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WO2005001848A1 - Utilisation de la gomme d'acacia pour localiser un danger d'irradiation - Google Patents

Utilisation de la gomme d'acacia pour localiser un danger d'irradiation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005001848A1
WO2005001848A1 PCT/US2004/017873 US2004017873W WO2005001848A1 WO 2005001848 A1 WO2005001848 A1 WO 2005001848A1 US 2004017873 W US2004017873 W US 2004017873W WO 2005001848 A1 WO2005001848 A1 WO 2005001848A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
acacia gum
biological
solution
solid
suspension
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2004/017873
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English (en)
Inventor
Vitaly J. Vodyanoy
Tatiana I. Samoylova
Timothy E. Moore
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Auburn University
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Auburn University
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Auburn University filed Critical Auburn University
Publication of WO2005001848A1 publication Critical patent/WO2005001848A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/04—Treating liquids
    • G21F9/06—Processing
    • G21F9/16—Processing by fixation in stable solid media
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/28—Treating solids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the containment of environmental contaminants and, more particularly, to a method of using a solution of Acacia Gum to contain a radiological hazard within a solid for easy removal.
  • Biosensors are used in the health and environmental sciences for rapid detection of specific substances. Biosensors are currently used to detect the presence of pesticides, herbicides, and other compounds; to detect the presence of organic compounds such as alcohols, ammonia, and metals; and, to detect the presence of specific bacteria including algae, fungi, and pathogenic organisms such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella.
  • biosensors include sensing pollution and microbial contamination of air and water, clinical diagnosis of medical conditions, fermentation analysis and control, monitoring and analysis of industrial gases and liquids, monitoring of mining conditions and sensing toxic gases.
  • Biosensors often have a very short shelf life because the antibody or other biological receptor degrades rapidly when exposed to the environment. Like other biological samples, biological receptors need isolation and protection from the environment until ready for use. In field applications, especially, a variety of biological receptors may be needed at any time, depending upon the conditions. There is an unsatisfied need in the art for biological samples that can be protected and preserved without altering or destroying the biological tissue. The demand for safe transport and prolonged storage of biological samples today requires preservation techniques that maintain the integrity and quality of the biological sample.
  • Sensitive biological receptors used in biosensors need to be isolated from the environment, without damaging the receptor, until ready for use. None of the specimen preparation techniques in the art currently meet these needs. There is also a need in the art for biological samples that can be restored to their isolated or prepared state after immobilization, with minimal damage, for later study or use. The current techniques of dehydration and immobilization are irreversible and destroy sample viability. Restoration is particularly critical for the biological receptors in biosensors, which are especially sensitive. There is a need, therefore, for a preservation technique that is both harmless and reversible.
  • the present invention provides a method of using Acacia Gum to contain and remove a radiological hazard from an area.
  • the invention provides a method of containing a radiological hazard within an area, comprising the steps of preparing a mixture of Acacia Gum in water to form an aqueous solution, and applying the aqueous solution to the area, such that a suspension containing the radiological hazard is formed.
  • the method further comprises curing the suspension in ambient conditions to form a solid, hi one embodiment, the method further includes adding an attractor to said solution specifically configured to attract said radiological
  • the step of curing further comprises agitating the suspension.
  • the invention provides a method of removing a radiological hazard from an area, comprising the steps of preparing a mixture of Acacia Gum in water to form an aqueous solution, applying the aqueous solution to the area, such that a suspension containing the radiological hazard is formed, curing the suspension in ambient conditions to form a solid, and removing the solid from the area.
  • the method further includes adding an attractor to said solution specifically configured to attract said radiological hazard.
  • the step of curing further comprises agitating the suspension.
  • the aqueous solution comprises a quantity of distilled water, a buffer, and a quantity of one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of potassium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride.
  • the buffer comprises a quantity of 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid.
  • the present invention provides compositions and methods for the preservation of biological samples.
  • the compositions comprise Acacia Gum, including derivations and modifications tb-ereof which are useful as a reversible preservation solution.
  • Acacia Gum is a complex and highly branched carbohydrate polymer.
  • the central core or nucleus is D-galactose and D- glucuronic acid, to which are attached sugars such as L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, and the like.
  • Acacia Gum is available as thin flakes, powder, granules, or angular fragments which are completely soluble in hot and cold water.
  • Acacia Gum is a natural exudate or sap obtained from any of several plants belonging to the genus Acacia.
  • Acacia Senegal and Acacia Seyal trees are the most commercially exploited species.
  • Acacia Gum typically refers to the gum harvested from Acacia Senegal trees.
  • Acacia plants are leguminous shrubs and trees that grow in warm regions, such as the Republic of the Sudan and the Upper Nile region of eastern Africa, where most of the world's Acacia Gum is harvested.
  • Acacia Gum was widely used in ancient Egypt in the preparation of inks and dyes and is thought to have been used as an adhesrve for mummification bindings.
  • Acacia Gum An article of commerce for centuries, the name "Arabic Gum” is believed to have been derived from the fact that Acacia gum was typically shipped from Arabian ports to Europe.
  • Acacia Gum is " used in the manufacture of printing inks, textile dyes, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, vitamins, confections, foods, beverages, cosmetics, and many other products.
  • Acacia Gum is used to make the water-soluble glue on postage stamps and envelopes, added to candies to prevent crystallization, used as a coating to flavor particles and beverages, added to beer to stabilize the foam, used as an emulsifier of fats in foods, lotions, and soaps, and is the most important gum in the manufacture of ink.
  • Acacia Gum The botanical name for the Acacia Gum referred to in this application is Acacia Nilotica (Linn.), N.O. Leguminosae.
  • Acacia Grxi is water-soluble, edible, non-toxic, highly uniform, pale in color, and has excellent emulsifying and fil - forming qualities.
  • Acacia Gum consists mainly of higji-molecular weight polysaccharides and their calcium, magnesium and potassium salts.
  • Acacia Gum is harvested by tapping the trunk of an Acacia Senegal tree, which causes the gum to seep out and solidify into colorless or pale yellow tear- shaped nodules. The dried nodules are typically gathered by hand.
  • Acacia Gum is commercially available in the form of white or yellowish flakes, granules, or powder. Acacia Gum powder is plentiful and readily available commercially, at a low cost. When the powder form is dissolved in water, the resulting solution becomes increasingly viscous as the water evaporates, becoming a solid at room temperature. The photograph in Fig.
  • compositions of the invention are useful for the preservation of any biological sample of interest.
  • samples include, without limitation, microorganisms, viruses, bacteria (such as E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria, Staphylococcus, and others), phages, antibodies, antigens, DNA, RNA, receptors, enzymes, proteins, biochemicals, yeast and other fungi, and plant and animal cells and extracts.
  • Animal cells and extracts include, without limitation, semen, sperm, ova, blood, tissue samples, cell samples, urine, saliva, lymphatic fluid, skin, hair, bones, and bone marrow. Additionally, biological samples include proteins, enzymes, antibodies, monoclonal antibodies and the like.
  • biological specimen in an isolated condition indicates a biological sample that has been isolated and substantially purified; meaning that it is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany or interact with the sample as found in its natural environment.
  • Acacia Gum powder is readily soluble in water. The solution becomes increasingly viscous as some of the water evaporates.
  • An aqueous Acacia Gum solution is characterized by its reversibility. If more water is added, the viscosity decreases. Even if the solution is permitted to harden or cure into a solid, the addition of water will return the solid to an aqueous solution. Reversibility in this context also refers to the fact that the Acacia Gum solution can be separated nearly completely from the biological specimen after the preservation method of the present invention has been performed. i one embodiment of the present invention, a biological specimen is preserved by being immersed in or otherwise combined with an effective amount of Acacia Gum or an Acacia Gum solution.
  • the amount of Acacia Gum solution will vary depending upon sample size.
  • the phrase "effective amount" is intended to indicate an amount sufficient to form a suspension; that is, to suspend the biological molecules or units of the specimen within the Acacia Gum solution.
  • biological material such as bacteria remain active and motile.
  • the suspension may be stirred to ensure a good distribution of specimen or to speed the evaporation of water and thus accelerate the curing process. Curing may take place in ambient conditions; in other words, at room temperature and at normal atmospheric pressures. When the solution solidifies, the bacteria shrink to about one-half to one-third of their original size.
  • the Acacia Gum solution penetrates the cell membrane of the biological material, possibly replacing the water and resulting in the overall shrinkage observed. Inside the resulting solid, the bacteria remain dormant and may be kept at room temperature.
  • the solid material containing the biological specimen may be made into a powder, pellets, tablets, flakes, plates, capsules, or other forms or containers. The solid is transparent to visible light, a feature that makes it suitable for viewing and for certain optical applications. Moreover, although the
  • the solid is water-soluble, the solid is resistant to almost all organic solvents and most acids.
  • the solid is irrigated with an aqueous solution.
  • the amount of aqueous solution needed to change the solid back into a suspension will vary depending upon the sample size.
  • the phrase "effective amount of aqueous solution" is intended to indicate an amount sufficient to transform the solid into a suspension.
  • the aqueous solution used to irrigate the solid contains distilled water, a buffer, and one or more salt compounds such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride.
  • the buffer is a substance capable in solution of neutralizing both acids and bases and, thereby, maintaining the original pH of the solution.
  • a pH buffer in common use is 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (also known as MOPS).
  • MOPS 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid
  • a phosphate buffer in one form, contains anhydrous monosodium phosphate and trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate.
  • a phosphate buffer solution may contain different molar ratios of monosodium phosphate and trisodium phosphate, depending upon the value of the pH to be maintained.
  • the solid When irrigated, the solid gradually dissolves and the biological specimen is again suspended within an Acacia Gum solution. The viscosity of the suspension decreases as more aqueous solution is added. The biological specimen returns to its normal size, absorbing the water lost or exchanged during the curing process.
  • the suspension of biological material and Acacia Gum solution is reversible because it can be separated.
  • the Acacia Gum solution can be removed using common methods of separating mixtures, leaving the biological specimen in its isolated condition.
  • the separation step restores the biological specimen to its former isolated or prepared condition.
  • the phrase "substantially restored” is intended to describe the nearly complete separation of the Acacia Gum solution from the biological specimen and the nearly complete restoration of viability of the biological specimen.
  • a radiological hazard generally, is an area of radioactive particles or a condition that presents a hazard to humans or the environment. The release of a radiological hazard into the environment may occur by accident or, in the case of nuclear weapons, intentionally. Prompt containment of a radiological hazard is crucial to reducing its impact on humans and the environment. Environmental conditions generally cause radiological hazards to disperse and spread.
  • a nuclear weapon or a cruder device may include an explosion to more rapidly disperse radioactive particles over a wide area. The force of an explosive device may force create an aerosol containing radioactive particles.
  • the contaminated area or dispersion field may vary in size depending on the circumstances of the release, the forces exerted on the radioactive particles during release, and the duration of time since the release.
  • an aqueous solution of Acacia Gum may be applied to an area of radioactive contamination to contain the radiological hazard and stop it from spreading.
  • the viscosity of the solution may be controlled by varying with the amount of water in the mixture so that it may be spread by any technique, including manually, through hoses, using portable sprayers on foot, by crane, or by air.
  • An aqueous Acacia Gum solution is organic, water-soluble, bio-compatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic, making its handling easy and safe.
  • the application of Acacia Gum solution forms a suspension containing the hazardous radioactive particles.
  • the application may require stirring or agitating the suspension to promote the retention of the radioactive particles within the solution during the curing process.
  • an additional component may be added to the solution to attract radioactive particles during the suspension and curing process.
  • Biosensors The methods of the invention find particular use in preserving biological samples on biosensors.
  • a biosensor as shown in Fig. 3, is comprised of a biological receptor, an interface, and a signal transducer.
  • the biochemical signal produced when a sample is placed on the biological receptor is converted or translated by the signal transducer into a quantifiable electrical signal.
  • the biological receptor is selected to sense a specific target compound called the analyte.
  • a copper receptor will absorb copper molecules from a sample.
  • the signal transducer converts the activity on the receptor (e.g., the accumulation of copper molecules) into an electrical signal.
  • the signal transducer can detect the increased mass of the biosensor by sensing changes in certain electrical properties.
  • the types of biological receptors in use include, without limitation, enzymes, antibodies, phages, and lipid layers.
  • the biological receptor must be prepared such that it will respond to the analyte.
  • Preparation of the biological receptor includes depositing the biological material onto the interface.
  • Preparation of the interface to receive the biological receptor may include chemical etching of the interface, the application of thin membranes, coating the interface with a thin layer of a particular biochemical to serve as an anchor for the biological receptor, or any other of a variety of preparation methods.
  • the phrase, "biological specimen in a prepared condition," as used herein indicates a biological receptor that has been isolated and deposited upon the biosensor interface using any preparation technique that renders the receptor ready for its intended use.
  • the signal transducer is typically an electrode connected to the interface to measure any change in the receptor when the sample is introduced.
  • Signal transducer systems include, without limitation, piezoelectric crystals, conductimeters, enzyme-sensing electrodes, thermistors, optoelectronic and fiberoptic devices, field-effect transistors, gas-sensing electrodes, and ion-selective
  • the signal transducer itself may be a pH-electrode, an oxygen electrode, or a piezoelectric crystal.
  • the biological receptor is deposited in a film onto a piezoelectric crystal, which serves as the interface.
  • An electrode attached to the crystal acts as the signal transducer.
  • the quartz crystal is oscillated at a known frequency based on its total mass, including the mass of the film receptor. When a sample containing the analyte is placed on the receptor, the total mass will change when the antibodies in the receptor bind to the analyte.
  • the Biosensor Experiment A biosensor with a biological receptor comprised of Salmonella bacteria was covered with a film of Acacia Gum solution.
  • the bacteria were released by irrigation with water containing 55.0 milli-Molar potassium chloride, 4.0 milli-Molar sodium chloride, 1.0 milli-Molar magnesium chloride, 0J milli-Molar calcium chloride, and 2.0 milli-Molar 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid, used as a pH buffer.
  • Preliminary data was obtained demonstrating the sensitivity of the restored sensors compared to the uncoated sensors, as shown in Fig. 4 and Table One.
  • the logarithms (shown in Fig. 4) of the relative concentrations were 0, -1, -2, and -3, respectively.
  • a "good sensor” has a sensitivity of more than 7.0 mV per decade.
  • the observation that only 44.4 percent of the uncoated biosensors were "good sensors” indicates the inherent fragility of the biological receptors used in biosensors.
  • the slope of the graphs shown in Fig. 4 indicate the degree of sensitivity of the biosensor.
  • the uncoated biosensors had a sensitivity of 15.3 mV per decade.
  • the methods of the invention are useful in preserving animal cells and extracts, such as sperm
  • the isolation and preservation technique of the present invention was used to temporarily and reversible preserve bull sperm.
  • a sample of bull sperm was immobilized in Acacia Gum solution, where it remained at room temperature for a period of four (4) days before being released by irrigation with water. Although reproduction was not tested, the bull sperm showed no difference in motility when compared to the initial sample.
  • the present invention may be used to preserve bull sperm for transport or storage, at room temperature, without significant damage to the sperm.
  • the cryogenic preparation and storage of bull sperm is expensive and destructive because of crystalline structures formed during freezing.
  • the present invention does not introduce crystals or other destructive structures into the sample and it is much less expensive.
  • Bacterial Cultures The methods of the present invention are also useful in preserving samples of bacteria. Two separate experiments were conducted to test the response and subsequent viability of bacteria suspended within an Acacia Gum solution. In a first experiment, separate samples of Escherichia coli 0157 (E. coli) bacteria and Salmonella bacteria were immobilized in Acacia Gum solution, where each sample remained at room temperature for a period of seven (7) days. The bacteria were released by irrigation with water containing a phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 2.7 milli-Molar potassium chloride and 137 milli-Molar sodium chloride. The released bacteria showed no difference in motility when compared to the initial culture. The bacteria reproduced normally. Fig. 2 shows the Salmonella bacteria at different stages of the experiment.
  • E. coli Escherichia coli 0157
  • Salmonella bacteria were immobilized in Acacia Gum solution, where each sample remained at room temperature for a period of seven (7) days.
  • the bacteria were released by irrigation with water containing a
  • Slide a shows the bacteria immersed in the Acacia Gum solution.
  • Slide b shows the bacteria immobilized within the Acacia Gum solution, which has become a solid at room temperature. Notice that the bacteria in Slide b are somewhat smaller. After remaining immobilized for seven (7) days, the bacteria were irrigated with an aqueous solution. The restoration process is shown in Slides c, d, e, and f.
  • Slide c shows the condition of the bacteria after one minute. Some motion was observed after two minutes, shown in Slide d.
  • Slide e shows the condition of the bacteria after three minutes. After ten minutes, as shown in Slide f, the bacteria have returned to their normal size, absorbing the water lost during the immobilization or curing process.
  • the present invention offers a method of reversibly preserving biological specimens in a variety of contexts.
  • the isolation and preservation techniques of the present invention could be used, without limitation, for isolating microbial cultures for storage or shipment, blood isolation and storage, radiological hazard isolation and storage, time-release capsules for pharmaceuticals, biodegradable packaging, soluble prostheses and implants, surgery, and forensics.
  • the Acacia Gum solution and the isolation and preservation techniques of the present invention represent a simple, rapid, and inexpensive alternative to many of the biological preservation techniques in use today.
  • Acacia Gum is organic, water-soluble, bio-compatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur des compositions et sur des procédés de localisation et de conservation réversibles d'échantillons biologiques. Les compositions comprennent de la gomme d'Acacia, y compris des dérivations et modifications de celle-ci qui sont utilisées sous forme d'une solution de conservation réversible. L'invention porte sur un procédé d'utilisation de la gomme d'Acacia pour isoler et conserver de manière réversible un échantillon biologique à l'état dormant à température ambiante sur une durée prolongée, avec un minimum de dommage pour l'échantillon. Les compositions et les procédés décrits peuvent être utilisés pour créer des échantillons biologiques conservés de manière réversible et des récepteurs biologiques destinés à être utilisés dans des biocapteurs. Les compositions et les procédés décrits peuvent aussi être utilisés pour localiser un danger d'irradiation dans un solide et l'éliminer facilement.
PCT/US2004/017873 2003-06-13 2004-06-07 Utilisation de la gomme d'acacia pour localiser un danger d'irradiation Ceased WO2005001848A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US46221903A 2003-06-13 2003-06-13
US10/462,219 2003-06-13

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WO2005001848A1 true WO2005001848A1 (fr) 2005-01-06

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4021368A (en) * 1973-02-12 1977-05-03 Ceskoslovenska Komise Pro Atomovou Energii Praha Process of treating mycelia of fungi for retention of metals
DE3733551A1 (de) * 1987-10-03 1989-04-13 Huels Chemische Werke Ag Uebungsentgiftungsmittel zur einuebung der dekontaminierung von mit chemischen kampfstoffen verseuchten fahrzeugen und geraeten
US4975224A (en) * 1989-03-13 1990-12-04 Pringle Thomas G Process for encapsulation of oily liquid waste materials
US5318382A (en) * 1990-10-25 1994-06-07 Cahill Calvin D Method and apparatus for hydraulic embedment of waste in subterranean formations
US5707443A (en) * 1993-09-16 1998-01-13 British Nuclear Fuels Grouting materials and their use

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4021368A (en) * 1973-02-12 1977-05-03 Ceskoslovenska Komise Pro Atomovou Energii Praha Process of treating mycelia of fungi for retention of metals
DE3733551A1 (de) * 1987-10-03 1989-04-13 Huels Chemische Werke Ag Uebungsentgiftungsmittel zur einuebung der dekontaminierung von mit chemischen kampfstoffen verseuchten fahrzeugen und geraeten
US4975224A (en) * 1989-03-13 1990-12-04 Pringle Thomas G Process for encapsulation of oily liquid waste materials
US5318382A (en) * 1990-10-25 1994-06-07 Cahill Calvin D Method and apparatus for hydraulic embedment of waste in subterranean formations
US5707443A (en) * 1993-09-16 1998-01-13 British Nuclear Fuels Grouting materials and their use

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