WO2003078349A1 - Geopolymer binder based on fly ash - Google Patents
Geopolymer binder based on fly ash Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003078349A1 WO2003078349A1 PCT/CZ2003/000020 CZ0300020W WO03078349A1 WO 2003078349 A1 WO2003078349 A1 WO 2003078349A1 CZ 0300020 W CZ0300020 W CZ 0300020W WO 03078349 A1 WO03078349 A1 WO 03078349A1
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- fly ash
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- weight
- alkaline
- waste
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/006—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing mineral polymers, e.g. geopolymers of the Davidovits type
- C04B28/008—Mineral polymers other than those of the Davidovits type, e.g. from a reaction mixture containing waterglass
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/021—Ash cements, e.g. fly ash cements ; Cements based on incineration residues, e.g. alkali-activated slags from waste incineration ; Kiln dust cements
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B7/00—Hydraulic cements
- C04B7/24—Cements from oil shales, residues or waste other than slag
- C04B7/243—Mixtures thereof with activators or composition-correcting additives, e.g. mixtures of fly ash and alkali activators
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00862—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for nuclear applications, e.g. ray-absorbing concrete
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/10—Production of cement, e.g. improving or optimising the production methods; Cement grinding
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Definitions
- the invention relates to geopolymeric binder based on fly ash, which is intended for the production of pulp, mortar and concrete or for waste fixation, and the 70 to 90 percent by weight of power plant fly ash with a measuring surface of 1 50-600 m 2 / kg and 5 to 15 percent by weight of the alkaline Activator contains, where the activator consists of a mixture of alkaline hydroxide and alkaline silicate, for example water glass, when this activator contains 5 to 15 weight percent Me 2 O and a ratio of Si0 2 / Me 2 0 in the range of 0.6 to 1 , 5, where Me is Na or K.
- the latent hydraulic active ingredients such as granular ones
- Blast furnace slag, power plant fly ash, natural or artificial pozzolana are a component of Portland mixed cements. These substances actively participate in the hydration process of Portland cement if the activating substance is C a (OH) 2 in particular, which is the case of hydration of clinker minerals arises.
- the h ydraulically active substances are also able to form hydrates in the absence of Ca (OH) 2 , which give the substances with measurable mechanical properties.
- Such activators of latent hydraulic substances are some alkaline compounds such as for example Na 2 C0 3, NaOH or Na 2 Si0.
- alkali slag cement The basic information about these binding agents, "alkali slag cement", can be found in the literature, for example in the book by VDGluchovskij: “Soil Silicates", Kijev 1959, further in Proceedings 1st and 2nd International Conference “Alkaline Cements and Concretes", Kijev 1994 , 1999 and many others. In this work, mixtures of latent hydraulic substances (especially slags and others) are described where an alkaline activator in the form of water glass, Na 2 CO 3 and NaOH is used.
- the US Pat. No. 4,410,365 describes a binding material based on ground granular blast furnace slag and alkaline activator, for example NaOH, Na 2 S0 4 .
- an alkaline binding agent with a low water coefficient is described, which is suitable for the preparation of porridge, mortar and concrete.
- the binding material consists of at least 50% of latent hydraulic active substance, such as slag, or synthetic or natural pozzolana, and which has a measuring surface of at least 400 m 2 / kg.
- the binding agent also contains 0.1 to 5% plasticizer and 0.5 to 8% NaOH or Na 2 CO 3 .
- US Pat. No. 5,076,851 describes a gypsum stone-free Portland mixed cement which is 60 to 96.7% of ground Portland cement clinker with a measuring surface of 350 to 550 m 2 / kg and 3 to 40% of ground latent hydraulic material, such as blast furnace slag, fly ash, etc. , contains.
- the binding agent also contains 0.1 to 3% concrete plasticizer and 0.5 to 6% Na 2 C0 3 , NaOH or NaHC0 3 .
- a cement based on power plant fly ash is described in US Pat. No. 5,601,643.
- the binding agent achieves high strengths, especially after treatment at temperatures from 40 to 90 ° C.
- Heavy metal waste is described, which consists of latent hydraulic substances
- alkaline concrete plasticizer based on CaO, Ca (OH) 2 , MgO, Mg (OH) 2) and CaS0 3 or CaS0 4 .
- EP 593130 describes an immobilization process for heavy metal waste using the binding material consisting of fly ash, solution of alkaline activator, the pH of which is greater than 13, possibly containing slag, silicate fly dust or other puzzolans.
- EP 927708 describes a hydraulic binding material consisting of a latent hydraulic substance, such as fly ash, ground slag, an alkaline activator, such as, for example, metal hydroxides of alkaline earths, Portland cement or aluminum cement clinker and
- WO 00/00447 describes an alumina silicate binding material which consists of alumina silicates (blast furnace slag, clay, clinker, fly ash) with an Al 2 0 3 content of more than 5%, fly dust from the cement rotary kiln, an alkaline activator in the form of alkaline hydroxide and CaSO 4 consists. In each case more than 34% slag, more read 5% fly ash, 3 to 10% of alkaline activator and more than 5% CaS0 4 are present in the binding material.
- CZ 289,735 describes an alkaline activated binding agent based on hydraulically active substances, which is intended for the production of pulps, mortar and concretes that harden at temperatures from 15 to 95 ° C. It consists of 35 to 93 percent by weight of power plant fly ash with a measuring surface of 100 to 600 m 3 / kg, 2 to 40 percent by weight of another hydraulically active substance, 5 to 15 percent by weight of alkaline activator, such as a mixture of sodium or calcium water glass and NaOH or KOH is expressed as weight percent Na 2 0, with another hydraulically active substance being ground granular blast furnace slag with the measuring surface 200 to 600 m 2 / kg, and / or ground Portland cement clinker with the measuring surface 200 to 600 m 2 / kg, and / or Natural and / or artificial pozzolana and / or heat-activated natural clay, and the ratio of SiO 2 / Na 2 O in the alkaline activator is 0.4 to 1.0.
- Alkaline fly ash activation produces substances with strengths that exceed the strengths of standard Portland cements.
- Alkaline fly ash activation (with a predominance of Si0 2 content) is a process in which AI atoms (and probably also Ca, Mg) penetrate into the original silicate lattice of the fly ash.
- the alkaline activated binders enable the use of inorganic waste materials.
- the materials based on AA fly ash can be characterized as "chemically bonded ceramics" or geopolymers or as hydrated low-temperature alumina silicate glass.
- the geopolymeric binder based on fly ash which is intended for the production of porridge, mortar and concrete or for waste fixation, and which contains 70 to 90 percent by weight of power plant fly ash with a measuring surface of 150 to 600 m 2 / kg and 5 to 15 percent by weight of alkaline activator, whereby the activator consists of a mixture of alkaline hydroxide and alkaline silicate, for example water glass, when this activator contains 5 to 15 percent by weight Me 2 0 and a ratio of S i0 2 / Me 2 0 in the range of 0.6 to 1.5 where Me is Na or K, according to the invention is that it contains 1 to 15% calcareous compounds, such as CaC0 3 , CaMg (C0 3 ) 2 , CaS0 4 , CaS0 4 .2 H
- the fly ash contains more than 3 percent by weight of CaO, advantageously more than 8 percent by weight of CaO.
- a mixture of low-lime fly ash with CaO content less than 3 percent by weight and high-lime fly ash with Cao content greater than 3 percent by weight can be used.
- the geopolymeric binding agent is used so that the ratio of the mixing water / (fly ash + calcareous compound) is 0.25 to 0.4.
- a suitable filler in the pulps, mortar and concrete or waste fixation is broken limestone or dolomite limestone in the fractions from 0.1 to 32 mm.
- the fillers for the concrete preparation using the geopolymeric binding agent are advantageously Fe oxides, barite or other material for shielding against radioactive radiation and / or inorganic and organic materials containing heavy metals, such as Zn, Ba, Cd, Cu, Zr, Pb, Ni, U, or materials from mineral processing and production, lye by-products.
- the mixture of geopolymer binding agent, mixing water and possibly filler is added to the molds and allowed to harden at temperatures of 20 to 95 ° C.
- the increase in strength of the fly ash-based geopolymer is achieved by the addition of calcareous substances such as CaC0 3 , CaMg (C0 3 ), CaS0 4 , CaS0 4 .2 H 2 0, Ca (OH) 2 , gypsum stone, dolomite limestone, waste gypsum stone from chemical productions, waste gypsum stone from sulfur separation processes, reprocessed cement material from concrete is reached.
- the increase in the CaO content in the fly ash also has a positive effect.
- the increase in strength is possible while lowering the total alkali content and lowering the NaOH content in the alkaline activator, in contrast to known preparation methods for these substances.
- the lowering of the alkaline content and in particular the lowering of additional NaOH addition to the Ms preparation is significant from the point of view of manipulation with this binding material.
- Waste CaS0 4 from chemical and sulfur separating processes and then also reprocessed cement material made of concrete (fine fractions after comminution of the concrete used) can be used as a binding substance component.
- the usual aggregate for the production of mortar and concrete advantageously crushed limestone or dolomite limestone, can be used as an aggregate for this type of binding material.
- the geopolymeric binding agent can also be used for the preparation of materials for shielding against radioactive radiation, for example for the preparation of heavy concrete or of substances that contain shielding materials such as Fe oxides, barite, etc. in the highest possible amount.
- the geopolymeric binding agent can be used to fix both inorganic and organic wastes, waste materials that contain heavy metals such.
- the geopolymeric binding material represents a new type of inorganic binding material which enables the processing of inorganic waste - the fly ash - as the basic raw material.
- the Fly ash has so far been used as a component of Portland cement or as a component of concrete mixtures. A significant part of waste fly ash is stored or mixed with waste gypsum stone and z. B. deposited in the exploited premises.
- the mixing of fly ash with waste gypsum stone e.g. from sulfur separation processes
- the waste gypsum stone from sulfur separation processes with limestone method
- contains Ca which comes from a non-renewable raw material, which is limestone.
- the geopolymeric binding material represents a possibility of using the mixture of fly ash and waste gypsum stone at a much higher level than depositing this mixture on the landfill.
- the geopolymeric binding agent does not require an energetically demanding production process in comparison to other inorganic binding agents, especially to Portland cement.
- the production of Portland cement involves an energetically demanding process of raw material preparation (conveying, crushing, grinding and mixing some raw material components) and subsequent burning out to temperatures of 1450 ° C. A part of the cement production is also the energetically demanding grinding of the clinker.
- These methods which require energy and raw materials, do not apply to the production of the geopolymer binding material according to the invention, because in principle it is not necessary to grind or sort the basic raw material - the power plant waste fly ash (although it is possible to optimize the properties of the binding material) and no energetically demanding heating process such as burnout is required.
- short-term heating to temperatures of 60 to 90 is sufficient to optimize the properties of the binding material ° C, or in some cases this warming is not even necessary at all.
- the geopolymeric binding material is a new type of inorganic binding material, which in principle does not produce any C0 2 emissions because, in contrast to the production of Portland cement or plaster, it is not necessary to use limestone (as a component of the raw material mixture). to burn.
- This binding agent represents a potential perspective for reducing the emissions of "greenhouse gases", the main producers of which, in addition to the metallurgical and power plant industries, are the cement factories and lime distilleries.
- Another ecological aspect of the geopolymer binding material, according to the invention, is the possibility of fixing waste materials and substances that contain heavy metals.
- the power plant fly ash with the composition in weight percent was used as follows for the preparation of porridges, mortar and concretes made of geopolymer binding material:
- the alkaline activator was made of water glass with the composition
- Example 3
- Mortar was prepared from the fly ash according to Example 1, where sand with the fraction 0-2 mm was used as filler.
- a calcareous substance was added to the fly ash, which was represented by ground limestone with a particle size of up to 80 mm, ground dolomite limestone with a particle size of up to 150 ⁇ m and waste gypsum stone with a particle size of up to 30 ⁇ m.
- the mixtures without the addition of the calcareous substance correspond to the known methods, e.g. B. according to US 5,601, 643 and CZ 289,735.
- Mortar was prepared from the fly ash according to Example 1, where sand with the
- Fraction 0-2 mm was used as filler.
- a reprocessed cement material was added to the fly ash, which represented the fraction 0-0.5 mm from crushed cement concrete or from crushed aerated concrete.
- Example 8 A mixture of the fly ash according to Example 1 and fly ash A was used to prepare the mortar, the composition of which is given in the table below: SiO z Al 2 0 3 Fe 2 0 3 CaO MgO so 3 K 2 0 Na 2 0 Ti0 2 P2O5 Burned substances
- fly ash was used with the following
- the invention can be used in construction.
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Abstract
Description
Geopolymerer Bindestoff auf FlugaschenbasisFly ash-based geopolymer binding agent
Bereich der TechnikArea of technology
Die Erfindung betrifft geopolymeren Bindestoff auf Flugaschenbasis, der zur Produktion von Breien, Mörtel und Betonen oder zur Abfallfixation bestimmt ist, und der 70 bis 90 Gewichtsprozent von Kraftwerkflugasche mit Messoberfläche von 1 50-600 m2/kg u nd 5 bis 15 Gewichtsprozent vom alkalischen Aktivator enthält, wobei der Aktivator aus Gemisch vom alkalischen Hydroxid und alkalischen Silikat, zum Beispiel Wasserglas, besteht, wann dieser Aktivator 5 bis 15 Gewichtsprozent Me2O enthält und ein Verhältnis von Si02/Me20 im Bereich von 0,6 bis 1 ,5 aufweist, wo Me Na oder K ist.The invention relates to geopolymeric binder based on fly ash, which is intended for the production of pulp, mortar and concrete or for waste fixation, and the 70 to 90 percent by weight of power plant fly ash with a measuring surface of 1 50-600 m 2 / kg and 5 to 15 percent by weight of the alkaline Activator contains, where the activator consists of a mixture of alkaline hydroxide and alkaline silicate, for example water glass, when this activator contains 5 to 15 weight percent Me 2 O and a ratio of Si0 2 / Me 2 0 in the range of 0.6 to 1 , 5, where Me is Na or K.
Bisheriger Stand der TechnikCurrent state of the art
Die latent hydraulischen Aktivstoffen, wie zum Beispiel granulöseThe latent hydraulic active ingredients, such as granular ones
Hochofenschlacke, Kraftwerkflugasche, Natur- oder Kunstpuzzolane, stellen einen Bestandteil von Portlandmischzementen dar. Diese Stoffe beteiligen sich aktiv an dem Hydratationsverfahren vom Portlandzement, wenn die aktivierende S ubstanz i nsbesondere C a(OH)2 ist, d ie b ei d er H ydratation v on Klinkermineralen e ntsteht. D ie h ydraulisch a ktive S toffe s ind j edoch a uch b ei Abwesenheit von Ca(OH)2 fähig, Hydrate zu bilden, welche die Substanzen mit messbaren mechanischen Eigenschaften gewähren. Solche Aktivatoren von latent hydraulischen Stoffen sind einige alkalische Verbindungen, wie zum Beispiel Na2C03, NaOH oder Na2Si03. Die Grundangaben über diese Bindestoffe, „Alkalischlackenzement", finden wir in der Literatur zum Beispiel in dem Buch von V.D.Gluchovskij: "Soil Silicates", Kijev 1959, weiter in Proceedings 1. und 2. International Conference „Alkaline Cements and Concretes", Kijev 1994, 1999 und in vielen anderen. In diesen Arbeiten sind Gemische von latent hydraulischen Stoffen (insbesondere von Schlacken und weiteren) beschrieben, wo ein alkalischer Aktivator in der Form von Wasserglas, Na2CO3 und NaOH verwendet wird. In dem Werk US 4,410,365 ist ein Bindestoff auf der Basis von gemahlener granulösen Hochofenschlacke und alkalischem Aktivator, zum Beispiel NaOH, Na2S04 beschrieben.Blast furnace slag, power plant fly ash, natural or artificial pozzolana are a component of Portland mixed cements. These substances actively participate in the hydration process of Portland cement if the activating substance is C a (OH) 2 in particular, which is the case of hydration of clinker minerals arises. The h ydraulically active substances are also able to form hydrates in the absence of Ca (OH) 2 , which give the substances with measurable mechanical properties. Such activators of latent hydraulic substances are some alkaline compounds such as for example Na 2 C0 3, NaOH or Na 2 Si0. 3 The basic information about these binding agents, "alkali slag cement", can be found in the literature, for example in the book by VDGluchovskij: "Soil Silicates", Kijev 1959, further in Proceedings 1st and 2nd International Conference "Alkaline Cements and Concretes", Kijev 1994 , 1999 and many others. In this work, mixtures of latent hydraulic substances (especially slags and others) are described where an alkaline activator in the form of water glass, Na 2 CO 3 and NaOH is used. The US Pat. No. 4,410,365 describes a binding material based on ground granular blast furnace slag and alkaline activator, for example NaOH, Na 2 S0 4 .
Ferner ist ein alkalischer Bindestoff mit geringem Wasserkoeffizient beschrieben, der zur Vorbereitung von Breien, Mörtel und Betonen geeignet ist. Der Bindestoff besteht mindestens aus 50 % von latent hydraulischem Aktivstoff, wie zum Beispiel Schlacke, oder Kunst- oder auch Naturpuzzolan ist, und der eine Messoberfläche mindestens von 400 m2/kg aufweist. Der Bindestoff enthält ferner 0,1 bis 5 % Betonverflüssiger und 0,5 bis 8 % NaOH oder Na2C03.Furthermore, an alkaline binding agent with a low water coefficient is described, which is suitable for the preparation of porridge, mortar and concrete. The binding material consists of at least 50% of latent hydraulic active substance, such as slag, or synthetic or natural pozzolana, and which has a measuring surface of at least 400 m 2 / kg. The binding agent also contains 0.1 to 5% plasticizer and 0.5 to 8% NaOH or Na 2 CO 3 .
In US 5,076,851 ist ein gipssteinloser Portlandmischzement beschrieben, der 60 bis 96,7 % von gemahlenem Portlandzementklinker mit der Messoberfläche 350 bis 550 m2/kg und 3 bis 40 % von gemahlenem latent hydraulischen Stoff, wie zum Beispiel Hochofenschlacke, Flugasche, usw. ist, enthält. Der Bindestoff enthält ferner 0,1 bis 3 % Betonverflüssiger und 0,5 bis 6 % Na2C03, NaOH oder NaHC03.US Pat. No. 5,076,851 describes a gypsum stone-free Portland mixed cement which is 60 to 96.7% of ground Portland cement clinker with a measuring surface of 350 to 550 m 2 / kg and 3 to 40% of ground latent hydraulic material, such as blast furnace slag, fly ash, etc. , contains. The binding agent also contains 0.1 to 3% concrete plasticizer and 0.5 to 6% Na 2 C0 3 , NaOH or NaHC0 3 .
In US 5,084,102 ist ein Zement beschrieben, der 20 bis 60 % von gemahlener Hochofenschlacke mit der Messoberfläche 500 bis 650 m2/kg und 40 bis 80 % Kraftwerkflugasche und ferner 2 % von gemahlenem Portlandzementklinker (bezogen auf das Gemisch von Schlacke und Flugasche) und ferner 2 bis 12 % Natriumsilikat mit dem Verhältnis Si02/Na20 =1 bis 2 enthält.In US 5,084,102 a cement is described, the 20 to 60% of ground blast furnace slag with the measuring surface 500 to 650 m 2 / kg and 40 to 80% power plant fly ash and further 2% of ground Portland cement clinker (based on the mixture of slag and fly ash) and also contains 2 to 12% sodium silicate with the ratio Si0 2 / Na 2 0 = 1 to 2.
In US 5,601 ,643 ist ein Zement auf der Basis von Kraftwerkflugasche beschrieben. Dieser Bindestoff ist geeignet zur Vorbereitung von Breien, Mörtel und Betonen und er besteht aus Flugasche und 2 bis 20 % vom alkalischen Silikat (berechnet wie Na20) mit dem Verhältnis Si02/Na20 =0,2-0,75. Der Bindestoff erreicht hohe Festigkeiten, insbesondere nach der Behandlung bei den Temperaturen von 40 bis 90 °C.A cement based on power plant fly ash is described in US Pat. No. 5,601,643. This binding material is suitable for the preparation of porridge, mortar and concrete and it consists of fly ash and 2 to 20% of the alkaline silicate (calculated as Na 2 0) with the ratio Si0 2 / Na 2 0 = 0.2-0.75. The binding agent achieves high strengths, especially after treatment at temperatures from 40 to 90 ° C.
In US 5,482,549 ist ein Zement beschrieben, der aus gemahlener Hochofenschlacke mit der Messoberfläche 500 bis 700 m2/kg und gemahlenerA cement is described in US Pat. No. 5,482,549, which consists of ground blast furnace slag with a measuring surface of 500 to 700 m 2 / kg and ground
Kraftwerkflugasche mit der Messoberfläche 500 bis 750 m2/kg im VerhältnisPower plant fly ash with a measuring surface of 500 to 750 m 2 / kg in the ratio
20:80 bis 70:30 Gewichtteile besteht, und der ferner mindestens 2 % von gemahlenem Portlandzementklinker und 2 bis 12 % Natriumsilikat enthält. In DE 3,934,085 ist ein Bindestoff zur Imobilisierung von20:80 to 70:30 parts by weight, and which further contains at least 2% of ground Portland cement clinker and 2 to 12% sodium silicate. DE 3,934,085 describes a binding agent for the immobilization of
Schwermetallabfällen beschrieben, der aus latent hydraulischen StoffenHeavy metal waste is described, which consists of latent hydraulic substances
(Schlacke, Flugasche, usw.) mit der Teilchengröße kleiner als 100 μm, aus alkalischem Betonverflüssiger auf der Basis von CaO, Ca(OH)2, MgO, Mg(OH)2) und CaS03 oder CaS04 besteht.(Slag, fly ash, etc.) with a particle size smaller than 100 μm, consists of alkaline concrete plasticizer based on CaO, Ca (OH) 2 , MgO, Mg (OH) 2) and CaS0 3 or CaS0 4 .
In EP 593130 ist ein Immobilisationsverfahren von Schwermetallabfällen unter Verwendung vom Bindestoff bestehend aus Flugasche, Lösung von alkalischem Aktivator, deren pH größer als 13 ist, eventuell enthaltend Schlacke, Silikatflugstaub oder weitere Puzzolane, beschrieben. In EP 927708 ist ein hydraulischer Bindestoff bestehend aus latent hydraulischem Stoff, wie zum Beispiel Flugasche, gemahlene Schlacke, aus alkalischem Aktivator, wie zum Beispiel Metallhydroxide alkalischer Erden, Portlandzement- oder Aluminatzementklinker undEP 593130 describes an immobilization process for heavy metal waste using the binding material consisting of fly ash, solution of alkaline activator, the pH of which is greater than 13, possibly containing slag, silicate fly dust or other puzzolans. EP 927708 describes a hydraulic binding material consisting of a latent hydraulic substance, such as fly ash, ground slag, an alkaline activator, such as, for example, metal hydroxides of alkaline earths, Portland cement or aluminum cement clinker and
Schwefelabscheidensprodukte von Verbrennungsgasen (CaSOß oder CaS0 ) beschrieben.Sulfur separation products of combustion gases (CaSO ß or CaS0) described.
In WO 00/00447 ist ein Tonerdesilikatbindestoff beschrieben, der aus Tonerdesilikate (Hochofenschlacke, Ton, Klinker, Flugasche) mit Al203 Gehalt von mehr als 5 %, Flugstaub vom Zementdrehofen, von alkalischem Aktivator in der Form von alkalischem Hydroxid und CaS04 besteht. In dem Bindestoff ist jeweils mehr als 34 % Schlacke, mehr las 5 % Flugasche, 3 bis 10 % von alkalischem Aktivator und mehr als 5% CaS04 anwesend.WO 00/00447 describes an alumina silicate binding material which consists of alumina silicates (blast furnace slag, clay, clinker, fly ash) with an Al 2 0 3 content of more than 5%, fly dust from the cement rotary kiln, an alkaline activator in the form of alkaline hydroxide and CaSO 4 consists. In each case more than 34% slag, more read 5% fly ash, 3 to 10% of alkaline activator and more than 5% CaS0 4 are present in the binding material.
In CZ 289,735 ist ein alkalisch aktivierter Bindestoff auf d er B asis von hydraulisch aktiven Stoffen beschrieben, der zur Produktion von Breien, Mörtel und Betonen bestimmt ist, die bei den Temperaturen von 15 bis 95 °C erhärten. Er besteht aus 35 bis 93 Gewichtsprozent Kraftwerkflugasche mit Messoberfläche 100 bis 600 m 3/kg, 2 bis 40 Gewichtsprozent von einem anderen, hydraulisch aktiven Stoff, 5 bis 15 Gewichtsprozent von alkalischem Aktivator, wie zum Beispiel Gemisch vom Natrium- oder Kalziumwasserglas und NaOH oder KOH ist, ausgedrückt als Gewichtsprozent Na20, wobei ein anderer, hydraulisch aktiver Stoff gemahlene granulöse Hochofenschlacke mit der Messoberfläche 200 bis 600 m2/kg, und / oder gemahlener Portlandzementklinker mit der Messoberfläche 200 bis 600 m2/kg, und / oder Natur- und / oder Kunstpuzzolan und / oder wärmeaktivierter Naturton ist, und das Verhältnis von Siθ2/Na20 in dem alkalischen Aktivator 0,4 bis 1 ,0 beträgt.CZ 289,735 describes an alkaline activated binding agent based on hydraulically active substances, which is intended for the production of pulps, mortar and concretes that harden at temperatures from 15 to 95 ° C. It consists of 35 to 93 percent by weight of power plant fly ash with a measuring surface of 100 to 600 m 3 / kg, 2 to 40 percent by weight of another hydraulically active substance, 5 to 15 percent by weight of alkaline activator, such as a mixture of sodium or calcium water glass and NaOH or KOH is expressed as weight percent Na 2 0, with another hydraulically active substance being ground granular blast furnace slag with the measuring surface 200 to 600 m 2 / kg, and / or ground Portland cement clinker with the measuring surface 200 to 600 m 2 / kg, and / or Natural and / or artificial pozzolana and / or heat-activated natural clay, and the ratio of SiO 2 / Na 2 O in the alkaline activator is 0.4 to 1.0.
Bei der alkalischen Flugaschenaktivierung entstehen Stoffe mit Festigkeiten, welche die Festigkeiten von standarden Portlandzementen überschreiten. Alkalische Flugaschenaktivierung in der Wasserumgebung bei pH >12, bei der zum Materialerhärten kommt, unterscheidet sich von den Hydratationsvorgängen von anorganischen Bindestoffen, zum Beispiel vom Portlandzement. Alkalische Flugaschenaktivierung (mit Übergewicht von Si02 Gehalt) ist ein Prozess, bei dem Durchdringung von AI Atomen (und wahrscheinlich auch Ca, Mg) in die ursprüngliche Silikatgitter der Flugasche erfolgt. So entsteht ein 2D-3D anorganisches hydratisiertes Polymer (Geopolymer) mit allgemeiner Formel Mn[- (sι -o)z -Al -θJ1.wH2θ ι Hydratationsprodukte von alkalisch aktivierten Flugaschen weisen einen amorphen Charakter mit kristallinischen Minoritätsphasen mit Übergewicht von Q4(2AI) Anordnung auf. Die Eigenschaften von alkalisch aktivierten Flugaschen hängen von der Vorbereitungsweise, insbesondere von der Konzentration von alkalischem Aktivator und den Feuchtigkeitsbedingungen ab. Optimale Ergebnisse wurden bei der Erwärmung auf 60 bis 90 °C in offener Atmosphäre („trockene Bedingungen") erreicht. Bei der Anwesenheit von Hochofenschlacke in den Gemischen von alkalisch aktivierten Flugaschen kommt es zu bedeutender Festigkeitserhöhung (über 150 MPa im Druck) unter optimalen „hydrothermalen" Bedingungen bei den Temperaturen von 60 bis 90 °C. Unter diesen Bedingungen entsteht neben der geopolymeren Phase auch die C-S-H- Phase. Die alkalisch aktivierten Bindestoffe ermöglichen die Ausnützung von anorganischen Abfallmaterialien. Die Materialien auf der Basis von AA- Flugaschen können als „chemically bonded ceramics" oder Geopolymere oder als hydratisiertes Tieftemperatur-Tonerdesilikatglas charakterisiert werden.Alkaline fly ash activation produces substances with strengths that exceed the strengths of standard Portland cements. Alkaline fly ash activation in the water environment at pH> 12, at which material hardens, differs from the hydration processes of inorganic binders, for example Portland cement. Alkaline fly ash activation (with a predominance of Si0 2 content) is a process in which AI atoms (and probably also Ca, Mg) penetrate into the original silicate lattice of the fly ash. This creates a 2D-3D inorganic hydrated polymer (geopolymer) with the general formula M n [- (sι -o) z -Al -θJ 1 .wH 2 θ ι Hydration products of alkaline activated fly ash have an amorphous character with crystalline minority phases with an excess of Q 4 (2AI) arrangement. The properties of alkaline activated fly ash depend on the method of preparation, in particular on the concentration of alkaline activator and the moisture conditions. Optimal results were achieved by heating to 60 to 90 ° C in an open atmosphere ("dry conditions"). In the presence of blast furnace slag in the mixtures of alkaline activated fly ash, there is a significant increase in strength (over 150 MPa in pressure) with optimal " hydrothermal "conditions at temperatures from 60 to 90 ° C. Under these conditions, the CSH phase is formed in addition to the geopolymer phase. The alkaline activated binders enable the use of inorganic waste materials. The materials based on AA fly ash can be characterized as "chemically bonded ceramics" or geopolymers or as hydrated low-temperature alumina silicate glass.
Eine ganze Reihe von Autoren (zum Beispiel Davidovits J.: „Properties of geopolymer cements", Proc. 1st Intern. Conf. „Alkaline cements and concretes", vol.1., S.131-150, VIPOL Stock Comp. Kiev 1994, Davidovits J.: „Geopolymers - inorganic polymeric new materials", J. Therm. Anal. 37, S. 1633-1656, 1991 , Davidovits J.: „Chemistry of geopolymeric Systems, terminology", Proc. Geopolymer Inter.Conf. (1999), Van Jaarsveld J.G.S, Van Deventer J.S.J., Lorenzen L.: The potential use of geoplymeric materials to immobilise toxic materials", Part I., Miner. Eng. 10, 659-669 (1997), , Part II ,12, 75-91(1999)) setzt voraus, dass der wichtigste Faktor bei der alkalischen Aktivierung von latent hydraulischen Stoffen das Verhältnis Si/Al, bzw. die Alkalienkonzentration oder das Verhältnis Si02/Na20 ist.A whole range of authors (for example Davidovits J .: "Properties of geopolymer cements", Proc. 1 st Intern. Conf. "Alkaline cements and concretes", vol.1., P.131-150, VIPOL Stock Comp. Kiev 1994, Davidovits J .: "Geopolymers - inorganic polymeric new materials", J. Therm. Anal. 37, pp. 1633-1656, 1991, Davidovits J .: "Chemistry of geopolymeric Systems, terminology", Proc. Geopolymer Inter.Conf . (1999), Van Jaarsveld JGS, Van Deventer JSJ, Lorenzen L .: The potential use of geoplymeric materials to immobilize toxic materials ", Part I., Miner. Eng. 10, 659-669 (1997), Part II, 12, 75-91 (1999)) presupposes that the most important factor in the alkaline activation of latent hydraulic substances is the Si / Al ratio, or the alkali concentration or the Si0 2 / Na 2 0 ratio.
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Unsere Forschung hat jedoch gezeigt, dass, neben den erwähnten Faktoren, a uch d ie D urchdringung von C a Atomen n eben der Durchdringung von AI Atomen in die Si0 Gitter in der Flugasche eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Der geopolymere Bindestoff auf Flugaschenbasis, der zur Produktion von Breien, Mörtel und Betonen oder zur Abfallfixation bestimmt ist, und der 70 bis 90 Gewichtsprozent von Kraftwerkflugasche mit Messoberfläche von 150 bis 600 m2/kg und 5 bis 15 Gewichtsprozent von alkalischem Aktivator enthält, wobei der Aktivator aus Gemisch vom alkalischen Hydroxid und alkalischen Silikat, zum Beispiel Wasserglas, besteht, wann dieser Aktivator 5 bis 15 Gewichtsprozent Me20 enthält und ein Verhältnis von S i02/Me20 i m B ereich von 0,6 bis 1 ,5 aufweist, wo Me Na oder K ist, besteht nach der Erfindung darin, dass er 1 bis 15 % kalkhaltiger Verbindungen, wie zum Beispiel CaC03, CaMg(C03)2, CaS04, CaS04.2 H20, Ca(OH)2, gemahlenen Kalkstein, gemahlenen Gipsstein, gemahlenen Dolomitkalkstein, Abfallgipsstein aus chemischen Produktionen, Abfallgipsstein aus Schwefelabscheidensverfahren, wiederaufbereitetes Zementmaterial aus Beton enthält. Die kalkhaltige Verbindung mit Vorteil weist die Teilchengröße 1 bis 200 μm auf.However, our research has shown that, in addition to the factors mentioned, the penetration of C a atoms and the penetration of Al atoms into the Si0 lattice in the fly ash also play an important role. The geopolymeric binder based on fly ash, which is intended for the production of porridge, mortar and concrete or for waste fixation, and which contains 70 to 90 percent by weight of power plant fly ash with a measuring surface of 150 to 600 m 2 / kg and 5 to 15 percent by weight of alkaline activator, whereby the activator consists of a mixture of alkaline hydroxide and alkaline silicate, for example water glass, when this activator contains 5 to 15 percent by weight Me 2 0 and a ratio of S i0 2 / Me 2 0 in the range of 0.6 to 1.5 where Me is Na or K, according to the invention is that it contains 1 to 15% calcareous compounds, such as CaC0 3 , CaMg (C0 3 ) 2 , CaS0 4 , CaS0 4 .2 H 2 0, Ca ( OH) 2 , ground limestone, ground gypsum stone, ground dolomite limestone, waste gypsum stone from chemical productions, waste gypsum stone from sulfur separation processes, reprocessed cement material from concrete contains. The calcareous compound advantageously has a particle size of 1 to 200 μm.
Es ist günstig, wenn die Flugasche mehr als 3 Gewichtsprozent CaO enthält, mit Vorteil mehr als 8 Gewichtsprozent CaO. Ein Gemisch von geringkalkhaltiger Flugasche mit CaO Gehalt niedriger als 3 Gewichtsprozent und hochkalkhaltiger Flugasche mit Cao Gehalt größer als 3 Gewichtsprozent kann verwendet werden. Bei der Produktion von Breien, Mörtel und Betonen oder Abfallfixation wird der geopolymere Bindestoff so verwendet, dass das Verhältnis vom Anmachwasser /(Flugasche + kalkhaltige Verbindung) 0,25 bis 0,4 beträgt. Bei der Verarbeitung vom geopolymeren Bindestoff ist, nach der Erfindung, geeigneter Füllstoff in die Breien, Mörtel und Betonen oder Abfallfixation gebrochener Kalkstein oder Dolomitkalkstein in den Fraktionen von 0,1 bis 32 mm.It is advantageous if the fly ash contains more than 3 percent by weight of CaO, advantageously more than 8 percent by weight of CaO. A mixture of low-lime fly ash with CaO content less than 3 percent by weight and high-lime fly ash with Cao content greater than 3 percent by weight can be used. In the production of porridge, mortar and concrete or waste fixation, the geopolymeric binding agent is used so that the ratio of the mixing water / (fly ash + calcareous compound) is 0.25 to 0.4. When processing the geopolymer binding material, according to the invention, a suitable filler in the pulps, mortar and concrete or waste fixation is broken limestone or dolomite limestone in the fractions from 0.1 to 32 mm.
Der Füllstoff für die Betonvorbereitung mit Verwendung vom geopolymeren Bindestoff sind nach der Erfindung mit Vorteil Fe-Oxide, Baryt oder anderes Material zur Abschirmung von radioaktiver Strahlung und / oder anorganische und organische Materialien mit Gehalt von Schwermetallen, wie zum Beispiel Zn, Ba, Cd, Cu, Zr, Pb, Ni, U, oder Stoffe aus Mineralaufbereitung und Fördertätigkeit, Laugebeiprodukte. Bei der Produktion vom Betonen oder Abfallfixation wird das hergestellte Gemisch vom geopolymeren Bindestoff, Anmachwasser und eventuell Füllstoff in die Formen gegeben und es wird bei den Temperaturen von 20 bis 95 °C erhärten gelassen.According to the invention, the fillers for the concrete preparation using the geopolymeric binding agent are advantageously Fe oxides, barite or other material for shielding against radioactive radiation and / or inorganic and organic materials containing heavy metals, such as Zn, Ba, Cd, Cu, Zr, Pb, Ni, U, or materials from mineral processing and production, lye by-products. In the production of concrete or waste fixation, the mixture of geopolymer binding agent, mixing water and possibly filler is added to the molds and allowed to harden at temperatures of 20 to 95 ° C.
Beim Eintritt von AI Atomen in die Si04 Gitter in der Flugasche kommt es zur Entstehung von negativer Ladung auf dem O Atom, die durch Na+ Ion kompensiert wird. Bei der Anwesenheit von Stoffen mit Ca Gehalt erfolgt auch die Durchdringung von Ca Atomen in die Si0 Gitter. In diesem Falle wird die angeführte negative Ladung auf den O Atomen durch den Ca2+lon kompensiert, es kommt jedoch zu einer Verbindung mit lonenbindung in der Struktur. Dadurch kommt es zur höherer Verbindung in der-Si-O-AI-O-Si Struktur, und somit auch zur Entstehung vom Material mit höheren Festigkeiten. Die Festigkeitserhöhung vom Geopolymer auf der Flugaschenbasis wird durch den Zusatz auf der Basis von kalkhaltigen Stoffen, wie CaC03, CaMg(C03) , CaS04, CaS04.2 H20, Ca(OH)2, Gipsstein, Dolomitkalkstein, Abfallgipsstein aus chemischen Produktionen, Abfallgipsstein aus Schwefelabscheidensverfahren, wiederaufbereitetes Zementmaterial aus Betonen ist, erreicht. Positiv macht sich ebenfalls die Erhöhung vom CaO Gehalt in der Flugasche bemerkbar. Die Festigkeitserhöhung ist möglich bei gleichzeitiger Senkung vom gesamten Alkaliengehalt und bei der Senkung von NaOH Gehalt im alkalischen Aktivator, im Gegensatz zu bekannten Vorbereitungsweisen dieser Stoffe. Die Senkung vom Alkaliengehalt und insbesondere die Senkung von zusätzlicher NaOH Zugabe zur Ms Aufbereitung ist bedeutend aus der Sicht der Manipulation mit diesem Bindestoff. Der Bindestoff bestehend aus der Flugasche, aus alkalischem AktivatorWhen Al atoms enter the Si0 4 lattice in the fly ash, a negative charge is created on the O atom, which is compensated for by Na + ion. In the presence of substances with Ca content, Ca atoms also penetrate into the Si0 lattice. In this case the negative charge on the O atoms is compensated for by the Ca 2+ ion, but there is a connection with an ion bond in the structure. This leads to a higher connection in the-Si-O-AI-O-Si structure, and thus to the formation of material with higher strengths. The increase in strength of the fly ash-based geopolymer is achieved by the addition of calcareous substances such as CaC0 3 , CaMg (C0 3 ), CaS0 4 , CaS0 4 .2 H 2 0, Ca (OH) 2 , gypsum stone, dolomite limestone, waste gypsum stone from chemical productions, waste gypsum stone from sulfur separation processes, reprocessed cement material from concrete is reached. The increase in the CaO content in the fly ash also has a positive effect. The increase in strength is possible while lowering the total alkali content and lowering the NaOH content in the alkaline activator, in contrast to known preparation methods for these substances. The lowering of the alkaline content and in particular the lowering of additional NaOH addition to the Ms preparation is significant from the point of view of manipulation with this binding material. The binding material consisting of the fly ash, from alkaline activator
(Gemisch vom alkalischen Hydroxid und Silikat) und kalkhaltigem Stoff erstarrt bei den Temperaturen von 25 bis 95 °C, wann sich die optimalen Bedingungen bei kurzfristiger Wärmebehandlung bei den Temperaturen 50 bis 80 °C in offener Atmosphäre befinden. Der angeführte Bindestoff ist geeignet zur Vorbereitung von Breien,(Mixture of alkaline hydroxide and silicate) and calcareous substance solidifies at temperatures from 25 to 95 ° C, when the optimal conditions with short-term heat treatment at temperatures from 50 to 80 ° C are in an open atmosphere. The binding material mentioned is suitable for the preparation of porridges,
Mörtel und Betonen und zur Fixation von anorganischen und sonstigen Abfällen. Als Bindestoffbestandteil kann Abfall-CaS04 aus chemischen und schwefelabscheidenden Verfahren und ferner dann wiederaufbereitetes Zementmaterial aus Beton (feine Fraktionen nach der Zerkleinerung vom verwendeten Beton) verwendet werden.Mortar and concrete and for the fixation of inorganic and other waste. Waste CaS0 4 from chemical and sulfur separating processes and then also reprocessed cement material made of concrete (fine fractions after comminution of the concrete used) can be used as a binding substance component.
Als Zuschlagstoff für diese Bindestoffart kann üblicher Zuschlagstoff für die Produktion von Mörtel und Betonen, mit Vorteil zerkleinerter Kalkstein oder Dolomitkalkstein, verwendet werden.The usual aggregate for the production of mortar and concrete, advantageously crushed limestone or dolomite limestone, can be used as an aggregate for this type of binding material.
Der geopolymere Bindestoff ist auch zur Vorbereitung von Materialien zur Abschirmung von radioaktiver Strahlung verwendbar, zum Beispiel zur Vorbereitung von Schwerstbetonen oder von Stoffen, die in höchst möglicher Menge Abschirmstoffe wie Fe-Oxyde, Baryt, usw. enthalten.The geopolymeric binding agent can also be used for the preparation of materials for shielding against radioactive radiation, for example for the preparation of heavy concrete or of substances that contain shielding materials such as Fe oxides, barite, etc. in the highest possible amount.
Der geopolymere Bindestoff kann zur Fixation von sowohl anorganischen, als auch organischen Abfällen, Abfallstoffen, die Schwermetalle wie z. B. Zn, Ba, Cd, Cu, Zr, Pb, Ni, U enthalten (Stoffe aus Mineralaufbereitung und Fördertätigkeit, Laugebeiprodukte), eventuell zur Fixation von radioaktiven Abfällen, verwendet werden.The geopolymeric binding agent can be used to fix both inorganic and organic wastes, waste materials that contain heavy metals such. B. Zn, Ba, Cd, Cu, Zr, Pb, Ni, U contain (substances from mineral processing and production, lye by-products), possibly used for the fixation of radioactive waste.
Diese Stoffe sind dann als Füllstoff im Gemisch mit geopolymerem Bindestoff für die Vorbereitung von Mörtel und Betonen, anstelle des klassischen Zuschlagstoffes, verwendbar.These substances can then be used as a filler in a mixture with geopolymer binding agent for the preparation of mortar and concrete, instead of the classic aggregate.
Der geopolymere Bindestoff stellt, nach der Erfindung, einen neuen Typ vom anorganischen Bindestoff dar, welcher die Verarbeitung vom anorganischen Abfall - der Flugasche - als Grundrohstoff ermöglicht. Die Flugasche wird bisher als Bestandteil von Portlandzementen oder als Bestandteil von Betongemischen verwendet. Ein bedeutender Teil von Abfallflugaschen wird gelagert oder m it Abfallgipsstein vermischt und z. B. in den ausgebeuteten Räumlichkeiten deponiert. Die Vermengung von Flugasche mit Abfallgipsstein (z. B. aus Schwefelabscheidensverfahren) ist prinzipiell unwirtschaftlich, denn der Abfallgipsstein (aus S chwefelabscheidensverfahren mit Kalksteinmethode) enthält Ca, das aus einem nicht erneuerbaren Rohstoff kommt, der Kalkstein ist. Die Lagerung von Abfallflugaschen stellt ein ökologisches Problem dar, denn es gibt eine eventuelle Möglichkeit von Schwermetallablaugen aus Abfallflugaschen. Die Flugaschenlagerung als Abfall ist ferner energetisch unwirtschaftlich, denn in der Flugasche ist ein Teil der Wärmeenergie „versteckt", die bei der Kohleverbrennung in den Kraftwerken entstanden ist.According to the invention, the geopolymeric binding material represents a new type of inorganic binding material which enables the processing of inorganic waste - the fly ash - as the basic raw material. The Fly ash has so far been used as a component of Portland cement or as a component of concrete mixtures. A significant part of waste fly ash is stored or mixed with waste gypsum stone and z. B. deposited in the exploited premises. The mixing of fly ash with waste gypsum stone (e.g. from sulfur separation processes) is in principle uneconomical, because the waste gypsum stone (from sulfur separation processes with limestone method) contains Ca, which comes from a non-renewable raw material, which is limestone. The storage of waste fly ash is an ecological problem because there is a possible possibility of heavy metal waste from waste fly ash. Fly ash storage as waste is also uneconomical in terms of energy, because part of the heat energy that is generated during coal combustion in the power plants is "hidden" in the fly ash.
Der geopolymere Bindestoff stellt, nach der Erfindung, eine Ausnutzungsmöglichkeit vom Gemisch der Flugasche und Abfallgipsstein dar, und zwar auf einer wesentlich höheren Ebene als Deponierung von diesem Gemisch auf den Deponien.According to the invention, the geopolymeric binding material represents a possibility of using the mixture of fly ash and waste gypsum stone at a much higher level than depositing this mixture on the landfill.
Der g eopolymere Bindestoff erfordert kein energetisch anspruchsvolles Produktionsverfahren im Vergleich zu anderen anorganischen Bindestoffen, insbesondere zum Portlandzement. Die Produktion vom Portlandzement umfasst ein energetisch anspruchsvolles Verfahren der Rohstoffvorbereitung (Förderung, Zerkleinerung, Mahlung und Mischung von einigen Rohstoffkomponenten) und folgenden Ausbrand auf die Temperaturen von 1450 °C. Einen Bestanteil der Zementproduktion stellt ferner die energetisch anspruchsvolle Mahlung vom Klinker dar. Diese energetisch und rohstoffanspruchsvolle Verfahren fallen bei der Produktion vom geopolymeren Bindestoff nach der Erfindung weg, denn es ist prinzipiell nicht nötig, den Grundrohstoff - die Kraftwerkabfallflugasche - zu mahlen oder zu sortieren (obwohl es zur Optimierung der Eigenschaften vom Bindestoff möglich ist) und kein energetisch anspruchsvolles Wärmeverfahren, wie Ausbrand, ist erforderlich. Zur Optimierung der Eigenschaften vom Bindestoff genügt nach der Erfindung eine kurzfristige Erwärmung auf die Temperaturen von 60 bis 90 °C, oder in manchen Fällen ist diese Erwärmung sogar überhaupt nicht erforderlich.The geopolymeric binding agent does not require an energetically demanding production process in comparison to other inorganic binding agents, especially to Portland cement. The production of Portland cement involves an energetically demanding process of raw material preparation (conveying, crushing, grinding and mixing some raw material components) and subsequent burning out to temperatures of 1450 ° C. A part of the cement production is also the energetically demanding grinding of the clinker. These methods, which require energy and raw materials, do not apply to the production of the geopolymer binding material according to the invention, because in principle it is not necessary to grind or sort the basic raw material - the power plant waste fly ash ( although it is possible to optimize the properties of the binding material) and no energetically demanding heating process such as burnout is required. According to the invention, short-term heating to temperatures of 60 to 90 is sufficient to optimize the properties of the binding material ° C, or in some cases this warming is not even necessary at all.
Der geopolymere Bindestoff ist, nach der Erfindung, ein neuer Typ vom anorganischen Bindestoff, bei dessen Produktion prinzipiell zu keinen C02 Emissionen kommt, denn, im Gegensatz zur Produktion vom Portlandzement oder Gips, ist es nicht nötig, Kalkstein (als Bestandteil vom Rohstoffgemisch) zu brennen. Dieser Bindestoff stellt eine Möglichkeitsperspektive zur Senkung der Emmissionen von „Treibhausgasen" dar, deren Hauptproduzenten, neben der Hütten- und Kraftwerkindustrie, gerade die Zementfabriken und Kalkbrennereien sind.According to the invention, the geopolymeric binding material is a new type of inorganic binding material, which in principle does not produce any C0 2 emissions because, in contrast to the production of Portland cement or plaster, it is not necessary to use limestone (as a component of the raw material mixture). to burn. This binding agent represents a potential perspective for reducing the emissions of "greenhouse gases", the main producers of which, in addition to the metallurgical and power plant industries, are the cement factories and lime distilleries.
Einen weiteren ökologischen Gesichtspunkt vom geopolymeren Bindestoff stellt, nach der Erfindung, die Fixationsmöglichkeit von Abfallstoffen und Stoffen, die Schwermetalle enthalten, dar.Another ecological aspect of the geopolymer binding material, according to the invention, is the possibility of fixing waste materials and substances that contain heavy metals.
Beispiele der AusführungExamples of execution
Beispiel 1.Example 1.
Für die Vorbereitung von Breien, Mörtel und Betonen aus geopolymerem Bindestoff wurde die Kraftwerkflugasche mit der Zusammensetzung in Gewichtsprozent wie folgt verwendet:The power plant fly ash with the composition in weight percent was used as follows for the preparation of porridges, mortar and concretes made of geopolymer binding material:
Der Ausdruck „Verbr. Stoffe" bedeutet verbrennbare Stoffe.The expression "Expend. Substances "means combustible substances.
Der alkalische Aktivator wurde aus Wasserglas mit der ZusammensetzungThe alkaline activator was made of water glass with the composition
25,98 Gewichtsprozent von Si02, 15,49 Gewichtsprozent von Na20 und 58,53 Gewichtsprozent von H20 vorbereitet. Der Na20 Gehalt (bezogen auf das Flugaschengewicht, bzw. auf das Gewicht von Flugasche + kalkhaltigem Stoff), das Modul vom alkalischen Aktivator Ms =Si02/Na20 wurde durch Zugabe von NaOH aufbereitet. Der Wasserkoeffizient vom Gemisch w= H20 Gewicht / (Gewicht von Flugasche + kalkhaltigem Stoff) wurde durch die Zugabe entsprechender Wassermenge in den alkalischen Aktivator aufbereitet. Der, im Wasser gelöste, alkalische Aktivator wurde mit Flugasche und mit eventuellem Füllstoff gemischt. Das Gemisch wurde in die Formen gegeben und den Temperaturbedingungen im Bereich von 20 bis 95 °C nach den Angaben in nachstehenden Tabellen ausgesetzt. Nach 2 und 28 Tagen nach der Vorbereitung wurde die Festigkeit dieser Stoffe überprüft. Beispiel 2.25.98 percent by weight of Si0 2 , 15.49 percent by weight of Na 2 0 and 58.53 percent by weight of H 2 0 prepared. The Na 2 0 content (based on the fly ash weight or on the weight of fly ash + calcareous substance), the module of the alkaline activator Ms = Si0 2 / Na 2 0 was prepared by adding NaOH. The water coefficient of the mixture w = H 2 0 weight / (weight of fly ash + calcareous substance) was prepared by adding the appropriate amount of water to the alkaline activator. The, in Alkaline activator dissolved in water was mixed with fly ash and with any filler. The mixture was placed in the molds and exposed to the temperature conditions in the range of 20 to 95 ° C as shown in the tables below. The strength of these materials was checked after 2 and 28 days after preparation. Example 2.
Aus der Flugasche gemäß Beispiel 1 wurde ein Brei (ohne Zusatz von Füllstoffen) w=0.26 mit guter Verarbeitbarkeit vorbereitet. Der alkalische Aktivator hatte Ms = 0,8 und das Na20 Gehalt war 8 Gewichtsprozent. Zur Flugasche wurden 4 Gewichtsprozent vom gemahlenen Kalkstein zugefügt. Der Brei hat den Erstarrungsbeginn nach 2 Stunden aufgewiesen. Beispiel 3.A slurry (without addition of fillers) w = 0.26 with good processability was prepared from the fly ash according to Example 1. The alkaline activator had Ms = 0.8 and the Na 2 0 content was 8 percent by weight. 4 percent by weight of the ground limestone was added to the fly ash. The porridge showed the start of solidification after 2 hours. Example 3.
Aus der Flugasche gemäß Beispiel 1 wurde Mörtel vorbereitet, wo Sand mit der Fraktion 0-2 mm als Füllstoff verwendet wurde. Zur Flugasche wurde ein kalkhaltiger Stoff zugefügt, den gemahlener Kalkstein mit der Teilchengröße bis 80 mm, gemahlener Dolomitkalkstein mit der Teilchengröße bis 150 μm und Abfallgipsstein mit der Teilchengröße bis 30 μm dargestellt hat. Der Kalkstein hat mehr als 95 Gewichtsprozent von CaC03 enthalten, der Dolomitkalkstein hat mehr als 90 Gewichtsprozent von CaCθ3+MgCθ3 enthalten, der Gipsstein A hat mehr als' 97 Gewichtsprozent von CaS0 .2 H20 enthalten, der Gipsstein B hat mehr als 93 Gewichtsprozent von CaS0 .2 H20 enthalten. Die Gemische ohne Zusatz vom kalkhaltigen Stoff entsprechen den bekannten Verfahren, z. B. gemäß US 5,601 ,643 und CZ 289,735.Mortar was prepared from the fly ash according to Example 1, where sand with the fraction 0-2 mm was used as filler. A calcareous substance was added to the fly ash, which was represented by ground limestone with a particle size of up to 80 mm, ground dolomite limestone with a particle size of up to 150 μm and waste gypsum stone with a particle size of up to 30 μm. The limestone contained more than 95 percent by weight of CaC0 3 , the dolomite limestone contained more than 90 percent by weight of CaCθ 3 + MgCθ 3 , the gypsum stone A contained more than 97 percent by weight of CaS0 .2 H 2 0, the gypsum stone B had more than 93% by weight of CaS0 .2 H 2 0 included. The mixtures without the addition of the calcareous substance correspond to the known methods, e.g. B. according to US 5,601, 643 and CZ 289,735.
Beispiel 4.Example 4.
Aus der Flugasche gemäß Beispiel 1 wurde Mörtel vorbereitet, wo Sand mit derMortar was prepared from the fly ash according to Example 1, where sand with the
Fraktion 0-2 mm als Füllstoff verwendet wurde. Zur Flugasche wurde ein wiederaufbereitetes Z ementmaterial z ugefügt, welches die Fraktion 0-0,5 mm aus zerkleinertem Zementbeton, bzw. aus zerkleinertem Porenbeton dargestellt hat.Fraction 0-2 mm was used as filler. A reprocessed cement material was added to the fly ash, which represented the fraction 0-0.5 mm from crushed cement concrete or from crushed aerated concrete.
Beispiel 5. Example 5.
Mörtel mit 10 Gewichtsprozent vom Gipsstein B gemäß Beispiel 4 hat denMortar with 10 percent by weight of gypsum stone B according to Example 4 has the
Erstarrungsbeginn nach 1 ,5 Stunden bei 20 °C aufgewiesen.Solidification started after 1.5 hours at 20 ° C.
Beispiel 6.Example 6.
Aus der Flugasche gemäß Beispiel 1 wurde Beton vorbereitet, wo alsConcrete was prepared from the fly ash according to Example 1, where as
Zuschlagstoff Kalksteinsplitt 0-4 mm verwendet wurde. Der Erstarrungsbeginn von diesem Beton bei 20 °C war mehr als 24 Stunden. Zum Vergleich wurdeAggregate limestone chippings 0-4 mm was used. The start of solidification of this concrete at 20 ° C was more than 24 hours. For comparison
Beton aus Standardzuschlagstoff mit der Fraktion 0-4 mm vorbereitet. DasPrepared concrete from standard aggregate with the fraction 0-4 mm. The
Verhältnis von Flugasche zum Füllstoff war 1 :1.5.Fly ash to filler ratio was 1: 1.5.
Beispiel 7.Example 7.
Zur Vorbereitung vom Brei w = 0,30 wurde Flugasche mit folgenderTo prepare the porridge w = 0.30, fly ash was used with the following
Zusammensetzung verwendet:Composition used:
Si02 Al203 Fe203 CaO MgO so3 K20 Na20 Ti02 P205 Verbr. StoffeSi0 2 Al 2 0 3 Fe 2 0 3 CaO MgO so 3 K 2 0 Na 2 0 Ti0 2 P 2 0 5 Burned substances
48,8 25,3 14,5 4,2 1 ,58 1 ,64 0,76 0,96 1 ,15 0,23 0,6048.8 25.3 14.5 4.2 1, 58 1, 64 0.76 0.96 1, 15 0.23 0.60
Die Eigenschaften vom Geopolymer sind in nachstehender Tabelle angegeben:The properties of the geopolymer are given in the table below:
Beispiel 8. Zur Vorbereitung vom Mörtel wurde ein Gemisch von der Flugasche gemäß Beispiel 1 und der Flugasche A verwendet, deren Zusammensetzung in nachstehender Tabelle angegeben ist: SiOz Al203 Fe203 CaO MgO so3 K20 Na20 Ti02 P2O5 Verbr. StoffeExample 8. A mixture of the fly ash according to Example 1 and fly ash A was used to prepare the mortar, the composition of which is given in the table below: SiO z Al 2 0 3 Fe 2 0 3 CaO MgO so 3 K 2 0 Na 2 0 Ti0 2 P2O5 Burned substances
51 ,82 28,3 4,1 8,2 2,0 0,46 1 ,76 0,37 2,1 0,15 0,7451.82 28.3 4.1 8.2 2.0 0.46 1.76 0.37 2.1 0.15 0.74
Die Eigenschaften vom Mörtel sind in nachstehender Tabelle angegeben:The properties of the mortar are given in the table below:
Beispiel 9.Example 9.
Zur Vorbereitung vom Gemisch wurde Flugasche mit folgenderTo prepare the mixture, fly ash was used with the following
Zusammensetzung:Composition:
Si02 Al203 Fe203 CaO MgO so3 K20 Na20 Ti02 P205 Verbr. StoffeSi0 2 Al 2 0 3 Fe 2 0 3 CaO MgO so 3 K 2 0 Na 2 0 Ti0 2 P 2 0 5 Burned substances
48,8 25,3 14,5 4,2 1 ,58 1 ,64 0,76 0,96 1 ,15 0,23 0,60 und Staubabfälle verwendet. Zusammensetzung vom Staubabfall A :48.8 25.3 14.5 4.2 1, 58 1, 64 0.76 0.96 1, 15 0.23 0.60 and dust wastes used. Composition of dust waste A:
Si02 Al203 Fe203 CaO MgO S03 K20 Na20 Ti02 P205 Cr203 15,11 3,18 55,07 11 ,80 9,86 1 ,14 0,12 0,22 0,09 0,19 0,25Si0 2 Al 2 0 3 Fe 2 0 3 CaO MgO S0 3 K 2 0 Na 2 0 Ti0 2 P 2 0 5 Cr 2 0 3 15.11 3.18 55.07 11, 80 9.86 1, 14 0, 12 0.22 0.09 0.19 0.25
Zusammensetzung vom Staubabfall B:Dust B composition:
Si02 Al203 Fe203 CaO MgO ZnO PbO Na20 Ti02 P2O5 Cr203 Si0 2 Al 2 0 3 Fe 2 0 3 CaO MgO ZnO PbO Na 2 0 Ti0 2 P2O5 Cr 2 0 3
6,23 1 ,25 34,11 4,2 6,10 35,2 8,90 0,22 0,09 0,19 3,516.23 1, 25 34.11 4.2 6.10 35.2 8.90 0.22 0.09 0.19 3.51
Eigenschaften von Gemischen sind in nachstehender Tabelle angegeben:Properties of mixtures are given in the table below:
Beispiel 10.Example 10.
Aus der Flugasche gemäß Beispiel 1 wurden Gemische zur Abschirmung von radioaktiver Strahlung gefertigt.Mixtures for shielding radioactive radiation were produced from the fly ash according to Example 1.
Industrielle AusnutzungIndustrial exploitation
Die Erfindung ist im Bauwesen verwendbar. The invention can be used in construction.
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SK33-2004A SK332004A3 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-03-18 | Geopolymer binder based on fly ash |
| AU2003213989A AU2003213989A1 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-03-18 | Geopolymer binder based on fly ash |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CZ20021011A CZ292875B6 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2002-03-20 | Geopolymeric binding agent based on fly ashes |
| CZPV2002-1011 | 2002-03-20 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2003078349A1 true WO2003078349A1 (en) | 2003-09-25 |
Family
ID=27815064
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CZ2003/000020 Ceased WO2003078349A1 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-03-18 | Geopolymer binder based on fly ash |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2003213989A1 (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ292875B6 (en) |
| SK (1) | SK332004A3 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2003078349A1 (en) |
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| CN114460063A (en) * | 2020-11-09 | 2022-05-10 | 辽宁工程技术大学 | Method for quantitatively analyzing reaction degree of pulverized coal ash geopolymer |
| EP4029843A1 (en) | 2021-01-19 | 2022-07-20 | Agemos AG | Sustainable goods |
| DE102022134848A1 (en) * | 2022-12-27 | 2024-06-27 | braun-steine GmbH | CEMENT-FREE CURING MIXTURE, SHAPE-STABLE CEMENT-FREE CURING BODY, METHOD FOR PRODUCING SUCH A MIXTURE, METHOD FOR PRODUCING SUCH A BODY |
| EP4414338A1 (en) | 2022-12-27 | 2024-08-14 | braun-steine GmbH | Cement-free hardening mixture, dimensionally stable cement-free hardened body, method of producing such a mixture, method of producing such a body production of such a mixture, method for the production of such a body |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2003213989A1 (en) | 2003-09-29 |
| CZ20021011A3 (en) | 2003-12-17 |
| SK332004A3 (en) | 2004-08-03 |
| CZ292875B6 (en) | 2003-12-17 |
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