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WO2003031661A1 - Procede de traitement thermique - Google Patents

Procede de traitement thermique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003031661A1
WO2003031661A1 PCT/FI2002/000783 FI0200783W WO03031661A1 WO 2003031661 A1 WO2003031661 A1 WO 2003031661A1 FI 0200783 W FI0200783 W FI 0200783W WO 03031661 A1 WO03031661 A1 WO 03031661A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
heat
heat treatment
temperature
objects
cooling
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/FI2002/000783
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Pekka Kemppainen
Jorma JÄÄSKELÄINEN
Erkki Leinonen
Hannu Vuorikari
Eero Smura
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Lahden Lampokasittely Oy
URV UUDENKAUPUNGIN RAUTAVALIMO Oy
Valmet Technologies Oy
Original Assignee
Lahden Lampokasittely Oy
URV UUDENKAUPUNGIN RAUTAVALIMO Oy
Metso Paper Oy
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lahden Lampokasittely Oy, URV UUDENKAUPUNGIN RAUTAVALIMO Oy, Metso Paper Oy filed Critical Lahden Lampokasittely Oy
Priority to AT02764909T priority Critical patent/ATE314492T1/de
Priority to DE60208405T priority patent/DE60208405T2/de
Priority to EP02764909A priority patent/EP1434891B1/fr
Publication of WO2003031661A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003031661A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D11/00—Process control or regulation for heat treatments
    • C21D11/005—Process control or regulation for heat treatments for cooling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2221/00—Treating localised areas of an article

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a heat treatment method according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the objects being heat- treated are first heated to a hardening temperature, after which they are cooled, for example in salt, oil, lead or water baths or in air one batch to be treated at a time.
  • FIG. 2A shows phases of a heat treatment method known from prior art.
  • the heat treatment furnace is charged and the objects to be heat-treated are placed on the grate of the furnace.
  • the furnace is charged with energy and the furnace is heated to anneal the objects.
  • the red-hot objects are taken out of the furnace, for example by a forklift truck, after which they are transported into a cooling tank with the help of a crane.
  • phase D the cooled objects are lifted up from the cooling tank, and in phase E the objects are transported into the next heat treatment phase, for example into a tempering treatment furnace.
  • phase F the furnace is charged with energy, the furnace is heated, the objects are annealed and cooled together with the furnace.
  • phase G after the furnace has cooled down to a temperature of e.g. 200 °C, the objects are discharged from the furnace to cool down to room temperature.
  • a problem related to prior art arrangements is that the cooling capacity cannot be controlled during the cooling process.
  • An object of the invention is to provide a programmable heat treatment method, in which heat treatment takes place programmably with the desired heat-transfer capacities in different temperature ranges.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a heat treatment method that imparts a good quality to the objects that are heat-treated.
  • the invention by adjusting the heat-transfer capacity of the object in the cooling phase (convection, radiation) it is possible to control/adjust the rate of change of the temperature of the object to be cooled to the desired level in differ- ent (heat treatment) cooling phases.
  • This method enables the cooling process to be controlled so that the desired phase changes and/or microstructures can be achieved.
  • the cooling rate of the ob- ject is adjusted by changing the convection-based heat-transfer capacity and/or by changing the radiation heat-transfer capacity.
  • Heat transfer by radiation can be controlled by changing the radiation abso ⁇ tion of the furnace walls and by changing (adjusting) the absorption and/or convection properties of the heat radiation of the heat-transfer medium and its endothermic mass.
  • the cooling rate of the furnace and of the object are regulated, for example with the help of the amount of air blown into the furnace and with the flow rate of air (air/gas and/or air/particle).
  • the cooling capacity can be increased by means of a mixture of liquid and gas or of air and secondary gas.
  • the mixture of blast air and liquid (and gas) may also contain solid particles.
  • the cooling capacity can also be adjusted by means of the temperature of the mixture to be blown in.
  • the gas mixture to be blown in may be e.g. an air-water, air-carbon dioxide, argon- carbonic acid mixture (or the like).
  • the object to be cooled is brought from the heat treatment furnace into a (hardening) cooling space, most suitably into a cloud chamber, where the object is (hardened) cooled in a controlled manner at the desired cooling rate in different temperature ranges to achieve the desired material properties.
  • a (hardening) cooling space most suitably into a cloud chamber, where the object is (hardened) cooled in a controlled manner at the desired cooling rate in different temperature ranges to achieve the desired material properties.
  • a very advantageous and environ- mentally friendly application is to feed an air-water spray, the water being in the form of drops, into the cooling space through one or more nozzles.
  • the cooling nozzles may also direct the air-water spray (or, more commonly, the gas-liquid- solid particle) (flow) directly at the object.
  • the cooling rate of the object can be controlled to take place locally so that the cooling rate of the different parts of the object is adjusted by directing intensified cooling gas-liquid-particle spray jets locally at the desired areas of the object, for example by applying, in a desired area, the nozzle jet directly and/or by increasing the flow rate and mixture ratio of the cooling medium (gas-liquid-particle mixture) that impinges on the object locally, and/or the areas in which it is desired to slow down the heat flow may be subjected to a weaker cooling medium flow, whereby a low flow rate and/or a less effective heat-transferring mixture ratio is/are used in the flow.
  • the capacity of radiation into the furnace walls is adjusted by changing the absorption properties of the atmosphere and lining of the furnace (i.e. how efficiently the lining takes in ("sucks") or reflects heat radiation).
  • the basic equation of heat radiation is used as a basis here
  • the heat radiation transfer capacity of the wall surfaces of the furnace can, for example, be altered by using grates that are coated with different kinds of coatings and whose heat radiation abso ⁇ tion properties differ from the abso ⁇ tion properties of the furnace.
  • a method of radiation-based heat transfer capacity is to alter the abso ⁇ tion properties of the heat radiation of the heat-transferring (blast) gas mixture that has been fed in.
  • heat transfer by convection can be regulated by altering the convection properties of the heat- transferring gas mixture.
  • thermometer-measuring sensors fastened, e.g. welded to the object.
  • the sensors can be located on the surface of the object, and, when necessary, the temperature can also be measured from within the object with a temperature measurement sensor placed in a hole drilled in the object.
  • the heat treatment method according to the invention it is possible to save a considerable amount of energy (about 20...30 %) when the cooling process is halted at an intermediate temperature (instead of cooling down to room temperature).
  • the heat treatment method according to the invention does away with the need to transport the red-hot object from the furnace into a cooling tank or water- air shower or freely into air. This reduces the amount of work required by the handling of the objects (cf. Figures 2A and 2B).
  • the invention is suited, for example, for the heat treatment method of heavily loaded paper machine components made of ferrous metal, e.g. bearing housings, suspension parts for articulated rolls, and the like.
  • ferrous metal e.g. bearing housings, suspension parts for articulated rolls, and the like.
  • Figure 1A schematically shows an exemplary heat treatment arrangement according to the invention.
  • Figure IB schematically shows a possible cooling phase in the exemplary heat treatment arrangement of Figure 1A.
  • FIGS. IC and ID are schematic illustrations of principle of the temperature and cooling capacity of the object.
  • Figure 2 A schematically shows a batch-type heat treatment process according to prior art.
  • Figure 2B schematically shows a heat treatment process according to the invention.
  • FIGS 2C - 2E schematically show an advantageous exemplifying embodiment of the invention, in which a cloud chamber is used.
  • Figure 3A schematically shows an exemplifying embodiment for controlling the heat treatment process according to the invention.
  • Figure 3B schematically shows an exemplifying embodiment for controlling the application according to Figures 2C - 2E.
  • the rate of change of the temperature of the ob- ject being hardened (quenched) is controlled/adjusted to the desired level in different heat treatment phases.
  • This method enables the cooling process to be controlled so that the desired phase and/or microstructure changes can be achieved - an embodiment thereof is schematically shown in Figure 1 A.
  • time t is located on the horizontal axis and temperature T on the vertical axis.
  • the temperatures and treatment times mentioned in the following description are exemplary only and the heat treatment temperatures and times naturally depend on the heat treatment processes, on the objects to be treated and on their materials and desired properties.
  • the temperature of the object/objects being heat-treated is first raised to treatment temperature Ti (e.g. to an austenizing temperature of 920 °C (normalization, pearlitization annealing temperature)) with the desired raising rate (20...80 °C/h, e.g. 40 °C/h).
  • treatment temperature Ti e.g. to an austenizing temperature of 920 °C (normalization, pearlitization annealing temperature)
  • desired raising rate 20...80 °C/h, e.g. 40 °C/h.
  • Holding time ti the object/objects are held at the holding temperature Ti in question depending on the heat treatment process for the desired holding time (e.g. wall thickness 100 mm 4 h).
  • the desired holding time e.g. wall thickness 100 mm 4 h.
  • Phase Phase; lowering of the temperature of the object at the desired rate from temperature Ti to temperature T 2 above the phase change temperature, during the time period t 2 .
  • the temperature is lowered as needed for achieving a uniform temperature in the object.
  • time pe- riod t the temperature of the object is equalized, if necessary, whereby the heat capacity of the object is minimized before cooling/rapid lowering of temperature.
  • Cooling/(hardening) of the object/objects is started with the desired cooling capacity.
  • the cooling capacity is determined by the desired type of micro- structure, the desired properties, depending on the microstructure in the starting phase, and on the composition of the material.
  • Cooling time is - Between phases 3 - 4 of the cooling process there may also be constant temperature stages and/or several different cooling rate stages, whereof an example is shown in Figure IB.
  • the cooling process is halted.
  • the temperature in question is above e.g. the temperature at which martensite is formed, thereby preventing, for example, the starting of a martensite reaction.
  • the cooling rate may vary in different temperature ranges (for example according to the desired level of residual stress of the object), time periods t 9 , t ⁇ 0 .
  • Figure 1A shows a two-phase heat treatment process.
  • the same arrangement may of course be applied in heat treatment with, for example, three or more phases, where, at first, e.g. cooling is carried out, then quenching and tempering and then stress relief annealing.
  • Figure IB shows an example in which cooling phase 3 - 4 is halted at an intermediate temperature between phases 3.1 and 3.2.
  • Figures IC - ID are schematic illustrations of principle of the temperature and cooling capacity of the object.
  • the temperature T of the object is located on the vertical axis and time t on the horizontal axis.
  • a curve 51 representing the temperature of the object starts to sink from the heating temperature, point 1, and the cooling temperature is altered after point 2 and further at point 3 to achieve the desired material properties.
  • time t is located on the horizontal axis and cooling capacity P and heat flow q are located on the vertical axis.
  • the cooling capacity P and the heat flow q as a function of time t are depicted by curve 52 and the phases of temperatures 1, 2, 3 shown in Figure IC are marked in connection with the curve with corresponding numbers.
  • curves 51, 52, of the object/objects can be stopped at a de- sired temperature of the object, when providing the cooling spray in a chamber, illustrated in more detail in connection with Figures 2C and 2E, by decreasing or closing nozzle flows and by decreasing the liquid-particle mixture ratio.
  • FIG. 2 A shows the phases of a heat treatment method known from prior art.
  • a heat treatment furnace 10 is charged.
  • Objects 12 to be heat- treated the objects having been brought near the furnace 10 by a forklift truck 11 or the like, are placed on a grate 13 of the furnace 10.
  • the furnace 10 is charged with energy, as shown by arrow 15, and the furnace 10 is heated to anneal the objects 12.
  • the red-hot objects 12 are transported to a cooling tank 16, e.g.
  • phase D the cooled objects 12 are lifted up from the cooling tank 16 and in phase E the objects 12 are transported into the furnace of the next heat treatment phase, for example into a tempering furnace 17, after which, in phase F, the furnace is charged with energy 15, the furnace 17 is heated, the objects 12 are annealed and cooled together with the furnace 17.
  • phase G after the furnace 17 has cooled down to a temperature of e.g. 200 °C, the objects 12 are discharged from the furnace 17.
  • the objects 12 have been shifted, for example onto the forklift truck 11 to cool down to room temperature.
  • objects 12 to be heat-treated are transported in the first phase R with a forklift truck 11 or the like onto a grate 13 of a heat treatment furnace 10, in phase S the furnace 10 is charged with energy 15 and heat treatment is carried out, for exam- pie by means of a heat treatment process according to Figure 1A.
  • the heat-treated objects 12 are taken out of the furnace 10 e.g. with the forklift truck 11.
  • cloud chamber cooling is used, in which application the cooling i.e. hardening space is a semi-closed space, into which the object/objects are brought to be hard- ened/cooled.
  • Cooling-gas-particle mist is fed into the cloud chamber 30 through one or more nozzles 31.
  • the cloud chamber is marked with reference number 30.
  • the cloud chamber 30 comprises a set of distributor pipes 36 and mixers 32. A particle, gas and liquid flow is passed into the mixers 32 from ducts 33, 34, 35. From the nozzles 31 of the set of distributor pipes 36 the cooling me- dium is blown into the cloud chamber 30. Exhaust flow of gas is marked with a reference arrow 37, which exhaust flow of gas is passed into exhaust gas suction 38.
  • Figure 2D schematically shows a nozzle structure used, according to the invention, in connection with a cloud chamber 30, which nozzle has been connected to a mixer 32, where the liquid, gas and particle jets passed through ducts 33, 34 and 35 are mixed so that the desired composition is reached for being fed into the chamber 30 through a nozzle 31.
  • the chamber 30 can have the geometrical form of a cylinder or a chamber and the quenching space can be a semi-closed space or a space otherwise equipped with appropriate degassing.
  • the nozzles 31 used in connection with the cloud chamber 30 may be fixed, and the nozzle 31 generates a gas-liquid-particle spray and the adjustment of mixture and flow takes place at the beginning of the set of distributor pipes connecting the nozzles 31.
  • the nozzles 31 may be adjustable, and fixed or movable nozzles 31 may be used to direct the flow, and the adjustment and control of the shaping of the flow opening and flow jet are carried out by means of a controller 39 and the adjustment and control take place in the mixer 32.
  • the mixer 32 may be a mixer that can be controlled continuously or set at correct values in advance, and it is possible to form an entity out of the intermediation of the mixer 32 and the nozzle 31, which entity is moved with the help of the movements of the mountings to the desired place and in the desired blow direction in the cloud chamber 30.
  • Figure 2E schematically shows nozzles 31 connected to a distributor pipe 36, into which distributor pipe 36 a flow is conducted through a mixer 32, into which the flows are conducted through ducts 33, 34, 35 in order to be blown into a cloud chamber 30 through the nozzles 31.
  • FIG. 3A depicts controlling of the heat treatment method.
  • Charging data 22 relating to the objects to be heat-treated and parameters 23 of the furnace are fed into a control unit 20.
  • the temperature inside 24 and on the surface 25 of the object/objects placed in the furnace 21 is monitored and the data is fed into the control unit 20.
  • the control unit 20 processes the data and, with control 28, controls 26 the volume flow and temperature (Vl/Tl) of the cooling air 31 fed into a mixer 25 and the mass flow 27 (or volume flow) and temperature (m2/T2) of an additive possibly mixed with the cooling medium.
  • a cooling fan (flow rate) 32 of the furnace is controlled with control 29. If necessary, temperature data of the cooling air 31 and the additive 27 mixed are measured and given to the control unit 20.
  • Heat treatment data from the control unit 20 is also transmitted and used for heat treatment reports asso- ciated with a quality system 30.
  • FIG 3B shows a control scheme for the exemplifying embodiment according to Figures 2C - 2E.
  • the cooling of a hot object means that the transferring heat energy of the object is removed from the object at the desired heat trans- fer capacity.
  • a thermal model 41 of the object is formed based on the thermal property 42 of the material, the object 43 itself (form, mass, starting temperature, material) and on the cooling curve 44 of the object, after which the cooling capacity 45 needed is determined, when the data is combined with the data 46 of the cooling medium and the data 47 of the mixer of the nozzle. After this, the volume and mass flow needed are provided as a function 48 of time verified on the basis of measurement data 49 obtained by a temperature measurement 53.
  • control and adjustment 54 of the nozzles in each mixer is carried out.
  • quality reports 55 are determined, with the help of which quality reports it is possible to make the con- trol and adjustment parameter more precise and receive data concerning the temperatures measured from the object/objects.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
  • Control Of Heat Treatment Processes (AREA)
  • Tunnel Furnaces (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de traitement thermique dans lequel un ou plusieurs objets est/sont thermotraités, ce traitement s'effectuant dans des fours de traitement thermique ou analogues. Dans ce procédé, associé au traitement thermique, le transfert de chaleur du ou des objets est régulé par réglage de la vitesse de changement de température du ou des objets à un niveau désiré dans différentes phases de traitement thermique.
PCT/FI2002/000783 2001-10-08 2002-10-07 Procede de traitement thermique Ceased WO2003031661A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT02764909T ATE314492T1 (de) 2001-10-08 2002-10-07 Wärmebehandlungsverfahren
DE60208405T DE60208405T2 (de) 2001-10-08 2002-10-07 Wärmebehandlungsverfahren
EP02764909A EP1434891B1 (fr) 2001-10-08 2002-10-07 Procede de traitement thermique

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI20011954A FI20011954L (fi) 2001-10-08 2001-10-08 Lämpökäsittelymenetelmä
FI20011954 2001-10-08

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003031661A1 true WO2003031661A1 (fr) 2003-04-17

Family

ID=8562014

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/FI2002/000783 Ceased WO2003031661A1 (fr) 2001-10-08 2002-10-07 Procede de traitement thermique

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1434891B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE314492T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE60208405T2 (fr)
ES (1) ES2250700T3 (fr)
FI (1) FI20011954L (fr)
WO (1) WO2003031661A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006072663A2 (fr) 2005-01-05 2006-07-13 Metso Paper, Inc. Fonte ductile et procede de fabrication associe pour l'elaboration de composants a proprietes de resistance et de tenacite desirees

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4168993A (en) * 1978-08-10 1979-09-25 Morgan Construction Company Process and apparatus for sequentially forming and treating steel rod
US4720310A (en) * 1981-11-26 1988-01-19 Union Siderurgique Du Nord Et De L'est De La France (Usinor) Process for effecting the controlled cooling of metal sheets
WO1991000368A1 (fr) * 1989-07-03 1991-01-10 Centre De Recherches Metallurgiques Procede et dispositif de refroidissement continu d'un fil d'acier trefile
EP0410501A1 (fr) * 1989-07-26 1991-01-30 N.V. Bekaert S.A. Lit fluidisé pour la trempe de fils en acier
US5125948A (en) * 1989-06-23 1992-06-30 Saint-Gobain Vitrage International Heat conditioning chamber

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4168993A (en) * 1978-08-10 1979-09-25 Morgan Construction Company Process and apparatus for sequentially forming and treating steel rod
US4720310A (en) * 1981-11-26 1988-01-19 Union Siderurgique Du Nord Et De L'est De La France (Usinor) Process for effecting the controlled cooling of metal sheets
US5125948A (en) * 1989-06-23 1992-06-30 Saint-Gobain Vitrage International Heat conditioning chamber
WO1991000368A1 (fr) * 1989-07-03 1991-01-10 Centre De Recherches Metallurgiques Procede et dispositif de refroidissement continu d'un fil d'acier trefile
EP0410501A1 (fr) * 1989-07-26 1991-01-30 N.V. Bekaert S.A. Lit fluidisé pour la trempe de fils en acier

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006072663A2 (fr) 2005-01-05 2006-07-13 Metso Paper, Inc. Fonte ductile et procede de fabrication associe pour l'elaboration de composants a proprietes de resistance et de tenacite desirees
WO2006072663A3 (fr) * 2005-01-05 2007-05-18 Metso Paper Inc Fonte ductile et procede de fabrication associe pour l'elaboration de composants a proprietes de resistance et de tenacite desirees

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI20011954A7 (fi) 2003-04-09
DE60208405D1 (de) 2006-02-02
ATE314492T1 (de) 2006-01-15
EP1434891A1 (fr) 2004-07-07
FI20011954A0 (fi) 2001-10-08
DE60208405T2 (de) 2006-07-06
FI20011954L (fi) 2003-04-09
EP1434891B1 (fr) 2005-12-28
ES2250700T3 (es) 2006-04-16

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