 100 and 200 ° C at atmospheric pressure, said catalyst comprising between 0.1 and 10 millimole of cesium fluoride (CsF) per gram of catalyst. By "α alumina" is meant, within the meaning of the present description, an alumina which is stable at a temperature above 1000 ° C., in contrast to a γ alumina, unstable at a temperature of 1000 ° C or more. An α alumina generally contains a large proportion of crystalline phase, which can be demonstrated by diffraction of the material by X-rays, the diffraction diagram then having characteristic diffraction peaks. As a general rule, an α alumina is essentially constituted by alumina Al 2 0 3 , substantially free of hydroxyl groups. Thus, for example, an α alumina useful within the meaning of the invention may advantageously be an alumina comprising at least 98% by mass, more preferably at least 99% and even more advantageously 99.9% by mass of alumina Al 2 0 3 , this alumina advantageously being free of water and hydroxyl groups. By way of example of α alumina which is particularly suitable as a support for CsF species in a solid basic catalyst according to the invention, mention may especially be made of α alumina sold under the name of SPH 512 by the company Rhodia. A catalyst according to the invention preferably comprises between 0.5 and 5 mmol (millimole) of cesium fluoride per gram of catalyst. Typically, this cesium fluoride content is between 0.8 and 2 mmol per gram, and it is for example of the order of 1 mmol per gram. Furthermore, a solid basic catalyst according to the present invention advantageously comprises between 0.01 g and 1 g of cesium per gram of α alumina support. It is generally preferable that this cesium content in the catalyst is at least 0.05 g per gram of α alumina support, and more advantageously still at least 0.1 g per gram of α alumina support. In general, however, it is not necessary for this content to be greater than 0.5 g per gram of α alumina support, and it can thus be, for example, between 0.08 and 0.3 g per gram of α alumina support, this content typically being of the order of 0.01 to 0.15 g, in particular between 0.1 and 0.15 g, and for example around 0.15 g of cesium per gram of alumina support α. In particular so as to allow efficient diffusion of the chemical species on the surface of the catalyst, it is generally desirable that, in a basic solid catalyst according to the invention, the porosity is as high as possible. For this purpose, it is generally preferred that the catalyst has a specific surface of at least 1 m 2 / g, preferably greater than 2 m 2 / g, and even more advantageously greater than or equal to 5 m 2 / g. In the general case, the specific surface of a catalyst according to the invention is most often between 1 and 50 m 2 per gram, advantageously between 2 and 40 m 2 per gram, this specific surface typically being between 5 and 20 m 2 / g, for example, of the order of 10 m / g.
Un catalyseur basique solide comprenant du fluorure de césium CsF supporté sur de l'alumine α, tel que défini ci-dessus, s'avère particulièrement efficace pour réaliser la catalyse basique hétérogène de réactions chimiques. Dans ce cadre, il est toutefois nécessaire qu'au moment de son utilisation, le catalyseur soit sensiblement exempt d'eau, absorbée ou adsorbée. En effet, les travaux des inventeurs ont permis d'établir que la présence d'eau, notamment adsorbée, sur le catalyseur, induit un empoisonnement des sites catalytiques basiques du matériau, qui sont en général très peu nombreux sur le catalyseur. Les inventeurs ont ainsi mis en évidence que, le plus souvent, dans un catalyseur selon l'invention, il existe de l'ordre de 30 μmol de sites catalytiques par gramme de catalyseur. Lors de son stockage, qui peut être réalisé à l'air libre, le catalyseur présente en général une teneur relativement importante en eau, notamment en eau sous forme adsorbée, qu'il est nécessaire d'éliminer lorsqu'on souhaite utiliser le catalyseur pour effectuer la catalyse basique d'une réaction chimique. Dans la suite de la présente description, on utilisera le terme de "catalyseur activé" ou "catalyseur sous sa forme activée" pour désigner un catalyseur où des sites de catalyse basique sont accessibles, le catalyseur étant sensiblement exempt d'eau, par opposition au "catalyseur sous sa forme activable", désignant un catalyseur où les sites de catalyse basique sont empoisonnés par de l'eau adsorbée. La présente invention vise aussi bien le catalyseur sous sa forme activé (forme sous laquelle le catalyseur est utilisé) que le catalyseur sous sa forme activable (forme sous laquelle le catalyseur est généralement stockée). Selon un aspect particulier, la présente invention a également pour objet le procédé de préparation des catalyseurs basiques solides à base de fluorure de césium CsF supporté sur alumine α tels que définis précédemment. Dans le cas le plus général, un catalyseur selon l'invention peut être obtenu par un procédé comprenant une étape (A) consistant à effectuer le dépôt de fluorure de césium CsF sur une alumine α, suivie par une étape (B) consistant à éliminer l'eau adsorbée présente dans le solide à base de CsF déposé sur le support d'alumine α tel qu'obtenu à l'issue de l'étape (A).A solid basic catalyst comprising cesium fluoride CsF supported on α alumina, as defined above, proves to be particularly effective for carrying out the heterogeneous basic catalysis of chemical reactions. In this context, it is however necessary that at the time of its use, the catalyst be substantially free of water, absorbed or adsorbed. In fact, the work of the inventors has made it possible to establish that the presence of water, in particular adsorbed, on the catalyst, induces poisoning of the basic catalytic sites of the material, which are generally very few on the catalyst. The inventors have thus demonstrated that, most often, in a catalyst according to the invention, there exist on the order of 30 μmol of catalytic sites per gram of catalyst. During its storage, which can be carried out in the open air, the catalyst generally has a relatively large content of water, in particular water in adsorbed form, which it is necessary to eliminate when it is desired to use the catalyst for perform the basic catalysis of a chemical reaction. In the remainder of this description, the term "activated catalyst" or "catalyst in its activated form" will be used to denote a catalyst where basic catalysis sites are accessible, the catalyst being substantially free of water, as opposed to "catalyst in its activatable form", designating a catalyst where the basic catalysis sites are poisoned by adsorbed water. The present invention relates both to the catalyst in its activated form (form in which the catalyst is used) and to the catalyst in its activatable form (form in which the catalyst is generally stored). According to a particular aspect, the present invention also relates to the process for the preparation of solid basic catalysts based on cesium fluoride CsF supported on α alumina as defined above. In the most general case, a catalyst according to the invention can be obtained by a process comprising a step (A) consisting in depositing cesium fluoride CsF on an α alumina, followed by a step (B) consisting in eliminating the adsorbed water present in the CsF-based solid deposited on the α alumina support as obtained at the end of step (A).
Le dépôt du CsF sur l'alumine α est avantageusement effectué par imprégnation de l'alumine α par une solution de CsF, ce qui permet notamment d'obtenir une dispersion optimale et homogène du CsF à la surface du support d'alumine α ; De préférence, l'étape (A) du procédé de l'invention comprend les étapes consistant à : - disperser des particules d'alumine α (présentant de préférence une surface spécifique comprise entre 2 et 50 m2/g. typiquement de l'ordre de 10 m2/g) au sein d'une solution aqueuse de CsF, cette solution aqueuse de CsF contenant en général entre 0,1 et 2 mmol de fluorure de césium par gramme de particules d'alumine α introduites, puis - éliminer l'eau présente dans le milieu avantageusement sous dépression, par exemple sous vide de trompe à eau par évaporation (à une température généralement comprise entre 40 et 80°C, sous dépression) et/ou séchage (typiquement à une température comprise entre 90 et 1 10°C, sous dépression). Ce mode de réalisation particulier permet notamment de contrôler la quantité exacte d'espèces CsF effectivement déposées sur le support d'alumine α (sensiblement toutes les espèces CsF introduites initialement dans la solution aqueuse se retrouvent in fine à la surface de l'alumine). Quelles que soient ses conditions de mise en œuvre, l'étape (A) permet d'obtenir un solide comprenant du fluorure de césium déposé sur de l'alumine α qui contient de l'eau sous forme adsorbée (forme activable du catalyseur). Une élimination de cette eau adsorbée s'avère nécessaire pour libérer les sites catalytiques basiques actifs du catalyseur.The deposition of CsF on the α alumina is advantageously carried out by impregnation of the α alumina with a solution of CsF, which in particular makes it possible to obtain an optimal and homogeneous dispersion of the CsF on the surface of the α alumina support; Preferably, step (A) of the process of the invention comprises the steps consisting in: dispersing α alumina particles (preferably having a specific surface of between 2 and 50 m 2 / g. Typically of the order of 10 m 2 / g) in an aqueous solution of CsF, this aqueous solution of CsF generally containing between 0.1 and 2 mmol of cesium fluoride per gram of α alumina particles introduced, then - eliminate the water present in the medium advantageously under vacuum, for example under vacuum of a water pump by evaporation (at a temperature generally between 40 and 80 ° C, under vacuum) and / or drying (typically at a temperature between 90 and 1 10 ° C, under vacuum). This particular embodiment makes it possible in particular to control the exact amount of CsF species actually deposited on the α alumina support (substantially all of the CsF species initially introduced into the aqueous solution are ultimately found on the surface of the alumina). Whatever its conditions of implementation, step (A) makes it possible to obtain a solid comprising cesium fluoride deposited on α alumina which contains water in adsorbed form (activatable form of the catalyst). Removal of this adsorbed water is necessary to free the active basic catalytic sites from the catalyst.
L'étape (B) du procédé permet la préparation de la forme activée d'un catalyseur basique solide à base de fluorure de césium CsF supporté sur alumine α tel que défini précédemment. Cette étape (B), dite d'«activation» du catalyseur, consiste à éliminer l'eau adsorbée présente dans le solide à base de CsF déposé sur le support d'alumine α tel qu'obtenu à l'issue de l'étape (A), de façon à libérer les sites catalytiques basiques mis en jeu dans la catalyse hétérogène. Elle est généralement effectuée en traitant thermiquement le solide à une température suffisante pour éliminer l'eau adsorbée. Dans la plupart des cas, l'étape (B) consiste à traiter thermiquement le solide issu de l'étape (A) à une température comprise entre 100 et 200°C à pression atmosphérique, cette température pouvant être inférieure si l'étape (B) est conduite sous dépression. La température requise pour éliminer l'eau adsorbée dans le solide peut varier en une certaine mesure en fonction de la nature de l'alumine α et de la quantité de fluorure de césium utilisée. Il est cependant très aisé d'établir pour un catalyseur solide donné obtenu à l'issue de l'étape (A) la température nécessaire pour réaliser une désorption de l'eau. Cette température de désorption peut être établie par une analyse thermique, notamment de type DTG (thermo-gravimétrie différentielle), en analysant les gaz produits lorsqu'on augmente la température de l'environnement du catalyseur, par exemple par un système analytique de type couplage DTG-SM (chromatographie en phase gazeuse/spectrométrie de masse). Lorsqu'on effectue une telle analyse, on observe pour un catalyseur obtenu à l'issue de l'étape (A) une température pour laquelle le catalyseur perd une quantité importante d'eau. La température en question est la température seuil au-delà de laquelle on peut réaliser la désorption de l'eau contenue dans le catalyseur. Dans le cas plus général, une désorption de l'eau contenue dans le catalyseur peut être obtenue en traitant le catalyseur à une température deStep (B) of the process allows the preparation of the activated form of a solid basic catalyst based on cesium fluoride CsF supported on α alumina as defined above. This step (B), called “activation” of the catalyst, consists in eliminating the adsorbed water present in the solid based on CsF deposited on the support of α alumina as obtained at the end of the step (A), so as to release the basic catalytic sites involved in heterogeneous catalysis. It is generally carried out by heat treating the solid at a temperature sufficient to remove the adsorbed water. In most cases, step (B) consists of heat treating the solid resulting from step (A) at a temperature between 100 and 200 ° C at atmospheric pressure, this temperature possibly being lower if step ( B) is driven under vacuum. The temperature required to remove the water adsorbed in the solid can vary to some extent depending on the nature of the α alumina and the amount of cesium fluoride used. It is however very easy to establish for a given solid catalyst obtained at the end of step (A) the temperature necessary for carrying out a desorption of water. This desorption temperature can be established by a thermal analysis, in particular of the DTG type (differential thermogravimetry), by analyzing the gases produced when the temperature of the environment of the catalyst is increased, for example by an analytical system of coupling type. DTG-SM (gas chromatography / mass spectrometry). When carrying out such an analysis, a temperature is observed for a catalyst obtained at the end of step (A) at which the catalyst loses a significant amount of water. The temperature in question is the threshold temperature above which the desorption of the water contained in the catalyst can be carried out. In the more general case, a desorption of the water contained in the catalyst can be obtained by treating the catalyst at a temperature of
200°C, et, le plus souvent, un traitement thermique à une température de 180° C, voire 150° C, est amplement suffisante. Ainsi, typiquement, pour activer un catalyseur selon l'invention, c'est-à-dire pour désorber l'eau qu'il contient, et libérer les sites catalytiques basiques, l'étape (B) consiste avantageusement à traiter le solide issu de l'étape (A) à une température comprise entre 100 et 150° C, typiquement une température de 110 à 140° C. ainsi, dans la plupart des cas, une température de l'ordre de 120°C s'avère particulièrement bien adapté. Il est des compétences de l'homme du métier d'adapter la durée du traitement de ladite température pour désorber le plus complètement possible l'eau présente dans le catalyseur. La température d'activation particulièrement basse des catalyseurs de l'invention, inférieure à 200° C dans le cas le plus général, et typiquement de l'ordre de 100 à 150°C, constitue un avantage majeur du catalyseur de l'invention par rapport aux catalyseurs de l'état de la technique. En effet, la plupart des catalyseurs basiques connus nécessitent avant leur emploi une activation de leur site catalytique à une température largement supérieure à 400° C, typiquement comprise entre 500 et 600° C. Tel est en particulier le cas d'un catalyseur supporté de type fluorure de potassium déposé sur un support de type alumine γ. Cette température d'activation particulièrement importante est essentiellement due au fait que, préalablement à leur mise en œuvre, les catalyseurs de l'état de la technique nécessitent pour la plupart une decarbonatation de leurs espèces actives, ce qui implique des températures de l'ordre d'au moins 500°C. En effet, pour la plupart, les catalyseurs de l'état de la technique sont sensibles à une carbonatation à l'air. De façon surprenante, les propriétés catalytiques du catalyseur de la présente invention ne sont pas affectées par le phénomène de carbonatation à l'air libre. A ce sujet, une analyse du catalyseur de l'invention réalisée par les inventeurs a certes permis de mettre en évidence qu'un tel catalyseur contient des espèces carbonatées telles que CsHC03 et Cs2C03 à côté d'espèces CsF, et qu'il est possible, en traitant thermiquement le matériau à des températures de l'ordre de 400° C, d'éliminer ces espèces carbonatées. Néanmoins, les travaux des inventeurs ont permis d'établir qu'une élimination de ces espèces carbonatées n'induit pas une amélioration des propriétés catalytiques du catalyseur. En d'autres termes, il ressort que, contrairement à ce qui est observé dans la plupart des autres catalyseurs basiques solides, dans un catalyseur selon l'invention, la présence d'espèces carbonatées ne nuit pas aux propriétés catalytiques du matériau.200 ° C, and, more often than not, a heat treatment at a temperature of 180 ° C, even 150 ° C, is more than sufficient. So, typically, to activate a catalyst according to the invention, that is to say to desorb the water which it contains, and to release the basic catalytic sites, step (B) advantageously consists in treating the solid resulting from step (A) at a temperature between 100 and 150 ° C, typically a temperature of 110 to 140 ° C. thus, in most cases, a temperature of the order of 120 ° C proves to be particularly well suited. It is within the competence of a person skilled in the art to adapt the duration of the treatment of said temperature in order to desorb the water present in the catalyst as completely as possible. The particularly low activation temperature of the catalysts of the invention, less than 200 ° C. in the most general case, and typically of the order of 100 to 150 ° C., constitutes a major advantage of the catalyst of the invention by compared to catalysts of the state of the art. In fact, most of the known basic catalysts require activation of their catalytic site before their use at a temperature well above 400 ° C., typically between 500 and 600 ° C. This is in particular the case of a supported catalyst. potassium fluoride type deposited on a γ alumina type support. This particularly high activation temperature is essentially due to the fact that, prior to their implementation, the catalysts of the state of the art require for the most part decarbonation of their active species, which implies temperatures of the order at least 500 ° C. Indeed, for the most part, the catalysts of the prior art are sensitive to carbonation in air. Surprisingly, the catalytic properties of the catalyst of the present invention are not affected by the phenomenon of carbonation in the open air. In this regard, an analysis of the catalyst of the invention carried out by the inventors has certainly made it possible to demonstrate that such a catalyst contains carbonate species such as CsHC0 3 and Cs 2 C0 3 alongside CsF species, and that qu 'It is possible, by heat treating the material at temperatures of the order of 400 ° C, to eliminate these carbonate species. Nevertheless, the work of the inventors has made it possible to establish that an elimination of these carbonate species does not induce an improvement in the catalytic properties of the catalyst. In other words, it appears that, contrary to what is observed in most of the other solid basic catalysts, in a catalyst according to the invention, the presence of carbonate species does not harm the catalytic properties of the material.
Le catalyseur de l'invention, sous sa forme activé, en particulier lorsqu'il est préparé selon le procédé tel que défini précédemment, s'avère particulièrement utile pour réaliser la catalyse basique de réactions chimiques diverses telles qu'en particulier les réactions de saponification, d'époxydation, d'aldolisation, de cétolisation, des condensations de Knoevenagel. De façon plus spécifique, le catalyseur de la présente invention, sous sa forme activé, s'avère particulièrement avantageux pour catalyser une réaction de transesterification de carbonate ou pour réaliser des réactions d'addition de Michaël. Dans ce cadre, selon un aspect particulier, la présente invention concerne l'utilisation des catalyseurs de type CsF supporté sur alumine α tels que définis précédemment, en particulier sous leur forme activée, pour réaliser la catalyse basique de réaction de transesterification de carbonates par des alcools. Par transesterification de carbonates par des alcools, on entend une réaction répondant à l'équation-bilan (I) suivante : R1-0-COOR2 + R3OH → R3-0-COOR2 + R1OH (I)The catalyst of the invention, in its activated form, in particular when it is prepared according to the process as defined above, proves to be particularly useful for carrying out the basic catalysis of various chemical reactions such as in particular the saponification reactions , epoxidation, aldolization, ketolization, Knoevenagel condensations. More specifically, the catalyst of the present invention, in its activated form, proves to be particularly advantageous for catalyzing a carbonate transesterification reaction or for carrying out Michaël addition reactions. In this context, according to a particular aspect, the present invention relates to the use of catalysts of the CsF type supported on α alumina as defined above, in particular in their activated form, for carrying out the basic catalysis of the carbonate transesterification reaction by alcohols. By transesterification of carbonates with alcohols is meant a reaction corresponding to the following balance equation (I): R 1 -0-COOR 2 + R 3 OH → R 3 -0-COOR 2 + R 1 OH (I)
dans laquelle : - R1 et R2 , représentent des groupes alkyle identiques ou différents, avantageusement identiques, comprenant en général de 2 à 18 atomes de carbone et, par exemple, de 2 à 8 atomes de carbone, R1 et R2 étant typiquement des groupements méthyle, éthyle, butyle ou propyle, de préférence identiques ; et - R3 représente un groupement hydrocarboné aliphatique ou aromatique comprenant éventuellement un ou plusieurs cycles ou hétérocycles et comprenant éventuellement un ou plusieurs hétéroatomes, en particulier des atomes d'oxygène ou de soufre, ledit groupement comprenant en général de 2 à 40 atomes de carbone, et typiquement de 3 à 18 atomes de carbone. Selon un mode de réalisation particulier, le groupement R3 peut également comprendre un groupement OH, auquel cas le composé R3OH est un diol.in which: - R 1 and R 2 , represent identical or different alkyl groups, advantageously identical, generally comprising from 2 to 18 carbon atoms and, for example, from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, R 1 and R 2 being typically methyl, ethyl, butyl or propyl groups, preferably identical; and - R 3 represents an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group optionally comprising one or more rings or heterocycles and optionally comprising one or more heteroatoms, in particular oxygen or sulfur atoms, said group generally comprising from 2 to 40 carbon atoms , and typically from 3 to 18 carbon atoms. According to a particular embodiment, the group R 3 can also comprise an OH group, in which case the compound R 3 OH is a diol.
En particulier, l'invention a pour objet des réactions de transesterification répondant à l'équation-bilan (I), dans lesquelles le composé R1-0-COOR2 est le diéthylcarbonate dans lequel R1 et R2 représentent chacun un groupement -C2H5. L'utilisation du catalyseur de la présente invention pour catalyser de telles réactions de transesterification conduit à des rendements quantitatifs avec des vitesses de réaction bien supérieure à celles obtenues avec les catalyseurs basiques connus de l'état de la technique. En particulier, le catalyseur de la présente invention présente une activité catalytique accrue par rapport à des catalyseurs de type fluorure de potassium déposé sur alumine α, en particulier en termes de vitesse de réaction. Dans ce cadre, les travaux réalisés par les inventeurs ont en outre permis d'établir que le catalyseur de l'invention présente un turnover (à savoir un nombre de cycles catalytiques par centre métallique) très élevé, généralement d'au moins 50 mole par mole de césium présente dans le catalyseur, ce turnover étant généralement supérieur à 60 mole par mole de césium. En outre, il s'avère que le catalyseur de la présente invention permet de réaliser la réaction (I) en s'affranchissant de la présence de solvant, et ce tout particulièrement lorsque le carbonate de départ R1-0-COOR2 est le diéthylcarbonate. En effet, lorsqu'on utilise un catalyseur de type fluorure de césium supporté sur alumine α pour catalyser la réaction (I), le carbonate R1-0-COOR2 peut être utilisé en excès stoechiométrique, ce composé assurant alors lui-même le rôle de solvant. Cette possibilité de s'affranchir de la présence d'un solvant, constitue un avantage certain par rapport à la plupart des catalyseurs basiques utilisés dans l'état de la technique qui nécessitent l'utilisation de solvants ou co-solvants non compatibles avec les exigences actuelles en termes de protection de l'environnement. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation du catalyseur de la présente invention permet surtout, par rapport aux catalyseurs connus de l'état de la technique, d'augmenter de façon drastique la vitesse de la réaction, et permet ainsi d'obtenir des temps de réaction bien inférieurs à ceux obtenus pour les meilleurs catalyseurs basiques actuellement proposés pour la catalyse de la réaction de transesterification de carbonates tels que le diéthylcarbonate, par différents alcools ou diols. Dans ce cadre, les temps de réaction obtenus par mise en œuvre du catalyseur de l'invention sont étonnamment faibles par rapport aux temps de réaction généralement requis en utilisant les catalyseurs basiques solides de l'état de la technique.In particular, the subject of the invention is transesterification reactions corresponding to the balance equation (I), in which the compound R 1 -0-COOR 2 is diethylcarbonate in which R 1 and R 2 each represent a group - C 2 H 5 . The use of the catalyst of the present invention to catalyze such transesterification reactions leads to quantitative yields with reaction rates much higher than those obtained with the basic catalysts known from the prior art. In particular, the catalyst of the present invention exhibits an increased catalytic activity compared to catalysts of the potassium fluoride type deposited on α alumina, in particular in terms of reaction rate. In this context, the work carried out by the inventors has also made it possible to establish that the catalyst of the invention has a very high turnover (namely a number of catalytic cycles per metal center), generally at least 50 mole per mole of cesium present in the catalyst, this turnover being generally greater than 60 moles per mole of cesium. In addition, it turns out that the catalyst of the present invention makes it possible to carry out the reaction (I) by overcoming the presence of solvent, and this very particularly when the starting carbonate R 1 -0-COOR 2 is the diethylcarbonate. In fact, when a catalyst of the cesium fluoride type supported on α alumina is used to catalyze reaction (I), the carbonate R 1 -0-COOR 2 can be used in stoichiometric excess, this compound then itself ensuring role of solvent. This possibility of dispensing with the presence of a solvent constitutes a definite advantage compared to most of the basic catalysts used in the prior art which require the use of solvents or co-solvents which are not compatible with the requirements. in terms of environmental protection. Furthermore, the use of the catalyst of the present invention allows above all, compared to the catalysts known from the prior art, to drastically increase the speed of the reaction, and thus makes it possible to obtain reaction times much lower than those obtained for the best basic catalysts currently proposed for the catalysis of the transesterification reaction of carbonates such as diethylcarbonate, by different alcohols or diols. In this context, the reaction times obtained by using the catalyst of the invention are surprisingly short compared to the reaction times generally required using the solid basic catalysts of the prior art.
Selon un autre aspect particulier, la présente invention a pour objet l'utilisation d'un catalyseur selon la présente invention, en particulier sous sa forme activée, pour catalyser une réaction d'addition de Michaël. Dans ce cadre, l'invention concerne plus particulièrement l'utilisation du catalyseur selon l'invention, pour réaliser une addition de Michaël d'une cyclohexene-1 -one sur des nitroalcanes tels que le nitroéthane. La réaction de Michaël consiste, dans le cas général, en une condensation d'un accepteur et d'un un donneur, et dans la plupart des cas, la catalyse basique hétérogène de cette réaction implique la mise en œuvre d'un excès d'un des deux composés pour obtenir un rendement quantitatif. Or, contre toute attente, la mise en œuvre du catalyseur selon l'invention permet de réaliser la condensation avec un mélange équimolaire de réactifs, et avec un rendement très élevé, ce qui permet d'éviter une étape supplémentaire de séparation et de recyclage de réactifs qui n'ont pas réagi, ce qui se traduit notamment par une diminution des coûts du procédé. De plus, par rapport aux catalyseurs basiques proposés dans l'état de la technique pour effectuer la réaction de Michaël, le catalyseur de la présente invention permet d'effectuer la réaction à une température modérée, à savoir à une température inférieure à 100° C, et généralement inférieure à 80° C, voire à 60° C, cette température étant typiquement de l'ordre de 50° C. De plus, comme dans le cas de la réaction de transesterification de carbonate décrite précédemment, l'utilisation du catalyseur de l'invention dans la réaction de Michaël permet d'obtenir une vitesse de réaction particulièrement élevée par rapport aux vitesses de réaction observées avec les catalyseurs basiques proposés pour effectuer la réaction de Michaël dans l'état de la technique. Cette vitesse de réaction étonnamment élevée est particulièrement surprenante au vu des résultats généralement obtenus pour les autres catalyseurs basiques actuellement connus. Le catalyseur basique de l'invention peut être en outre avantageusement utilisé pour catalyser des réactions particulières dans lesquelles d'autres catalyseurs basiques s'avèrent inopérants ou très peu efficaces. Dans ce cadre, le catalyseur de l'invention s'avère en particulier intéressant pour catalyser des réactions de Darzins ou de Claisen. L'utilisation de catalyseur selon l'invention pour catalyser des réactions de ce type constitue un autre objet particulier de la présente invention. Quelle que soit son utilisation, le catalyseur de l'invention est généralement utilisé à raison de 0,01 g à 0,5 g par mmol de réactif dans la réaction catalysée (le « réactif » auquel il est fait référence ici désigne l'alcool R3OH dans le cas de la réaction de transesterification (I) et l'accepteur ou le donneur dans la réaction de Michaël). En général, il n'est pas nécessaire de mettre en œuvre plus de 0,4 g de catalyseur, voire plus de 0,3 g de catalyseur par mmol de substrat mis en œuvre dans la réaction. Ainsi, typiquement, le catalyseur de la présente invention peut être utilisé à raison de 0,05 à 0,15 g par mmol de réactif dans la réaction catalysée et est typiquement utilisé en une quantité de l'ordre de 0,1 g par mmol de réactif dans la réaction catalysée. Par ailleurs, il est en général nécessaire, notamment pour éviter l'empoisonnement du catalyseur par l'eau atmosphérique, de conduire les réactions catalysées par le catalyseur de l'invention sous une atmosphère de gaz sec, de préférence sous une atmosphère de gaz inerte tel que l'azote ou l'argon. Quelle que soit la réaction dans laquelle ils sont mis en œuvre, les catalyseurs basiques solides de la présente invention présentent l'intérêt de pouvoir être recyclés à l'issue de leur mise en œuvre à titre de catalyseur. A ce sujet, les travaux des inventeurs ont permis de mettre en évidence que, contrairement à d'autres catalyseurs imprégnés connus de l'état de la technique, les catalyseurs de type CsF supporté sur alumine α ne conduisent pas à une perte progressive des espèces CsF supportées vers le milieu réactionnel au cours du temps. Cette propriété du catalyseur permet en outre de ne pas conduire à une pollution du milieu réactionnel. Le seul obstacle mineur pouvant se présenter dans le cadre du recyclage du catalyseur basique de la présente invention, est la présence de traces d'eau dans certains milieux réactionnels. En effet, ces traces d'eau sont susceptibles d'induire une pollution des sites catalytiques basiques du catalyseur de l'invention. Dans le cas où le milieu réactionnel mis en œuvre contient des traces d'eau en une quantité suffisante pour empoisonner totalement le catalyseur, le catalyseur peut néanmoins être recyclé, sous réserve d'une réactivation du catalyseur avant la mise en œuvre dans un nouveau cycle catalytique, cette réactivation étant aisément mise en œuvre en traitant le catalyseur à sa température d'activation, telle que défini dans le cadre de l'étape B du procédé de préparation du catalyseur ci-dessus. Cette température d'activation est de l'ordre de 100 à 200° C et généralement inférieure à 150° C (typiquement de l'ordre de 120° C). Un traitement à une telle température peut facilement être effectué en plaçant le catalyseur en étuve préalablement à sa mise en œuvre dans un nouveau cycle catalytique.According to another particular aspect, the subject of the present invention is the use of a catalyst according to the present invention, in particular in its activated form, for catalyzing a Michael addition reaction. In this context, the invention relates more particularly to the use of the catalyst according to the invention, for carrying out a Michael addition of a cyclohexene-1 -one on nitroalkanes such as nitroethane. Michaël's reaction consists, in the general case, of a condensation of an acceptor and a donor, and in most cases, the heterogeneous basic catalysis of this reaction involves the implementation of an excess of one of the two compounds to obtain a quantitative yield. However, against all expectations, the implementation of the catalyst according to the invention makes it possible to carry out the condensation with an equimolar mixture of reactants, and with a very high yield, which makes it possible to avoid an additional step of separation and recycling of unreacted reagents, which results in particular in a reduction of the costs of the process. In addition, compared to the basic catalysts proposed in the prior art for carrying out the Michael reaction, the catalyst of the present invention allows the reaction to be carried out at a moderate temperature, namely at a temperature below 100 ° C. , and generally less than 80 ° C, or even 60 ° C, this temperature being typically of the order of 50 ° C. In addition, as in the case of the carbonate transesterification reaction described above, the use of the catalyst of the invention in Michaël's reaction makes it possible to obtain a reaction speed particularly high compared to the reaction rates observed with the basic catalysts proposed for carrying out the Michaël reaction in the prior art. This surprisingly high reaction rate is particularly surprising in view of the results generally obtained for the other basic catalysts currently known. The basic catalyst of the invention can also be advantageously used to catalyze particular reactions in which other basic catalysts prove to be ineffective or very ineffective. In this context, the catalyst of the invention proves to be particularly advantageous for catalyzing Darzins or Claisen reactions. The use of a catalyst according to the invention to catalyze reactions of this type constitutes another particular object of the present invention. Whatever its use, the catalyst of the invention is generally used in an amount of 0.01 g to 0.5 g per mmol of reagent in the catalyzed reaction (the “reagent” to which reference is made here denotes alcohol R 3 OH in the case of the transesterification reaction (I) and the acceptor or the donor in the Michael reaction). In general, it is not necessary to use more than 0.4 g of catalyst, or even more than 0.3 g of catalyst per mmol of substrate used in the reaction. Thus, typically, the catalyst of the present invention can be used in an amount of 0.05 to 0.15 g per mmol of reagent in the catalyzed reaction and is typically used in an amount of the order of 0.1 g per mmol of reagent in the catalyzed reaction. Furthermore, it is generally necessary, in particular to avoid poisoning of the catalyst by atmospheric water, to carry out the reactions catalyzed by the catalyst of the invention under a dry gas atmosphere, preferably under an inert gas atmosphere. such as nitrogen or argon. Whatever the reaction in which they are used, the solid basic catalysts of the present invention have the advantage of being able to be recycled at the end of their use as catalyst. In this regard, the work of the inventors has made it possible to demonstrate that, unlike other impregnated catalysts known from the state of the art, CsF type catalysts supported on α alumina do not lead to a progressive loss of the CsF species supported towards the reaction medium over time. This property of the catalyst also makes it possible not to lead to pollution of the reaction medium. The only minor obstacle that may arise in the context of recycling the basic catalyst of the present invention is the presence of traces of water in certain reaction media. Indeed, these traces of water are capable of inducing pollution of the basic catalytic sites of the catalyst of the invention. In the case where the reaction medium used contains traces of water in an amount sufficient to completely poison the catalyst, the catalyst can nevertheless be recycled, provided that the catalyst is reactivated before being used in a new cycle catalytic, this reactivation being easily implemented by treating the catalyst at its activation temperature, as defined in the context of step B of the process for the preparation of the above catalyst. This activation temperature is of the order of 100 to 200 ° C and generally less than 150 ° C (typically of the order of 120 ° C). Treatment at such a temperature can easily be carried out by placing the catalyst in an oven before it is used in a new catalytic cycle.
Au vu des différents éléments exposés dans la présente description, il ressort donc que, de façon générale, un catalyseur selon la présente invention présente de nombreux avantages, et en particulier : une très grande facilité de préparation, avec notamment une température d'activation aisément obtenue par un traitement en étuve compatible avec des équipements généralement disponibles dans les laboratoires ou ateliers de chimie fine ; des propriétés catalytiques particulièrement intéressantes, se traduisant notamment par l'obtention de vitesses de réaction extrêmement élevées avec des rendements quantitatifs, particulièrement surprenants au vu des résultats généralement obtenus avec les autres catalyseurs basiques solides actuellemnt connus. Compte tenu de ces avantages, le catalyseur de la présente invention se révèle être un catalyseur hétérogène particulièrement intéressant, susceptible de se substituer de façon tout à fait avantageuse aux catalyseurs basiques solides de l'état de la technique.In view of the various elements set out in the present description, it therefore appears that, in general, a catalyst according to the present invention has many advantages, and in particular: very great ease of preparation, with in particular an easily activated temperature obtained by an oven treatment compatible with equipment generally available in laboratories or fine chemistry workshops; particularly advantageous catalytic properties, resulting in particular in obtaining extremely high reaction rates with quantitative yields, particularly surprising in view of the results generally obtained with the other solid basic catalysts currently known. Given these advantages, the catalyst of the present invention turns out to be a particularly advantageous heterogeneous catalyst, capable of being a completely advantageous replacement for the solid basic catalysts of the prior art.
Différentes caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront de façon encore plus nette au vu des exemples illustratifs donnés ci-après.Different characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear even more clearly in the light of the illustrative examples given below.
Exemple 1 : Préparation d'un catalyseur selon l'invention. Un catalyseur constitué de fluorure de césium CsF déposé sur un support d'alumine α a été réalisé dans les conditions suivantes.Example 1: Preparation of a catalyst according to the invention. A catalyst consisting of cesium fluoride CsF deposited on an α alumina support was produced under the following conditions.
15 grammes d'alumine α (alumine SPH 512 commercialisée par la société Rhodia de surface spécifique égale à 10,5 m2/g) sous la forme d'une fine poudre, ont été ajoutés à une solution constituée de 150 ml d'eau contenant 15 mmol de fluorure de césium CsF (CsF commercialisé par la société Aldrich). Le milieu ainsi obtenu a été placé à 50° C, et on a laissé l'eau s'évaporer. Le solide obtenu a ensuite été séché à 120° C (393 K) pendant 4 heures, de façon à éliminer l'eau adsorbée présente dans le matériau. On a ainsi obtenu un catalyseur activé sensiblement exempt d'eau, sous sa forme activée. Ce catalyseur sous forme activée a été utilisé dans les exemples 2 à 7 ci- après.15 grams of α alumina (SPH 512 alumina sold by the company Rhodia with a specific surface area equal to 10.5 m 2 / g) in the form of a fine powder, were added to a solution consisting of 150 ml of water containing 15 mmol of cesium fluoride CsF (CsF marketed by the company Aldrich). The medium thus obtained was placed at 50 ° C, and the water was allowed to evaporate. The solid obtained was then dried at 120 ° C (393 K) for 4 hours, so as to remove the adsorbed water present in the material. There was thus obtained an activated catalyst substantially free of water, in its activated form. This catalyst in activated form was used in Examples 2 to 7 below.
Exemple 2 : Catalyse basique de la réaction de transesterification du diéthylcarbonate (EtO-COOEt, où Et = C2H5) par le phényléthanol. Le catalyseur de l'exemple 1 a été utilisé pour catalyser la réaction de transesterification suivante : + EtO-COOEt + EtOH Example 2: Basic catalysis of the transesterification reaction of diethylcarbonate (EtO-COOEt, where Et = C 2 H 5 ) with phenylethanol. The catalyst of Example 1 was used to catalyze the following transesterification reaction: + EtO-COOEt + EtOH
Dans un ballon tricol à fond rond équipé d'un réfrigérant, on a introduit 33 mmol de diéthylcarbonate et 2 mmol de 1-phényléthanol. On a ajouté à ce milieu 100 mg du catalyseur de l'exemple 1 sous sa forme activée (venant juste d'être traité pendant 4 heures à 120° C). On a porté le milieu à une température de 130° C sous atmosphère d'azote et on a observé l'évolution de la réaction, par chromatographie en couche mince (Eluant : éthylacétate/hexane 1 :10). La réaction a été achevée au bout de 45 minutes. Le mélange réactionnel a alors été filtré et le catalyseur a été lavé par deux fois 2,5 ml de diéthylcarbonate pour entraîner le produit ayant adhéré à la surface du catalyseur. Le filtrat obtenu a été concentré sous pression réduite et on a analysé les produits obtenus par RMN 1H. La structure et la pureté du produit ont ensuite été contrôlées par une analyse CG-SM. L'analyse RMN, confirmée par l'analyse CG-SM, montre que la totalité du 1 -phényléthanol a été convertie en l'ester correspondant (rendement de 100%).33 mmol of diethylcarbonate and 2 mmol of 1-phenylethanol were introduced into a three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a condenser. To this medium was added 100 mg of the catalyst of Example 1 in its activated form (having just been treated for 4 hours at 120 ° C.). The medium was brought to a temperature of 130 ° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere and the evolution of the reaction was observed, by thin layer chromatography (Eluent: ethylacetate / hexane 1:10). The reaction was completed after 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was then filtered and the catalyst was washed with twice 2.5 ml of diethylcarbonate to entrain the product which had adhered to the surface of the catalyst. The filtrate obtained was concentrated under reduced pressure and the products obtained were analyzed by 1 H NMR. The structure and purity of the product were then checked by CG-SM analysis. NMR analysis, confirmed by CG-SM analysis, shows that all of the 1-phenylethanol has been converted into the corresponding ester (100% yield).
Exemple 3 : Autre transesterification catalysée par un catalyseur CsF supporté par de l'alumine α. Dans les conditions de l'exemple 1 (réaction de 2 mmoles d'alcool avec 33 mmoles de diéthylcarbonate en présence de 0,1 g de catalyseur sous atmosphère d'azote, à 130° C), on a réalisé la transesterification d'autres alcools que le 1-phényléthanol, selon la réaction globale suivante : ROH + EtO-COOEt → R-COOEt + EtOH où ROH désigne un alcool autre que l'éthanol. Les résultats obtenus avec différents alcools sont reportés dans le Tableau 1 ci-après. TABLEAU 1 Temps de réaction et rendements obtenus pour la transesterification du diéthylcarbonate par des alcools catalysés par un catalyseur selon l'inventionExample 3: Other transesterification catalyzed by a CsF catalyst supported by α alumina. Under the conditions of Example 1 (reaction of 2 mmol of alcohol with 33 mmol of diethylcarbonate in the presence of 0.1 g of catalyst under a nitrogen atmosphere, at 130 ° C.), the transesterification of other alcohols than 1-phenylethanol, according to the following global reaction: ROH + EtO-COOEt → R-COOEt + EtOH where ROH denotes an alcohol other than ethanol. The results obtained with different alcohols are reported in Table 1 below. TABLE 1 Reaction times and yields obtained for the transesterification of diethylcarbonate with alcohols catalyzed by a catalyst according to the invention
(*) = rendement calculé après isolation du produit.(*) = yield calculated after product isolation.
Exemple 4 : Possibilité de recyclage du catalyseur Dans le protocole des exemples 2 et 3, on récupère, à l'issue de la réaction, d'une part le filtrat contenant le produit, d'autre part, le catalyseur. Le catalyseur ainsi récupéré sur le filtre peut être utilisé dans un nouveau cycle catalytique. Pour illustrer cette possibilité, plusieurs cycles catalytiques ont été effectués dans les conditions de l'exemple 1 , en récupérant le catalyseur à l'issue de chaque cycle et en le réutilisant à titre de catalyseur dans un ou plusieurs cycle(s) ultérieur(s). Les résultats obtenus pour différents alcools sont reportés dans le Tableau 2 ci-après. TABLEAU 2Example 4: Possibility of recycling the catalyst In the protocol of Examples 2 and 3, the filtrate containing the product is recovered on the one hand and the catalyst on the other hand. The catalyst thus recovered from the filter can be used in a new catalytic cycle. To illustrate this possibility, several catalytic cycles were carried out under the conditions of Example 1, recovering the catalyst at the end of each cycle and reusing it as catalyst in one or more subsequent cycle (s) ). The results obtained for different alcohols are reported in Table 2 below. TABLE 2
(*) rendement après isolation du produit. Il ressort de ces résultats que le catalyseur de l'invention peut être réutilisé à l'issue d'une première réaction. Il ressort néanmoins que le temps de réaction obtenu avec un catalyseur recyclé peut être accru par rapport au cycle précédent. Dans cet exemple, l'augmentation du temps de réaction semble provenir du fait que le milieu réactionnel contient des traces d'eau susceptibles d'empoisonner le catalyseur d'adsorbant à la surface. Dans le cas où le catalyseur est ainsi empoisonné par des traces d'eau, il est toutefois aisé de le réactiver avant de l'engager dans des cycles catalytiques, en le traitant à nouveau à 120° C de façon à éliminer l'eau adsorbée. Exemple 5 : Catalyse basique de la réaction de transesterification du diéthylcarbonate par des diols. Dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales que dans les exemples 2 et 3, on a réalisé des réactions de transesterification du diéthylcarbonate par différents diols. Les conditions utilisées sont les mêmes que dans les exemples 2 et 3 (réaction de 2 mmol de diol avec 33 mmol de diéthylcarbonate en présence de 0,1 g de catalyseur sous atmosphère d'azote à 130° C). Les produits, temps de réaction et rendements obtenus sont reportés dans le Tableau 3 ci-après.(*) yield after product isolation. It appears from these results that the catalyst of the invention can be reused after a first reaction. It nevertheless appears that the reaction time obtained with a recycled catalyst can be increased compared to the previous cycle. In this example, the increase in reaction time seems to come from the fact that the reaction medium contains traces of water capable of poisoning the adsorbent catalyst on the surface. In the case where the catalyst is thus poisoned by traces of water, it is however easy to reactivate it before engaging it in catalytic cycles, by treating it again at 120 ° C. so as to remove the adsorbed water . Example 5: Basic catalysis of the diethylcarbonate transesterification reaction with diols. Under the same experimental conditions as in Examples 2 and 3, transesterification reactions of the diethylcarbonate with different diols were carried out. The conditions used are the same as in Examples 2 and 3 (reaction of 2 mmol of diol with 33 mmol of diethylcarbonate in the presence of 0.1 g of catalyst under nitrogen atmosphere at 130 ° C). The products, reaction times and yields obtained are given in Table 3 below.
TABLEAU 3TABLE 3
(*) rendement après isolation du produit.(*) yield after product isolation.
Exemple 6 : Comparaison des propriétés catalytiques de CsF/α-AI2O3 et d'autres catalyseurs basiques. De façon à illustrer les propriétés catalytiques particulièrement intéressantes du catalyseur de l'invention par rappport à celles des catalyseurs de l'état de la technique, on a réalisé la réaction de l'exemple 2 en utilisant différents types de catalyseurs, autres que le catalyseur de l'invention. Les résultats obtenus sont reportés dans le Tableau 4 ci-après, d'où il ressort que la meilleure activité catalytique observée est obtenue avec le catalyseur selon l'invention (rendement de 100% et temps de réaction plus de 5 fois plus faible qu'avec les meilleurs catalyseurs connus).Example 6: Comparison of the catalytic properties of CsF / α-AI 2 O 3 and other basic catalysts. In order to illustrate the particularly advantageous catalytic properties of the catalyst of the invention in comparison with those of the catalysts of the prior art, the reaction of Example 2 was carried out using different types of catalysts, other than the catalyst. of the invention. The results obtained are reported in Table 4 below, from which it appears that the best catalytic activity observed is obtained with the catalyst according to the invention (yield of 100% and reaction time more than 5 times lower than with the best known catalysts).
TABLEAU 4TABLE 4
(*)rendement calculé au vu des données de RMN1H confirmées par la chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Exemple 7 : Catalyse basique d'une réaction d'addition de Michaël Le catalyseur de la revendication 1 sous sa forme activée a été utilisé pour catalyser la réaction d'addition de Michaël du cyclohexan-1-one sur le nitroethane. La réaction a été conduite à 50° C en introduisant dans le mélange équimolaire de nitroethane et de 2-cyclohexanone-1-one dans un ballon tricol équipé d'un réfrigérant. On a mélangé dans ce tricol le solvant et le mélange équimolaire de substrats, puis on a introduit 0,1 g du catalyseur (fraîchement traité à 120° C dans les conditions de l'exemple 1 ). Les produits ont été analysés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse (Perkin-Ellmer) en utilisant une colonne capillaire polaire. On a observé un taux de conversion des produits de départ de plus de 90% après 20 minutes de temps de réaction. A titre de comparaison, la même réaction de Michaël a été conduite dans les mêmes conditions, mais en utilisant, à titre de catalyseur, 0,1 g de fluorure de potassium supporté sur de l'alumine α. Avec ce catalyseur, le taux de conversion reste bien inférieur à 90%, même après un temps de réaction de plus de 400 minutes. Cet exemple, ainsi que le précédent, illustrent les propriétés catalytiques particulièrement avantageuses et inattendues du fluorure de césium supporté sur alumine α par rapport à des catalyseurs de type fluorure de potassium supporté. (*) yield calculated in view of 1 H NMR data confirmed by gas chromatography. Example 7: Basic Catalysis of a Michael Addition Reaction The catalyst of claim 1 in its activated form was used to catalyze the Michael add reaction of cyclohexan-1-one on nitroethane. The reaction was carried out at 50 ° C. by introducing into the equimolar mixture of nitroethane and 2-cyclohexanone-1-one in a three-necked flask equipped with a condenser. The solvent and the equimolar mixture of substrates were mixed in this three-necked flask, then 0.1 g of the catalyst was introduced (freshly treated at 120 ° C. under the conditions of Example 1). The products were analyzed by gas chromatography (Perkin-Ellmer) using a polar capillary column. A conversion rate of the starting materials of more than 90% was observed after 20 minutes of reaction time. By way of comparison, the same Michaël reaction was carried out under the same conditions, but using, as catalyst, 0.1 g of potassium fluoride supported on α alumina. With this catalyst, the conversion rate remains well below 90%, even after a reaction time of more than 400 minutes. This example, as well as the previous one, illustrates the particularly advantageous and unexpected catalytic properties of cesium fluoride supported on α alumina compared to catalysts of the supported potassium fluoride type.
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| FR0404120A FR2868965A1 (en) | 2004-04-19 | 2004-04-19 | CSF BASIC BASIC CATALYST BASED ON ALPHA ALUMINA |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0059422A1 (en) * | 1981-02-25 | 1982-09-08 | Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd. | Silver-based catalyst for production of ethylene oxide |
| EP0299569A1 (en) * | 1987-07-15 | 1989-01-18 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | A process for the preparation of a silver-containing catalyst |
| US5110991A (en) * | 1991-04-01 | 1992-05-05 | Texaco Chemical Company | Heterogeneous catalyst for alkoxylation of alcohols |
-
2004
- 2004-04-19 FR FR0404120A patent/FR2868965A1/en active Pending
-
2005
- 2005-04-18 WO PCT/FR2005/000929 patent/WO2005107941A1/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0059422A1 (en) * | 1981-02-25 | 1982-09-08 | Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd. | Silver-based catalyst for production of ethylene oxide |
| EP0299569A1 (en) * | 1987-07-15 | 1989-01-18 | Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. | A process for the preparation of a silver-containing catalyst |
| US5110991A (en) * | 1991-04-01 | 1992-05-05 | Texaco Chemical Company | Heterogeneous catalyst for alkoxylation of alcohols |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| J. H. CLARK, D. G. CORK, M. S. ROBERTSON: "Fluoride ion catalysed Michael Reactions", CHEMISTRY LETTERS, 1983, pages 1145 - 1148, XP001203419 * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115819769A (en) * | 2022-12-31 | 2023-03-21 | 杭州瑞思新材料有限公司 | Catalyst for organic silicon and preparation method thereof |
| CN115819769B (en) * | 2022-12-31 | 2023-11-03 | 杭州瑞思新材料有限公司 | Catalyst for organic silicon and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2868965A1 (en) | 2005-10-21 |
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