WO2004071637A1 - Melangeur - Google Patents
Melangeur Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004071637A1 WO2004071637A1 PCT/EP2004/050074 EP2004050074W WO2004071637A1 WO 2004071637 A1 WO2004071637 A1 WO 2004071637A1 EP 2004050074 W EP2004050074 W EP 2004050074W WO 2004071637 A1 WO2004071637 A1 WO 2004071637A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- mixer
- fluid
- stream
- passageway
- axis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
- F23D14/46—Details
- F23D14/62—Mixing devices; Mixing tubes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/30—Injector mixers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/10—Mixing by creating a vortex flow, e.g. by tangential introduction of flow components
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
- F23D2900/14—Special features of gas burners
- F23D2900/14021—Premixing burners with swirling or vortices creating means for fuel or air
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for burners using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in a carrier gas
- F23D2900/14—Special features of gas burners
- F23D2900/14701—Swirling means inside the mixing tube or chamber to improve premixing
Definitions
- This invention relates to a mixer and a method for mixing first and second fluids.
- the two fluids may be gases, e.g. air and a combustible gas, or a gas and a liquid, e.g. air and a liquid fuel, or liquids.
- the mixer may, in particular, form part of a combustion device.
- Venturi injectors are relatively simple devices for attaining reasonable mixing; however, the quality falls short of that achieved by the swirl-based concepts. Venturi units rely upon low local pressures to draw additive fluid into a carrier fluid; mixing is attained by virtue of the shear layer across the longitudinal jet of fluid, whose principal velocity component is axial.
- US 4,123,800 describes a mixer in which a certain degree of twisting motion is imparted to the flow downstream of the Venturi constriction, to further aid in mixing, by means of skewed grooves machined into the walls of the divergent section downstream of a throat section into -which the additive fluid is injected. However, this twisting motion is only imparted near the walls, without significantly affecting the bulk of the flow, and does not meaningfully assist the mixing process.
- the present invention provides a passageway along which a stream comprising the first fluid flows along an axis of the passageway, the passageway having, in sequence in the downstream direction, a convergent section, a throat, and a divergent section; an injector for introducing the second fluid into the stream in the passageway upstream of the divergent section; and a swirl generator in the passageway upstream of the convergent section.
- the invention also provides a method of mixing fluids, comprising the sequential steps of
- step (d) causing the stream to diverge from its axis, the method including introducing a second fluid into the stream before step (d).
- Figure 1 is a schematic axial section through one embodiment of a mixer
- Figure 2 is a graph of angular velocity, ⁇ , in the circumferential direction against radial distance, r, from the axis of a swirling stream created in a preferred embodiment of the mixer;
- Figure 3 shows the angular velocity field produced by the swirling stream having the radial distribution of angular velocity shown in Figure 2;
- Figure 4a is a cross-section through the convergent section of a mixer, showing one possible arrangement of injectors
- Figure 4b in a view similar to Figure 4a, showing another possible arrangement of injectors
- Figure 5 is a schematic axial section through a mixer combined with a burner sector
- Figure 6 is an inlet end view of the mixer in Figure 5;
- Figure 7 is an outlet end view of the burner sector.
- the mixer illustrated in Figure 1 comprises a passageway 1 having an axis 2 along which a stream of air (the carrier fluid or first fluid) flows in tlie direction of the arrow 3.
- the passageway 1 has an upstream end portion or inlet section 4 which is cylindrical, a convergent section 6 which is conical and which converges at an angle ⁇ with respect to the axis 2, a divergent section 7 which is conical and diverges at an angle ⁇ with respect to the axis 2, and a downstream end portion or outlet section 8 which is cylindrical.
- the passageway has a throat 9 between the convergent and divergent sections 6, 7; in the embodiment illustrated, the throat 9 is of negligible axial length.
- the convergent section 6, throat 9, and divergent section 7 together constitute a Venturi section.
- An injector comprising a plurality of injection ports 11 in the peripheral wall 12 of the passageway 1 introduces fuel (the additive fluid or second fluid) into the stream in the convergent section 6 at multiple locations along and around the axis 2. If the additive fluid is a liquid, it can be injected as sprays, and droplet atomisation and penetration can be enhanced by using high-pressure injectors.
- a swirl generator 13 is provided in the inlet section 4 of the passageway 1. This imparts swirl to the bulk flow of the carrier fluid prior to the convergent section 6 and prior to the injection of the fuel. Conservation of angular momentum results in increased angular velocities of the swirling stream at the throat 9.
- Such a configuration enhances mixing between the carrier fluid and additive fluid by virtue of the circumferential shear layers which are formed. These shear layers promote cross-stream diffusion. Mixing begins earlier than in a conventional Venturi injector and results in a longer time being available for mixing and a more uniform concentration profile.
- FIG. 1 is a graph of the angular velocity, ⁇ , in the circumferential direction against radial distance, r, from the axis 2, illustrating a radical form of such an angular velocity profile.
- a swirling velocity field resulting from the application of inlet angular velocities similar to those of Figure 2 is depicted in Figure 3.
- a swirl generator 13 In order to generate such an angular velocity profile, a swirl generator 13 is used in which the swirl angle varies in the radial direction, typically increasing with distance from the axis.
- vortex breakdown Whilst strong levels of swirl are beneficial to mixing, vortex breakdown has to be avoided if flashback is to be prevented in combustion applications.
- vortex breakdown is promoted by expansion downstream of a swirl generator, we have found that vortex breakdown does not occur so readily if a convergent section is placed between the swirl generator and the divergent section.
- studies have shown that abrupt changes in tangential velocity profiles tend to reduce the tendency of vortex breakdown. Instead, flashback is hindered by the strongly swirling axial jet which is formed.
- the value of 0 required to avoid vortex breakdown is a function of the angular velocity profile produced by the swirl generator 13. For example, we have found that (for a given operating condition, i.e.
- ⁇ should lie between 15° and 25°, whereas in a configuration where the swirl angle changes from 15° to 30°, ⁇ may be reduced to less than 15°.
- the nature of the divergence downstream of the throat 9 can be selected for various needs. If recirculation zones are not desired, expansion must not be sudden, so a more gradual increase in the cross-section of tlie divergent section 7 is needed. Such a configuration may be applicable to cases where no negative axial velocities are desired, for example in catalytic combustion. On the other hand, the mixer may be used for premixed combustion, in which case sudden expansion serves to aerodynamically anchor the homogeneous flame.
- the mixer does not require the large inlet to throat diameter ratio (typically 2) normally necessary for strongly accelerating a carrier fluid, because of the high degree of mixing resulting from tangential shear in the carrier fluid, for which the axial velocities need no longer be so high.
- ⁇ 5°
- the peripheral wall 12 of the passageway particularly the Venturi section constituted by the convergent and divergent sections 6, 7, may be coated with a catalytic material for the purpose of quenching radicals, which are precursors of homogeneous ignition and combustion. This assists in preventing flashback and flame anchoring, these two phenomena being encouraged by the lower velocities encountered in the boundary layer near the peripheral wall.
- the injection ports 11 may simply be holes which each face the axis 2. However, introducing the additive fluid in a direction which is skewed to the axis 2 results in increased turbulence and better mixing of the additive fluid with the carrier fluid.
- Figures 4a and 4b show possible orientations of the injection ports 11. In Figure 4a the ports 11 are symmetrically arranged with respect to planes containing the axis of the passageway. In Figure 4b the ports 11 are angled so as to assist the swirling motion of the carrier fluid. However, the injection ports may instead be angled in the opposite sense with respect to the swirl direction of the carrier fluid.
- Injection ports 11 of different sizes may be provided in order to achieve different depths of penetration of the additive fluid into the stream.
- Fuels which are particularly prone to causing flashback due to their high flames speeds and diffusivity for example hydrogen-containing gases such as synthesis gas, can be used in the mixer because of the very high velocities achievable and the possibility of avoiding recirculation zones.
- the swirl generator 13 may surround a central member or mandrel, which may be in the form of a central injection tube for providing a central air jet hindering the formation of recirculating regions at the exit.
- the swirl generator 13 may circumferentially surround a central fuel injection lance, which could additionally inject air, in order to further enhance mixing.
- FIG. 5 illustrates such an embodiment.
- the circular cross-section of the divergent section 7 gradually changes into a sector of an annulus ( Figure 7) in which a number of burners 14 are located (three burners being shown by way of example).
- the burners 14 may be very simple (e.g. utilising sudden expansion without swirl) because complete fuel / air mixing has already been achieved prior to entry into the burners.
- a flow straightener 16 which has also has the function of flashback prevention is placed near the exit of the divergent section 7, upstream of the burners 14.
- the flow straightener 16 has a similar construction to the swirl generator 13, except that it has straight channels. Flow straightening ensures that the flow distribution into each burner is identical. Small channels (hydraulic diameter typically less than 5mm) act as flame arresters. The channels may be coated with a catalyst for quenching radicals, further hindering flashback. In order to minimise pressures losses, the flow straightener has a very small axial length, typically less than 15mm.
- Tlie embodiment of Figure 5 can be used for liquid fuels if the geometry ensures very high velocities such that the mixer residence time (i.e. the time taken for the fuel to move from the injection point to the burners) is very short, typically less than 3 s at 3 bar.
- the mixer could be used for mixing any two (or more) different fluids.
- the throat 9 may be of substantial length and the second fluid may be introduced into the throat.
- the second fluid may be introduced into the inlet section 4 (upstream or, preferably, downstream of the swirl generator 13).
- the second fluid may be introduced through a tube extending along the axis 2. It is also possible to introduce at least one further fluid into the passageway upstream of the divergent section 7.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
- Input Circuits Of Receivers And Coupling Of Receivers And Audio Equipment (AREA)
- Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
- Confectionery (AREA)
Abstract
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE602004005572T DE602004005572T2 (de) | 2003-02-14 | 2004-02-03 | Mischer |
| EP04707535A EP1592495B1 (fr) | 2003-02-14 | 2004-02-03 | Melangeur |
| US11/202,208 US20060035183A1 (en) | 2003-02-14 | 2005-08-12 | Mixer |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0303495A GB2398375A (en) | 2003-02-14 | 2003-02-14 | A mixer for two fluids having a venturi shape |
| GB0303495.6 | 2003-02-14 |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/202,208 Continuation US20060035183A1 (en) | 2003-02-14 | 2005-08-12 | Mixer |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2004071637A1 true WO2004071637A1 (fr) | 2004-08-26 |
Family
ID=9953073
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2004/050074 Ceased WO2004071637A1 (fr) | 2003-02-14 | 2004-02-03 | Melangeur |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20060035183A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1592495B1 (fr) |
| AT (1) | ATE357965T1 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE602004005572T2 (fr) |
| GB (1) | GB2398375A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2004071637A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1808641A1 (fr) * | 2006-01-13 | 2007-07-18 | Maurizio Iacobucci | Brûleur pour un four pour produits céramiques |
Families Citing this family (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1828684A1 (fr) * | 2004-12-23 | 2007-09-05 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Bruleur de premelange dote d'un parcours de melange |
| JP4019154B2 (ja) * | 2005-01-13 | 2007-12-12 | 国立大学法人 筑波大学 | マイクロバブル発生装置、マイクロバブル発生装置用渦崩壊用ノズル、マイクロバブル発生装置用旋回流発生用翼体、マイクロバブル発生方法およびマイクロバブル応用装置 |
| RU2289065C1 (ru) * | 2005-04-08 | 2006-12-10 | Открытое акционерное общество "Энергомашкорпорация" | Смеситель топливных компонентов |
| EP2156026B1 (fr) * | 2007-05-15 | 2016-10-12 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Dispositif d'écoulement de gaz d'échappement |
| JP4949152B2 (ja) * | 2007-07-20 | 2012-06-06 | 三菱ふそうトラック・バス株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
| EP2220438B1 (fr) * | 2007-11-27 | 2019-07-24 | Ansaldo Energia Switzerland AG | Procédé d'utilisation d'une centrale électrique à cycle combiné avec une installation de turbine à gaz par recours à un deuxième carburant riche en hydrogène |
| JP2009236013A (ja) * | 2008-03-27 | 2009-10-15 | Mitsubishi Fuso Truck & Bus Corp | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
| EP2107313A1 (fr) * | 2008-04-01 | 2009-10-07 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Alimentation étagée de combustible dans un brûleur |
| EP2211109A1 (fr) * | 2009-01-23 | 2010-07-28 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Brûleur de turbine à gaz et procédé pour mélanger un carburant avec un flux gazeux |
| CN102713188B (zh) | 2010-01-12 | 2015-08-05 | 唐纳森公司 | 排气处理系统的流动装置 |
| EP2420730B1 (fr) | 2010-08-16 | 2018-03-07 | Ansaldo Energia IP UK Limited | Brûleur de post-combustion |
| US10823400B2 (en) * | 2014-01-09 | 2020-11-03 | A.O. Smith Corporation | Multi-cavity gas and air mixing device |
| CN104492619B (zh) * | 2014-12-04 | 2016-08-17 | 苏州国环环境检测有限公司 | 溶液定向浓度调节系统 |
| KR20160147482A (ko) * | 2015-06-15 | 2016-12-23 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 가스 혼합부를 갖는 반도체 소자 제조 설비 |
| CN105605579A (zh) * | 2016-02-26 | 2016-05-25 | 上海诺特飞博燃烧设备有限公司 | 一种金属纤维低氮燃烧装置的风燃全预混器 |
| CN106440798B (zh) * | 2016-11-29 | 2019-05-31 | 德米特(苏州)电子环保材料有限公司 | 煅烧设备 |
| DE102017208570A1 (de) * | 2017-05-19 | 2018-11-22 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | Fluidmischvorrichtung |
| DE102019126786A1 (de) * | 2019-10-04 | 2021-04-08 | SQW Sauerländer Quality Water GmbH & Co. KG | Vorrichtung, System und Verfahren zur Reduzierung einer Oberflächenspannung und/oder einer Viskosität eines Fluids |
| IT202200013516A1 (it) * | 2022-06-27 | 2023-12-27 | Sit Spa | Dispositivo di erogazione di una miscela gassosa e relativo apparato |
| CN115532099B (zh) * | 2022-10-11 | 2025-06-24 | 河南海泰机械有限公司 | 一种气液混合反应器 |
| DE102022133759A1 (de) * | 2022-12-16 | 2024-06-27 | HYTING GmbH | Verbrennungseinheit, Verwendung eines Abgaskatalysators eines Fahrzeugs, Verwendung eines Katalysators, Vorrichtung sowie Verwendung einer Verbrennungseinheit |
| EP4617563A1 (fr) * | 2024-03-11 | 2025-09-17 | Alfdex AB | Dispositif de chauffage de gaz avec pare-flamme |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4267131A (en) * | 1977-01-25 | 1981-05-12 | Rhone-Poulenc Industries | Method for intimate contacting of plural phases and phase contactor apparatus therefor |
| US4586825A (en) * | 1982-06-22 | 1986-05-06 | Asadollah Hayatdavoudi | Fluid agitation system |
| US4741624A (en) * | 1985-09-27 | 1988-05-03 | Omya, S. A. | Device for putting in contact fluids appearing in the form of different phases |
| DE4034313A1 (de) * | 1990-10-29 | 1992-04-30 | Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag | Vorrichtung zum mischen von fluiden |
| GB2316162A (en) * | 1996-08-07 | 1998-02-18 | Europ Gas Turbines Ltd | Device for imparting swirl to a fluid flow |
Family Cites Families (35)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US738537A (en) * | 1903-03-11 | 1903-09-08 | Emmer F Gwynn | Fuel-burner. |
| US1232921A (en) * | 1915-10-27 | 1917-07-10 | John Hicks | Gas-burner. |
| GB222188A (en) * | 1923-06-21 | 1924-09-22 | Alexander Ivanovitch Kousnetzo | Improvements relating to a process and apparatus for completely atomising heavy hydrocarbons |
| US1722253A (en) * | 1926-12-14 | 1929-07-23 | Coen Co | Combination burner mounting and air control |
| US1971328A (en) * | 1929-08-06 | 1934-08-28 | William H Byrne | Fuel burner |
| US2146250A (en) * | 1937-03-18 | 1939-02-07 | Elia Joseph A D | Oil burner |
| US2222822A (en) * | 1937-06-04 | 1940-11-26 | Roberts Appliance Corp Gordon | Gas burner unit |
| BE489359A (fr) * | 1944-10-05 | |||
| US2647568A (en) * | 1951-03-30 | 1953-08-04 | Peabody Engineering Corp | Burner throat |
| US2822864A (en) * | 1953-09-28 | 1958-02-11 | Babcock & Wilcox Co | Combination fluid fuel burner |
| US2831535A (en) * | 1953-12-28 | 1958-04-22 | Peabody Engineering Corp | Fuel burner |
| US2834405A (en) * | 1954-10-22 | 1958-05-13 | Temple S Voorheis | Flame retention means for gas burners |
| US3179152A (en) * | 1961-02-09 | 1965-04-20 | Babcock & Wilcox Co | Combination oil and gas burner |
| US3217779A (en) * | 1963-07-18 | 1965-11-16 | Zink Co John | Gas and liquid fuel burner combination |
| US3391981A (en) * | 1966-06-13 | 1968-07-09 | Coen Company | Forced air draft burner construction for combustible gases |
| GB1193820A (en) * | 1969-04-19 | 1970-06-03 | Ivor Hawkes | Improvements in or relating to Gas Burners |
| US3570242A (en) * | 1970-04-20 | 1971-03-16 | United Aircraft Corp | Fuel premixing for smokeless jet engine main burner |
| US3899884A (en) * | 1970-12-02 | 1975-08-19 | Gen Electric | Combustor systems |
| US3691762A (en) * | 1970-12-04 | 1972-09-19 | Caterpillar Tractor Co | Carbureted reactor combustion system for gas turbine engine |
| US3851466A (en) * | 1973-04-12 | 1974-12-03 | Gen Motors Corp | Combustion apparatus |
| US3872664A (en) * | 1973-10-15 | 1975-03-25 | United Aircraft Corp | Swirl combustor with vortex burning and mixing |
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| US3938324A (en) * | 1974-12-12 | 1976-02-17 | General Motors Corporation | Premix combustor with flow constricting baffle between combustion and dilution zones |
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| US4220444A (en) * | 1978-02-27 | 1980-09-02 | John Zink Company | Gas burner for flame adherence to tile surface |
| CA1306873C (fr) * | 1987-04-27 | 1992-09-01 | Jack R. Taylor | Injecteur de combustible a faible teneur en coke, pour turbine a gaz |
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| US5274995A (en) * | 1992-04-27 | 1994-01-04 | General Electric Company | Apparatus and method for atomizing water in a combustor dome assembly |
| US5251447A (en) * | 1992-10-01 | 1993-10-12 | General Electric Company | Air fuel mixer for gas turbine combustor |
| DE4411622A1 (de) * | 1994-04-02 | 1995-10-05 | Abb Management Ag | Vormischbrenner |
| FR2752917B1 (fr) * | 1996-09-05 | 1998-10-02 | Snecma | Systeme d'injection a degre d'homogeneisation avancee |
| US6141967A (en) * | 1998-01-09 | 2000-11-07 | General Electric Company | Air fuel mixer for gas turbine combustor |
| US6286302B1 (en) * | 1999-04-01 | 2001-09-11 | General Electric Company | Venturi for use in the swirl cup package of a gas turbine combustor having water injected therein |
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-
2003
- 2003-02-14 GB GB0303495A patent/GB2398375A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2004
- 2004-02-03 EP EP04707535A patent/EP1592495B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-02-03 WO PCT/EP2004/050074 patent/WO2004071637A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2004-02-03 DE DE602004005572T patent/DE602004005572T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-02-03 AT AT04707535T patent/ATE357965T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2005
- 2005-08-12 US US11/202,208 patent/US20060035183A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4267131A (en) * | 1977-01-25 | 1981-05-12 | Rhone-Poulenc Industries | Method for intimate contacting of plural phases and phase contactor apparatus therefor |
| US4586825A (en) * | 1982-06-22 | 1986-05-06 | Asadollah Hayatdavoudi | Fluid agitation system |
| US4741624A (en) * | 1985-09-27 | 1988-05-03 | Omya, S. A. | Device for putting in contact fluids appearing in the form of different phases |
| DE4034313A1 (de) * | 1990-10-29 | 1992-04-30 | Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag | Vorrichtung zum mischen von fluiden |
| GB2316162A (en) * | 1996-08-07 | 1998-02-18 | Europ Gas Turbines Ltd | Device for imparting swirl to a fluid flow |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1808641A1 (fr) * | 2006-01-13 | 2007-07-18 | Maurizio Iacobucci | Brûleur pour un four pour produits céramiques |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1592495B1 (fr) | 2007-03-28 |
| DE602004005572T2 (de) | 2007-12-06 |
| ATE357965T1 (de) | 2007-04-15 |
| US20060035183A1 (en) | 2006-02-16 |
| GB2398375A (en) | 2004-08-18 |
| GB0303495D0 (en) | 2003-03-19 |
| EP1592495A1 (fr) | 2005-11-09 |
| DE602004005572D1 (en) | 2007-05-10 |
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