WO2003012137A2 - Methodes de detection de la maladie de parkinson - Google Patents
Methodes de detection de la maladie de parkinson Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003012137A2 WO2003012137A2 PCT/FR2002/002761 FR0202761W WO03012137A2 WO 2003012137 A2 WO2003012137 A2 WO 2003012137A2 FR 0202761 W FR0202761 W FR 0202761W WO 03012137 A2 WO03012137 A2 WO 03012137A2
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to methods for the diagnosis or prognosis of Parkinson's disease in a subject, in which the joint presence of the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B and the homozygous deletion of GSTM1 indicates that said subject may have the disease. Parkinson's disease or has an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease.
- the present invention also relates to diagnostic or prognostic kits for Parkinson's disease, and double transgenic animals into the genome of which is inserted an exogenous genomic DNA sequence carrying the homozygous mutation CYP2D6- B and having the gene invalidation.
- GSTMl their process for obtaining and their use in order to test the activity of agents or methods intended to prevent and / or treat Parkinson's disease.
- Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder that usually appears with age.
- the neurological changes that cause this disease are variable and still relatively poorly understood.
- the disorder usually develops asymmetrically, begins with tremors in one hand or leg, and progresses to a symmetrical loss of voluntary movement.
- the patient is incapacitated due to the severity of symptoms such as tremors, bradykinesia (poor movement) and muscle stiffness.
- the disease is often accompanied by dementia.
- GSTs glutathione S-transferases
- GSTM1 glutathione S-transferases
- the present invention is based on the discovery that subjects jointly presenting the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B and whose genome is homozygous for the deletion of GSTM1 have an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease, this risk being greater than that of subjects not having than the homozygous CYP2D6-B mutation or else being only homozygous for the deletion of GSTM1, as reported in the studies mentioned above.
- This discovery is particularly interesting because it makes it possible to confirm and / or predict the severity of the disease in patients for whom Parkinson's disease has already been diagnosed as well as the probable effectiveness of the treatments envisaged, or even to predict the risks. onset of the disease in people who do not have symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
- the present invention thus has for first object a method of diagnosis or prognosis for Parkinson's disease in a subject.
- Said method comprises the steps of detecting the presence of the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B on the one hand, and the homozygous deletion of GSTM1 on the other hand.
- the joint presence of the homozygous CYP2D6-B mutation and the homozygous deletion of GSTM1 indicates that the subject may be suffering from Parkinson's disease or is at increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease.
- Appropriate subjects can be chosen for example from:
- the stages of detection, simultaneous or not, of the presence or absence of the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B and of the homozygous deletion of GSTM1 are carried out directly or indirectly by any appropriate means from biological samples.
- the present invention therefore also relates to a method of screening biological samples taken from subjects, in particular subjects having no symptoms of Parkinson's disease, in order to detect the presence of samples of subjects highly susceptible to developing Parkinson's disease , said screening comprising the search, simultaneously or not, in said biological samples, for the joint presence of the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B and the homozygous deletion of GSTM1.
- Said samples containing the DNAs or proteins to be identified can be of various origins. These can be, for example, samples of blood, semen, hair (with their roots) or any other sample containing nucleated cells.
- the biological samples analyzed are blood samples.
- the DNA to be identified is taken from the leukocytes.
- the term "biological sample” means either samples directly from the subject for whom a diagnosis or prognosis is desired without further transformation, or samples having undergone one or more stages of preparation so as not to keep only a fraction useful for the detection steps, for example a crude cell extract.
- the detection of mutations in CYP2D6 and GSTM1 can be carried out either by detection of the sole presence or not of the protein CYP2D6-B and of the presence or the absence of GSTM1, either by detection of the presence or absence of the DNA carrying the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B and of the DNA having the homozygous deletion of GSTM1.
- the protein CYP2D6-B In the case of the detection of the protein CYP2D6-B, it is intended to detect, within the meaning of the present invention, the protein CYP2D6-B only to the exclusion of any other mutated or wild-type form. This therefore corresponds to an individual with DNA comprising the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B.
- the terms "detection of the sole presence or absence of the CYP2D6-B protein" will be used.
- the steps for detecting the proteins CYP2D6 and GSTM1 or the DNA coding for CYP2D6-B and GSTM1 can be carried out according to direct or indirect methods well known to those skilled in the art.
- said steps of detecting the presence or absence of the proteins CYP2D6-B and GSTM1 or of the DNA carrying the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B and having the homozygous deletion of GSTM1 can also be carried out simultaneously or not for each of the two genes.
- a biological sample contains the mutated CYP2D6-B protein to the exclusion of any other mutated or wild-type form, or contains DNA carrying the homozygous CYP2D6-B mutation
- this more precisely means that the sample analyzed contains only the mutant protein or that the mutant DNA, that is to say that no trace of the protein or DNA in wild form or in another mutated form has been detected.
- a sample corresponding to a subject having the homozygous deletion of GSTM1 is, within the meaning of the present invention, a sample in which no trace of the functional protein GSTM1 has been detected.
- PCR Chain polymerization
- RFLP Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
- all the techniques for identifying the DNAs coding for CYP2D6-B and GSTM1 which can be used in the context of the present invention include a prior step of collecting the biological sample or samples containing the DNAs to be identified and a step of extracting genomic DNA according to standard techniques well known to those skilled in the art, for example according to the method of Smith et al. (The Lancet, 1992, 339, pp. 1375-7).
- PCR technique which firstly consists in synthesizing oligonucleotides complementary to the sequence of the regions which delimit the segment of DNA to be amplified (also called “primers”). These oligonucleotides serve as a primer for DNA polymerase. Then, the steps of heat denaturation (92-95 ° C) are undertaken to separate the two strands of DNA, hybridization with the two specific primers by lowering the temperature (50-55 ° C) and extension of primers with DNA polymerase at 70-72 ° C.
- PCR two successive PCRs using two different pairs of primers
- a first pair of external primers which allows obtaining a DNA fragment amplified as in conventional PCR
- a second pair of internal primers to amplify the DNA fragment obtained from the first PCR.
- the DNA fragments obtained by PCR can also be separated by electrophoresis according to their size and visualized using BET (ethidium bromide) and ultraviolet rays.
- BET ethidium bromide
- a particularly advantageous possibility in the present case consists in carrying out a PCR with a first "primer” having at its 3 'end the mutated nucleotide sequence, and a second "primer” having at its 3' end the sequence of wild nucleotides.
- the amplified DNA fragments are directly identified by a “Dot” technique which consists in depositing a sample of the DNA fragments produced by the PCR on a nylon filter, in carrying out the denaturation of the fragments. DNA, their hybridization with a specific radioactive probe, washing to remove the excess of non-fixed radioactive product and carrying out an autoradiogram.
- a “Dot” technique which consists in depositing a sample of the DNA fragments produced by the PCR on a nylon filter, in carrying out the denaturation of the fragments. DNA, their hybridization with a specific radioactive probe, washing to remove the excess of non-fixed radioactive product and carrying out an autoradiogram.
- the revelation can also be done by other means thanks to the use of specific probes comprising a marker other than radioactive, for example a dye or even a fluorescent marker.
- One such method consists in determining the nucleotide sequence at the level of the polymorphic positions of the CYP2D6 and GSTM1 genes.
- the sequencing can be carried out by any method known to those skilled in the art, for example by the Sanger method or else by the Maxam and Gilbert method.
- the detection of the presence or absence of DNA carrying the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B and having the homozygous deletion of GSTM1 can be carried out using the technique of "Southern Blotting" which consists in performing an electrophoresis of the fragments of DNA obtained after attack by one or more restriction enzymes. The gel is then denatured and a transfer is carried out on a nylon membrane. This membrane is intended to be hybridized with a specific probe. After washing to remove the excess of unbound radioactive product, the film is applied to the membrane. One or more bands can thus be detected corresponding to the DNA fragments recognized by the probe.
- Southern Blotting which consists in performing an electrophoresis of the fragments of DNA obtained after attack by one or more restriction enzymes.
- the gel is then denatured and a transfer is carried out on a nylon membrane. This membrane is intended to be hybridized with a specific probe. After washing to remove the excess of unbound radioactive product, the film is applied to the membrane.
- One or more bands can thus be detected
- RFLP RFLP technique associated with the Southern Blotting and / or PCR technique
- the RFLP makes it possible to compare the DNAs of different individuals and to find out whether point mutations causing the appearance or disappearance of restriction sites have occurred. Two DNAs of identical sequence treated with restriction enzymes will give identical fragments, and the Southern Blots obtained with these fragments will therefore be identical. On the contrary, if a restriction site has disappeared or has appeared following a mutation, the fragments will no longer have identical sizes, which will be visible on the autoradiograms. The same applies if a new restriction site has appeared following a mutation.
- CYP2D6-B it is also possible to use indirect methods to determine the presence or absence of DNA carrying the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B and having the homozygous deletion of GSTM1. For example, if we detect CYP2D6-A, it is because the subject is not homozygous CYP2D6-B, or, if we detect CYP2D6-A and CYP2D6-C, it is because the subject does not have the mutation CYP2D6-B for neither of the two alleles.
- the monoclonal antibodies can be obtained according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- the monoclonal antibodies can be obtained according to the techniques of Kohler and Mildstein (Nature 1975, 265, pp. 495-7).
- the homozygous proteins CYP2D6-B and GSTM1 can be obtained from a subject homozygous for CYP2D6-B and GSTM1. They are then purified according to the technique described by Rail et al. (Methods in EnzymoL, 1986, 128, p. 273) and used as immunogens for the production of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
- Rail et al. Methods in EnzymoL, 1986, 128, p. 273
- only a fragment of the CYP2D6-B and GSTM1 proteins can be used as an immunogen.
- antibody means all types of immunoglobulins, including IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE.
- the antibodies used can be monoclonal or polyclonal. They can be of natural origin or else be chimeric antibodies, or they can include antibody fragments such as Fab fragments.
- the immunological reaction used for the detection of the sole presence or absence of the protein CYP2D6-B and of the presence or absence of the protein GSTM1 generally consists in bringing the specific antibodies and detectable markers into contact with the biological sample.
- the signal emitted by the marker is modified.
- Immunological reaction and detection of the signal emitted by the marker can be carried out either homogeneously in the same solution, or heterogeneously.
- the antibody (ies) are immobilized on a solid support (beads, plate, etc.) and brought into contact with a solution of the biological sample, then the signal emitted either by the solid support or by the solution is examined.
- the markers emitting a signal can be chosen from the conventional markers well known to those skilled in the art, in particular radioactive markers, fluorescent markers or even enzymatic markers.
- Another object of the present invention therefore relates to a method of analyzing biological samples taken from a subject which consists in: a) determining the genotype for CYP2D6 and GSTM1 of said subject, and b) converting the data obtained in a) in order to to predict the risk of said subject of developing Parkinson's disease and the effectiveness of possible therapeutic treatments for this disease.
- the present invention also relates to kits for diagnosing or prognosis of Parkinson's disease in a subject.
- kits can be in the form of a compartmentalized package so as to receive different containers such as, for example, ampoules or tubes.
- Each of these receptacles comprises the various elements necessary for carrying out the detection of the presence or absence of the DNA carrying the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B and having the homozygous deletion of GSTM1, or for carrying out the detection of the only presence or not of the CYP2D6-B protein and the presence or absence of the GSTM1 protein, individually or mixed. Said elements making it possible to carry out the detection reaction (s) are chosen from those described above.
- They can be, for example: primers hybridizing a defined region of CYP2D6-B, primers hybridizing a defined region of GSTM1 and optionally the means necessary for carrying out an amplification reaction, oligonucleotide probes, optionally immobilized on a support and comprising a detectable marker, and optionally the reagents necessary for carrying out a hybridization reaction, or of antibodies capable of binding selectively to GSTM1 optionally immobilized on a support, of antibodies capable of binding selectively link to CYP2D6-B or to other CYP2D6 mutations possibly immobilized on a support, and possibly the reagents necessary for carrying out an immunological reaction.
- Another object of the present invention is a method of treatment for Parkinson's disease, characterized in that it comprises:
- the present application also relates to the use of a compound, or of a mixture of compounds known for their activity against the disease of Parkinson for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a subject affected by Parkinson's disease, in which the joint presence of the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B and the homozygous deletion of GSTM1 has been demonstrated prior to treatment.
- Parkinson's may be levodopa, or selective inhibitors of the monoamine oxidase MAO-B, a dopamine-degrading enzyme in the brain, such as rasagiline or selegiline. They can also be catechol-O methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors, possibly in combination with levodopa. They can also be, in addition to levodopa, precursor of dopamine, dopaminergic agonists, such as the following products: bromocriptine, cabergoline, adrogolide, L-dopa, dopadose, ropinirole, pramipexole, rotigotine, spheramine, or uridine.
- MAO-B monoamine oxidase MAO-B
- a dopamine-degrading enzyme in the brain such as rasagiline or selegiline.
- CCT catechol-O methyl transferase
- Parkinson's may be levodopa,
- the compounds of the combination can be administered orally, parenterally, transdermally or rectally either simultaneously or separately or over a period of time.
- the compounds are formulated in the form of pharmaceutical compositions containing the combination of one or more compounds as defined above with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
- compositions for oral administration tablets, pills, powders (gelatin capsules, cachets) or granules can be used.
- the active ingredients are mixed with one or more inert diluents, such as starch, cellulose, sucrose, lactose or silica, under a stream of argon.
- these compositions can also comprise substances other than diluents, for example one or more lubricants such as magnesium stearate or talc, a dye, a coating (dragees) or a varnish.
- liquid compositions for oral administration solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups and elixirs can be used pharmaceutically acceptable containing inert diluents such as water, ethanol, glycerol, vegetable oils or paraffin oil.
- inert diluents such as water, ethanol, glycerol, vegetable oils or paraffin oil.
- These compositions can include substances other than diluents, for example wetting, sweetening, thickening, flavoring or stabilizing products.
- the sterile compositions for parenteral administration can preferably be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions or emulsions.
- solvent or vehicle water, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils, in particular olive oil, injectable organic esters, for example ethyl oleate or other organic solvents can be used. suitable.
- These compositions can also contain adjuvants, in particular wetting agents, isotonizers, emulsifiers, dispersants and stabilizers. Sterilization can be done in several ways, for example by aseptic filtration, by incorporating sterilizing agents into the composition, by irradiation or by heating. They can also be prepared in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved at the time of use in sterile water or any other sterile injectable medium.
- compositions for rectal administration are suppositories or rectal capsules which contain, in addition to the active product, excipients such as cocoa butter, semisynthetic glycerides or polyethylene glycols.
- excipients such as cocoa butter, semisynthetic glycerides or polyethylene glycols.
- the pharmaceutical compositions containing the combination as defined above generally contain 0.1 to 500 mg of compound.
- the doses depend on the desired effect, on the duration of the treatment and on the route of administration used; they are generally from 0.1 to 500 mg per day orally for an adult of the compound.
- the present invention further relates to a new animal model of Parkinson's disease expressing the protein CYP2D6-B to the exclusion of any other mutated or wild-type form and not expressing the protein GSTM1. More specifically, the present invention relates to a new transgenic animal model into the genome of which is inserted at least one exogenous DNA sequence carrying the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B so that the function of the CYP2D6 gene is modified, and the GSTMl gene is inactivated. Even more precisely, the present invention relates to a new transgenic animal model which is knock-out (KO) or knock-in (Kl) for CYP2D6 and which is knock-out for GSTM1
- transgenic animal means any non-human animal exhibiting an artificial modification of its genome.
- the modification of the genome can result from an alteration or a modification of one or more genes by “knock-in” or by “knock-out” (inactivation / modification of genes by homologous recombination). This modification may be due to the action of conventional altering or mutagenic agents or else effected by stable insertion of an expression cassette allowing the expression of a hybrid gene.
- the modification of the genome can also result from an insertion of gene (s) or a replacement of gene (s) in its wild or mutated form (s).
- the modifications are advantageously carried out on reproductive stem cells such that the transgenic animal obtained is KO or K1 for CYP2D6 and KO for GSTM1.
- ES cells stem cells
- these technologies can easily be applied by those skilled in the art to these other species to generate KO and / or Kl models.
- approaches based on the use of oligonucleotides (DNA, RNA or hybrids) alone or linked to enzymes modifying DNA / RNA can be used to introduce a defined mutation modification at a predetermined locus in the genome. Even chemical irradiations or mutagens which induce random changes in the genome can be used if they are combined with an efficient set of biological markers (phenotype) and with a positional high-throughput cloning procedure.
- transgenes The most direct approach for the modification of the genome of laboratory animals (mice, rats, cows, pigs, sheep ...) is however the random integration of transgenes by microinjection of linearized DNA into one or two pronuclei d oocytes fertilized at the single cell stage (preferably to avoid the generation of chimeric animals although injection at the stage of two or more cells can also be implemented).
- a transgene is composed of two parts: the regulatory elements which impose spatio-temporal control of the expression of the RNA coded by the cDNA, and said juxtaposed DNA (cDNA or genomic fragment). These two elements (the regulatory element and the DNA coding for the desired protein) can be homologous or heterologous to the target genome.
- the transgenic animals concerned are generally chosen from non-human mammals. They may, for example, be murine, namely mice, rats and guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, dogs, sheep, or even cattle. Preferably, they are murine, rats or rabbits obtained according to conventional transgenesis techniques.
- Other objects of the present invention are stem cell lines and differentiated cell lines from these stem cell lines, into the genome of which is inserted at least one exogenous genomic DNA sequence carrying the homozygous mutation CYP2D6-B and whose GSTM1 gene is inactivated.
- the technologies mentioned above can be applied to generate animal models reproducing the genetic modifications found in human patients or in individuals "at risk" for the development of Parkinson's disease.
- obtaining transgenic animals, stem cell lines and differentiated cell lines consists of a method implementing the following steps: a) the generation of transgenic animals expressing the human CYP2D6-B protein to the exclusion of any other wild or mutated form by insertion by homologous recombination of a cDNA coding for the protein CYP2D6-B into the corresponding gene of the animal (the insertion of the transgene is targeted immediately after the promoter of the gene of the animal so as to impose the profile of correct expression to the transgene and to prevent the expression of the endogenous gene of the animal: KO) or else by insertion of the specific mutation described in the present invention corresponding to the human isoform gene CYP2D6-B in the endogenous gene of the animal (the modification is made by homologous recombination in the stem cells: K1), b) the generation of transgenic animals having the function of GSTM1 inactivated by cutting the animal gene homologous to the human GST
- the cut-off cassette is targeted so as to replace the 3 ′ part of the promoter and of the first coding exon in order to prevent any possibility of obtaining truncated versions or isoforms of splicing of the animal gene
- the double transgenic animals thus obtained reproduce the genotype observed in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease or “at risk”.
- the genotype control for CYP2D6 and GSTM1 of the newborn animal thus obtained can be carried out using the techniques already described above, in particular using an amplification reaction (PCR) and / or Southern.
- said transgenic animals can also express another protein (s) little or not active and which has been determined (s) to be involved in Parkinson's disease (by Parkin protein).
- Such transgenic animals are particularly interesting because they provide an advantageous model for the understanding of Parkinson's disease which very faithfully reproduces the characteristics of Parkinson's disease.
- this model allows in particular the identification of compounds particularly suitable for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, in particular as described in humans. These compounds can be chemical molecules, peptide or protein molecules, antibodies, chimeric molecules as well as antisense DNAs or ribozymes.
- the compounds thus demonstrated can be used as a medicament, as such or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle in order to obtain a pharmaceutical composition.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle in order to obtain a pharmaceutical composition.
- They can be in particular saline solutions (monosodium phosphate, disodium, sodium chloride, potassium, calcium or magnesium, etc., or mixtures of such salts), sterile, isotonic, or dry compositions, in particular lyophilized, which, by addition, as appropriate, of sterilized water or physiological saline, allow the constitution of injectable solutes.
- the injections can be performed by stereotaxic, topical, oral, parenteral, intranasal, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraocular, transdermal, etc.
- the demonstration of the compounds described above is based on bringing the animal model of the invention into contact, in particular by administration such as for example an injection, with a compound or a mixture of compounds supposed to have an action and then measure the effect (s) of the compounds, in particular at the cerebral level of the model on various biochemical and / or histological changes.
- transgenic animals In addition to being able to test in vivo therapeutic compounds making it possible to prevent, attenuate or cure Parkinson's disease, these transgenic animals also make it possible to have an animal model of Parkinson's disease useful for screening environmental factors which induce or accelerate pathogenesis, or to study behavior during the development of the disease and to study the various biological mechanisms which are involved, for example for the purpose of studying new drugs or determining the effective amounts of drugs and toxicity.
- Another object of this The invention relates to the use of a transgenic animal, stem cell lines or differentiated cell lines as defined above for testing the activity of compounds or methods intended to prevent and / or treat Parkinson's disease.
- Another subject of the invention relates to a cell extracted from transgenic animals as described above as well as its use for the detection of compounds intended for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
- the identification of compounds described above is based on bringing cells extracted from the animal model of the invention into contact with a compound or a mixture of compounds supposed to have an action and then measuring the effect (s) of the compounds on level of whole cells, in cell homogenates or on a sub-cellular fraction, on various parameters such as cell death for example.
- the present invention also includes other characteristics and advantages which will emerge from the examples and figures which follow, and which should be considered as illustrating the invention without limiting its scope.
- Example 1 Study of the genotype for CYP2D6 and GSTMl in a sample of 103 patients
- Parkinson's disease had been clinically diagnosed for all these patients according to the accepted criteria, namely the presence of at least 2 of the main characteristics of Parkinson's disease: tremors, bradykinesia
- Genomic DNA was then isolated from peripheral leukocytes, using a standard proteinase K digestion and phenol-chloroform extraction procedure.
- D6 * 6 the CYP2D6-T mutation was detected by simple PCR and RFLP of the PCR product with the enzyme Bsrl (Saxena et al., Hum. Mol. Genêt., 1994, 3, pp. 923-926 )
- the CYP2D6-A (D6 * 3) and CYP2D6-C (D6 * 9) mutations were detected using original primers specific to the sequence SEQ ID No. 1 [5'- GATGAGCTGCTAACTGAGCCC-3 'and SEQ ID N ° 2 5'- GCAAGGTCCTACGCTTCCAA-3 'for CYP2D6-A (D6 * 3) and SEQ ID N ° 3 5'-CCGTTCTGTCCCGAGTAT-3' and SEQ ID N ° 4 5'- GGCTATCACCAGGTGCTG-3 'for CYP2D6-C (D6 * 9)] and by RFLP with the enzyme Mspl.
- the deletion of the GSTM1 gene was determined by PCR of the genomic DNA using the method described by Brokmoller et al. (Cancer Res., 1994, 54, pp. 4103-4111).
- Table 1 summarizes the genotype for CYP2D6 and GSTMl in the 103 patients studied.
- Wt means "wild type allele” and the numbers 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 correspond respectively to the mutations CYP2D6-A, CYP2D6-B, CYP2D6-D, CYP2D6-T and CYP2D6-C.
- the symbol "(-)” means that the GSTM1 gene has a homozygous deletion, and the symbol “(+)” means that the GSTM1 gene does not have a homozygous deletion.
- Table 1 Genotypes for CYP2D6 and GSTMl in patients with Parkinson's disease
- the most frequent allele in the series is CYP2D6-B (D6 * 4) in 21.8% of cases, the other mutations representing only less than 5% of cases.
- allelic frequency p is therefore 70%, and the frequency of the expected heterozygotes is 42%.
- Subjects with a metabolic deficiency of CYP2D6 are defined as being subjects having the two mutated alleles (that is to say both homozygous mutants and also heterozygous mutants composites).
- PM subjects with a metabolic deficiency of CYP2D6
- 9 patients are PM (7 homozygotes 4/4, one heterozygote composite 4/5 and one 4/9).
- CYP2D6 and GSTMl are not genetically linked, due to their location on different chromosomes (chromosome 22 and chromosome 1 respectively). It is only possible to study their statistical interaction by studying the cases in relation to chance, since this interaction in controls has not been studied.
- Table 2 summarizes the risk ratio (RR) between patients with a homozygous deletion of GSTM1 and who are PM for CYP2D6:
- Table 2 Combined polymorphic effects of the GSTM1 and CYP2D6 genotypes in patients with Parkinson's disease and their risk ratio
- This value is greater than 1, which indicates that there is a synergistic effect between the homozygous deletion of GSTM1 and subjects metabolically deficient for CYP2D6 (Fisher's exact test gives p ⁇ 0.016), and the interaction is statistically significant at 5% threshold.
- Mutagenesis of human CYP2D6-B is done via the use of an in vitro mutagenesis system such as Sculptor TM (Amersham, France).
- the coding region of CYP2D6-B including a Kozak consensus motif, is subcloned into a cloning vector of the Bluescript type (Stratagene) and the mutations are introduced according to the protocol supplied by the manufacturer via the use of oligonucleotides containing the desired mutation.
- the mutated sequences are to be verified by sequence analysis.
- the cDNA coding for the mutated human CYP2D6-B is subcloned into the polylinker of a ubiquitous transgenic expression vector such as HMG (Czech et al., 1997) or specific for certain tissues / cell types such as THYI (L ⁇ thi et al, J. Neuroscience, 17, pp. 4688-99), NSE, PDGF, or even prion.
- a plasmid preparation kit (Qiagen) is used to prepare supercoiled DNA.
- the vector sequences are to be eliminated by digestion with a defined restriction enzyme, leaving intact all of the transgene and separating it from unnecessary sequences of the cloning vector. Then, the fragment containing the expression cassette is purified by electrophoresis on an agarose gel.
- the aliquots intended for microinjection are dialyzed against a TE buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7.4; 0.1 mM EDTA) on a floating filter (Millipore; type of membrane: VS; 0.025 ⁇ m) and then filtered (Spin-X; Costar; polyacetate membrane; 0.22 ⁇ m).
- the DNA is diluted to the final concentration of 1-2 ng / ⁇ l for microinjection.
- the purified fragment is injected into one of the two pronuclei of the fertilized oocytes of mice.
- the surviving embryos are immediately transplanted into the oviduct of adoptive mothers ("pseudopregnant").
- the presence of the transgene in newborns is determined either by PCR or by an analysis in Southern, using specific probes / sequences. By all of these analyzes, any major rearrangement or deletions of the transgene in the founders and their descendants can be excluded.
- mice Homologous recombination technology
- the primers and samples described in the present invention can be easily used to screen isogenic genomic libraries of mice (lambda libraries, BAC, YAC, etc.) in order to isolate and clone the corresponding gene of the mouse.
- Said mouse gene is characterized for its genomic organization and its sequence using the standard techniques known to those skilled in the art (restriction site mapping, sequencing, bioanalytical tools) in order to define the exact place where the cDNA human must be inserted to obtain the expression profile of the desired human cDNA while permanently interrupting the expression of the murine gene.
- a standard targeting vector for the stem cells is constructed (that is to say a vector having markers for the selection of the desired events, said markers being all well known to those skilled in the art. art specialist in the field).
- a selection cassette antibiotic resistance gene
- a selection cassette is placed at the limit of the 3 'and 5' ends of the genomic DNA fragments of the mouse (2-6 kb) identical to the 3 'and 5' extensions of the murine CYP2D6-B gene sequence located immediately after the selected insertion site.
- a positive control vector for the screening of recombinant stem cells is generated (the vector reproduces the locus of the murine gene once integration is successful) in order to optimize and validate the procedure. high throughput screening.
- DNA is purified for targeting assays.
- the targeting vector is introduced into the stem cells using standardized electroporation techniques, after which the stem cell clones are subjected to a sequential screening procedure (antibiotics) so as to favor the stem cell clones carrying the desired recombination. In general, screening takes about 2 weeks.
- the resistant stem cell clones are screened by PCR and / or Southern.
- Clones of stem cells having the desired recombination without other detectable modification in their genome are developed so as to obtain sufficient cells. Then, said cells are injected into 3 1 ⁇ 2 day embryos obtained from a female who has ovulated naturally. The surviving blastocytes (comprising the stem cells) are implanted in a recipient female which will allow the development of the blastocytes at their term and will give birth to newborn mice composed of cells originating from the host blastocytes and stem cell clones. This type of animal is called a "chimera animal".
- chimeras preferably males since most of the stem cell lines are obtained from male mice
- the breeding of heterozygous animals between them makes it possible to generate homozygous animals.
- the murine gene is isolated and characterized.
- it is essential to compare the human gene and the murine gene so as to identify the exact position where the mutation point found in humans must be introduced into the murine gene. Bioanalysis is essential at this stage.
- the targeting vector is developed and assembled in the same way as described above. After successful homologous recombination, nothing but the desired mutation point has changed in the coding sequence for the murine gene. Some selection markers may remain in an intron, but they generally have no influence on gene expression. If necessary, they can be eliminated using a second generation of targeting vectors including recombinase recognition elements. Once the construction is assembled, the steps are identical to those of the procedure described above.
- the procedures described for the CYP2D6- B gene are carried out in a similar manner. Primers and specific samples are used to isolate and clone the mouse GSTM1 homolog. When the structure and the relevant sequence of the mouse GSTM1 gene are established, the most appropriate localization in the gene to allow the gene to be inactivated definitively is identified. The targeting vector is then assembled and introduced into the stem cells. The cells are screened and the transgenic animals obtained as above.
- Transgenic animals are obtained and identified according to standard procedures already described (e.g. "Manipulating the Mouse Embryo”; Hogan et al CSH Press; Cold Spring Harbor. N.Y.).
- the brain tissue of transgenic mice and non-transgenic control mice is homogenized on ice in a 0.32 M sucrose solution containing protease inhibitors (Complete TM, Boehrmger-Mannheim, Germany). Cellular debris is removed by centrifugation at 4 ° C for 5 minutes at 1500g. The protein concentration in the supernatant is measured using the BCA protein test (Pierce, USA). For the detection of CYP2D6-B or GSTMl, 25 ⁇ g of protein extract are incubated at 56 ° C. for 20 minutes in Lae mli deposition buffer containing 8 mM urea and 50 mM dithiothreitol.
- CYP2D6-B and GSTMl For the detection of CYP2D6-B and GSTMl, 25 ⁇ g of protein extract are denatured at 95 ° C for 10 minutes in 30 ⁇ l of the standard deposition buffer Laemmli. The proteins are fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
- the filter After transferring the proteins onto a nitrocellose filter (Amersham, France), the filter is heated in PBS for 5 minutes in order to increase the sensitivity, and immediately saturated with 5% (weight / volume) of skimmed milk powder in TBST at 850 mM (Tris-HCl pH 8.1, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% (vol / vol) Tween 20) for 1 hour and incubated overnight at 4 ° C with the primary antibody in TBST buffer alone.
- the binding of the antibody is detected with an anti-IgG antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Amersham, France) followed by a chemiluminescence detection system (Amersham, France) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- the monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies are to be used under conditions easy to establish by a person skilled in the art.
- mice must be deeply anesthetized (Pentobarbital: 60 mg / ml / kg ip, Ketamine: 40 mg / ml / kg ip) and then perfused in transcardiac with physiological saline then paraformaldehyde (4% in PBS).
- the brains are then removed and postfixed in the same fixing solution for 24 hours at 4 ° C. After fixation, the brains are separated into right and left hemicerveaux and then subjected to the conventional paraffin coating protocol.
- the left hemicerveaux coated in the paraffin of transgenic and non-transgenic mice, and also blocks of postmortem human brain tissue (frontal cortex) of subjects suffering from Parkinson's disease and of a control subject are cut to 6 ⁇ m thick. (serial sections), via the use of a microtome (LEICA RM 2155, France).
- the tissue blocks corresponding to the right hemicerveaux of transgenic and non-transgenic mice are cut to a thickness of 25 ⁇ m.
- the brain sections For each immunohistochemistry experiment, the brain sections must first be dewaxed with xylene and dehydrated in 100% ethanol. The sections are then incubated in hydrogen peroxide (1% in methanol) in order to block endogenous peroxidasic activities, rinsed in ethanol and citrate buffer (10 mM sodium citrate, pH 6) and finally placed in a microwave (650W, Whirlpool) for 2 times 5 minutes in the citrate solution.
- the sections For the immunostaining experiments of the proteins CYP2D6-B and GSTM1, the sections are subjected to an additional stage of incubation for 3 minutes in 80% formic acid.
- the dewaxed brain sections are incubated in the Ac solution primary (overnight at 4 ° C). After rinsing, the sections are placed in the presence of the secondary biotinylated Ac (for 2 hours at ambient temperature) then in the presence of the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex according to the manufacturer's instructions (Kit ABC Vectastin, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). 3-3'-diaminobenzydine is used as a chromogen for the enzyme peroxidase.
- the anti-Bax Ab (PI 9 antibody, Santa Cruz) is incubated with the synthetic peptide Bax (PI 9 peptide control, Santa Cruz; concentrations of the peptide tested: 0.002 and 0.02 and 0.2 mg / ml) for at least 12 hours before being used according to the immunohistochemistry protocol described previously.
- the anti-cytochrome C Ab (7H8.2C12, Pharmingen) is incubated according to the same protocol with exogenous purified cytochrome C from horse or rat heart (Sigma) (concentrations of the purified proteins tested: 0.01 and 0.1 mg / ml).
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| AU2002341044A AU2002341044A1 (en) | 2001-08-03 | 2002-07-31 | Methods for detecting parkinson's disease |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR0110456A FR2828212B1 (fr) | 2001-08-03 | 2001-08-03 | Methodes de diagnostic et de pronostic de la maladie de parkinson |
| FR01/10456 | 2001-08-03 |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2005063237A1 (fr) * | 2003-12-24 | 2005-07-14 | Schwarz Pharma Ag | Utilisation de rotigotine pour traiter ou prevenir la perte des neurones dopaminergiques |
| EP1694825A4 (fr) * | 2003-12-01 | 2008-06-18 | Technion Res & Dev Foundation | Methodes de generation de cellules souches et de corps embryonnaires comportant des mutations qui entrainent des maladies et methodes d'utilisation permettant d'etudier les troubles genetiques |
| US7872041B2 (en) | 2004-03-24 | 2011-01-18 | Ucb Pharma Gmbh | Use of rotigotine for treating and preventing Parkinson's plus syndrome |
| US8232414B2 (en) | 2007-11-28 | 2012-07-31 | Ucb Pharma Gmbh | Polymorphic form of rotigotine and process for production |
| US8283376B2 (en) | 2003-12-24 | 2012-10-09 | Ucb Pharma Gmbh | Use of substituted 2-aminotetralins for preventive treatment of parkinson's disease |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| DE10041478A1 (de) | 2000-08-24 | 2002-03-14 | Sanol Arznei Schwarz Gmbh | Neue pharmazeutische Zusammensetzung |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| AU3537099A (en) * | 1998-04-28 | 1999-11-16 | Masayoshi Nanba | Novel immortalized hepatic cell line originating in humans |
| WO2001010902A2 (fr) * | 1999-08-11 | 2001-02-15 | Curagen Corporation | Polynucleotides et polypeptides codes par ces derniers |
-
2001
- 2001-08-03 FR FR0110456A patent/FR2828212B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-07-31 WO PCT/FR2002/002761 patent/WO2003012137A2/fr not_active Ceased
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1694825A4 (fr) * | 2003-12-01 | 2008-06-18 | Technion Res & Dev Foundation | Methodes de generation de cellules souches et de corps embryonnaires comportant des mutations qui entrainent des maladies et methodes d'utilisation permettant d'etudier les troubles genetiques |
| WO2005063237A1 (fr) * | 2003-12-24 | 2005-07-14 | Schwarz Pharma Ag | Utilisation de rotigotine pour traiter ou prevenir la perte des neurones dopaminergiques |
| CN1897935B (zh) * | 2003-12-24 | 2010-05-26 | 施瓦茨制药有限公司 | 罗替戈汀在制备用于治疗或预防多巴胺能神经元损失的药物中的用途 |
| AU2004308648B2 (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2010-12-16 | Ucb Pharma Gmbh | Use of rotigotine for the treatment or prevention of dopaminergic neurone loss |
| EA014418B1 (ru) * | 2003-12-24 | 2010-12-30 | Шварц Фарма Аг | Применение ротиготина для лечения или предотвращения гибели дофаминергических нейронов |
| US8283376B2 (en) | 2003-12-24 | 2012-10-09 | Ucb Pharma Gmbh | Use of substituted 2-aminotetralins for preventive treatment of parkinson's disease |
| US7872041B2 (en) | 2004-03-24 | 2011-01-18 | Ucb Pharma Gmbh | Use of rotigotine for treating and preventing Parkinson's plus syndrome |
| US8232414B2 (en) | 2007-11-28 | 2012-07-31 | Ucb Pharma Gmbh | Polymorphic form of rotigotine and process for production |
| US8592477B2 (en) | 2007-11-28 | 2013-11-26 | Ucb Pharma Gmbh | Polymorphic form of rotigotine and process for production |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2002341044A1 (en) | 2003-02-17 |
| FR2828212A1 (fr) | 2003-02-07 |
| WO2003012137A3 (fr) | 2004-02-26 |
| FR2828212B1 (fr) | 2003-10-31 |
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