WO2003091670A1 - Use of tracers and method involving the use of tracers - Google Patents
Use of tracers and method involving the use of tracers Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/71—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light thermally excited
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
- G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
- G01F1/704—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow using marked regions or existing inhomogeneities within the fluid stream, e.g. statistically occurring variations in a fluid parameter
- G01F1/7042—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow using marked regions or existing inhomogeneities within the fluid stream, e.g. statistically occurring variations in a fluid parameter using radioactive tracers
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N2015/0042—Investigating dispersion of solids
- G01N2015/0046—Investigating dispersion of solids in gas, e.g. smoke
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N2015/0096—Investigating consistence of powders, dustability, dustiness
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- the invention relates to the use of tracers in high-temperature zones according to the preamble of the first claim and to a method for determining running times or dwell times in a high-temperature zone using tracers according to the preamble of the sixth claim.
- Tracers are easily detectable substances that are added to a process for process monitoring or monitoring in low concentrations and do not influence the process. In particular, the tracers must be clearly distinguishable from the substances already contained in the process.
- tracers are known for dwell time investigations on incineration plants. In high temperature zones with temperatures of approx. 1000 ° C, however, most tracers are eliminated, such as e.g. B. the use of dyes including their colorimetric determination by means of absorption or extinction methods.
- Radionuclides are proposed as tracers for high-temperature processes in [1, 2, 3]. Radionuclides appear to be ideal as tracers for high-temperature areas in incineration plants. On the one hand, they are inert, so they do not influence the combustion process, and on the other hand, due to their radioactivity, they are easily detectable even with smaller doses.
- radionuclides require considerable safety-related effort, such as setting up a control area, the provision of radiation protection personnel and increasing approval efforts.
- the object of the invention is to propose the use of a tracer for use in high temperature zones above 700 ° C. without the disadvantages of radionuclides mentioned.
- the use of substances as a tracer for high-temperature applications and a method for determining running times or dwell times in a high-temperature zone when using these substances as a tracer are proposed.
- Such substances release metal atoms through thermal dissociation, which can be detected in a highly sensitive and selective spectroscopic manner.
- these atoms e.g. alkali atoms
- these substances should be selected with the metal atoms, which are only present in the fuel in low concentrations.
- salts in particular alkali salts, such as, for example, Li or Rb salts or alkaline earth metal salts, are particularly suitable for this purpose, the metal atoms of which are not present or are only present in traces in the waste to be incinerated.
- the substance is injected and dosed in the form of a dust, as an aqueous solution or suspension in pulses or following a defined sequence of test signals, for example by means of an atomizing lance into the reaction space (combustion chamber) of the incineration plant as a cloud of dust, fine mist or aerosol.
- the tracer can also be introduced into the reaction space in another way, for example in a closed container with the aid of a lock, the container being opened above the temperatures prevailing in the high temperature range by means of pyrolysis, melting or combustion and releasing the tracer in a jerky manner.
- Other methods for introducing the tracer are, for example, the impregnation of the fuels coal, garbage, wood or another fuel or by means of a fuel.
- the metal atoms are recorded quantitatively in real time as a time-dependent and concentration-proportional signal. If you plot these signals over time, you get a temporal concentration diagram.
- the spectroscopic method detects the reaction space or another volume area of the high-temperature zone of the incineration plant, the immediate time-dependent concentration of the tracer in this space is obtained.
- the spectroscopic method can also be used for monitoring a volume area of the high-temperature zone which is connected downstream of the reaction space or another area of the high-temperature zone into which the tracer was introduced.
- the parts of the tracer which leave the area into which they were introduced are monitored.
- a pulse-like introduction of the tracer into an area of the high-temperature zone is quantitatively recorded in this way as a response pulse with a time delay.
- the aperiodic test signals described in the literature [3] for example jump, square pulse, triangular pulse, trapezoidal pulse, half-sine pulse and step functions as well as ramp or compensation function
- periodic test signals are possible, these being detectable as a corresponding response signal sequence.
- the mean residence time and the residence time functions can be calculated from the time-dependent concentration curve in the reaction space using known evaluation algorithms [4, 5].
- Fig. 2 shows a dimensionless differential residence time distribution spectrum
- KC1 potassium chloride
- an in situ laser absorption spectroscopy was provided for the spectroscopic detection of the potassium atoms, which is arranged in the afterburner chamber downstream of the combustion chamber and detects the impulse response as a time-dependent concentration-proportional signal of the metal atoms of the tracer.
- Fig. 1 shows the differential residence time distribution function
- the mean dwell time t is calculated
- FIG. 2 shows a dimensionless differential residence time distribution spectrum which differs from the diagram shown in FIG. 1 only in that the time axis t [s] is due to a dimensionless time axis ⁇ [s] with
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Abstract
Description
Verwendung von Tracer sowie Verfahren mit Verwendung von TracerUse of tracer and procedures using tracer
Die Erfindung betrifft die Verwendung von Tracer in Hochtemperaturzonen gemäß des Oberbegriff des ersten Patentanspruchs sowie ein Verfahren zur Ermittlung von Lauf- oder Verweilzeiten in einer Hochtemperaturzone mit Verwendung von Tracer gemäß des Oberbegriffs des sechsten Patentanspruchs.The invention relates to the use of tracers in high-temperature zones according to the preamble of the first claim and to a method for determining running times or dwell times in a high-temperature zone using tracers according to the preamble of the sixth claim.
Tracer sind leicht nachweisbare Stoffe, welche in geringen Konzentrationen einem Prozess zur Prozessverfolgung oder -Überwachung beigefügt werden und dabei den Prozess nicht beeinflussen. Die Tracer müssen insbesondere gut von den bereits im Prozess enthaltenen Stoffen unterscheidbar sein.Tracers are easily detectable substances that are added to a process for process monitoring or monitoring in low concentrations and do not influence the process. In particular, the tracers must be clearly distinguishable from the substances already contained in the process.
Für den Betrieb von Verbrennungs- und anderen Hochtemperaturanlagen gelten eine Vielzahl von Bestimmungen, welche eine Prozessüberwachung erforderlich machen. Nationale gesetzliche Bestimmungen für den Betrieb von Verbrennungsanlagen verlangen dabei nicht nur die Einhaltung von Emissionsgrenzwerten, sondern oft auch eine detaillierte Dokumentation des Betriebs der jeweiligen Verbrennungsanlage. Gemäß der in Deutschland für den Betrieb von Müllverbrennungsanlagen verbindlichen 17. Bundesimmis- sionsschutzverordnung (17. BImSchV) ist daher neben der Abgastemperatur und dem Restsauerstoffgehalt insbesondere auch die Min- destverweilzeit der Rauchgase bei einer definierten Mindesttemperatur nachzuweisen. Insofern ist sind Verweilzeitmessungen in Verbrennungsanlagen allgemein von großer Relevanz.A large number of regulations apply to the operation of combustion and other high-temperature systems, which make process monitoring necessary. National legal regulations for the operation of incineration plants not only require compliance with emission limit values, but often also detailed documentation of the operation of the respective incineration plant. According to the 17th Federal Immission Control Ordinance (17th BImSchV), which is binding for the operation of waste incineration plants in Germany, the minimum dwell time of the flue gases at a defined minimum temperature must be demonstrated in addition to the exhaust gas temperature and the residual oxygen content. In this respect, residence time measurements in incineration plants are generally of great relevance.
Für Verweilzeituntersuchungen an Verbrennungsanlagen ist der Einsatz von Tracern bekannt. In Hochtemperaturzonen mit Temperaturen von ca. 1000°C scheiden jedoch die meisten Tracer aus, wie z. B. der Einsatz von Farbstoffen inklusive deren kolorimetri- sche Bestimmung mittels Absorptions- oder Extinktionsverfahren.The use of tracers is known for dwell time investigations on incineration plants. In high temperature zones with temperatures of approx. 1000 ° C, however, most tracers are eliminated, such as e.g. B. the use of dyes including their colorimetric determination by means of absorption or extinction methods.
In [1, 2, 3] werden Radionuklide als Tracer für Hochtemperaturprozesse vorgeschlagen. Radionuklide erscheinen als Tracer für Hochtemperaturbereiche in Verbrennungsanlagen als ideal. Sie sind einerseits inert, beeinflussen damit den Verbrennungsprozess nicht und sind andererseits aufgrund ihrer Radioaktivität auch bei kleineren Dosen leicht detektierbar.Radionuclides are proposed as tracers for high-temperature processes in [1, 2, 3]. Radionuclides appear to be ideal as tracers for high-temperature areas in incineration plants. On the one hand, they are inert, so they do not influence the combustion process, and on the other hand, due to their radioactivity, they are easily detectable even with smaller doses.
Der Einsatz von Radionuklide erfordert jedoch einen erheblichen sicherheitstechnischen Aufwand, wie das Einrichten eines Kontrollbereiches, die Bereitstellung von Strahlenschutzpersonal sowie einen zunehmenden Genehmigungsaufwand.However, the use of radionuclides requires considerable safety-related effort, such as setting up a control area, the provision of radiation protection personnel and increasing approval efforts.
Ausgehend davon liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, die Verwendung eines Tracers für den Einsatz in Hochtemperaturzonen oberhalb 700°C ohne die genannten Nachteile von Radionukliden vorzuschlagen.Proceeding from this, the object of the invention is to propose the use of a tracer for use in high temperature zones above 700 ° C. without the disadvantages of radionuclides mentioned.
Die Aufgabe wird durch die Merkmale des ersten und des sechsten Patentanspruchs gelöst. In den Unteransprüchen sind bevorzugte Ausgestaltungen angegeben.The object is achieved by the features of the first and sixth claims. Preferred embodiments are specified in the subclaims.
Erfindungsgemäß wird die Verwendung von Stoffen als Tracer für Hochtemperaturanwendungen sowie ein Verfahren zur Ermittlung von Lauf- oder Verweilzeiten in einer Hochtemperaturzone bei Verwendung dieser Stoffe als Tracer vorgeschlagen. Derartige Stoffe setzen durch thermische Dissoziation Metallatome frei, die sich hochempfindlich und selektiv spektroskopisch nachweisen lassen. Besonders mittels Laser-in-situ-Absorptionsspektroskopie können diese Atome (z.B. Alkaliatome) schnell, effizient und vor allem ohne eine die Messung verfälschende Probenahme quantitativ nachgewiesen werden. Bei einem Einsatz in Verbrennungsanlagen sind diese Stoffe mit den Metallatomen zu wählen, welche im Brennstoff nur in geringen Konzentrationen vorhanden sind.According to the invention, the use of substances as a tracer for high-temperature applications and a method for determining running times or dwell times in a high-temperature zone when using these substances as a tracer are proposed. Such substances release metal atoms through thermal dissociation, which can be detected in a highly sensitive and selective spectroscopic manner. Particularly by means of laser in situ absorption spectroscopy, these atoms (e.g. alkali atoms) can be detected quantitatively quickly, efficiently and, above all, without sampling distorting the measurement. When used in incineration plants, these substances should be selected with the metal atoms, which are only present in the fuel in low concentrations.
Für Müllverbrennungsanlagen eignen sich hierzu besonders Salze, insbesondere Alkalisalze, wie z.B. Li- oder Rb-Salze oder Erdalkalisalze, deren Metallatome in dem zu verbrennenden Abfall nicht oder nur in Spuren vorhanden sind. Der Stoff wird in der Regel staubförmig, als wässrige Lösung oder Suspension impulsartig oder einer definierten zeitlichen Testsignalfolge folgend beispielsweise mittels einer Zerstäuberlanze in den Reaktionsraum (Verbrennungskammer) der Verbrennungsanlage als Staubwolke, feiner Nebel oder Aerosol eingespritzt und dosiert. Alternativ lässt sich der Tracer auch auf anderem Wege in den Reaktionsraum einbringen, beispielsweise in einem geschlossenen Behälter mit Hilfe einer Schleuse, wobei der Behälter über die im Hochtemperaturbereich vorherrschenden Temperaturen mittels Pyrolyse, Schmelzen oder Verbrennung geöffnet wird und den Tracer stoßartig freisetzt. Andere Methoden zum Einbringen des Tracers sind z.B. die Imprägnierung der Brennstoffe Kohle, Müll, Holz oder eines anderen Brennstoffs oder über einen Betriebsstoff.For waste incineration plants, salts, in particular alkali salts, such as, for example, Li or Rb salts or alkaline earth metal salts, are particularly suitable for this purpose, the metal atoms of which are not present or are only present in traces in the waste to be incinerated. As a rule, the substance is injected and dosed in the form of a dust, as an aqueous solution or suspension in pulses or following a defined sequence of test signals, for example by means of an atomizing lance into the reaction space (combustion chamber) of the incineration plant as a cloud of dust, fine mist or aerosol. Alternatively, the tracer can also be introduced into the reaction space in another way, for example in a closed container with the aid of a lock, the container being opened above the temperatures prevailing in the high temperature range by means of pyrolysis, melting or combustion and releasing the tracer in a jerky manner. Other methods for introducing the tracer are, for example, the impregnation of the fuels coal, garbage, wood or another fuel or by means of a fuel.
Mittels eines spektroskopischen Verfahrens, vorzugsweise der Laser Absorptionsspektroskopie oder der Emissionsspektroskopie werden die Metallatome in Echtzeit als ein zeitabhängiges und konzentrationsproportionales Signal quantitativ erfasst. Trägt man diese Signale über die Zeit auf, erhält man ein zeitlichen Konzentrationsdiagramm.By means of a spectroscopic method, preferably laser absorption spectroscopy or emission spectroscopy, the metal atoms are recorded quantitatively in real time as a time-dependent and concentration-proportional signal. If you plot these signals over time, you get a temporal concentration diagram.
Erfasst das spektroskopische Verfahren den Reaktionsraum oder einen anderen Volumenbereichs der Hochtemperaturzone der Verbrennungsanlage, erhält man die unmittelbare zeitabhängige Konzentration des Tracers in diesem Raum.If the spectroscopic method detects the reaction space or another volume area of the high-temperature zone of the incineration plant, the immediate time-dependent concentration of the tracer in this space is obtained.
Alternativ kann das spektroskopische Verfahren auch für die Überwachung eines Volumenbereichs der Hochtemperaturzone eingesetzt werden, welches dem Reaktionsraum oder einem anderen Bereichs der Hochtemperaturzone, in den der Tracer eingebracht wurde, nachgeschaltet ist. In diesem Fall werden die Anteile des Tracers überwacht, welche den Bereich, in den sie einbracht wurden, verlassen. Ein impulsartiges Einbringen des Tracers in einen Bereich der Hochtemperaturzone wird auf diese Weise zeitversetzt spektroskopisch als Antwortimpuls quantitativ erfasst. An- dere in der Literatur [3] beschriebene aperiodische Testsignale (z.B. Sprung-, Rechteckimpuls-, Dreiecksimpuls-, Trapezimpuls-, Halbsinusimpuls- und Schrittfunktionen sowie Rampen- oder Ausgleichsfunktion) oder auch periodische Testsignale sind möglich, wobei diese als entsprechende Antwortsignalfolge erfassbar sind.Alternatively, the spectroscopic method can also be used for monitoring a volume area of the high-temperature zone which is connected downstream of the reaction space or another area of the high-temperature zone into which the tracer was introduced. In this case, the parts of the tracer which leave the area into which they were introduced are monitored. A pulse-like introduction of the tracer into an area of the high-temperature zone is quantitatively recorded in this way as a response pulse with a time delay. On- the aperiodic test signals described in the literature [3] (for example jump, square pulse, triangular pulse, trapezoidal pulse, half-sine pulse and step functions as well as ramp or compensation function) or periodic test signals are possible, these being detectable as a corresponding response signal sequence.
Die mittlere Verweilzeit sowie die Verweilzeitfunktionen lassen aus dem zeitabhängigen Konzentrationsverlauf im Reaktionsraum mit Hilfe von bekannten Auswertealgorithmen berechnen [4, 5].The mean residence time and the residence time functions can be calculated from the time-dependent concentration curve in the reaction space using known evaluation algorithms [4, 5].
Mögliche Einflüsse von Temperaturänderungen auf das erfasste konzentrationsproportionales Signal oder von Reaktionen der Metallatome mit den Rauchgasbestandteilen (z.B. 02) treten bei Einhaltung von stationären Verbrennungsbedingungen während der kurzen Messzeiten (1 bis maximal 120 Sekunden) nicht in Erscheinung. Temperaturänderungen beeinflussen die Freisetzung der Traceratome aus den Stoffen durch thermische Dissoziation bzw. bei der Emissionstechnik auch den Anteil der angeregten Metallatome. Deshalb wird angestrebt, zum Zeitpunkt der Messung die Temperatur etwa konstant zu halten.Possible effects of temperature changes on the signal proportional to the concentration or of reactions of the metal atoms with the flue gas components (e.g. 0 2 ) do not appear if the stationary combustion conditions are observed during the short measuring times (1 to a maximum of 120 seconds). Temperature changes influence the release of the tracer atoms from the substances through thermal dissociation or, in the case of emission technology, also the proportion of the excited metal atoms. Therefore, the aim is to keep the temperature approximately constant at the time of the measurement.
Sollte jedoch eine Korrektur dieser Einflüsse dennoch erforderlich sein, kann dies nur über mit bekannten Gleichgewichtskonstanten und bekannten Temperaturabhängigkeiten durch eine nachträgliche Korrektur der Messdaten erfolgen.However, if a correction of these influences is nevertheless necessary, this can only be done using known equilibrium constants and known temperature dependencies by subsequently correcting the measurement data.
Für eine zuverlässige Verweilzeitbestimmung in Reaktionsräumen mit Hilfe von experimentell aufgenommenen Verweilzeitspektren unter Verwendung von Tracern ist es bislang allgemein erforderlich, dass sich ein zugeführte Tracer als Indikatorsubstanz unter den Einsatzbedingungen inert verhält. In dem vorliegenden Fall wird dagegen das als Tracer zugesetzte Salz zu einem geringen Anteil thermisch dissoziiert, wobei sich die Zersetzungsprodukte in einem Gleichgewicht befinden. Die freien Metallatome werden dabei durch die zuvor genannten spektroskopische Verfahren nachgewiesen. Dies ermögliche deren hochempfindliche quantitative probenahmefreie und schnelle Erfassung. Die Erfindung wird im folgenden anhand eines Ausfuhrungsbeispiels mit den folgenden Figuren naher erläutert. Es zeigenFor a reliable determination of the residence time in reaction rooms with the aid of experimentally recorded residence time spectra using tracers, it has hitherto generally been necessary for a tracer supplied as an indicator substance to be inert under the conditions of use. In the present case, however, the salt added as a tracer is thermally dissociated to a small extent, the decomposition products being in equilibrium. The free metal atoms are detected by the aforementioned spectroscopic methods. This enables their highly sensitive, quantitative, sample-free and fast acquisition. The invention is explained below with reference to an exemplary embodiment with the following figures. Show it
Fig. 1 ein differentielles Verweilzeitverteilungsspektrum,1 shows a differential residence time distribution spectrum,
Fig. 2 ein dimensionsloses differentielles Verweilzeitverteilungsspektrum, sowieFig. 2 shows a dimensionless differential residence time distribution spectrum, and
Fig. 3 ein dimensionsloses integrales Verweilzeitspektrum3 shows a dimensionless integral residence time spectrum
Im beschriebenen Ausfuhrungsbeispiel wird exemplarisch die Verwendung von Kaliumchlorid (KC1) als Tracer für die Verweilzeitbestimmung in der Mullverbrennungsanlage THERESA des Forschungszentrums Karlsruhe beschrieben. Dabei wurde 69g KC1 in 300ml Wasser zu einer wassrigen Losung eingemischt, diese in eine Polyethylenflasche eingefüllt und ohne Unterbrechung oder Beeinflussung des laufenden Betriebs in das Drehrohr, d. h. die Verbrennungskammer eingeführt. Durch die spontan einsetzende Verbrennung der Polyethylenflasche und durch die Entweichung der wassrigen Losung erfolgt eine spontane stoßartige Freisetzung des Tracers in die Verbrennungskammer . Im Ausfuhrungsbeispiel wurde für die spektroskopische Erfassung der Kaliumatome eine in situ Laser-Absorptionsspektroskopie vorgesehen, welche in der der Verbrennungskammer nachgeschalteten Nachbrennkammer angeordnet ist und die Impulsantwort als ein zeitabhängiges konzentrationsproportionales Signal der Metallatome des Tracers erfasst.In the exemplary embodiment described, the use of potassium chloride (KC1) as a tracer for determining the residence time in the garbage incineration plant THERESA of the Karlsruhe Research Center is described as an example. 69 g of KC1 was mixed into 300 ml of water to form an aqueous solution, this was poured into a polyethylene bottle and put into the rotary tube without interrupting or influencing the ongoing operation, i.e. H. introduced the combustion chamber. Due to the spontaneous combustion of the polyethylene bottle and the escape of the aqueous solution, the tracer is released spontaneously into the combustion chamber. In the exemplary embodiment, an in situ laser absorption spectroscopy was provided for the spectroscopic detection of the potassium atoms, which is arranged in the afterburner chamber downstream of the combustion chamber and detects the impulse response as a time-dependent concentration-proportional signal of the metal atoms of the tracer.
Fig. 1 zeigt die differentielle VerweilzeitverteilungsfunktionFig. 1 shows the differential residence time distribution function
(mit cTι = den gemessenen Konzentrationen des Tracers zum Zeitpunkt tx, wobei i eine fortlaufende Nummerierung der Messwerte angibt) über die Zeit t [s] . Man erkennt, dass der Großteil Tracer in einem Zeitfenster zwischen 2 und 26 s nach dem impulsar- tigen Einbringen des Tracers erfasst wird. Die Messdaten werden mit einem Takt von 6 Hz aufgenommen. Für das vorliegende Anwendungsbeispiel wurden die Daten nachtraglich auf einen zeitlichen(with c T ι = the measured concentrations of the tracer at time t x , where i indicates a consecutive numbering of the measured values) over time t [s]. It can be seen that the majority of tracers occur in a time window between 2 and 26 s after the impulsive insertion of the tracer is recorded. The measurement data are recorded with a clock of 6 Hz. For the present application example, the data was added to a chronological one
Taktabstand von Δti = 0,5 s gemittelt.Cycle interval of Δti = 0.5 s averaged.
Die mittlere Verweilzeit t errechnet sich ausThe mean dwell time t is calculated
∑t. - Cn t = =1Σt. - C nt = = 1
[s;[S;
∑cτ, ι=\∑ c τ, ι = \
womit sich im vorliegenden Anwendungsbeispiel eine mittlere Verweilzeit zwischen dem Drehrohr, in dem das impulsweise Einbringen des Tracers erfolgt, und dem Austritt aus der Nachbrennkammer, wo der Tracer spektroskopisch erfasst wird, von t = 15,4 s ergibt .which in the present application example results in an average dwell time of t = 15.4 s between the rotary tube, in which the tracer is introduced in pulses, and the exit from the afterburning chamber, where the tracer is detected spectroscopically.
Alternative Darstellungsarten ergeben sich aus den Figuren 2 und 3. In Fig. 2 ist ein dimensionsloses differentielles Verweil- zeitverteilungsspektrum dargestellt, welches sich von dem in Fig. 1 dargestellten Diagramm lediglich nur darin unterscheidet, dass die Zeitachse t [s] durch eine dimensionslose Zeitachse τ [s] mitAlternative types of representation result from FIGS. 2 and 3. FIG. 2 shows a dimensionless differential residence time distribution spectrum which differs from the diagram shown in FIG. 1 only in that the time axis t [s] is due to a dimensionless time axis τ [s] with
tt
ersetzt wurde. Fig. 3 zeigt dagegen ein dimensionsloses integrales Verweilzeitspektrum mit der dimensionslosen integralen Verweilzeitverteilungsfunktion I*was replaced. 3 shows a dimensionless integral residence time spectrum with the dimensionless integral residence time distribution function I *
I*(τ*)=l-∑E (τ.)Δτ [ ]I * (τ *) = l-∑E (τ.) Δτ []
mit E*1(τ1) = der dimensionslosen differentiellen Verweilzeitver- teilungsf unktionwith E * 1 (τ 1 ) = the dimensionless differential dwell time division function
E*(r) = t E(t) [ ]E * (r) = t E (t) []
und Δτ = der dimensionslosen Taktabstand entsprechend Δt . and Δτ = the dimensionless pitch according to Δt.
Literatur :Literature:
[1] A. Merz, H. Vogg: Fortschritte verfahrenstechnischer Forschung durch die Radionuklidtechnik, Chem. Ing.-Tech. 50 (1978), 2, S.108-113[1] A. Merz, H. Vogg: Advances in process engineering research through radionuclide technology, Chem. Ing.-Tech. 50 (1978), 2, pp.108-113
[2] W. Pippel: Verweilzeitanalysen in technologischen[2] W. Pippel: Residence time analyzes in technological
Strömungssystemen: Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1978, S.14-21Flow systems: Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1978, pp. 14-21
[3] S. Weiss (Hrsg.): S. Kattanek: Verfahrenstechnische Berechnungsmethoden, Teil 8: Experimente in der Verfahrenstechnik: Vorbereitung, Durchführung und Auswertung: VCH Weinheim, 1985[3] S. Weiss (ed.): S. Kattanek: Process engineering calculation methods, part 8: Experiments in process engineering: preparation, implementation and evaluation: VCH Weinheim, 1985
[4] S. Weiss (Hrsg.), R. Adler: Verfahrenstechnische[4] S. Weiss (ed.), R. Adler: Process engineering
Berechnungsmethoden, Teil 5: Reaktoren: Ausrüstungen und ihre Berechnungen: VCH Weinheim, 1987Calculation methods, Part 5: Reactors: equipment and their calculations: VCH Weinheim, 1987
[5] Chemical Reaction Engineering, Octave Levenspiel, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1972 [5] Chemical Reaction Engineering, Octave Levenspiel, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1972
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2003208780A AU2003208780A1 (en) | 2002-04-23 | 2003-03-01 | Use of tracers and method involving the use of tracers |
| EP03706595A EP1497624A1 (en) | 2002-04-23 | 2003-03-01 | Use of tracers and method involving the use of tracers |
| JP2004500012A JP4078349B2 (en) | 2002-04-23 | 2003-03-01 | Use of tracers and methods using tracers |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2002118045 DE10218045A1 (en) | 2002-04-23 | 2002-04-23 | Use of tracer and procedures using the tracer |
| DE10218045.8 | 2002-04-23 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2003091670A1 true WO2003091670A1 (en) | 2003-11-06 |
Family
ID=29264780
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2003/002107 Ceased WO2003091670A1 (en) | 2002-04-23 | 2003-03-01 | Use of tracers and method involving the use of tracers |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1497624A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP4078349B2 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2003208780A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE10218045A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2003091670A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0755304B2 (en) * | 1993-01-14 | 1995-06-14 | 富士電気化学株式会社 | Intermittent coating method and apparatus used therefor |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1593721A (en) * | 1923-10-22 | 1926-07-27 | Secretary | Tracer mixture |
| DE3816680A1 (en) * | 1988-05-17 | 1989-11-30 | Kernforschungsz Karlsruhe | Method of determining properties of gas-borne solid aerosols in high-temperature zones |
| JPH05157687A (en) * | 1991-12-03 | 1993-06-25 | Tosoh Corp | Quantitative analysis of salt water for trace quantity of alkaline earth metal |
| EP0552865A2 (en) * | 1992-01-13 | 1993-07-28 | General Electric Company | Coolant water flow rate test with rubidium nuclear tracer for reactors |
| EP0629851A2 (en) * | 1993-06-17 | 1994-12-21 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Förderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. | Device for the analysis of traces of gas with absorption spectroscopy |
| DE19957808A1 (en) * | 1999-12-01 | 2001-06-13 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Determining concentration and velocity in flowing gas, aerosol or dust is achieved by local laser plasma excitation at two or more points with spectroscopic analysis |
| US6294389B1 (en) * | 1999-11-01 | 2001-09-25 | General Motors Corporation | Furnace for an engine exhaust measurement system |
-
2002
- 2002-04-23 DE DE2002118045 patent/DE10218045A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-03-01 WO PCT/EP2003/002107 patent/WO2003091670A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-03-01 JP JP2004500012A patent/JP4078349B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-03-01 AU AU2003208780A patent/AU2003208780A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-03-01 EP EP03706595A patent/EP1497624A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1593721A (en) * | 1923-10-22 | 1926-07-27 | Secretary | Tracer mixture |
| DE3816680A1 (en) * | 1988-05-17 | 1989-11-30 | Kernforschungsz Karlsruhe | Method of determining properties of gas-borne solid aerosols in high-temperature zones |
| JPH05157687A (en) * | 1991-12-03 | 1993-06-25 | Tosoh Corp | Quantitative analysis of salt water for trace quantity of alkaline earth metal |
| EP0552865A2 (en) * | 1992-01-13 | 1993-07-28 | General Electric Company | Coolant water flow rate test with rubidium nuclear tracer for reactors |
| EP0629851A2 (en) * | 1993-06-17 | 1994-12-21 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Förderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. | Device for the analysis of traces of gas with absorption spectroscopy |
| US6294389B1 (en) * | 1999-11-01 | 2001-09-25 | General Motors Corporation | Furnace for an engine exhaust measurement system |
| DE19957808A1 (en) * | 1999-12-01 | 2001-06-13 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Determining concentration and velocity in flowing gas, aerosol or dust is achieved by local laser plasma excitation at two or more points with spectroscopic analysis |
Non-Patent Citations (6)
| Title |
|---|
| A:MERZ, H.VOGG: "Fortschritte verfahrenstechnischer Forschung durch die Radionuklidtechnik", CHEM.ING.-TECH., vol. 50, no. 2, 1 January 1978 (1978-01-01), pages 108-113, XP001148948, DOI: doi:10.1002/cite.330500207 |
| OCTAVE LEVENSPIEL: "Chemical Reaction Engeneering", 1 January 1972, JOHN WILEY & SONS, NEW YORK |
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 017, no. 553 (P - 1625) 5 October 1993 (1993-10-05) * |
| S.WEISS (HRSG), R.ADLER: "Reaktoren: Ausrustungen und uhre Berechnungen", VERFAHRENSTECHNISCHE BERECHNUNGSMETHODEN, no. 5, 1 January 1987 (1987-01-01), VCH WEINHEIM |
| S.WEISS (HRSG): S. KATTANEK: "Experimente in der Verfahrrenstechnik: Vorbereitung, Durchfuhrung und Auswertung", VERFAHRENSTECHNISCHE BERECHNUNGSMETHODEN, no. 8, 1 January 1985 (1985-01-01), VCH WEINHEIM |
| W.PIPPEL: "Verweilzeitanalysen in technologischen stromungssystemen", AKADEMIE-VERLAG, 1 January 1978 (1978-01-01), BERLIN, pages 14-21 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP4078349B2 (en) | 2008-04-23 |
| JP2005524062A (en) | 2005-08-11 |
| EP1497624A1 (en) | 2005-01-19 |
| DE10218045A1 (en) | 2003-11-20 |
| AU2003208780A1 (en) | 2003-11-10 |
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