WO2003034542A1 - Communication system - Google Patents
Communication system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003034542A1 WO2003034542A1 PCT/GB2002/004678 GB0204678W WO03034542A1 WO 2003034542 A1 WO2003034542 A1 WO 2003034542A1 GB 0204678 W GB0204678 W GB 0204678W WO 03034542 A1 WO03034542 A1 WO 03034542A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- active
- superconductive
- phase
- mirrors
- components
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q23/00—Antennas with active circuits or circuit elements integrated within them or attached to them
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
- H01Q1/364—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith using a particular conducting material, e.g. superconductor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
- H01Q3/2605—Array of radiating elements provided with a feedback control over the element weights, e.g. adaptive arrays
- H01Q3/2647—Retrodirective arrays
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
- H01Q3/46—Active lenses or reflecting arrays
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a communication system, particularly a system based on microwaves.
- Known communication systems typically provide radiated beams of wave energy. Problems with such communication can occur particularly for telecommunications, such as multipath effects time transfer and so on. For example, in existing mobile telephone systems, the base station transmitters radiate the broadcast signal equally in all directions.
- Phase conjugate reflection at a surface allows a forward propagating wave to be reflected in such a way that dispersion on the outward path is corrected on the return path. It has found wide application in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The inability to produce a useful phase conjugation function in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum arises because workers in this field have despaired of finding suitable non-linear materials at low frequency.
- phase conjugation as a means of eliminating the effects of dispersion in the atmosphere or correcting aberration in optical systems has already been amply demonstrated for the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- principles of phase conjugation were first demonstrated at microwave frequencies there has been little progress with development of practical realisations of microwave phase conjugating surfaces to date. This lack of exploitation arises from an inability to exploit materials exhibiting adequate non-linearity in this part of the spectrum, compared with useful levels available in the visible region or even for acoustic fields. Attempts to use plasma and micro-mechanical systems have proved unfeasible, except in demonstrating the principles.
- phase conjugation Apart from plasmas, which are inherently unstable, there are no known distributed physical media which are sufficiently non-linear at microwave frequencies to provide the phase conjugation function in a practical manner. This has inhibited the introduction of phase conjugation to the microwave frequency range, in contrast to the visible region of the spectrum or even the ultrasonic acoustic field. This is a serious problem since the benefits of phase conjugation, allowing the cancellation of dispersion in, for example, terrestrial or satellite communication via the ionosphere, could be immediately useful.
- phase conjugation does not require the use of a continuous medium.
- the element spacing is less than about 0.5 ⁇ (where ⁇ is the wavelength of the radiation of interest)
- a phase conjugating mirror can be built from a set of spaced discrete elements.
- a linear array of 8 elements has been reported, constructed using a combination of semi-conductive frequency doubler, mixer, phase shifter and optical fibre distribution network. This is an interesting demonstration but will be clearly expensive and impractical to scale up to the level which would provide useful phase conjugate mirrors since 2D arrays would be needed with dimensions in each direction of many ⁇ .
- the problem of miniaturisation becomes particularly severe as the millimetre wave frequency band is approached.
- the present invention seeks to provide an improved communication system and method. According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a communication system including a phase conjugation system in use providing a directed wave beam to a target.
- the system includes a plurality of microwave phase conjugating mirror to provide a directed wave beam.
- the mirrors are two-dimensional mirrors.
- the mirrors are provided by superconductive devices.
- the system provides superconductive elements operable as semi-conductive components.
- the system provides a time reversed wavefront, which can provide more effective means of communication through dispersive media than do forward propagating wavefronts.
- the preferred embodiment includes a discrete set of active superconductive receive/transmit mirror elements to provide a good approximation to a true distributed phase conjugating mirror.
- the solution may have widespread applications in telecommunications to allow more direct transmission of signals using narrow band beams rather than uniformly radiated beams.
- the phase conjugation system may help to reduce the effects of multipath. Also the system might allow much improved time transfer from satellites to ground stations by reducing the problem of dispersion in the ionosphere.
- the preferred embodiment provides a technique which can allow a base station to receive a signal from a mobile phone and then radiate it back it along a narrow beam, pointing only at that phone. This would include as its advantages (1) reduction of the power radiated from the base station (environmental benefit), (2) improving the security of the phone system (anti fraud potential) and (3) improving the use of the available capacity of the communications system (maximising economic return).
- the microwave phase conjugating antenna may also have important benefits when considered together with our proposed the mobile telephone positioning system disclosed in international patent application no WO-01/63,957.
- the inventor has discovered that weakly-coupled superconductors (Josephson junctions) exhibit extreme non-linear behaviour so that there is an excellent opportunity to produce 2D microwave phase conjugating mirrors.
- This non-linearity combined with other unique aspects of superconductivity, can lead to very compact realisation of phase conjugating microwave mirror of a size and simplicity which is not available to conventional semi-conducting electronics.
- Such a development would have a dramatic impact in many communications, radar imaging, space and time transfer applications although the first use could be demonstrated for a purely meteorological function.
- the preferred embodiment described herein uses the extreme non-linearity available from super-conducting Josephson junctions.
- the theoretical feasibility of the device combination (receive, attenuation, mixing, amplification, phase shifting and transmit functions, all of which in principle can be carried out by active super-conducting devices) is clear.
- a square array of N 2 active reflectors is built up from individual elements which each consist of a number of active and passive components. These include a receive antenna 10, a pass band filter 12, an amplifier 14, a mixer 16, an electronic phase shifter 18 and a harmonic rejection filter, with finally a transmit antenna 20.
- the active components are made from Josephson junctions (mixers) 16 and/or flux flow transistors (amplifiers) 14,22.
- the phase shifter 18 is realised using coplanar transmission line on a paraelectric substrate such that an applied d.c. electric field will induce a change in the permittivity and thus a voltage dependent phase change along a fixed length of transmission line.
- a local oscillator feed 24 is provided to each reflector which will be transmitted by a system of paralleled non-dispersive superconductive transmission lines.
- the device may be realised in high temperature superconductive material or conventional metallic superconductors with the addition of paraelectric substrates such as SrTiO 3 .
- the antenna and reflector components should be cooled for best efficiency.
- a single element in the antenna could consist of a SrTiO 3 bi-crystal on which is deposited an epitaxially grown thin film of the superconductor YBaCuO. This film is then patterned using conventional photolithographic techniques to provide a number of narrow bridges in the film where it crosses the bi-crystal interface. These bridges have the properties of Josephson junctions or vortex flow active devices. A single Josephson junction would perform the mixing function which produces a phase-conjugated signal. Combinations of junctions and vortex flow devices will provide suitable amplification of the microwave signal from the mixer. Coplanar lines connecting all elements in the circuit can be photolithographically patterned similarly.
- Band-pass and band-reject filters can be implemented within the coplanar line regions by introducing appropriate patterning to correspond to frequency of interest.
- This filter design technology (using either lumped component or distributed techniques) is well-known for conventional metallic and semiconductor components. All components shown in the Figure may be implemented in this way on a single chip of SrTiO 3 (of size approximately lOmmxlOmm) which is much smaller than ⁇ /2 at a typical mobile phone communication frequency ( ⁇ 2GHz).
- a plurality of chips of this type will then be mounted on a single cryogenically cooled support in, typically, a square array, to constitute the antenna.
- the support will be cooled below the transition temperature of the superconductor by means of either a closed cycle cooler or by immersion in liquid nitrogen.
- Each chip is then with a local oscillator signal derived from a single microwave source and the feed lines to each chip must be of equal length, or some individual phase shift control must be provided in each line, to ensure that the local oscillator feed to the mixer on each chip has the same phase.
- the solution proposed by the preferred embodiment described herein employs discrete components and makes use of superconductive elements in place of semiconductors. This enables the required phase conjugation functions to be provided in extremely small, planar, low noise, low dissipation superconductive devices. Secondly, the availability of dispersionless high frequency superconductive transmission lines means that a phase coherent frequency doubled signal may be distributed across the phase conjugating surface without error, eliminating the cumbersome requirement for optical fibre bundles and optical modulation/demodulation techniques required for the semi-conductive version.
- the components of the preferred superconductive phase conjugating element are mainly based on the highly non-linear properties of a single Josephson junction 16 shown in the implementation of phase conjugation using three-wave mixing of Figure and using superconductive or oxide functional materials.
- x is the position of the ith phase conjugating element.
- the suitably amplified field at this point is fed to a mixer 16 and mixed with a local oscillator (24) at angular frequency 2 ⁇ the output at the difference frequency 2 ⁇ - ⁇ has reversed phase ( ⁇ j -> -cpi).
- the local oscillator signal can be fed to each reflecting element with the same phase the result is a reflected wave formed from the mixed signal (at the same frequency as the input signal) which propagates in the reverse direction as:
- H 0Ut ( ri ) B( ri )e ⁇ t+ ⁇
- the macroscopic order parameter phase difference ⁇ across the superconductive weak link is related to the current i flowing through the link by the simple but highly non-linear relationship:
- phase shifters may alternatively be constructed from a combination of high temperature superconductive transmission lines deposited on single crystal perovskite structured ferro-electric substrates (such as SrTiO ). This material is particularly compatible with YBa 2 Cu O 7 - ⁇ (YBCO) and strip-line or coplanar transmission line configurations may be readily patterned. This approach provides an alternative to the implementation of Josephson junction arrays in providing the necessary phase shifting function.
- Colossal Magneto- Resistance perovskites could also be used to implement the attenuation control function (amplitude adjustment) required for three-wave mixing.
- superconductive patch antennas preferably used for the antennas 10,20 provide very compact potentially highly directional means of receiving and transmitting the signal.
- Another attractive advantage of superconductors is that the pump power required for mixing or frequency multiplication is very low compared with the needs of semi-conductive devices performing the same function. Thus, phase conjugation could in principle be carried out in the low power regime. It is also advantageous that superconductive Josephson devices operate at all frequencies from d.c. up to THz.
Landscapes
- Superconductor Devices And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
A highly directional transmitter suitable to mobile telephony includes a square array of N2 active reflectors is built up from individual elements which each consist of a number of active and passive components. These include a receive antenna (10), a pass band filter (12), an amplifier (14), a mixer (16), an electronic phase shifter (18) and a harmonic rejection filter, with a transmit antenna (20). The active components are made from Josephson junctions (mixers) (16) and/or flux flow transistors (amplifiers) (14, 22). The phase shifter (18) is realised using coplanar transmission line on a paraelectric substrate such that an applied d.c. electric field induces a change in the permittivity and thus a voltage dependent phase change along a fixed length of transmission line. A local oscillator feed (24) is provided to each reflector which will be transmitted by a system of paralleled non-dispersive superconductive transmission lines. The device may be realised in high temperature superconductive material or conventional metallic superconductors with the addition of paraelectric substrates such as SrTiO¿3?.
Description
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
The present invention relates to a communication system, particularly a system based on microwaves.
Known communication systems typically provide radiated beams of wave energy. Problems with such communication can occur particularly for telecommunications, such as multipath effects time transfer and so on. For example, in existing mobile telephone systems, the base station transmitters radiate the broadcast signal equally in all directions.
Phase conjugate reflection at a surface allows a forward propagating wave to be reflected in such a way that dispersion on the outward path is corrected on the return path. It has found wide application in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The inability to produce a useful phase conjugation function in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum arises because workers in this field have despaired of finding suitable non-linear materials at low frequency.
The utility of phase conjugation as a means of eliminating the effects of dispersion in the atmosphere or correcting aberration in optical systems has already been amply demonstrated for the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Although the principles of phase conjugation were first demonstrated at microwave frequencies there has been little progress with development of practical realisations of microwave phase conjugating surfaces to date. This lack of exploitation arises from an inability to exploit materials exhibiting adequate non-linearity in this part of the spectrum, compared with useful levels available in the visible region or even for acoustic fields. Attempts to use plasma and micro-mechanical systems have proved unfeasible, except in demonstrating the principles.
Apart from plasmas, which are inherently unstable, there are no known distributed physical media which are sufficiently non-linear at microwave frequencies to provide the phase conjugation function in a practical manner. This has inhibited the introduction of phase conjugation to the microwave frequency range, in contrast to the visible region of the spectrum or even the ultrasonic acoustic field. This is a serious problem since the benefits of phase conjugation, allowing the cancellation of dispersion in, for example, terrestrial or satellite communication via the ionosphere, could be immediately useful.
It has been demonstrated that phase conjugation does not require the use of a continuous medium. Provided that the element spacing is less than about 0.5λ (where λ is the wavelength of the radiation of interest) a phase conjugating mirror can be built from a set of
spaced discrete elements. As a first demonstration a linear array of 8 elements has been reported, constructed using a combination of semi-conductive frequency doubler, mixer, phase shifter and optical fibre distribution network. This is an interesting demonstration but will be clearly expensive and impractical to scale up to the level which would provide useful phase conjugate mirrors since 2D arrays would be needed with dimensions in each direction of many λ. The problem of miniaturisation becomes particularly severe as the millimetre wave frequency band is approached.
The present invention seeks to provide an improved communication system and method. According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a communication system including a phase conjugation system in use providing a directed wave beam to a target.
Advantageously, the system includes a plurality of microwave phase conjugating mirror to provide a directed wave beam. Preferably, the mirrors are two-dimensional mirrors. In an embodiment, the mirrors are provided by superconductive devices.
In the preferred embodiment, there are provided weakly-coupled superconductors
(such as Josephson junctions) arranged to exhibit non-linear behaviour to produce the conjugating mirrors.
Advantageously, the system provides superconductive elements operable as semi-conductive components.
Preferably, the system provides a time reversed wavefront, which can provide more effective means of communication through dispersive media than do forward propagating wavefronts.
The preferred embodiment includes a discrete set of active superconductive receive/transmit mirror elements to provide a good approximation to a true distributed phase conjugating mirror.
The solution may have widespread applications in telecommunications to allow more direct transmission of signals using narrow band beams rather than uniformly radiated beams.
This could significantly reduce the microwave power level required to be radiated from the telecommunications mast. The phase conjugation system may help to reduce the effects of multipath. Also the system might allow much improved time transfer from satellites to ground stations by reducing the problem of dispersion in the ionosphere.
The preferred embodiment provides a technique which can allow a base station to receive a signal from a mobile phone and then radiate it back it along a narrow beam, pointing only at that phone. This would include as its advantages (1) reduction of the power radiated from the base station (environmental benefit), (2) improving the security of the phone system (anti fraud potential) and (3) improving the use of the available capacity of the communications system (maximising economic return).
The microwave phase conjugating antenna may also have important benefits when considered together with our proposed the mobile telephone positioning system disclosed in international patent application no WO-01/63,957. The inventor has discovered that weakly-coupled superconductors (Josephson junctions) exhibit extreme non-linear behaviour so that there is an excellent opportunity to produce 2D microwave phase conjugating mirrors. This non-linearity, combined with other unique aspects of superconductivity, can lead to very compact realisation of phase conjugating microwave mirror of a size and simplicity which is not available to conventional semi-conducting electronics. Such a development would have a dramatic impact in many communications, radar imaging, space and time transfer applications although the first use could be demonstrated for a purely meteorological function. The preferred embodiment described herein uses the extreme non-linearity available from super-conducting Josephson junctions. The theoretical feasibility of the device combination (receive, attenuation, mixing, amplification, phase shifting and transmit functions, all of which in principle can be carried out by active super-conducting devices) is clear.
An embodiment of the present invention is described below, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which the sole Figure is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of communication apparatus with a single cell reflector on a 10x10 mm SrTiO3 substrate, formed as a single phase conjugate element using three-wave mixing, indicating how each component could be realised from superconductor or perovskite functional oxide material.
Referring to the Figure, a square array of N2 active reflectors is built up from individual elements which each consist of a number of active and passive components. These include a receive antenna 10, a pass band filter 12, an amplifier 14, a mixer 16, an electronic phase shifter 18 and a harmonic rejection filter, with finally a transmit antenna 20. The active components are made from Josephson junctions (mixers) 16 and/or flux flow transistors
(amplifiers) 14,22. The phase shifter 18 is realised using coplanar transmission line on a paraelectric substrate such that an applied d.c. electric field will induce a change in the permittivity and thus a voltage dependent phase change along a fixed length of transmission line. A local oscillator feed 24 is provided to each reflector which will be transmitted by a system of paralleled non-dispersive superconductive transmission lines. The device may be realised in high temperature superconductive material or conventional metallic superconductors with the addition of paraelectric substrates such as SrTiO3. The antenna and reflector components should be cooled for best efficiency.
A single element in the antenna could consist of a SrTiO3 bi-crystal on which is deposited an epitaxially grown thin film of the superconductor YBaCuO. This film is then patterned using conventional photolithographic techniques to provide a number of narrow bridges in the film where it crosses the bi-crystal interface. These bridges have the properties of Josephson junctions or vortex flow active devices. A single Josephson junction would perform the mixing function which produces a phase-conjugated signal. Combinations of junctions and vortex flow devices will provide suitable amplification of the microwave signal from the mixer. Coplanar lines connecting all elements in the circuit can be photolithographically patterned similarly. Band-pass and band-reject filters can be implemented within the coplanar line regions by introducing appropriate patterning to correspond to frequency of interest. This filter design technology (using either lumped component or distributed techniques) is well-known for conventional metallic and semiconductor components. All components shown in the Figure may be implemented in this way on a single chip of SrTiO3 (of size approximately lOmmxlOmm) which is much smaller than λ/2 at a typical mobile phone communication frequency (<2GHz). A plurality of chips of this type will then be mounted on a single cryogenically cooled support in, typically, a square array, to constitute the antenna. The support will be cooled below the transition temperature of the superconductor by means of either a closed cycle cooler or by immersion in liquid nitrogen. Each chip is then with a local oscillator signal derived from a single microwave source and the feed lines to each chip must be of equal length, or some individual phase shift control must be provided in each line, to ensure that the local oscillator feed to the mixer on each chip has the same phase.
The solution proposed by the preferred embodiment described herein employs discrete components and makes use of superconductive elements in place of semiconductors. This
enables the required phase conjugation functions to be provided in extremely small, planar, low noise, low dissipation superconductive devices. Secondly, the availability of dispersionless high frequency superconductive transmission lines means that a phase coherent frequency doubled signal may be distributed across the phase conjugating surface without error, eliminating the cumbersome requirement for optical fibre bundles and optical modulation/demodulation techniques required for the semi-conductive version.
The components of the preferred superconductive phase conjugating element are mainly based on the highly non-linear properties of a single Josephson junction 16 shown in the implementation of phase conjugation using three-wave mixing of Figure and using superconductive or oxide functional materials.
Consider a magnetic field incident on the phase conjugating surface:
Hin {ri) = A{ri)e^-Φ
where x is the position of the ith phase conjugating element. If the suitably amplified field at this point is fed to a mixer 16 and mixed with a local oscillator (24) at angular frequency 2ω the output at the difference frequency 2ω - ω has reversed phase (ψj -> -cpi). Provided the local oscillator signal can be fed to each reflecting element with the same phase the result is a reflected wave formed from the mixed signal (at the same frequency as the input signal) which propagates in the reverse direction as:
H0Ut (ri) = B(ri)e^t+^
In the preferred device the macroscopic order parameter phase difference θ across the superconductive weak link is related to the current i flowing through the link by the simple but highly non-linear relationship:
i = ic siτxθ • • •(!)
where ic is the critical current of the weak link. It is well known that this d.c. Josephson relationship and a second relationship between the rate of change with time of θ and the d.c. voltage across the Josephson weak link
dθ V dt φ ....(2)
(Φ0=h/2e, is the magnetic flux quantum) describe the essential feature which underlie the Josephson voltage standard and the use of Josephson junctions as very high harmonic mixers and detectors. The non-linear properties of superconductive weak-links (summarised in equns. 1 & 2) also allow the implementation of flux quantising SQUIDs or flux-flow transistors, either of which may be used to provide low-noise microwave amplifiers such as the amplifiers 14,22. It is less well known that equation 1 also implies that a Josephson junction or array of SQUIDs maybe used as an electronically controlled phase shifter (18). A dispersionless superconductive transmission line may be patterned into a filter (12) of any required properties, possessing very low insertion loss and high out of band rejection.
The inventor's earlier work "F Abbas, J C Gallop & C D Langham 'HTS/ferroelectric microwave phase shifters', Cryogenics 37 pp 681-4, 1997" has already demonstrated that electric field controlled phase shifters may alternatively be constructed from a combination of high temperature superconductive transmission lines deposited on single crystal perovskite structured ferro-electric substrates (such as SrTiO ). This material is particularly compatible with YBa2Cu O7-δ (YBCO) and strip-line or coplanar transmission line configurations may be readily patterned. This approach provides an alternative to the implementation of Josephson junction arrays in providing the necessary phase shifting function. Colossal Magneto- Resistance perovskites (such as the managanites) could also be used to implement the attenuation control function (amplitude adjustment) required for three-wave mixing. Finally superconductive patch antennas preferably used for the antennas 10,20 provide very compact potentially highly directional means of receiving and transmitting the signal. Another attractive advantage of superconductors is that the pump power required for mixing or frequency multiplication is very low compared with the needs of semi-conductive devices performing the same function. Thus, phase conjugation could in principle be carried out in
the low power regime. It is also advantageous that superconductive Josephson devices operate at all frequencies from d.c. up to THz.
The requirement for cooling is not considered a significant disadvantage, especially where the functionality provided by superconductivity is so dominant. The use of high reliability, high efficiency Stirling cryo-coolers for large area superconductive pick up coils in non-magnetic cryostats for use in low-field MRI imagers is feasible.
Claims
1. A communication system including a phase conjugation system in use providing a directed wave beam to a target.
2. A system according to claim 1, including a plurality of microwave phase conjugating mirrors operable to provide a directed wave beam.
3. A system according to claim 2, wherein the mirrors are two-dimensional mirrors.
4. A system according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the mirrors are provided by superconductive devices.
5. A system according to claim 2, 3 or 4, including weakly-coupled superconductors arranged to exhibit non-linear behaviour to produce the conjugating mirrors.
6. A system according to any one of claims 2 or 5, wherein the superconductors are provided by Josephson junctions.
7. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein the system provides superconductive elements operable as semi-conductive components.
8. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein the system provides a time reversed transmission wavefront.
9. A system according to any preceding claim, including a discrete set of active superconductive receive/transmit mirror elements operable to approximate a true distributed phase conjugating mirror.
10. A system according to any preceding claim, including an array of N active reflectors is built up from individual elements which each consist of a number of active and passive components.
11. A system according to claim 10, including a receive antenna, a pass band filter, an amplifier, a mixer, an electronic phase shifter and a transmit antenna.
12. A system according to claim 11, wherein the active components are made from Josephson junctions and/or flux flow transistors.
13. A system according to claim 10, 11 or 12, wherein at least some of the components are formed from high temperature superconductive material or conventional metallic superconductors with the addition of at least one paraelectric substrate.
14. A system according to claim 13, wherein the substrate is formed from SrTiO3.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP02801414A EP1442500A1 (en) | 2001-10-16 | 2002-10-16 | Communication system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0124841.8 | 2001-10-16 | ||
| GB0124841A GB0124841D0 (en) | 2001-10-16 | 2001-10-16 | Communication system |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2003034542A1 true WO2003034542A1 (en) | 2003-04-24 |
Family
ID=9923957
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB2002/004678 Ceased WO2003034542A1 (en) | 2001-10-16 | 2002-10-16 | Communication system |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1442500A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB0124841D0 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2003034542A1 (en) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012044310A1 (en) * | 2010-09-30 | 2012-04-05 | Empire Technology Developement LLC | Aluminum air battery including a composite anode |
| US9461588B1 (en) | 2015-06-09 | 2016-10-04 | Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc | Doubly balanced josephson junction mixer |
| US10262275B1 (en) | 2017-12-01 | 2019-04-16 | International Business Machines Corporation | Selective switching of frequency multiplexed microwave signals using cascading multi-path interferometric Josephson switches with nonoverlapping bandwidths |
| WO2019086943A1 (en) * | 2017-10-30 | 2019-05-09 | International Business Machines Corporation | Multi-path interferometric josephson isolator based on nondegenerate three-wave mixing josephson devices |
| US10311379B1 (en) | 2017-12-01 | 2019-06-04 | International Business Machines Corporation | Isolation of frequency multiplexed microwave signals using cascading multi-path interferometric josephson isolators with nonoverlapping bandwidths |
| US10396732B2 (en) | 2017-12-01 | 2019-08-27 | International Business Machines Corporation | Amplification of frequency multiplexed microwave signals using cascading multi-path interferometric josephson directional amplifiers with nonoverlapping bandwidths |
| US10396731B2 (en) | 2017-12-01 | 2019-08-27 | International Business Machines Corporation | Selective amplification of frequency multiplexed microwave signals using cascading multi-path interferometric Josephson directional amplifiers with nonoverlapping bandwidths |
| US10511072B2 (en) | 2017-12-01 | 2019-12-17 | International Business Machines Corporation | Switching of frequency multiplexed microwave signals using cascading multi-path interferometric Josephson switches with nonoverlapping bandwidths |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN119397158B (en) * | 2024-10-24 | 2025-06-06 | 中国计量科学研究院 | A Josephson array driving method and system based on bidirectional successive approximation algorithm |
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| EP0308830A2 (en) * | 1987-09-22 | 1989-03-29 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Antenna system |
| US5790078A (en) * | 1993-10-22 | 1998-08-04 | Nec Corporation | Superconducting mixer antenna array |
| GB2335099A (en) * | 1998-02-24 | 1999-09-08 | Univ Belfast | Phase conjugate mixer circuits and retrorecive antenna |
| US6275716B1 (en) * | 1997-11-26 | 2001-08-14 | Arthur Tauber | High critical temperature superconductors in the system La3-ZMezBa3Ca1−vNcvCu7O16+x where Me=a rare earth or alkaline metal ion and Nc is a Mg, Cd ion |
-
2001
- 2001-10-16 GB GB0124841A patent/GB0124841D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2002
- 2002-10-16 EP EP02801414A patent/EP1442500A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-10-16 WO PCT/GB2002/004678 patent/WO2003034542A1/en not_active Ceased
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0308830A2 (en) * | 1987-09-22 | 1989-03-29 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Antenna system |
| US5790078A (en) * | 1993-10-22 | 1998-08-04 | Nec Corporation | Superconducting mixer antenna array |
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| GB0124841D0 (en) | 2001-12-05 |
| EP1442500A1 (en) | 2004-08-04 |
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