WO2004053211A1 - Method and device for producing natural fibers and/or natural fiber bundles from fibrous, renewable raw materials, and the use thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and a device for producing natural fibers and/or natural fiber bundles from fibrous, renewable raw materials, especially from bamboo and other grasses and to the use of said fibers and/or fiber bundles. The raw material to be reduced to fibers is subjected to mechanical stress, thereby reducing it to fibers at an angle to the structural boundaries and/or growth boundaries between the fibrous and non-fibrous components of the raw material.

Description

 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR OBTAINING NATURAL FIBERS AND / OR NATURAL FIBER BUNDLES FROM FIBER-CONTAINING, RENEWABLE RAW MATERIALS AND USE

The present invention relates to a method and a device for obtaining natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing, renewable raw materials, in particular from bamboo and other grasses, and to the use of such fibers and / or fiber bundles.

A large number of uses of organic and inorganic fiber materials are known from the prior art. In particular, fibers or fiber bundles made of fiber-containing, renewable raw materials, such as bamboo, are used as reinforcing materials for substances with organic and / or mineral matrix systems. In addition, a large number of products which can be produced with these fibers or fiber bundles are known, as disclosed, for example, in DE 36 14 533 and DE 3927 777.

More recently it can be seen from the development of technical literature that in various countries the industrial use / recycling of bamboo and grasses other than fibrous plants is concerned. The main reason for this is the high mechanical strength of the natural fibers or natural fiber bundles. For example, bamboo has tensile strength values σ _tension . <450 MPa and bending strength σ _B i _eg . <250 MPa with elongation at break 8.0 - 9.3%. This results in considerable potential for reinforcing different matrix systems.

Other important reasons for turning in particular to bamboo as a particularly important representatives of the renewable raw materials resulting from the significant differences in Biomassenßroduktivität (eg BMP _Ba mbus ≥ 10 BMPπachs), the Faserausbringen ε _fiber (%) per kg of raw material (eg ε Bamboo _fiber ≥ 60% + 95% and S _F aser axis ≤ 50%) and with regard to processing behavior (high dimensional stability of the fiber-containing decomposition products regardless of the moisture content in the respective matrix).

An essential boundary condition for the use of fibers and / or fiber bundles obtained from fiber-containing, renewable raw materials, in particular from bamboo materials, as reinforcing materials of substances with organic and / or mineral matrix systems is the fineness of the fibers or fiber bundles obtained Accordingly, there is a need to prepare the fibers and / or fiber bundles for different finenesses depending on a composition of the organic and / or inorganic matrix systems and the application conditions to be taken into account. Particular attention should be paid to the degree of slenderness, ie the ratio of length I to width d of the fibers and / or fiber bundles.

From US 5,840,226 and EP 666 155 discloses a process for preparation of bamboo-known, according to which is to cut the bamboo raw material into coarse pieces with l _B AMBUS »d _Ba mbus and possibly additionally be split lengthwise or cut into strips.

In addition, a method for processing bamboo is known from US Pat. No. 6,086,804 and UK 2,303,152, according to which raw bamboo to be fed in any direction is crushed in a gap formed between rotating rollers, the compressed material is then mechanically cut into equal lengths or broken up in a crusher. The fragments thus produced are broken up with spiked rollers. This is followed by a mechanical separation of fiber-foldable particles and those without any noteworthy fiber shares.

As a further method for bamboo processing it is proposed in US 4,857,145 to dissolve pre-shredded bamboo with a combination of different chemicals in its fiber components using increased pressure and to further use the resulting intermediate product as bamboo fiber pulp.

Furthermore, from DE 198 31 433 A1 a raw material preparation for obtaining bamboo fibers is known, according to which mechanical bamboo fiberization is carried out to expose as many microfibrils formed on the surfaces of the bamboo particles (in particular the parenchyma cells). The fibers obtained in this way are suitable as reinforcing materials in matrix materials. This exposure of the microfibrils creates a precondition for the fact that the bamboo articles, which are technically producible in lengths of <60-65 mm, can be mechanically combined with other finely divided fibers.

With the existing technical solutions, however, it is hardly possible to ensure holistic, low-loss processing of the raw material, with which the raw material can be largely broken down into needle-like fiber elements of great length with the least possible waste. In particular, it was found in a bamboo fiber processing plant constructed and put into operation in accordance with DE 198 31 433 A1 that technical and technological limits are reached in the dry defibering and the subsequent classification, which particularly oppose the use of very finely divided bamboo fibers. Despite the size of the feed material, it is not possible to produce large proportions of long, slim fiber bundles. It is also extremely difficult to divide the shredded particles into individual fiber bundle thickness and / or fiber bundle length classes because of their surface roughness. In addition, the selectivity that can be achieved in sieve classification is very low, since high proportions of finished goods as circulating loads are returned to the defibration unit, which works according to the impact crushing principle, where they are inevitably further reduced in the classification stage before the difficult to sieve material is re-fed.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method and a device for obtaining natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials, with which the raw material can be dismantled predominantly into needle-like fiber elements of great length with the least possible reject.

According to the procedural aspect, this object is achieved by a method for obtaining natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials, in particular from bamboo and other grasses, the raw material to be fiberized by mechanical stressing of transverse fiberization along structural boundaries and / or intergrowth limits between fiber-containing and non-fiber-containing materials - exposed to components of the raw material.

In the method according to the invention, the raw material property of the renewable raw material is exploited so that bamboo and other grasses can be broken down into needle-like elements of great length by means of targeted comminution along structural and / or intergrowth limits existing in the entire stem cross section between fiber-containing and non-fiber-containing components can extend into the area of the fiber cells arranged in parallel in the vascular bundles.

Accordingly, needle-like natural fibers or natural fiber bundles made of fiber-containing renewable raw materials can be processed with the processing technology according to the invention. Fabrics are made. In addition, since the raw material is mainly broken up along natural structural boundaries with the method according to the invention due to the cross-fraying, a high proportion of fiber elements with length / thickness ratios> 100 can be achieved in the discharge material. This means that predominantly long, slim fibers or fiber bundles can be produced.

The known methods described above, on the other hand, do not exploit this raw material property or do not use it in a targeted manner.

According to a preferred embodiment, the mechanical stress acts radially on a stem structure of the raw material on the raw material and / or the resulting cross-fiberization products.

In addition, it is advantageous if the mechanical stress is exerted by an increasing pressure and / or shear stress in several stages, each stage of the pressure and / or shear stress acting as a separate transverse fiberization stage.

It is also of particular advantage if the raw material is comminuted, in particular cut, into sections of a certain length in a process step upstream of the cross-fiberization, and the resulting portions are fed to the cross-fiberization. The length of the cut sections is preferably determined in accordance with a maximum fiber length to be produced, with particular lengths between 50 mm <I _HS ≤ 70 mm being used.

According to a further exemplary embodiment of the method for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials, the raw material and / or the raw material comminuted into parts is fed to the transverse fiberization, with an orientation of the raw material or the partial parts transversely, in particular perpendicularly, to one Direction of pressure and / or shear stress occurs.

It is advantageous if an alignment and / or classification of the raw material or the raw material comminuted into partial pieces or the resulting cross-fiberization products is carried out between the individual stages of the pressure and / or shear stress. After the cross-fiberization of the raw material or the raw material comminuted into partial pieces, the cross-fiberization products obtained from the cross-fiberization are preferably classified into individual fiber or fiber bundle thickness classes and / or fiber or fiber bundle length classes.

It is advantageous if the classification is carried out in an air flow with low fiber concentrations.

In terms of apparatus technology, the above-mentioned object is achieved by a device for obtaining natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing, renewable raw materials with at least one cross-fiberization device and a feed system for feeding raw material to the cross-fiberization device.

According to a preferred exemplary embodiment, a comminution device for the raw material is provided, the comminution device being arranged upstream of the transverse defibrillation device, and the raw material being comminuted, in particular cut up, into sections of a certain length by means of the comminution device, and the resulting sections being fed to the transverse defibrillation. By means of the comminution device, preferably raw material chopped pieces, in particular with piece lengths between 50 mm <I _HS ≤ 70 mm or raw material billets for coarse fibering with piece lengths in the piece length l _SC unit ≤ 600 mm can be produced.

According to a preferred exemplary embodiment, the feed system has means for aligning and feeding the raw material and / or the raw material comminuted into parts to the cross-fiberization device, by means of which a fiber orientation of the raw material and / or the raw material comminuted into parts can be generated transversely to mechanical stress by the cross-defibrating device , In this case, the feed system for feeding raw material and / or raw material comminuted into partial pieces to the cross fiberizing device can have guide plates and / or vibratory conveying devices.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the transverse fiberizing device has at least two pressure and / or shear stressing tools arranged one after the other and / or one above the other, each of the pressure and / or shear stressing tools representing a separate transverse fiberizing step. The pressure and / or shear stressing tools can be used as corresponding pairs of rollers, in particular special smooth crushing rollers, be formed. In particular, the cross-fiberization device can have a multi-stage roller mill with at least two roller pairs arranged one after the other and / or one above the other, the raw material and / or raw material comminuted into parts being able to be fed axially parallel to an axis of rotation of the rollers of the roller pairs by means of the feed system. The roller mill can have three roller pairs arranged one after the other and / or one above the other. Each of these pairs of rollers acts as a cross fiberization stage.

Furthermore, it is advantageous if in each case nips are formed between the corresponding rollers of the roller pairs arranged one after the other and / or one above the other, wherein a width of the roller nip of at least one of the roller pairs is different from the widths of the roller nips of the other roller pairs. In addition, at least one of the corresponding roller pairs can have an adjustable roller nip, the roller nip being adjustable independently of the roller nips of the other corresponding roller pairs. Here, it is particularly preferable if all corresponding pairs of rolls having an adjustable nip, said first corresponding pair of rollers of the roller mill mm in particular, a gap adjustment between 1 mm <s _Spa ι _t <3, the second roller pair in particular, a gap adjustment between 0 , 5 mm <s _Spa ι _t <1 mm, and the third roller pair have in particular a gap adjustment between 0 mm <Sspait <0.5 mm.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the roll gaps of the roll pairs can be reduced to technologically effective gap widths s _Spa ι _t ≤ 0.1 mm, which enables the raw material to be finely shredded as a prerequisite for textile connection processing technologies for the fibers.

It is particularly preferable if the roller mill has a drive system with which variable speeds of the individual rollers of the corresponding roller pairs of the roller mill are made possible, the respective rollers belonging together being able to rotate in the same or opposite directions and with the same or different circumferential speeds, in particular with stepless speed adjustment with a Slip <± 75%, preferably <± 50%, can be operated. The conditions to be observed are shown in the overview below. The device for obtaining natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing, renewable raw materials preferably has at least one forwarding device for the raw material and / or the raw material comminuted into partial pieces and / or the resulting cross-fiberization products, the forwarding device between the individual pairs of rollers arranged of the roller mill and is provided for a respective axially parallel feeding thereof with respect to the axes of rotation of the subsequent pair of rollers or for feeding the same to a subsequent fiber transport device and / or fiber treatment device.

It is particularly advantageous if a vertically or obliquely offset arrangement of the roller pairs of the roller mill one above the other is provided with an overhead feed system corresponding to the roller pair arrangement and an extraction system located at the bottom for the transverse fiberization products resulting from the transverse fiberization.

The device for obtaining natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing, renewable raw materials preferably has a combination of individual roller stages with downstream and / or interposed cross-fiberization support systems, the cross-fiberization support systems in particular rotating spiked or brushed rollers with the fineness of the have matched barbed and / or brush assemblies to be obtained from long-fiber cross fiberization products, preferably made of carbon-containing steel wire or of other highly elastic metals such as CrNiFe alloys, with highly elastic knobs made of rubber and / or polyurethane and / or highly elastic thermoplastic synthetic bristles made of polyamides.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, the device for obtaining natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing, renewable raw materials has a downstream device for the mechanical after-treatment of long fibers contained in the transverse fiberization product, brush rollers being arranged after one or more roller pairs used for the transverse fiberization.

The rollers of the roller mill and / or the spiked or brush rollers of the transverse defibrillation support system and / or the brush rollers of the device for mechanical aftertreatment are preferably axially parallel to the stem structure of the arranged to defibrillate raw material and / or the raw material crushed into pieces.

Furthermore, the device can have an arrangement for discharging the long fibers in the transverse fiberization product.

According to a further exemplary embodiment, a further defibration device for the raw material and / or the raw material comminuted into parts is provided, which is connected in parallel for the transverse defibering of raw material and / or raw material comminuted into parts. This further fiberizing device for the raw material and / or the raw material comminuted into partial pieces can be followed by at least one classifying device. The cross-fiberization products of the cross-fiberization device and the further fiberization device can, however, also be at least partially fed to a common classifying device. The further defibration device can preferably be loaded with raw material chopped pieces, in particular with piece lengths between 50 mm <l _H s ≤ 70 mm or with raw material billets for coarse defibering with piece lengths in the piece length l _Sc ity ≤ 600 mm. The further fiberizing device can in particular have at least one pan mill and / or at least one roller mill, in particular a screen impact mill with discharge screen bristles and a pneumatic conveying device, for fiberizing the raw material.

Further preferred exemplary embodiments of the method according to the invention and the device according to the invention are set out in the further dependent claims.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a use for the fibers and / or fiber bundles obtained with the above method.

This aforementioned object is achieved according to the invention by a use according to claim 35.

Advantageous refinements of the use according to the invention are shown in the dependent claims 36 to 39 which depend on it.

The present invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of preferred exemplary embodiments in conjunction with the associated drawings. In these show: Fig. 1 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of the method for

Obtaining natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing, renewable rust materials,

2 shows a diagram of a process sequence according to a further exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention,

3 shows a schematic illustration of a roll nip of a transverse fiberization device,

4 shows a diagram of a process sequence according to a further exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention,

5 shows a diagram of a process sequence according to a further exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention, and

Fig. 6 is a schematic representation of a system to support the

Cross fraying with rotating brush rollers.

The present method for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing, renewable raw materials, in particular from bamboo and other grasses, is based on the fact that raw material 11, 14 to be fiberized is subjected to mechanical stressing of cross-fiberization along structural boundaries and / or intergrowth boundaries between fiber-containing and non-fiber-containing ones Components of the raw material 11,14 is exposed.

An exemplary embodiment of this procedure is shown in simplified form in the flow diagram shown in FIG. 1.

The feed material 11, i.e. the fiber-containing raw material to be shredded is fed to a pre-shredding unit 100. In the present case, the pre-comminution unit 100 is designed as a so-called drum chopper.

The pre-shredded feed material is dropped from the drum chipper onto a transport system 101. The transport system 101 is designed as a vibratory conveyor system. The pre-comminuted feed material transported on the vibratory conveyor system slides over a vibrating chute 102 into a feed hopper of a first cross-fiberization stage 103. The first cross-fiberization stage 103 has a pair of rollers with two corresponding rollers 103a, 103b, wherein the rollers 103a, 103b are designed as smooth crushing rollers. Due to the sliding process of the pre-shredded feed material (hereinafter also referred to as feed material) along the vibrating chute 102, the feed material is aligned such that the longitudinal axes of the feed material are arranged parallel to a gap between the two rollers 103a, 103b of the pair of rollers of the first transverse fiberization stage 103. The first cross-fiberization stage 103 acts as a pre-fiberization stage in which a first cross-fiberization of the aligned feed items is carried out.

A second transverse defibration stage 105 is arranged downstream of the first transverse defibration stage 103, the pre-defibrated feed items being fed to the second transverse defibration stage 105 via a further chute 104, which aligns the pre-defibrated feed product pieces (the so-called particles), and a feed hopper. The second transverse fiberization stage 105 likewise has a pair of rollers with two corresponding rollers 105a, 105b, the rollers 105a, 105b being designed as smooth comminution rollers. The second cross-fiberization stage 105 acts as a further fiberization stage, in which the aligned and pre-fiberized feed items are cross-fiberized.

Subsequent to the second cross-fiberization stage 105, a third cross-fiberization stage 107 is arranged, the cross-fiberized feed material of the third cross-fiberization stage 107 being fed via a further chute 106, which aligns the cross-fiberized feed material (the so-called particles), and a feed hopper. The third transverse fiberization stage 107 likewise has a pair of rollers with two corresponding rollers 107a, 107b, the rollers 107a, 107b being designed as smooth comminution rollers. The third cross fiberization stage 107 acts as an additional fiberization stage in which a further cross fiberization of the aligned and pre-fiberized feed items is carried out.

As described, a chute 104, 106, which aligns the particles parallel to the axis, is arranged in front of the second and third transverse fiberization stages 105, 107. The term par The article describes the respective feed material at the corresponding cross fiberization levels. A wall inclination of the chutes 102, 04, 106 is adjusted to the sliding properties of the differently pre-or cross-frayed feed material. In addition, the chutes 102, 104, 106 are each coupled to a controllable vibration exciter.

After the feed material fiberized by means of the cross fiberization stages 103, 105, 107 has left the third cross fiberization stage 107, it is fed onto a classifier 108. Classifying air 108 is supplied with classifying air 110 from a classifying air blower 109. In the classifier 108, the shredded feed material is divided into several size fractions K1, K2, K3, the so-called particle classes, by means of the classifying air 110 supplied by the classifying air blower 109. These particle classes K1, K2, K3 are removed from the classifier.

FIG. 2 shows a further exemplary embodiment of the present method schematically as a flow chart, the features of the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1 described above also applying to the second exemplary embodiment.

In the further exemplary embodiment of the present method shown schematically in FIG. 2, the raw bamboo to be shredded in the form of pre-shredded wood chips 11 with freely selectable piece lengths in the range 50 mm <IH _S ≤ 70 mm is a roller pair 21, 22 (in the present case arranged three in succession) and 23 existing defibration unit 2 for cross defibrillation. Each of the pairs of rollers represents a cross-fiberization stage. The respective feed material is given to the individual cross-fiberization stages in such a way that the fiber alignment largely corresponds to the roller axes. For a suitable technical apparatus implementation, reference is made to the device already described above in connection with the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1.

Accordingly, the feed material 1 is loaded transversely to its fiber direction, which results in a high proportion of long, slender defibration products and the proportion of fines to be separated with unfavorable ratios of lp _art / dp _ar t remains as small as possible.

The individual pairs of rollers 21, 22, 23 of the defibration unit 2 are driven in opposite directions, with the same or different peripheral speeds stepless speed adjustment with a slip of <+ 50%. In addition, the rollers according to the present exemplary embodiment have smooth roller surfaces.

In Fig. 3 a nip _Spa s i _t is schematically shown, the representative is available for all nips of the Querzerfaserungseinrichtungen 21, 22,23. The setting this nip s _Spa ι _t to be observed conditions and physical parameters are the diameter D, and the number of revolutions ni for the roller Wi and the diameter D ₂ and the number of revolutions n ₂ W for the roll. ₂ The gap width s to be adjusted to maintain a certain fiber length and slenderness is a function of the diameter and number of revolutions of both rollers:

Necessary ⁼ f (D * ι, D ₂ , n * ι, n ₂ ).

According to the present exemplary embodiment, an adjustment of the gap between the rollers is made possible for each pair of rollers 21, 22, 23 of the cross-fiberizing device 2 (i.e. the roller mill) independently of the other pairs of rollers.

In the present case, the first pair of rollers 21 has a gap adjustment option in the range of 1 mm <Ssp _a it ≤ 3 mm in order to ensure good feed conditions for the feed material. For the second roller pair 22 in the present embodiment, a gap adjustment of 0.5 mm <s _Spa ι <1 mm and for the third pair of rollers 23 in the present embodiment, a gap-adjustment of 0 mm <s _Spa ιt ≤ 0.5 mm provided.

According to the present exemplary embodiment, the roller pairs 21, 22, 23 are arranged one above the other and each have an overhead task (chute 102, 104, 106 with a feed hopper according to the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 1) and a (common) lower trigger 24 for the cross-frayed material 12, which means that results in a particularly favorable arrangement in terms of apparatus and technology. Accordingly, the cross-fiberized discharge material of the cross-fiberization device 2 is transported further after the third (and in the present exemplary embodiment, last) roller stage 23 via a take-off device (transport device) 24 covering at least the roller width used for the last cross-fiberization stage 23. In the present case, the extraction device 24 is designed as a continuous conveyor or as a belt conveyor.

The discharge material is fed into a bunker bag 25 by the discharge device 24.

The discharge material is then fed from the bunker bag 25 into a wind sifting system 4 by means of conveying devices such as a cellular wheel sluice 31, a double pendulum flap 32 or an injector nozzle 33.

In the wind sifting system 4, the material to be discharged is classified according to length and size classes, in the present case into four particle classes 41, 42, 43, 44. The components of the material to be discharged, that is to say in particular the fibers and / or fiber bundles of the air sifting system 4, are essentially abandoned, thereby ensuring the mobility of the elongated fibers and / or fiber bundles in the air stream. This enables a good selectivity by means of the wind sifting system 4.

In the present case, the wind sifting system 4 is directly involved in the pneumatic conveying. This direct integration is an effective means of avoiding the formation of fiber agglomerates ("fiber balls") and the associated deterioration in the classification results.

For high solids throughputs, large classifier cross sections are required in this classification step in order to appropriately ensure the low solids loading of the classifying air, which is provided in the interest of free particle movement.

In the present case, the classification process takes place in the upstream. According to the present exemplary embodiment, the speed of the visible air, in this case the upstream air speed to the fiber classes to be produced 42 (for example with d _part > 2 mm), 43 (for example with 1 mm <dp _a rt <2 mm) and 44 (for example with ά _part ≤ 1 mm) adjustable.

The fine material fraction 41 still present in the conveying air after the air classifier 4 (for example with a dimension of the particles d _Part <0.1 mm) is separated off in a two-stage separation process for further technological use. The purification system for the exhaust air 53 provided for this purpose consists of an upstream fine-grain cyclone 51 and a fine-grain bag filter 52 connected in series with the cyclone and Associated facilities, not explicitly shown here, for the removal of the merged but also separately removable fines 41.

With the cleaning system described, exhaust air dust contents of <1 mg / m ^{3 can} be maintained, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, a very extensive material recycling of the different fiberization products of bamboo is achieved.

According to the state of the pneumatic conveying technology for the handling of the defibration products additional equipment like the above mentioned. Cell wheel locks, other metering devices, suction and other blowers and mechanical conveyors are not shown in FIG. 2 for the sake of simplifying the diagram. For the person skilled in the art, however, these result directly from the context of the facts. This applies equally to the following further exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 4 and 5.

According to the further exemplary embodiment of the present method shown schematically in FIG. 4, a conventional fiberizing system for bamboo chips 11 with dimensions l _part <60 mm is connected in parallel with the method (and thus also the system configuration according to the exemplary embodiments already described above). This conventional defibration system has a screen impact mill 6 with discharge screen grids with a screen gap geometry of 3 mm x 60 mm.

A pneumatic conveyor 7 connects to this conventional defibration system.

As can be seen directly from FIG. 4, the shredded discharge material 13 of the screen impact mill 6 together with the discharge material 12 of the defibrillation unit 2 is pneumatically fed to the above-described wind sifter 4 with the supply air 61 and into those already defined in connection with the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 2 Fractions 42, 43 and 44 divided.

From our own investigations it is known that, when classified according to different particle diameters in the air classifier 4, non-fibrous particles or particles that have been shortened too much after the impact defibration are preferably in the fractions 43 and / or 44. These components prove to be disruptive for the uses intended by the bamboo fiber users. Therefore these fractions become 43 and / or 44 with the said disruptive constituents each fed to a control sieve 81 or 82, as can be seen in FIG. 4.

Accordingly, both fractions 43 and 44 run on separate screening machines 81, 82. The materials 41a, 41b separated in these screening machines 81, 82 are added to the fine grain fraction 41.

This ensures that both fractions 43 and 44 meet the quality criterion for bamboo reinforcement fibers with lp _ar t "d _a rt reliable.

According to the schematic shown in FIG. 5 another embodiment of the present method, in addition to fraying Rohbambus in the form of bamboo logs 14 Is _che i _t ≤ 600 mm the Querzerfaserung with a Querzerfaserungsverfah- ren and a Querzerfaserungsanlage according to the embodiment of FIG. 2 with the The goal, given mechanically, of spreading the largest possible proportion of very long, slender fibers 40 with diameters in the range between 0.1 mm <d _F <1 mm.

The cross fiberization device 2 according to the embodiment. FIG. 2 shows the conventional defibration system 6 for coarse defibration described above in connection with FIG. 4.

At the same time, supply air 61 is sucked in through the grinding chamber of the mill 6 used for coarse fiberization, so that the processing products 13 are conveyed pneumatically and fed to the (already described) air classifier 4.

In addition, the finely divided particles 41 obtained in different phases of the defibration process and the transverse defibration process are separated with d _F <0.1 mm according to their different granulometric properties and fed to a corresponding material recycling, as can be seen from the flow diagram shown in FIG. 5.

In the present bamboo fiber preparation process, both a vibrating sieve machine 81 and / or 82 equipped with different elongated sieve bottoms and an upstream air classifier 4 designed as a multi-stage apparatus can be used. Decisive for a device selection is the possibility of difficult to fiberize 13 with reasonable mass throughputs and to divide them into fractions of different particle diameters, that in particular the desired quality of the medium fractions 43 and 44 to be discharged is achieved with regard to the proportions of certain fiber bundle thicknesses and lengths.

For this purpose, it was found that the sieve classification with high circulating loads and with fiber grinding shortening overgrinds gives unsatisfactory results. Accordingly, in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 5, the wind sifting 4 already described in connection with the exemplary embodiments in FIGS. 2 and 4 is technologically sensible.

5 with simultaneous processing of long bamboo logs 14 via the transverse defibration unit 2 according to the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2 and of shorter wood chips 11 via a screen impact mill than the conventional defibration unit (see also the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 4) and a pneumatic conveying according to the embodiment. 4, however, the air sifting also reaches technical-technological limits, since for the material to be discharged 12 from the transverse fiberization stages 21 to 23, high proportions of particles with lengths lp _art <600 mm are to be expected, which under no circumstances undergo an air sifting process in the upstream sifter 4 can be. On the other hand, however, the wind sifting 4 is technologically more advantageous than the pure sieve classification 81 and / or 82. Accordingly, as already described in connection with FIG. 4, the fractions 43 and 44 are each fed separately to a sieve classification 81 and 82 for separate reclassification.

If necessary due to fiber customer requirements, the coarse fraction 42 can be re-chamfered together with the bamboo billets 14 in the cross-fiberization stages 21 to 23 of the cross-fiberization device 2. This procedure is not explicitly shown in FIG. 5, but is fundamentally possible and useful if the task 11, 14 and / or 42 of the feed items 11, 14 and / or 42 to be defibrated in the roll fiberizing unit 21 to 23 that is to be used in the first and second exemplary embodiment is technically and technologically appropriate controlled. In the present embodiment according to 5, the long fibers 40 produced from the billets 14 are subjected to treatment on an air jet sieve 26 for separating fines and for holding non-fibrous particles. For this purpose, the long fibers 40 to be fed in are placed, above all for the purpose of mechanical transport, on a sieve bottom equipped with guideways and elongated perforated sieve plates, which is at the same time provided with adjustable air jet nozzles for cleaning the long fibers 40. The fine material 40a from the air jet sieve 26 is fed to the air classifier 4 together with the discharge material 13 from the sieve impact mill 6 and classified together.

The combined procedure according to the embodiment according to Fig. 5 can also be modified so that the production of a longer-fiber middle fraction 43 or 44 is omitted and in addition to the production of long fibers 40 special attention is paid to the production of a fine-fiber finished product 41 with particle lengths well below that of wood chips with IH _S ≤ 60 mm , In this case, the feed material 11 would have to be set to the shortest possible chips with 1 _H s <20 mm and the separation of one of the above-mentioned middle fractions could be omitted instead of feeding long chips.

In the exemplary embodiments described above in connection with FIGS. 1 to 5, brush rollers can be arranged after one or more pairs of rollers used for transverse fiberization.

The schematic structure of such a system for supporting the cross fiberization is shown in FIG. 6. Rotating rollers with brushes are used for the purpose of the task. As can be seen in FIG. 6, a transverse fiberization support device is arranged in each case after the first and after the second transverse fiberization stage. Each of the transverse fiberization support devices has a pair of rollers with rotating rollers, each of the rollers being equipped with a brush assembly.

Using the brush rollers, the cross-fiberization means that not enough feed material flow can be broken down into individual fiber bundles in accordance with the previously achieved cross-fiberization effect: • through special surface designs such as knobs, pens, brushes, etc., and / or

• by geometric arrangements such as axial positions, inclination angles and distances of the brush rollers from the dense fiber stream leaving a roller gap, and / or

• through different operating modes with variable speed regimes, a throughput-dependent contact pressure adjustment and / or a vibration effect on the material chute

to be further resolved.

In the interaction of the fiberizing roller pair and the subsequent support device, it should be noted that in particular the first roller pair can be equipped with fine surface profiles in the longitudinal and / or circumferential direction in order to improve the draw-in conditions in the roller gap, and that the brushing of the support device to the surface profile of the upstream Defibration rollers must be coordinated.

In general, it should be noted that for the production of long fiber-containing particles according to the exemplary embodiments in FIGS. 1 to 5, the axis-parallel alignment of the defibration rollers, the brush rollers and the raw material supply is also decisive. The process of removing the shredded material from the roller pair system and downstream brush rollers is therefore of great importance.

In order to obtain a high proportion of long-fiber defibration products and at the same time to strip off and remove loose adhering short-fiber or fiber-free particles, forwarding the defibration products between the individual roller pairs with the same directional orientation (i.e. parallelism of the shredding rollers and the longitudinally oriented guide bundle in the feed material) can also be helpful ,

An essential technological further use of the long fiber bundles produced using the described methods according to the first to third exemplary embodiments is the production of thin nonwovens, possibly with subsequent roving, in particular on a carding machine or a nonwoven laying unit, preferably with upstream aerodynamic mixing. It should be noted that with increasing fineness of the cross-fraying products, ever thinner nonwovens and / or rovings can be produced and that, if necessary, analogous to the practices of chemical and / or physical fiber pretreatment in the manufacture of yarn from hemp fibers as a preliminary textile material, additional surface treatment of the cross-fringing products , eg consisting of the NaOH treatment, washing and drying stages.

In the exemplary embodiments described above, a combination of several preparation process stages or the associated machines is used to obtain fibers or fiber-containing particles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials, in particular bamboo-like and other grasses, which are suitable as reinforcing materials for substances with organic and / or mineral matrix systems taught in a one- or multi-stage shredding and classification process, the pre-shredded feed pieces made of bamboo and / or other materials being shredded / shredded, preferably along structural boundaries and / or cell walls (cross shredding) and the shredding process is followed by a post-treatment , which consists of a length assembly and a one- or multi-stage classification process as well as the associated fiber material transport.

The resulting virtually residue-free dry processing technology for bamboo, after the production of wood chips, is oriented towards the further shredding possibilities of axial splitting along growth interfaces inside and / or outside of bundles of vessels as well as the application of pressure and shear stresses to dissolve strong fiber bundles in as many as possible individual fiber cells.

It is also taken into account that the proportion of fibers in different types of bamboo and the distribution of fibers in the cross-section of the stalk are species-dependent, with the proportion of fibers in the most important types of bamboo reaching between 37% and 50%. In addition, the fiber cells in the cross-section of each bamboo stalk are distributed unevenly, in particular in the outer wall area their share is up to 60%, while the fiber share on the inner wall is 15%. To defibrate bamboo and other fibrous, grass-like, renewable raw materials, a multi-stage pressure and shear stress is carried out in tapering circumferential gaps, whereby excessive non-fibrous fines can be avoided.

In our own investigations, pan millers and / or roller mills have proven to be particularly suitable for the finest fiberization down to the dimensional range of individual fiber cells. Accordingly, two exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 4 and 5 show how the present transverse fiberization can be combined with conventional fiberizing units. It is taken into account that one (or more) classifying unit (s) must be connected after each defibration stage. In addition, in the interest of good visualization results, low solids concentrations are added to the classification, which ensures free movement of the bamboo particles to be classified in the turbulent carrier air flow.

For the production of very long slender particles with 1 _{p rt} »d _part , it is proposed that the materials to be defibrated be strained in a targeted manner along structural boundaries and / or cell walls in such a way that there are fewer existing zones in the cross-section of the stem between the longitudinally continuous guide bundles with high proportions of fiber cells Strength (with a dominant proportion of parenchyma cells) until partial or complete dissolution of the structural bond in the radial direction. The best way to achieve this is to apply a pressure and shear stress that is increased over several process stages, and at the same time to ensure a mechanical stress applied across the stem structure in the interest of optimizing the results.

This load can be calculated as a pressure build-up between 2 cylinders or a cylinder and a flat surface according to the Hertzian equation, wherein the load solely by the applied forces, the elastic and geometric properties of the at gap widths s _Spa ι _t ≥ 0 mm successive pressing and in opposite directions to move preferably pressure and shear stress tools designed as cylindrical bodies.

As explained in connection with the above exemplary embodiments, it is advantageous if (in contrast to mineral raw materials from the processing practice) known mill-sifter combinations as set out in DD 242.565) for the classification of the individual fiber fractions to be divided according to fiber thickness and / or fiber length, the individual preparation process stages being separated as far as possible on the device side and spatially. As a result, the technologically advantageous needle-shaped shape sought for the further processing of the fibers is ensured by a relatively gentle treatment within and between individual preparation stages. It also minimizes undesirable over-grinding effects. Furthermore, it is ensured that, based on natural fiber cell dimensions of the renewable raw material bamboo with 0 _F <15 30 μm and 1 mm <l _F <4 mm, by varying machine-technical and technological parameters in the fiber production in the individual cross-fiberizing aggregate and in the classification, the fiber parameters specified by the fiber user adhered to and implemented with a high mass output in the desired fiber diameter and / or fiber length class (es).

With the methods and devices described in connection with FIGS. 1 to 5, it is thus possible to obtain the raw material in fibers / fiber bundles of variable length and thickness from the elementary fiber range (with 0 _F <15 ^■ * ^■ 30 μm at 1 mm <1 _F < 4 mm) to the fiber bundle (with 0 _FB <0.05 * 2 mm and 1 _FB <500 ^■ * ^■ 700 mm) so that the products are largely free of non-fibrous components and after passing through the processing line for the Have the required fiber length and fiber thickness distributions for the respective application.

This creates a process and an arrangement which, as a holistic, low-loss processing solution for the gradual fiber-cutting of the pre-shredded raw material along natural structure boundaries up to the division into different fiber or fiber bundle thicknesses or lengths and for the distribution of the material flow from particles of different lengths and Thickness in individual fiber bundle thickness and / or fiber bundle length fractions are suitable.

Summarizing the above in an overview, the above description discloses, inter alia, a process for the production of natural fibers from fiber-containing renewable raw materials, preferably bamboo and other grasses, with the intention of breaking down whole stalks or parts thereof into fiber-like products of great length which are oriented towards the structure of the vegetable guide bundle Decomposition of the raw material into fibers / fiber bundles of variable length and thickness from the elementary fiber range (with 0 _F <15 ^■ * ^■ 30 μm at 1 mm <l _F <4 mm) up to the fiber bundle (with 0 _FB <0.05 + 2 mm and l _FB <500 + 700 mm) such that the products are largely free of non-fibrous components and, after passing through the preparation line, have the fiber length and fiber thickness distributions required for the respective application.

In addition, the above description also discloses a comminution method and a comminution device with a feed system for the above-mentioned raw materials, which ensures an alignment of the feed material axially parallel to the subsequent comminution / defibration tools for all straw-like materials to be defibrated, in particular with the aid of guide plates and vibratory conveying devices across the grain in the feed material by the roller-shaped crushing tools rotating at different circumferential speeds ensures that a high proportion of long, slender defibration products is created and the proportion of fines to be separated with unfavorable ratios of Ipart / dpart * remains as small as possible.

Furthermore, the above description teaches a method for fiberizing pre-shredded wood chips with freely selectable piece lengths in the range of 50 mm <IH _S ≤ 70 mm using a (cross) fiberizing unit consisting of several (> 2) roller pairs arranged one after the other, the fiber alignment with the roller axes agrees, the individual pairs of rollers of the (transverse) defibration unit are driven in opposite directions so that they can be operated with the same or different peripheral speeds (with the most infinitely variable speed adjustment with a slip of <+ 50%) and the setting of the gap between the rollers independently of one another can take place with each pair of rollers, preferably the known arrangement of the pairs of rollers one above the other with overhead task and deduction at the bottom should be used for the finished defibrated material and for the individual pairs of rollers because of the feed conditions for the feedstock mm a gap-adjustment of the first roller pair with 1 mm <s ≤ 3 ιt _Spa, for the second roller pair a Spaltverstellbar- ness of 0.5 mm <s _Spa ιt ≤ 1 mm and 0 mm <s ≤ _Spa ιt 0.5 mm must be provided for the third pair of rollers, the material to be discharged after the last roller stage via a deduction covering the roller width, for example as a continuous conveyor or as a belt conveyor can be carried out, placed in a bunker bag, from where it can be fed into a known air classifier and classified there by means of known technical devices such as cellular wheel sluice, double pendulum flap or injector nozzle.

In addition, in the above description, a method of fiberizing free length selectable Rohbambus task logs with l _Sc is ≤ 600 mm for Querzerfaserung described with the aim to apply mm a very high proportion of long slender fibers with 0.1 mm <d _F <1, a simultaneous parallel operation of a ventilated coarse fiber mill of a known type, such as an impact mill, and the above-described roller fiberizing aggregate is provided, such that the grinding products of the mill used for coarse fibering, which are sealed off from the ambient air, are pneumatically conveyed to the processing products and conveyed to the wind classifier are classified, while at the same time the fine particles with d _F <0.1 mm occurring in different phases of the roll fiberization process are classified there together with the fractions from the impact fiberization according to their different granulometric properties be separated, but at the same time subject the long fibers to be produced from the billets for fines separation and for the retention of non-fibrous particles to a treatment on an air jet sieve or on an air cooker of known construction and use type, for which purpose the long fibers to be abandoned with the aim of their mechanical transport up to one Known packing device and the simultaneous separation of false grain are given to a sieve bottom equipped with guideways and elongated sieve plates, which is also provided with adjustable air jet nozzles for cleaning the long fibers and ensures that the fine material from the air jet sieve or the air source together with the discharge material from the impact mill Air classifier is fed and classified together.

The above description also discloses a cross-fiberizing device for fiber-containing feed material of variable length with several, but at least two roller pairs of the same or different diameter arranged one after the other and / or one above the other, with the associated feed system described above in front of the first roller pair (the first roller stage) and forwarding devices according to the respective roller stage for the axially parallel to the roller axes the reprocessing of the defibration material before the next roller stage or subsequent other fiber transport and / or treatment devices.

The description also teaches a drive system for the individual pairs of rollers of the fiberizing unit, the rollers belonging together rotating in the same or opposite directions and being able to be operated at the same or different peripheral speeds with the most infinitely variable speed adjustment with a slip of <+ 75%, preferably <+ 50% and the gap between the rollers can be adjusted independently of each pair of rollers.

In addition, a vertically or obliquely offset arrangement of the roller pairs one above the other with an overhead task corresponding to the roller pair arrangement and deduction at the bottom for the finished defibrated material is described, whereby for all roller pairs its adjustability must be ensured independently of one another with regard to the width of the gap between the rollers.

This adjustability of the nip is provided so that the uppermost (first) roller pair a gap adjustment 1 mm <s _Spa ιt ≤ 3 mm, while mm for the second roll pair 0.5 mm <s _Spa ιt ≤ 1 mm and 0 < s _Spa ιt ≤ 0.5 mm are provided constructively for the third pair of rolls.

Furthermore, the possibility of fine and multi-stage adjustability of the roller gap up to technologically effective gap widths s ≤ 0.1 mm for the finest defibrillation due to pressure and shear stress on bamboo and / or other grasses that is transverse to the fiber direction is a prerequisite for textile connection processing technologies Fibers revealed.

In addition, the above description teaches a combination of individual roller stages with downstream and / or intermediate defibration support systems in the form of spike or brush rollers rotating at an adjustable circumferential speed with spike and / or brush assemblies made of carbon-containing steel wire or other, which are matched to the fineness of the long-fiber particles to be achieved highly elastic metals such as CrNiFe alloys, with highly elastic nubs made of rubber and / or polyurethane and / or highly elastic thermoplastic synthetic bristles made of polyamides. The above description also teaches a downstream device for the mechanical aftertreatment of long fibers, brush rollers being arranged after one or more pairs of rollers used for transverse fiberization, in order to achieve special surface designs such as knobs, pins, brushes, etc., geometric arrangements such as axial positions, inclination angles and spacing of the Brush rollers from the dense fiber stream leaving a roller nip as well as through different operating modes with variable speed regimes, a throughput-dependent contact force adjustment and / or a vibration effect on the material chute further dissolve the feed material flow, which may not be sufficiently broken down into individual fiber bundles, according to the cross-fraying effect previously achieved.

Likewise, the above description teaches an arrangement for discharging the long fibers, wherein the axially parallel alignment of the fiberizing rollers, the brush rollers and the raw material supply are necessary for the production of long fiber-containing particles and the forwarding of the fiberizing products with the same directional orientation is the prerequisite for a high proportion of long-fiber To obtain defibration products and at the same time to strip off and remove loosely adhering short-fiber or fiber-free particles.

In addition, a method for the technological further use of the long fiber bundles produced for the production of thin nonwovens with possibly subsequent roving formation on a known carding machine or a known nonwoven laying unit with upstream aerodynamic mixing is taught, with increasing fineness of the cross fiberization products with 0.1 mm <d _Part ≤ 0.5 mm, ever thinner nonwovens and / or rovings to be produced therefrom can be produced, and where appropriate analogous to the practices of chemical and / or physical fiber treatment in the manufacture of yarn from hemp fibers as a textile material, there is an additional surface treatment of the cross fiberization products, eg consisting of the NaOH treatment, washing and drying stages.

The long fiber bundles treated in this way can be used as primary material for the production of nonwovens and / or rovings, these being used for the production of prepregs in the form of canvas-like woven and / or laid sheet and / or ribbon materials (for example unidirectional and multiaxial fabrics with different bindings such as adhesive) , Sewing etc.) can be used. In addition, the use of the above rovings as an additional material for the known production of fiber-containing thermoplastic compounds, in the manufacture of thermosetting fiber-reinforced products (containers, baffles, etc.) using fiber-resin low-pressure spraying and in the manufacture of long-fiber thermoplastic compounds for the LFT technology (Long Fiber Thermoplastics) known per se and previously only reserved for glass fibers.

With the methods described above, a holistic, low-loss processing solution is created, from the task of the raw material through its gradual shredding to the division into different fiber or fiber bundle thicknesses or lengths, which is suitable for the predominant decomposition of the raw material along natural structural boundaries and leads to a high proportion of particles with l _F / d _F ratios> 100 in the discharge material, whereby depending on the largest particle length to be produced, the pre-comminuted feed material, preferably bamboo, is given to a multi-stage roller mill equipped with adjustable roller gaps and variable speed of individual rollers and between the rollers are subjected to pressure and shear stress, and the parallelism of the shredding rollers and the longitudinally oriented guide bundle in the feed material is set as a technological requirement.

Claims

claims 1. A process for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing, renewable raw materials, in particular from bamboo and other grasses, the raw material to be fiberized (11, 14) being subjected to mechanical stresses such as transverse fiberization along structural boundaries and / or intergrowth boundaries between fiber-containing and non-fiber-containing ones Components of the raw material (11, 14) is exposed. 2. A process for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 1, characterized in that the mechanical stress radially to a stem structure of the raw material (11, 14) on the raw material and / or the resulting cross-fraying products (12 ) works. 3. A process for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the mechanical stress is exerted by an increasing pressure and / or shear stress in several stages, each stage of the pressure and / or shear stress acts as a separate transverse defibration step (21, 22, 23). 4. A process for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 1 or 3, characterized in that the raw material (11, 14) is crushed, in particular cut up, into sections of a certain length in a process step preceding the transverse fiberization. and the resulting sections of the cross fiberization are fed. 5. A process for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 4, characterized in that the length of the cut sections is determined according to a maximum fiber length to be produced, in particular piece lengths between 50 mm <Ins ≤ 70 mm are used. 6. A process for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the raw material (11, 14) and / or the raw material comminuted into partial pieces is fed to the transverse fiberization, with an orientation of the raw material or partial pieces transverse, in particular perpendicular, to a direction of the printing and / or shear stress occurs. 7. A process for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that in each case an alignment and / or classification of the raw material (11, 14) and / or of the comminuted raw material and / or the resulting cross-fiberization products (12) is carried out between the individual stages of the pressure and / or shear stress , 8. A method for obtaining natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that after the cross-fiberization of the raw material (11, 14) or the raw material comminuted to pieces, the cross-fiberization products obtained from the cross-fiberization are classified into individual fiber or fiber bundle thickness classes and / or fiber or fiber bundle length classes. 9. A process for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the classification is carried out in an air flow at low fiber concentrations. 10. Apparatus for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials with at least one cross fiberization device (2) and a feed system for feeding raw material (11, 14) to the cross fiberization device (2). 11. Apparatus for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 10, characterized by a comminution device for the raw material, the comminution device being arranged upstream of the cross-fiberization device (2), and wherein the Raw material is chopped, in particular cut, into sections of a certain length by means of the comminution device, and the resulting sections are fed to the cross-fiberization device (2). 12. Apparatus for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 11, characterized in that by means of the comminution device raw material chopped pieces (11), in particular with piece lengths between 50 mm <Ins ≤ 70 mm or raw material billets (14) for cross fiberization can be manufactured with piece lengths in piece lengths of l ₌ ≤ 600 mm. 13. Apparatus for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 10 to 12, characterized in that the feed system means for aligning and feeding the raw material (11, 14) and / or the raw material comminuted to pieces to the transverse defibration device (2), by means of which a fiber orientation of the raw material (11, 14) and / or of the raw material comminuted into parts can be generated transversely to a mechanical stress by the transverse defibration device (2). 14. Apparatus for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 10 to 13, characterized in that the feed system for feeding raw material (11, 14) and / or raw material comminuted to pieces to the cross-fiberization device ( 2) has guide plates and / or vibratory conveyors. 15. A device for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 10 to 14, characterized in that the transverse fiberization device (2) at least two successively and / or one above the other pressure and / or shear stress tools (21, 22, 23), wherein each of the pressure and / or shear tools represents a separate transverse defibration stage. 16. A device for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 15, characterized in that pressure and / or shear stress tools (21, 22, 23) as Corresponding pairs of rollers, in particular smooth crushing rollers, are formed. 17. Apparatus for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 16, characterized in that the transverse fiberization device (2) is a multi-stage roller mill (2) with at least two roller pairs (21, 22, one after the other and / or one above the other). 23), wherein the raw material (11, 14) and / or the raw material comminuted into partial pieces can be fed axially parallel to an axis of rotation of the rollers of the roller pairs (21, 22, 23) by means of the feed system. 18. Device for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 17, characterized in that the roller mill (2) has up to three successive and / or superposed pairs of rollers (21,22,23). 19. Apparatus for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 17 or 18, characterized in that between the corresponding rollers of the pairs of rollers (21, 22, 23) arranged one after the other and / or one above the other are formed, wherein a width of the roller gap of at least one of the roller pairs (21, 22, 23) is different from the widths of the roller gap of the other roller pairs. 20. Device for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 17 to 19, characterized in that at least one of the corresponding roller pairs (21, 22, 23) has an adjustable roller gap, the roller gap being independent in each case of the nips of the other corresponding pairs of rollers (21, 22, 23) is adjustable. 21. Device for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 20, characterized in that all corresponding roller pairs (21, 22, 23) have an adjustable roller gap, the first corresponding roller pair (21) of the roller mill (2 ) in particular a gap adjustment option between 1 mm <Ss _pa i _t ≤ 3 mm, the second pair of rollers (22) in particular a gap adjustment between 0.5 mm <s _Spa ι _t <1 mm, and the third pair of rollers (23) in particular a gap adjustment between 0 mm <s _Spa ι _t ≤ 0.5 include mm. 22. Apparatus for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that the nips of the roller pairs (21, 22, 23) can be reduced to technologically effective gap widths s <0.1 mm, This enables the finest fiberization of the raw material (11, 14) as a prerequisite for textile connection processing technologies of the fibers. 23. Device for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 17 to 22, characterized in that the roller mill (2) has a drive system with which variable speeds of the individual rollers of the corresponding roller pairs (21, 22, 23) of the roller mill (2) are made possible, the rollers belonging together being able to rotate in the same or opposite directions and with the same or different peripheral speeds, in particular with stepless speed adjustment, with a slip <+ 75%, preferably <+ 50%. 24. Device for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 17 to 23, characterized by at least one forwarding device for the raw material (11, 14) and / or the raw material comminuted into partial pieces and / or the resulting ones Cross fiberization products (12), the forwarding device being arranged between the individual pairs of rollers (21, 22, 23) of the roller mill (2) and for axially parallel feeding thereof with respect to the axes of rotation of the subsequent pair of rollers or for feeding the same to a subsequent fiber transport device (24) and / or fiber treatment devices (25,31, 32,33,4,51, 52) is provided. 25. Device for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 17 to 24, characterized by a vertically or obliquely offset arrangement of the roller pairs (21, 22, 23) of the roller mill (2) one above the other with an overhead feed system corresponding to the roller pair arrangement and a deduction system below for the transverse fiberization products (12) resulting from the transverse fiberization. 26. Device for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing, renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 17 to 25, characterized by a combination of individual roller stages (21, 22, 23) with downstream and / or intermediate cross-fiberization support systems, wherein the cross fiberization support systems, in particular with adjustable circumferential speed rotating spike or brush rollers with spine and / or brush assemblies matched to the fineness of the long-fiber cross fiberization products (12) to be achieved, preferably made of carbon-containing steel wire or other highly elastic metals such as CrNiFe alloys, with highly elastic nubs / or have polyurethane and / or highly elastic thermoplastic synthetic bristles made of polyamides. 27. Apparatus for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing, renewable raw materials according to claim 26, characterized in that at least the pair of rollers of one of the transverse fiberization support systems, in particular the transverse fiberization support system arranged after the first transverse fiberization stage, with a finely structured longitudinal surface profile - And / or circumferential direction is equipped. 28. Device for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing, renewable raw materials according to claim 26 or 27, characterized in that a brush assembly of the cross-fiberization support systems is matched to a surface profile of the upstream fiberization rollers of the cross-fiberization stage. 29. Device for obtaining natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 10 to 28, characterized by a downstream device for mechanical see aftertreatment of long fibers contained in the cross fiberization product (12), brush rollers being arranged after one or more roller pairs (21, 22, 23) used for the cross fiberization. 30. Apparatus for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to one of claims 26 to 29, characterized in that the rollers of the roller mill (2) and / or the spiked or brush rollers of the cross-fiberization support system and / or the brush rollers of the Device for mechanical aftertreatment are arranged axially parallel to the stem structure of the raw material to be defibered and / or of the raw material comminuted into parts. 31. A device for obtaining natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 10 to 30, characterized by an arrangement for discharging the long fibers in the transverse fiberization product (12). 32. Device for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 10 to 31, characterized by a further fiberizing device (6) for the raw material (11) and / or the raw material comminuted into parts, which leads to the transverse fiberizing device (2) of raw material and / or raw material comminuted into parts is connected in parallel. 33. Apparatus for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 32, characterized in that the further defibration device (6) for the raw material and / or the raw material comminuted into parts is followed by at least one classifying device (4). 34. Device for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to claim 32 or 33, characterized in that the transverse fiberization products (12, 13) of the transverse fiberization device (2) and the further fiberization device (6) at least partially a common classification device ( 4) can be fed. 35. Apparatus for the production of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 32 to 34, characterized in that the further defibration device (6) with raw material chopped pieces (11), in particular with piece lengths between 50 mm <IHS ≤ 70 mm or with raw material billets (14) for coarse defibering with piece lengths in piece lengths l _SC eit ≤ 600 mm. 36. Apparatus for the extraction of natural fibers and / or natural fiber bundles from fiber-containing renewable raw materials according to at least one of claims 32 to 35, characterized in that the further defibration device (6) has at least one pan mill and / or at least one roller mill, in particular a screen impact mill with discharge screen bristles and pneumatic conveying, for fiberization of the raw material. 37. Use of fibers and / or fiber bundles, produced according to at least one of claims 1 to 9 for the production of thin nonwovens and / or rovings to be produced therefrom, fibers and / or fiber bundles having a fiber diameter between 0.1 mm ≤ dp _art ≤ 0 , 5 mm are used. 38. Use of fibers and / or fiber bundles according to claim 37, characterized in that the fibers and / or fiber bundles are processed on a carding machine or a fleece laying unit, preferably with upstream aerodynamic mixing. 39. Use of fibers and / or fiber bundles according to claim 37 or 38, characterized in that an additional surface treatment of the transverse fiberization products, in particular consisting of the steps: (a) NaOH treatment, (b) washing and (c) drying, is carried out , 40. Use of the method according to claim 39, characterized in that the fiber bundle after the additional surface treatment as a canvas-like woven and / or laid sheet and / or tape materials, especially unidirectional and multiaxial fabrics for the production of a starting material for the nonwoven and / or roving production can be used. 1. Use of the rovings according to at least one of claims 37 to 40 as a feed material for the production of fiber-reinforced plastic bodies.