WO2004060904A1 - Pyrroles substitues avec des oligonucleotides - Google Patents
Pyrroles substitues avec des oligonucleotides Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004060904A1 WO2004060904A1 PCT/FR2003/003747 FR0303747W WO2004060904A1 WO 2004060904 A1 WO2004060904 A1 WO 2004060904A1 FR 0303747 W FR0303747 W FR 0303747W WO 2004060904 A1 WO2004060904 A1 WO 2004060904A1
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- 0 **c1ccc[n]1* Chemical compound **c1ccc[n]1* 0.000 description 1
- HNGBCHAOKYMBDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(C(CC=C1)N1S(c1ccc(C)cc1)(=O)=O)=O Chemical compound CC(C(CC=C1)N1S(c1ccc(C)cc1)(=O)=O)=O HNGBCHAOKYMBDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SAQHIAVLLTYDCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(C)(N(C=C)S)O Chemical compound CC(C)(N(C=C)S)O SAQHIAVLLTYDCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QWTBDIBOOIAZEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(C)N(C(C)C)P(OCCC#N)Cl Chemical compound CC(C)N(C(C)C)P(OCCC#N)Cl QWTBDIBOOIAZEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHACJFOMPFITNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(C)N(C(C)C)P(OCCc1c[nH]sc1)OCCC#N Chemical compound CC(C)N(C(C)C)P(OCCc1c[nH]sc1)OCCC#N KHACJFOMPFITNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGJQUJNPMOYEJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(c1ccc[nH]1)=O Chemical compound CC(c1ccc[nH]1)=O IGJQUJNPMOYEJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GGDFUVHCSJOGIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cc(cc1)ccc1S(N1C=CCC1CCO)(=O)=O Chemical compound Cc(cc1)ccc1S(N1C=CCC1CCO)(=O)=O GGDFUVHCSJOGIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HTHNQBWXNJLSEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cc(cc1)ccc1S([n]1c(CC(OC)=O)ccc1)(=O)=O Chemical compound Cc(cc1)ccc1S([n]1c(CC(OC)=O)ccc1)(=O)=O HTHNQBWXNJLSEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H21/00—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups
Definitions
- the present invention relates to new pyrrole derivatives allowing the immobilization and the addressing of oligonucleotides by electropolymerization.
- the invention also relates to the electroactive polymers thus obtained, as well as to their methods of use for the detection, identification and determination of analytes in a sample.
- Conjugated polymers such as polypyrroles and their derivatives, are well known for their conductive and electroactive nature. It is also known that polypyrroles retain their conductivity and their electroactivity when certain pyrrole cycles are substituted in position 3 or 4 with functional groups. Polymers bearing this type of functional group are described in WO-A1- 95/29199, Garnier et al. (Synthetic Metals, 100: 89-94, 1999) Ho-Hoang et al. (Synthetic Metals, 62: 277-280, 1994), Ho-Hoang et al. (J. Mater. Chem., 6 (7), 1107-1112, 1996), and Korri-Youssoufi et al. (Materials Science and Engineering, C15, 265-268, 2001). Different anti-ligands can then be grafted onto the functional groups carried by the polypyrroles.
- WO-A1 -95/29199 describes the synthesis of a precursor polypyrrole from the electrochemical polymerization of pyrroles substituted in position 3 of the pyrrole nucleus with functional groups.
- This precursor polymer is deposited by electrochemical polymerization on a conductive substrate or in the form of a self-supporting film.
- an anti-ligand such as a polynucleotide or a peptide is chemically grafted onto the functional groups of the precursor polymer.
- the polymer thus obtained retains its conductive and electroactive properties.
- These polymers can therefore be used to detect an analyte which interacts specifically with the anti-ligand grafted onto the polymer by measuring a potential difference or a current variation.
- WO-A1 -00/77523 also describes the chemical grafting of an anti-ligand, such as an oligonucleotide, onto a precursor polymer carrying functional groups.
- the polymers thus obtained can be used as biological sensors or "biosensors" for the capture and detection of an analyte.
- the possibility of detecting an analyte, such as a molecule of biological interest, in a sample by a simple electrical measurement constitutes the main advantage of these polymers.
- the processes for the preparation of these polymers involve chemical grafting which does not allow the synthesis in parallel of a large number of polymers carrying different anti-ligands.
- the preparation of anti-matrices ligands require the immobilization and addressing of a large number of different anti-ligands.
- the manufacture of "biochips" or DNA chips thus involves the immobilization and addressing of arrays of oligonucleotides on solid supports.
- the methods of chemical grafting of oligonucleotides onto a precursor polymer do not make it possible to obtain ordered arrays of oligonucleotides.
- EP-B1-0 691 978 and EP-B1-0912 593 also describe substituted pyrroles on which different ligands, such as oligonucleotides, are grafted onto the nitrogen of the pyrrole nucleus.
- substituted pyrroles used as monomers, are electrochemically copolymerized with unsubstituted pyrrole.
- the copolymers obtained also have the drawback of having weak conductive and electroactive properties.
- the present invention provides new pyrroles substituted elsewhere than on the nitrogen atom by groups carrying oligonucleotides. These new substituted pyrroles allow the synthesis of copolymers by electrochemical polymerization when they are used as monomers, alone or in admixture with other monomers. The polymers or copolymers obtained are conductive and electroactive. Pyrroles substituted with oligonucleotides according to the invention offer the possibility of addressing and immobilizing oligonucleotides in a single step by polymerization electrochemical.
- the copolymers according to the invention therefore make it possible to prepare ordered arrays of oligonucleotides. These matrices are particularly interesting tools for diagnosis and for the serial screening of molecules.
- the copolymers according to the invention have electroactive properties for the detection by an electrical measurement of an analyte capable of interacting specifically with the oligonucleotides carried by the copolymer.
- the present invention relates to pyrroles substituted with groups carrying an oligonucleotide. These substituted pyrroles according to the invention are defined below as “pyrrole substituted with an oligonucleotide” or “substituted pyrrole according to the invention".
- a first object of the present invention is a pyrrole substituted with an oligonucleotide characterized in that it corresponds to the general formula (I):
- Ri represents an oligonucleotide
- Y represents S or O
- X represents a spacer arm
- spacer arm means a chemical group which allows the oligonucleotide to be moved away from the pyrrole nucleus.
- the spacer arms are well known to those skilled in the art, any spacer arm making it possible to preserve the conductive and electroactive properties of the polymer can be used in the substituted pyrroles according to the invention.
- the spacer arm represents a reduced bulk so as not to interfere with the polymerization of the substituted pyrrole.
- X represents a spacer arm chosen from - (CH 2 ) lake- O-, - (CH 2 ) p -O - [(CH 2 ) 2 -O] q -, - (CH 2 ) r -CO-NR '- (CH 2 ) r - O-, - (CH 2 ) r -NCH 3 - (CH 2 > -O-, - (CH 2 ) r -CO-NR'- [(CH 2 ) 2 -O] s -, - (CH 2 ) r -NCH 3 - [(CH 2 ) 2 -
- n is an integer between 1 and 5
- p is an integer between 1 and 2
- q is an integer between 1 and 4
- r is an integer between 1 and 3
- r ' is an integer between 1 and 3
- s is an integer between 1 and 3
- n, p, q, r, r' and s are the same or different, the pyrrole cycle is substituted in position 2, 3, 4 or 5.
- oligonucleotide designates a sequence of at least 2 ⁇ ucleotides (deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, or both), natural or modified, capable of hybridizing, under appropriate conditions of hybridization, with an oligonucleotide at least partially complementary.
- nucleoside is meant an organic compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a ose (ribose or deoxyribose).
- nucleotide is meant an organic compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a ose (ribose or deoxyribose) and to a phosphate group.
- modified nucleotide is meant, for example, a nucleotide comprising a modified base and / or comprising a modification at the level of the internucleotide bond and / or at the level of the skeleton.
- a modified base mention may be made of inosine, methyl-5-deoxycytidine, dimethylamino-5-deoxyuridine, diamino-2,6-purine and bromo-5-deoxyuridine.
- modified internucleotide bond mention may be made of the phosphorothioate, N-alkylphosphoramidate, alkylphosphonate and alkylphosphotriester bonds.
- alpha-oligonucleotides such as those described in FR-A-2 607 507 and the PNAs which are the subject of the article by M. Egholm et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc, 114, 1895-1897, 1992) are examples of oligonucleotides consisting of nucleotides whose skeleton is modified.
- the oligonucleotide is linked to the spacer arm by a phosphodiester bond. More specifically, the 3'-OH or 5'-OH of the oligonucleotide is linked to the atom oxygen from the spacer arm via a phosphorylated group.
- the oligonucleotide comprises 2-70 nucleotides, preferably 20 nucleotides.
- the oligonucleotide comprises, at the end linked to the spacer arm, a polynucleotide of sequence TTTTT comprising from 5 to 10 T, preferably 10 T.
- TTTTT polynucleotide of sequence
- This polyT allows the separation of the part of the analyte specific oligonucleotide to be detected from the pyrrole cycle.
- the present invention also relates to a pyrrole substituted with an oligonucleotide of general formula (II):
- Ri, Y and X are as described above.
- X is - (CH) n -O- and n is equal to 2.
- the present invention also relates to a pyrrole substituted with an oligonucleotide of general formula (III):
- Ri, Y and X are as described above.
- X is - (CH 2 ) n -O- and n is 2.
- Another object of the present invention consists in methods for preparing an electroactive conductive copolymer functionalized with oligonucleotides comprising the following steps: a) there is at least one monomer chosen from pyrroles substituted with an oligonucleotide according to the invention of general formula (II), b) there is at least one monomer chosen from substituted pyrroles capable of copolymerizing with other pyrroles, c) the monomer of step a) is electrochemically copolymerized with the monomer of step b).
- X is - (CH) n -O- and n is equal to 2 in the pyrrole substituted with an oligonucleotide of general formula (II).
- the molar ratio between the pyrrole substituted with an oligonucleotide of general formula (II) according to the invention and the substituted pyrrole of step b) is from 1/1000 to 1/100000.
- this molar ratio is from 1/5000 to 1/20000. Even more preferably, this molar ratio is 1/20000.
- the term “monomer” means a chemical unit capable of a chemical or electrochemical polymerization reaction with other monomers to form a polymer.
- polymerization is understood to mean a chemical or electrochemical reaction of units of the same chemical nature allowing the assembly of a certain number of monomers to form a macromolecule (nx M - »(M) n ). It is typically the condensation of pyrrole units to form the polypyrrole.
- copolymerization means the simultaneous polymerization of different units, such as, for example, the simultaneous polymerization of a mixture of pyrrole substituted by groups not comprising oligonucleotides and of substituted pyrroles according to the invention.
- electroropolymerization electrochemical reaction of units of the same chemical nature allowing the assembly of a certain number of monomers to form a macromolecule (nx M - »(M) n ). It is typically the condensation of pyrrole units to form the polypyrrole.
- copolymerization means the simultaneous polymerization of different units, such as, for example, the simultaneous polymerization of a mixture of pyrrole substituted by groups not comprising oligon
- Electropolymerization and “electrochemical polymerization” designate an electrochemical polymerization. Electropolymerization processes are well known to those skilled in the art. Examples include the techniques of cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry (imposed current) and chronoamperometry (imposed potential). In a particular embodiment of the invention, the deposits are produced by chronoamperometry or deposit with controlled potential. This method consists in imposing a potential jump from the potential equilibrium (zero current) up to a fixed value at which the reaction takes place at the electrode and to measure the current as a function of time.
- substituted pyrrole capable of polymerizing with other pyrroles means a pyrrole substituted in position 3 or 4 of the pyrrole ring which is capable of polymerizing or copolymerizing with other pyrroles in positions 2 and 5 and more particularly to copolymerize with pyrroles substituted with oligonucleotides according to the invention.
- substituted pyrroles capable of polymerizing with other pyrroles, carry groups representing a molecular bulk sufficiently small to not interfere in a polymerization or copolymerization reaction. Typically, these substituted pyrroles do not carry substituent groups comprising oligonucleotides.
- pyrroles substituted in position 3 or 4 of the pyrrole cycle with groups of small bulk allow, after polymerization or copolymerization with other pyrroles, to obtain conductive and electroactive polymers.
- Substituted pyrroles capable of polymerizing with other pyrroles to form conductive polymers are well known to those skilled in the art and widely described in the literature. These include WO-A1-95 / 29199, Garnier et al. (Synthetic Metals, 100: 89-94, 1999) Ho-Hoang et al. (Synthetic Metals, 62: 277-280, 1994), Ho-Hoang et al. (J. Mater.
- the pyrroles substituted with an oligonucleotide (ODN) according to the invention are copolymerized with the 3- (hydroxyethyl) pyrrole.
- the substituted pyrrole capable of polymerizing with other pyrroles is therefore 3- (hydroxyethyl) pyrrole.
- the electroactive conductive copolymer functionalized with oligonucleotides resulting from this copolymerization is shown below.
- the copolymer functionalized with oligonucleotides is deposited or formed on a first conductive and electroactive polymer.
- a first substituted pyrrole is polymerized or coploymerized to form a prefilm or a thin sublayer of conductive and electroactive polymer.
- a second layer is produced with the copolymer functionalized with oligonucleotides.
- the present invention therefore also relates to a process for the preparation of an electroactive conductive copolymer functionalized with oligonucleotides comprising the following steps: a) at least one monomer is chosen from substituted pyrroles capable of polymerizing with other pyrroles , b) this monomer from step a) is electrochemically polymerized to form a first electroactive conductive polymer, c) there is a monomer chosen from pyrroles substituted with an oligonucleotide of general formula (II), d) there is d '' at least one monomer chosen from substituted pyrroles capable of polymerizing with other pyrroles, e) the monomer of step c) is electrochemically copolymerized with the monomer of step d) on said first electroactive conductive polymer formed at l step b) to obtain an electroactive conductive copolymer functionalized with oligonucleotides.
- the molar ratio between the substituted pyrrole from step c) and the substituted pyrrole from step d) is 1/20000.
- the substituted pyrrole from step a) and from step d) is the
- the invention also relates to a process for preparing an electroactive conductive copolymer functionalized with oligonucleotides comprising the following steps: a) at least one monomer chosen from substituted pyrroles capable of polymerizing with other pyrroles is available, b) this monomer from step a) is electrochemically polymerized to form a first electroactive conductive polymer, c) a monomer chosen from pyrroles substituted with an oligonucleotide of general formula (II) is available, d) the monomer is electrochemically polymerized step c) on said first electroactive conductive polymer formed in step b) to obtain an electroactive conductive polymer functionalized with oligonucleotides.
- the substituted pyrrole from step a) is 3-
- the present invention also relates to a process for the preparation of an electroactive conductive copolymer functionalized with oligonucleotides comprising the following steps: a) at least one monomer chosen from substituted pyrroles capable of polymerizing with other pyrroles is available, b) this monomer of step a is electrochemically polymerized to form a first electroactive conductive polymer, c) a pyrrole substituted with an oligonucleotide according to the general formula (III) is available, d) the substituted pyrrole of the is electrochemically coupled step c) on the first electroactive conductive polymer formed in step b) to obtain an electroactive conductive copolymer functionalized with oligonucleotides.
- the substituted pyrrole from step a) is 3- (hydroxyethyl) pyrrole.
- the pyrrole substituted with an oligonucleotide according to the invention is substituted in position 2 or 5 of the pyrrole ring, it is not capable of polymerizing or of copolymerizing with other pyrroles.
- the pyrroles substituted with an oligonucleotide (ODN) of general formula (III) are therefore electrochemically coupled to a first electroactive conductive polymer of poly [3- (hydroxyethyl) pyrrole].
- ODN oligonucleotide
- the pyrrole substituted with an oligonucleotide according to the invention is therefore found at the end of the polymer chain.
- the electroactive conductive copolymer functionalized with oligonucleotides resulting from this copolymerization is shown below.
- Another object of the present invention consists of electroactive conductive copolymers functionalized with oligonucleotides capable of being obtained by a process according to the invention.
- copolymers according to the invention are functionalized with oligonucleotides. These oligonucleotides are covalently grafted onto certain monomer units (pyrrole rings) forming the polymer, thus providing an additional function to these electroactive conductive polymers. Copolymers functionalized with oligonucleotides are for example suitable for the capture and detection of analytes.
- conductive polymer is understood to mean a polymer whose electrons are highly delocalized, most often along a chain of single and double bonds (conjugate bonds), which leads it to behave like a micro-semiconductor. electronic.
- electroactive polymer means a polymer whose electrochemical response is modified when an analyte interacts specifically with the oligonucleotides carried by the polymer. Thus, a modification of the electrochemical signal is observed following the specific interaction with the analyte.
- the electroactive conductive copolymer therefore translates the interaction with the analyte into a modified electrochemical signal.
- copolymers according to the invention can be used in all applications in which oligonucleotides are addressed and immobilized on a solid support.
- the polymers according to the invention are obtained in the form of self-supporting films or in the form of a film on an electrode.
- the electrode in fact makes it possible to control, by measuring the current delivered during the reaction, the progress of the polymerization reaction.
- the electrode also makes it possible to measure the subsequent electrochemical responses of the copolymer.
- the present invention therefore also relates to an electrode comprising a conductive support coated on the surface with at least one electroactive conductive copolymer functionalized with oligonucleotides according to the invention.
- Conductive supports for electrodes are known from the state of the art, in particular, substrates made of metal or carbon derivatives.
- the copolymer is generally deposited on the conductive support.
- the electrochemical copolymerization is advantageously carried out on the surface of the electrode to obtain an electrode comprising a conductive support coated on the surface with a copolymer according to the invention.
- the electrode is obtained by depositing a layer of copolymer on the surface of a gold or platinum support.
- pyrroles substituted with an oligonucleotide according to the present invention allow the immobilization and the addressing of oligonucleotides on small surfaces.
- This addressed electrocopolymerization makes it possible to produce a matrix of miniaturized and ordered points, each of the points carrying a defined oligonucleotide.
- the invention therefore also relates to an electrode array.
- the invention therefore also relates to an electrode matrix comprising at least one electrode according to the invention.
- the different electrodes of the matrix carry different oligonucleotides.
- the invention relates to a plurality of electrodes or microelectrodes fixed on a solid support, these electrodes are coated with a copolymer according to the invention and advantageously carry different oligonucleotides.
- Such electrode arrays can advantageously be obtained by addressed electropolymerization of pyrroles substituted with an oligonucleotide according to the invention.
- the copolymers, the electrodes and the electrode arrays according to the invention are in particular usable for the detection of analytes capable of being present in a sample and capable of reacting specifically with the oligonucleotides carried by the copolymer.
- the invention therefore also relates to devices for detecting an analyte in a sample comprising at least one copolymer according to the invention and / or at least one electrode according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to devices for detecting an analyte in a sample comprising at least one electrode array according to the invention.
- the present invention also relates to a method for detecting an analyte in a sample comprising the following steps: a) there is an electroactive conductive copolymer functionalized with oligonucleotides according to the invention or an electrode comprising a conductive support coated with an electroactive conductive copolymer functionalized with oligonucleotides according to the invention, b) the electroactive copolymer or the electrode of step a) is brought into contact with the sample under reaction conditions suitable for the specific interaction of the analyte with said oligonucleotides; c) the analyte, linked to said oligonucleotides, is detected by means of an electrical measurement.
- the invention therefore relates to the use of a copolymer, an electrode or an electrode matrix according to the invention for detecting an analyte capable of being present in a sample and capable of interacting specifically with oligonucleotides according to the invention.
- analyte means any molecule capable of interacting specifically with oligonucleotides and therefore capable of being detected with a copolymer according to the invention.
- This analyte can be, for example, a biomolecule such as for example a protein, a peptide, a lipid, a steroid, a sugar or even a nucleic acid.
- the oligonucleotide carried by the copolymer is specific for the analyte to be detected.
- the oligonucleotide and the analyte to be detected form an anti-ligand / ligand pair (DNA / DNA, RNA / DNA, RNA / RNA or DNA / protein for example).
- the present invention makes it possible to detect an analyte in any type of sample.
- the sample is a biological sample.
- this sample may have been taken from a patient for diagnostic purposes.
- the sample can be, for example, urine, blood, serum, plasma, cell extracts or a body fluid.
- a DNA and / or an RNA specifically hybridizing to the oligonucleotides of the electroactive conductive copolymer according to the invention is detected.
- the copolymer of the present invention is an electroactive copolymer whose electrochemical response will be modified when an analyte interacts specifically with the oligonucleotides carried by the polymer.
- the electroactive conductive copolymer according to the invention therefore translates the interaction with the analyte into an electrochemical signal.
- the specific interaction of an analyte with the oligonucleotides carried by the copolymer generates a modification of the electro-chemical response of the copolymer studied with respect to a reference copolymer.
- the detection of the analyte is therefore carried out by an electrical measurement.
- the term "electrical measurement” means the measurement of a variation of potentiometric type such as the variation of the oxidation potential of the polymer or the measurement of a variation of amperometric type by variation of the oxidation current observed at a given potential. These variations are measured quickly, sensibly and quantitatively according to methods well known to those skilled in the art.
- the electrical measurement consists in measuring a variation in potential or a variation in current.
- cyclic voltammetry is used. It is an electroanalytical method which consists in scanning a range of potential in one direction then in the other, at constant speed. The voltammogram obtained gives the current response of the electrochemical system studied and allows its characterization.
- the detection of the specific interaction between the analyte and the oligonucleotides carried by the copolymer can be done with the electrode which served for the electropolymerization of the polymer.
- the hybridization of a nucleic acid complementary to the oligonucleotides of the copolymer can be detected by electrical measurement on the electrode which supports the copolymer according to the invention.
- Another object of the present invention consists of a substituted pyrrole of general formula (IN):
- R is a protecting group for the amine.
- Different protecting groups for the amine can be used in the substituted pyrroles according to the invention. These amine protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art (Kocienski P.J., Thieme Publishing Group, 1994; Hanson J.R., Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis,
- the amine protecting group is chosen from monomethoxytrityl, dimethoxytrityl, tosyle, triisopopyl silyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenyloxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl and acetyl.
- R 3 is a phosphorus group capable of reacting with a free hydroxyl group.
- R 3 is chosen from a phosphotriester, H-phosphonate or phosphoramidite group,
- X represents a spacer arm chosen from - (CH 2 ) n -O-, - (CH 2 ) p -O - [(CH 2 ) 2 -O] q -, -
- R ' represents -H or -CH 3 , n is an integer between 1 and 5, p is an integer between 1 and 2, q is an integer between 1 and 4, r is an integer between 1 and 3, r 'is an integer between 1 and 3, s is an integer between 1 and 3, n, p, q, r, r' and s are the same or different, the pyrrole ring is substituted for position 2, 3, 4 or 5.
- the invention relates to a substituted pyrrole of general formula (N):
- R is a protecting group for the amine.
- R 2 is chosen from monomethoxytrityl, dimethoxytrityl, tosyle, triisopropyl silyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenyloxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl and acetyl.
- R 3 is a phosphorus group capable of reacting with a free hydroxyl group.
- R 3 is chosen from a phosphotriester, H-phosphonate or phosphoramidite group,
- X represents a spacer arm chosen from - (CH 2 ) n -O-, - (CH 2 ) p -O - [(CH 2 ) 2 -O] q -, -
- R ' represents -H or -CH 3 , n is an integer between 1 and 5, p is an integer between 1 and 2, q is an integer between 1 and 4, r is an integer between 1 and 3, r 'is an integer between 1 and 3, s is an integer between 1 and 3, n, p, q, r, r' and s are the same or different.
- R 2 represents the monomethoxytrityl.
- R 3 represents a phosporamidite group.
- X represents - (CH 2 ) n -O- and n is equal to 2.
- the substituted pyrrole corresponds to the general formula (NI):
- R 2 is an amine protecting group, preferably chosen from monomethoxytrityl, dimethoxytrityl, tosyl, triisopropyl silyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenyloxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl and acetyl,
- R 3 is a phosphorus group capable of reacting with a free hydroxyl group.
- R is chosen from a phosphotriester, H-phosphonate or phosphoramidite group
- X represents a spacer arm chosen from - (CH 2 ) n -O-, - (CH 2 ) p -O - [(CH 2 ) -O] q -, -
- R ' represents -H or -CH
- n is an integer between 1 and 5
- p is an integer between 1 and 2
- q is an integer between 1 and 4
- r is an integer between 1 and 3
- r ' is an integer between 1 and 3
- s is an integer between 1 and 3
- n, p, q, r, r' and s are the same or different.
- R 2 represents the monomethoxytrityl.
- R 3 represents a phosporamidite group.
- X represents - (CH) n -O- and n is equal to 2.
- Another object of the present invention consists in a process for the preparation of a pyrrole substituted with an oligonucleotide of general formula (I)
- Ri, X and Y are as defined above, comprising the following steps: a) the synthesis cycles of an oligonucleotide are carried out, b) in the last synthesis cycle of said oligonucleotide, a substituted pyrrole of formula general (IN)
- R, R 3 and X are as defined above in the last nucleotide 5 'or 3' of said oligonucleotide; c) said protective group R 2 is cleaved.
- the protective group R 2 is the monomethoxytrityl and in step c) this protective group is cleaved by treatment in an acid medium.
- the protective group R is the monomethoxytrityl and the oligonucleotide is purified by reverse phase chromatography before cleaving the protective group in step c).
- substitution of a substituted pyrrole of general formula (IN) is carried out following the synthesis cycles of the oligonucleotide.
- the nucleotide is replaced by a substituted pyrrole of general formula (IN).
- the last nucleotide of this cycle is replaced by a substituted pyrrole of formula (IN) according to the invention in which the phosphorus group is an H-phosphonate.
- the last nucleotide of this chain is replaced by the substituted pyrrole of formula (IV) according to the invention in which the phosphorus group is a phosphoramidite.
- the free hydroxyl at the 5 ′ or 3 ′ end of the oligonucleotide reacts with the reactive phosphorus (phosphodiester, phosphoramidite, H-phosphonate) of the substituted pyrrole of general formula (IN).
- Figure 1 Chromatograms of the oligonucleotide 5'OH before and after the incorporation of l- [ ⁇ - (tosyl)] - 3- [7-O- (2-cyanoethyl- ⁇ , N diisopropylphosphoramidityl) hydroxyethyl].
- Figure 2 Monitoring by HPLC of the cleavage of the Tosyle group.
- Fig 2 A Sequence of the oligonucleotide: 5 'Pyrrole Tosyl- ttt ttt ttt ttgg ce tga cga tac agc ta, Rt: 14.9 min.
- oligonucleotides 5 'Pyrrole Tosyl- ttt ttt ttt ttgg ce tga cga tac agc ta (20%), Rt: 15.25 min, 5' Pyrrole - ttt ttt ttt ttgg ce tga cga tac agc ta (80%) , Rt: 13.48 min after 24 h in 0.5 M NaOH solution at 55 ° C.
- Figure 3 Chromatogram of the purified oligonucleotide carrying the pyrrole substituted in 3 and synthesized from the pyrrole monomer carrying MMT.
- Oligonucleotide sequence 5 'Pyrrole - at etc ggg aat etc aat gtt ag, Rt: 17.6 min.
- Figure 5 Cyclic voltammetry curve of an electrode modified by a polymer film of 3- (hydroxyethyl) pyrrole transferred into the monomer-free electrolyte.
- Figure 7 Cyclic voltammetry curve of an electrode modified by a film of pyrrole -ODN in 3 on a pre-film of 3- (hydroxyethyl) pyrrole, transferred into the electrolyte solution free of monomers.
- Figure 8 Modification of the electrochemical signal of the modified electrode subjected to different media.
- Figure 9 Cyclic voltammetry curve of an electrode modified by a copolymer on a prefilm transferred into the electrolyte solution free of monomers.
- Figure 10 Modification of the electrochemical signal of the modified electrode subjected to different media.
- Figure 11 Modification of the electrochemical signal of the electrode modified by a copolymer subjected to different media.
- 1- (N-tosyl) -3- (hydroxyethyl) pyrrole was carried out as described by Korri-Youssoufi et al., Materials Science and Engineering C15 (2001) 265-268.
- 1- (N-tosyl) pyrrole was synthesized from pyrrole using tosyl chloride in the presence of a strong base, potassium tert-butoxide.
- the 1- (N-tosyl) -3- (hydroxyethyl) pyrrole (50 mg, 187.5 ⁇ mol, leq.) was coevaporated 3 times with anhydrous acetonitrile, then it was dissolved in 1 ml of acetonitrile.
- the flask was placed under an inert atmosphere and 68 ⁇ L (48 mg, 375 ⁇ mol, 2 eq.) Of DIPEA (diisopropylethylamine) were added.
- Chlorophosphine (48 ⁇ L, 72 mg, 275 ⁇ mol, 1.1 eq.) was added dropwise and the whole was left under stirring for 5 min.
- the reaction mixture was then concentrated by half on a rotary evaporator and was deposited on a column of silica gel poured in a cyclohexane / triethylamine mixture (99: 1) and rinsed with cyclohexane.
- the product was then eluted with a cyclohexane / ethyl acetate mixture (90:10). Then the good fractions were combined and concentrated.
- the yellow oil obtained was taken up in acetonitrile, filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ M PVDF millex filter and reconcentrated to obtain 120 mg (205 ⁇ mol, 68%) of product.
- the tosyl group was introduced in position 1 of 2-acetyl pyrrole by reaction with tosyl chloride, at 0 ° C. in dichloromethane, in the presence of n-butylammonium sulfate and sodium hydroxide. Then, methyl 2- [2- (1-tosyl-pyrrole)] acetate was obtained by oxidative transposition, using thallium nitrate in the presence of montmorillonite. A reduction step with LiBH leads to the desired product, 1- (N-tosyî) -2- (hydroxyethyl) pyrrole. The overall yield of the synthesis was 3%.
- oligonucleotide was synthesized on a solid support (Controlled pore glass, CPG) by the phosphoramidite method described by Beaucage and Lyer, (Tetrahedron, 48, 223-2311, 1992).
- the first nucleoside of the sequence to be synthesized is attached to the solid support (CPG) in the 3 'position, the 5' OH end of the nucleoside being protected by an acid labile dimethoxytrityl group (DMT).
- CPG Controlled pore glass
- DMT acid labile dimethoxytrityl group
- an acid treatment (tri or dichloroacetic acid) makes it possible to remove the DMT group in order to generate the reactive 5 'OH end.
- a second “coupling” step the phosphoramidite of the base to be added is condensed on this first nucleoside in order to generate a phosphite triester bond. Condensation takes place in the presence of a catalyst (tetrazole or S-thio ethyl tetrazole, or DCI, or 7)
- the phosphite triester bond is oxidized to the phosphate triester bond by an oxidizing treatment (aqueous iodine).
- the phosphite triester bond can also be oxidized by the Beaucage reagent in solution in acetonitrile to give a phosphorothioate triester bond.
- Steps 1 to 4 are repeated as many times as necessary depending on the length of the sequence to be synthesized. . These 4 stages constitute a cycle of synthesis.
- the solid support on which the oligonucleotide is located is incubated in a concentrated aqueous ammonia solution in order to cleave the oligonucleotide from the support, to deprotect the bases and the phosphate groups.
- Example 8 Incorporation of pyrrole substituted in position 3. protected on nitrogen by a tosyl group. at the 5 'end of an oligonucleotide
- a final synthesis cycle was carried out using the pyrrole monomer, 1- [N- (tosyl)] - 3- [7-O- (2-cyanoethyl-NNdiisopropylphosphoramidityl) hydroxyethyl] pyrrole, the synthesis of which is described in Example 3 above.
- This monomer was used in exactly the same conditions as a conventional nucleotide synthon, with the only difference of the coupling time which is 15 minutes instead of 1.3 minutes in order to take into account possible incorporation problems.
- the reaction scheme is shown below. After deprotection in 30% aqueous ammonia (16h at 55 ° C), the crude oligonucleotide was analyzed by ion exchange HPLC ( Figure 1).
- Figure 1 shows the coinjection of oligo with and without pyrrole to highlight the incorporation. (Gradient from 400 to 640 mM NaCl in 20 min, Gen Pack Fax TM column (WATERS TM), 0.75 ml / min).
- FIG. 2 represents the cleavage of tosyl in 0.5 M NaOH medium, 55 ° C. (Gradient from 440 to 680 mM NaCl in 20 min. Gen Pack Fax TM column (WATERS TM), 0.75 ml / min).
- the sodium hydroxide can be eliminated by simple precipitation with acetone, and used as such for the copolymerization experiments.
- a final synthesis cycle is carried out using the pyrrole monomer, the synthesis of which is described in Example 4 above.
- This monomer is used in exactly the same conditions as a conventional base, with the only difference of the coupling time which is 15 minutes instead of 1.3 minutes in order to take account of possible incorporation problems.
- the MMT group is kept on the oligonucleotide for the purpose of further purification.
- the oligonucleotide is finally deprotected in concentrated ammonia (16 h at 55 ° C). reaction scheme is shown below.
- Example 11 Cleavage of the monomethoxytrityl group and purification of the oligonucleotide
- the great advantage of using the monomethoxytrityl monomer is that it can be used for the purification of the oligonucleotide and that it is very easily eliminated in an acid medium. It will therefore be preferred over the tosyle group.
- the oligonucleotide is purified by a manual purification system using the hydrophobic properties of the MMT group. (CTGen MDP -WS 1000 TM column).
- This system is similar to OPC TM cartridges (Applied Biosystems TM) in which the oligonucleotide carrying the MMT group is specifically retained on the reverse phase while the impurities not carrying the MMT group are eluted in the liquid phase.
- the oligonucleotide carrying the MMT was eluted with an acetonitrile solution. After evaporation, the oligonucleotide was treated with an 80% acetic acid solution for one hour. The acid was evaporated in the cold and the oligonucleotide was precipitated with ethanol. The purity of this compound was checked by ion exchange chromatography on a Gen Pack Fax column (WATERS) in an NaCl gradient (FIG. 3).
- WATERS Gen Pack Fax column
- 3 represents the purified oligonucleotide carrying the pyrrole substituted in 3 and synthesized from the monomer carrying MMT (gradient from 340 to 580 mM NaCl in 20 min, Gen Pack Fax TM column (WATERS TM), 0.75 ml / min) .
- the manipulations were all carried out in an aqueous medium, using an electrochemical assembly with three electrodes connected to an Autolab PGSTAT 100 TM potentiostat. This imposes a fixed potential difference between the reference electrode and the working electrode, the counter-electrode serving to modulate the current so as to obtain the desired stable potential difference between the working electrode and the reference. , whatever the electrical properties of the cell.
- Lithium perchlorate is the electrolyte used in the study solutions.
- the product is in the form of a powder (molar mass 106.39 g.mol "1 ) easily soluble in distilled water.
- Electrolyte LiClO 4 0.5 M in H 2 O
- ODN oligonucleotide
- pyrrole substituted with an oligonucleotide according to the invention (or pyrrole-ODN) is represented below:
- TH IX is the electrolytic medium used as a hybridization solution. It has the following composition:
- oligonucleotide complementary to the ODN immobilized in the polypyrrole film was used at a concentration 0.1 ⁇ M in TH IX. 5 'TAGCTGTATCGTCAAGGC 3'
- Example 14 Principle of detection
- the polymers according to the invention can in particular be used for the detection of biologically active species liable to be present in a sample and to react with the ODN present on the polymer chain. Indeed, as shown below, it is observed that the conjugated polymers functionalized in position 3 of their heterocycle after reaction with one or more ligands, exhibit a modification of the electrochemical response compared to a reference polymer which has not reacted with the ligand (s) from a biological medium, visualized by a change in the oxidation potential.
- This variation of the electrochemical signal of the polymer confers a sensor function, and can thus be used for a quantitative measurement of the biologically active species, either by the variation of the potential, with fixed current, or by the variation of the current with fixed potential.
- the optimal polymerization parameters were established and the conditions of stability and electroactivity of the deposits in the solutions used were defined.
- the essential point concerns the nature of the physicochemical properties of the polymer which are to be modified during recognition "ODN / AN” (oligonucleotide / nucleic acid).
- ODN / AN oligonucleotide / nucleic acid
- the aim of the present invention relates to the development of electroactive materials in a single step, the electrochemical response of which will be modified after hybridization "ODN / AN ".
- the modification will concern a variation of potentiometric type, by variation of the current of the oxidation potential of the polymer, or amperometric, by variation of the oxidation (or reduction) current observed at a determined potential.
- variations in electrochemical response can be measured quantitatively, the films of functionalized polymers being used either as electrochemical sensors of amperometric or potentiometric types.
- the deposit is transferred to the hybridization buffer (solution (5)) then put in the presence of non-complementary targets (solution (6)), rinsed, then put in the presence of complementary targets (solution (7))
- the deposit is analyzed (cycle) by cyclic voltammetry. The results are obtained in FIG. 8 which shows a drop in electroactivity of the oxidation peak as well as a potential offset of the oxidation peak.
- the pyrrole-ODN polymer in 3 is therefore capable of translating the phenomenon of hybridization of these probes into an electrochemical signal.
- the deposit is transferred to the hybridization buffer (solution (5)) then put in the presence of non-complementary targets (solution (6)), rinsed, then put in the presence of complementary targets (solution (7))
- the deposit is analyzed (cycle) by cyclic voltammetry.
- FIG. 10 shows a drop in electroactivity of the oxidation peak as well as a slight shift in potential of the oxidation peak.
- FIG. 10 Modification of the electrochemical signal of the modified electrode subjected to a: Hybridization buffer b: Hybridization solution in the presence of non-complementary targets c: Hybridization solution in the presence of complementary targets 2004/060904
- the 3- (hydroxyethyl) pyrrole / pyrrole-ODN copolymer in 3 is therefore capable of translating the phenomenon of hybridization of these probes into an electrochemical signal.
- This solution was prepared with a ratio of 1 pyrrole-ODN unit per 20,000 pyrrole units.
- the copolymerization takes place at 0.75V on a platinum electrode diameter 3mm, against platinum electrode, DHW reference, stirring and degassing under Argon 15 min before deposition, deposition time 20s, charge obtained ⁇ 7.39 mC
- the deposition carried out is subsequently transferred to an electrolyte solution and to the hybridization buffer.
- the shape of the cyclic voltammetry curve ( Figure 11) confirms the presence of an electroactive, stable and reversible film.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03814482A EP1578759A1 (fr) | 2002-12-19 | 2003-12-16 | Pyrroles substitues avec des oligonucleotides |
| JP2004564281A JP2006518334A (ja) | 2002-12-19 | 2003-12-16 | オリゴヌクレオチドで置換されたピロール |
| AU2003300628A AU2003300628A1 (en) | 2002-12-19 | 2003-12-16 | Pyrroles substituted by oligonucleotides |
| US10/536,317 US7446186B2 (en) | 2002-12-19 | 2003-12-16 | Pyrroles substituted by oligonucleotides |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0216184A FR2849038B1 (fr) | 2002-12-19 | 2002-12-19 | Nouveaux pyrroles substitues avec des oligonucleotides, polymeres electroactifs et leurs utilisations |
| FR02/16184 | 2002-12-19 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2004060904A1 true WO2004060904A1 (fr) | 2004-07-22 |
Family
ID=32406205
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2003/003747 Ceased WO2004060904A1 (fr) | 2002-12-19 | 2003-12-16 | Pyrroles substitues avec des oligonucleotides |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7446186B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1578759A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2006518334A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN100436472C (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2003300628A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2849038B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2004060904A1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2892723A1 (fr) * | 2005-11-03 | 2007-05-04 | Biomerieux Sa | Nouveaux monomeres electropolymerisables, solubles en solution aqueuse, comportant une metalloporphyrine. |
| WO2007112864A1 (fr) * | 2006-03-30 | 2007-10-11 | Micromuscle Ab | Configurations d'electrodes pour des systemes electro-chimiquement actifs |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7678252B2 (en) * | 2005-06-14 | 2010-03-16 | Auburn University | Long lived anion-selective sensors based on a covalently attached metalloporphyrin as anion receptor |
| FR2888240B1 (fr) | 2005-07-11 | 2007-09-07 | Biomerieux Sa | Monomeres electropolymerisables solubles en solution aqueuse et sondes electroactives susceptibles d'etre obtenues avec de tels monomeres |
| GB2466024A (en) * | 2008-12-08 | 2010-06-09 | Univ Dublin City | Making a stationary phase for separations from electrochemically polymerised monomer |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1991006625A1 (fr) * | 1989-10-30 | 1991-05-16 | Fritz Pittner | Biocapteur et procede pour sa fabrication |
| WO1994022889A1 (fr) * | 1993-03-31 | 1994-10-13 | Cis Bio International | Copolymere nucleotide(s)/polymere conducteur electronique, son procede de preparation et son utilisation |
| WO1995029199A1 (fr) * | 1994-04-22 | 1995-11-02 | Bio Merieux | Polymeres conjugues fonctionnalises electriquement conducteurs et electroactifs, et utilisations |
| WO1997049718A2 (fr) * | 1996-06-25 | 1997-12-31 | Cis Bio International | Conjugues d'un oligonucleotide/polymere conducteur electronique avec une molecule d'interet, et leurs utilisations |
| WO2000077523A1 (fr) * | 1999-06-10 | 2000-12-21 | Motorola, Inc. | Biocapteurs utilisant des polymeres conjugues a charge neutre |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2607507B1 (fr) | 1986-12-02 | 1990-04-13 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Nouveaux derives a-d-oligonucleotides, leur preparation et leur emploi |
| FR2742451B1 (fr) | 1995-12-19 | 1998-03-20 | Cis Bio Int | Procede pour reduire la reactivite de surface de copolymeres obtenus par polymerisation electrochimique |
| WO2000031750A1 (fr) * | 1998-11-19 | 2000-06-02 | Bio Merieux | Polymeres conjugues fonctionnalises capables d'electroconductivite et d'electroactivite, et utilisations de ces polymeres |
| FR2787582B1 (fr) * | 1998-12-16 | 2001-01-12 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de fabrication d'une biopuce et biopuce |
-
2002
- 2002-12-19 FR FR0216184A patent/FR2849038B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-12-16 US US10/536,317 patent/US7446186B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-16 JP JP2004564281A patent/JP2006518334A/ja active Pending
- 2003-12-16 CN CNB2003801065573A patent/CN100436472C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-16 WO PCT/FR2003/003747 patent/WO2004060904A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2003-12-16 AU AU2003300628A patent/AU2003300628A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-12-16 EP EP03814482A patent/EP1578759A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1991006625A1 (fr) * | 1989-10-30 | 1991-05-16 | Fritz Pittner | Biocapteur et procede pour sa fabrication |
| WO1994022889A1 (fr) * | 1993-03-31 | 1994-10-13 | Cis Bio International | Copolymere nucleotide(s)/polymere conducteur electronique, son procede de preparation et son utilisation |
| WO1995029199A1 (fr) * | 1994-04-22 | 1995-11-02 | Bio Merieux | Polymeres conjugues fonctionnalises electriquement conducteurs et electroactifs, et utilisations |
| WO1997049718A2 (fr) * | 1996-06-25 | 1997-12-31 | Cis Bio International | Conjugues d'un oligonucleotide/polymere conducteur electronique avec une molecule d'interet, et leurs utilisations |
| WO2000077523A1 (fr) * | 1999-06-10 | 2000-12-21 | Motorola, Inc. | Biocapteurs utilisant des polymeres conjugues a charge neutre |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| N.LASALLE ET AL.: "Electropolymerisable Pyrrole-Oligonucleotide : Synthesis and Analysis of ODN Hybridisation by Fluorescence and QCM.", TALANTA, vol. 55, no. 5, 13 December 2001 (2001-12-13), pages 993 - 1004, XP002259667 * |
| R.SETTAMBOLO ET AL.: "Rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of 2-vinyl- and 3-vinyl-1-tosylpyrroles as a convenient synthetic route to the corresponding 2-(1-tosylpyrrolyl)propanals and derivatives.", SYNTHETIC COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 27, no. 23, 1997, pages 4111 - 4120, XP008024034 * |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2892723A1 (fr) * | 2005-11-03 | 2007-05-04 | Biomerieux Sa | Nouveaux monomeres electropolymerisables, solubles en solution aqueuse, comportant une metalloporphyrine. |
| WO2007051947A1 (fr) * | 2005-11-03 | 2007-05-10 | Biomerieux | Nouveaux monomeres electropolymerisables, solubles en solution aqueuse, comportant une metalloporphyrine |
| US8092661B2 (en) | 2005-11-03 | 2012-01-10 | Biomerieux | Electropolymerisable monomers, soluble in an aqueous solution and comprising a metalloporphyrin |
| WO2007112864A1 (fr) * | 2006-03-30 | 2007-10-11 | Micromuscle Ab | Configurations d'electrodes pour des systemes electro-chimiquement actifs |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US7446186B2 (en) | 2008-11-04 |
| EP1578759A1 (fr) | 2005-09-28 |
| AU2003300628A8 (en) | 2004-07-29 |
| JP2006518334A (ja) | 2006-08-10 |
| CN100436472C (zh) | 2008-11-26 |
| FR2849038A1 (fr) | 2004-06-25 |
| US20060189555A1 (en) | 2006-08-24 |
| CN1753902A (zh) | 2006-03-29 |
| FR2849038B1 (fr) | 2005-03-11 |
| AU2003300628A1 (en) | 2004-07-29 |
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