WO2003078191A1 - Production d'electricite selon le cycle de rankine - Google Patents
Production d'electricite selon le cycle de rankine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003078191A1 WO2003078191A1 PCT/US2002/012558 US0212558W WO03078191A1 WO 2003078191 A1 WO2003078191 A1 WO 2003078191A1 US 0212558 W US0212558 W US 0212558W WO 03078191 A1 WO03078191 A1 WO 03078191A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- lobe
- gas
- electricity
- rankine cycle
- heat exchanger
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
- F01K3/18—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters
- F01K3/185—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters using waste heat from outside the plant
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C1/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid
- F02C1/04—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid the working fluid being heated indirectly
- F02C1/05—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid the working fluid being heated indirectly characterised by the type or source of heat, e.g. using nuclear or solar energy
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G6/00—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy
- F03G6/001—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy having photovoltaic cells
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G6/00—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy
- F03G6/003—Devices for producing mechanical power from solar energy having a Rankine cycle
- F03G6/005—Binary cycle plants where the fluid from the solar collector heats the working fluid via a heat exchanger
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
- Y02E10/46—Conversion of thermal power into mechanical power, e.g. Rankine, Stirling or solar thermal engines
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/14—Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to the generation of electricity and more
- Tiltable elongated concave reflector assemblies have been utilized, such as the one at Barstow, California, owned by FPL Energy SEGS VIII and IX.
- the prior art has failed to maximize production of electricity from a solar generator by not using effluent coolant (by which the temperature of the solar generator is controlled) as a secondary source for producing additional electricity. Also, the prior art fails to meaningfully identify a commercial way by which a heated coolant, having only a moderately elevated temperature, can be used to cost effectively produce electricity or do other work.
- the Rankine cycle principle has been applied to convert thermal energy into mechanical energy into electricity only in very expensive complex plants comprising steam driven turbines typically operating within a temperature range of 850° F to 1100° F, under high pressure.
- Fossil fuels are used to drive boilers which produce the high temperature, high pressure steam.
- Fossil fuel conversion efficiencies of these types of installations may be as high as
- the present invention overcomes or substantially alleviates long term
- the present invention also provides for conversion of low temperature thermal energy, wherever
- the present invention provides reliable, cost effective ways for conversion of solar energy and thermal energy to electricity, where the size of the system can be correlated to the desired
- Another paramount object of the present invention is to provide reliable, cost effective
- Still another important object is to provide systems and methods for the conversion of
- Figure 1 is a schematic of a solar-to-electrical and thermal energy conversion system within the scope of the present invention, where the thermal energy is converted to electricity or used to do other work;
- Figure 2 is a schematic of a thermal-to-electrical energy conversion system within the
- Figure 3 is a perspective of a Rankine cycle mechanism, in its assembled condition, viewed from the mechanical output side, with the exterior housing removed, constructed in
- Figure 4 is a perspective of the Rankine cycle mechanism of Figure 3, in its assembled
- Figure 5 is an exploded perspective of the Rankine cycle mechanism of Figure 3 for
- Figure 6 is a perspective of the Rankine cycle mechanism of Figure 3 with the near side
- the present invention is specifically related to solar generation of electricity in
- the present invention utilizes, in some forms, the free and limitless energy of the sun to
- the scale of commercial installations of the present invention can be tailored to the need, ranging from small stand alone systems for residential and small business use to intermediate sized plants for plant or factory use to massive assemblies design to supplement the supply of electricity or to mitigate against if not eliminate an electrical energy crisis, such as the recent one in California.
- the present invention is economical to install and maintain, is reliable and not maintenance-intensive, is efficient and cost effective to operate
- the sun is not a consumable resource.
- This invention is capable of making significantly more energy per square foot than
- Prior art flat plate collectors are incapable of co-generating the large amounts of thermal energy that the present concentrating photovoltaic generating systems
- the present invention is a first generation of pollution-creating diesel, gas or propane driven electrical generators.
- the present invention is a first generation of pollution-creating diesel, gas or propane driven electrical generators.
- Decentralized sunlight-derived electrical power can free users from the effects of peak- hour brown-outs, and from the possibility of total black-outs caused by operator error, system
- Harnessing the sun will also reduce, or eliminate, the
- the present invention is not space-intensive.
- the present invention in some forms, can be mounted on an existing rooftop so that it essentially takes up no additional space at all.
- Ground-mounted systems on a pad or superimposed above a parking lot are also options as well.
- the present invention is also useful in: (a) providing cathodic protection against galvanite
- the sun is an energy source that, unlike fossil fuels, is free each day to whatever
- generation site is selected. It does not need to be mined, transported, refined, burned or
- the solar cells actually becomes a second form by which electrical power may be co-generated.
- production of thermal energy carried away by the coolant may be used to create
- the liquid coolant is recirculated and reused to conserve the coolant
- the liquid coolant is recirculated and reused to conserve the coolant
- solar energy there are no wastes of any kind to be removed or buried in mines or dumped at sea, so there are few, if any, health risks to our generation or future generations.
- AC alternating current
- the present invention may be DC, AC or three phase AC, depending on the type of
- Fossil fuels often drive boilers which produce the high temperature, high pressure
- Fossil fuel conversion efficiencies of these types of installations can be as high as
- present invention provides for conversion of low temperature thermal energy, however obtained,
- the present invention provides reliable, cost effective ways for conversion of solar
- the Rankine cycle mechanism drives a
- the low temperature heated liquid may be
- the heated liquid will have a temperature below its vapor point, e.g. the temperature of the liquid, when the liquid is water, will be 210° F or less.
- the gas may be within the range of 50° F - 80° F, typically.
- the heated liquid can be stored in one or more insulated containers or tanks and used later at selected times to produce electricity using the Ranlcine cycle aspects of the present invention.
- the Rankine cycle mechanism in a presently preferred form, comprises a twin rotor, positive displacement device operated by displacement of low temperature fluid heated by liquid
- coolant used to cool the solar cells of a solar generator.
- Other sources of heated liquid having a temperature below the vapor point may be used to drive the Rankine cycle mechanism.
- the heated liquid when comprising a coolant used with a solar generator, is
- the present invention concerns itself with using solar energy to co-generate both primary and secondary electricity through conversion, at a solar electric generator, of solar energy
- the coolant liquid will have a temperature below its vapor point and gas, heated by the coolant in a heat exchanger, will have a low temperature which may be within the range of 50° F - 80° F.
- the Rankine cycle system comprises a Rankine cycle mechanism comprised of shaft-
- the shafts upon which the lobes are respectively mounted are preferably interconnected by toothed wheels or gears so that rotation of one shaft mechanically causes an opposite rotation of the other shaft at the same speed and vice versa.
- the lobes are
- the gas is cooled in a cooling tower or the like, to which the liquid coolant
- cycle mechanism can be tailored as desired and may be used to produce any type electricity
- the nature of the electricity produced as a result of rotation of the Rankine cycle mechanism will be determined by the nature of the generator selected for use.
- a second heat exchanger (the cooling tower) comprises part of one of the disclosed system through which the gas is continuously displaced.
- the gas is also displaced tlirough a first heat exchanger where heat from the liquid coolant, passed continuously but separately passed
- liquid coolant is by pump.
- Figure 1 illustrated in diagrammatic or schematic form in Figure 1 is one of several novel systems, generally designated 10, which also implements unique methodology. More specifically, Figure 1 illustrates a solar electric generator 12, through which
- liquid coolant is circulated to cool solar cells.
- the liquid coolant is illustrated as flowing within
- tank/expansion heat exchanger 22 in separation from the fluid in the form of gas circulated
- liquid in heat exchanger 22 may be contained in a coil juxtaposed the gas coil 24.
- coolant may be water having an elevated temperature below boiling.
- Output from a fuel cell may be water having an elevated temperature below boiling.
- the size of the tank/heat exchanger 22 may be a variable, ranging from extremely large
- coolant is circulated accommodates, if desired, continuous circulation of coolant during the
- the heated liquid coolant at the interior 26 of the tank/heat exchanger 22 can remain
- Heated liquid can also be stored in insulated tanks other than or in addition to tank 22 for Rankine cycle generation of electricity during darkness or cloudy days. In this way, storage of generated electricity in batteries can be eliminated or
- any liquid cooled solar electric generator may comprise generator 12, the solar
- This electricity is DC and can be used as such to drive DC devices, if desired. However, if
- the DC electricity in line 28 may be converted at DC-to-AC converter
- the heat transfer coils 24 through which the expandable gas mentioned above passes is
- cooling coil 46 disposed in the interior 47 of a conventional cooling tower (heat exchanger) 48.
- Effluent gas from the cooling tower 48 is displaced along tube 50, through pump 52, if used, and once more introduced into the heating coil 24 tlirough tube 54.
- the output from the Rankine cycle mechanism 42 is used to drive a commercially available generator 56. As stated above, electricity derived from the generator 56 may be used
- any suitable way such as but not limited to site use, at 38 or sold to a utility company and communicated through the utility interconnect 34 to a utility grid system along cable 36.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a second system, generally designated 60, in accordance with principles of the present invention.
- components of the system 60 are identical to components of system 10, which are described above. Therefore, no further description of these components is needed at this juncture.
- the source of the heated liquid delivered through tube 20' can be any source such as geothermal water, discharged from any type of temperature lowering system, etc.
- influent liquid can be passed through tank/heat exchanger 22 once or several times as deemed
- the heated liquid delivered through influent tube 20' may be any suitable by those skilled in the art.
- tank/heat exchanger 22 when discharged, is discharged through effluent tube 14'. In situations
- heated liquid being processed or stored may be enlarged by using one or more insulated storage
- tanks 62 the contents of which is returned to the interior 26 of the tank/heat exchanger upon demand, using pump 64.
- Rankine cycle mechanism 42 turns generator 56, which electricity can be communicated through
- cable 57 for on-site or nearby use or through cable 59 to utility interconnect 34.
- cable 57 for on-site or nearby use or through cable 59 to utility interconnect 34.
- the Ranlcine cycle mechanism 42 illustrated in Figure 2 may
- Figures 3 through 6, illustrate one appropriate form of the Rankine cycle mechanism 42, fashioned in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
- the mechanism 42 provides the advantage of portability. While the capacity and size of the mechanism 42 may vary, RPM within the range of 200-5000
- Figures 3 through 6 depict the illustrated Rankine cycle mechanism 42, with exterior side housings removed.
- the side housings are essentially opposite clamshells with aperture peripheral flanges, which, when assembled, prevent entry of
- the side housings are respectively secured at the respective
- Plates 72, 74 and 76 are relatively
- plates 72 and 76 have interior and exterior smooth flat interior and exterior surfaces
- Suitable metals for fabrication of plates 72 and 76 comprise aluminum, steel, and brass.
- One or both plates 72 and 76 may, in the alternative, be formed of
- a suitable dimensionally stable rigid synthetic resinous material such as ABS or polytetrafluoroethylene, or composite materials may be used.
- layer 74 While other materials could be used to form layer 74, presently a wear resistant,
- Layer 74 unlike layers 72 and 76, is peripheral only, comprising a central, figure 8-shaped
- hollow interior 84 accommodating receipt and the close tolerance rotation of two adjacent
- the central layer 74 also comprises an interior influent discharge port 120, in open fluid communication with influent tube 40 by which the fluid in tube 40 is introduced
- the male projections of the two lobes 86 and 88 comprise surfaces
- the lobes 86 and 88 are sized so that at
- the shafts are rotatably joumaled in apertures 94 of the outside plates 72 and 76, respectively, using bushings 90 and 92, one at each end of each shaft fitted for rotation into apertures 94 ( Figure 5) in each of the two side plates 72 and 76.
- the bushings 90 and 92 are slotted at 95 so that the radially size can be adjusted, by loosening or tightening an associated set screw 91 which threadedly crosses the slot to thereby size the bushing for close tolerance rotation in the apertures 94 while being non-rotatably connected to the associated shaft 43.
- the two shafts 43 respectively, terminate at their proximal ends a very short distance outside the plate 72. These proximal shaft ends are concealed by a pair of caps 96 ( Figure 4) screw fastened at 98 to the plate 72.
- Caps 96 may be formed any suitable material, such as acceptable synthetic resinous material.
- each shaft 43 projects well beyond the exterior surface of plate 76, as best shown in, Figure 3.
- the distal ends of the shafts are output shafts, the rotation or torque of which is converted to mechanical energy from which desired work is obtained, such as the generation of electricity.
- a pair of interconnected toothed wheels or gears 100 are non-rotatably connected, respectively, to the two shafts 43 using any suitable technology.
- Set screws in threaded apertures 101 are illustrated in Figure 3 as being used. Accordingly, when the lobes oppositely rotate, the two shafts 43 oppositely rotate and the two gears, interconnected at site 102, also oppositely
- the positive displacement, driving force of the influent fluid entering at port 40 drives one of the lobes at a first point in time, with the other lobe following by reason of the gear interconnection at site 102. Thereafter, the influent fluid drives the second lobe, with the first lobe becoming a follower, again by reason of the interconnection of gear teeth 104 at site 102.
- the mechanical energy or torque, which occurs when shafts 43 rotate, is converted to
- each lobe comprises opposite maximum diameter male radial wall
- each lobe 86 and 88 comprise opposed kidney-shaped slots or grooves 112.
- Slots 112 comprise a central reduced diameter radial surface 114 and forward and rear rounded surfaces 116 each of which merges with the associated outer radial surface 110 and the associated surface 114.
- the driving force of the influent fluid entering at influent tube 40 and interior port 120 is predominantly applied to the leading surface 116 within one groove 112 of the lobe 86 or
- interior discharge port 120 and temporarily closes that groove 112 to fluid access from port 120.
- the fluid used to drive the lobes 86 and 88 may be of any suitable composition.
- liquid may be used.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
Abstract
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2002256295A AU2002256295A1 (en) | 2002-03-14 | 2002-04-23 | Rankine cycle generation of electricity |
| CNB028281624A CN100379600C (zh) | 2002-04-23 | 2002-04-23 | 兰金循环发电 |
| EP02725746A EP1534550A4 (fr) | 2002-03-14 | 2002-04-23 | Production d'electricite selon le cycle de rankine |
| PCT/US2002/012558 WO2003078191A1 (fr) | 2002-03-14 | 2002-04-23 | Production d'electricite selon le cycle de rankine |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2002/012558 WO2003078191A1 (fr) | 2002-03-14 | 2002-04-23 | Production d'electricite selon le cycle de rankine |
| US02/ | 2002-09-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2003078191A1 true WO2003078191A1 (fr) | 2003-09-25 |
Family
ID=31493879
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2002/012558 Ceased WO2003078191A1 (fr) | 2002-03-14 | 2002-04-23 | Production d'electricite selon le cycle de rankine |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN100379600C (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2002256295A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2003078191A1 (fr) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009080305A3 (fr) * | 2007-12-22 | 2010-04-22 | Conpower Energieanlagen Gmbh & Co Kg | Procédé et dispositif de production d'énergie électrique |
| CN101608606B (zh) * | 2009-07-29 | 2011-10-19 | 中国科学技术大学 | 太阳能低温热发电与光伏发电复合系统 |
| CN102400871A (zh) * | 2011-11-03 | 2012-04-04 | 张建城 | 太阳能和生物质气化互补储能热发电装置 |
| US10229757B2 (en) | 2012-09-12 | 2019-03-12 | Logos Technologies Llc | Modular transportable nuclear generator |
| CN112648155A (zh) * | 2020-03-17 | 2021-04-13 | 柯思妤 | 太阳能与地热联合作用的热机发电装置 |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8276379B2 (en) * | 2009-11-16 | 2012-10-02 | General Electric Company | Systems and apparatus relating to solar-thermal power generation |
| WO2013143821A1 (fr) * | 2012-03-30 | 2013-10-03 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Module photovoltaïque doté d'un dispositif refroidisseur |
| CN106661875B (zh) * | 2014-06-30 | 2020-02-14 | 罗伯特·克雷默 | 跨音速两相反动涡轮机 |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3811804A (en) * | 1972-12-29 | 1974-05-21 | L Roth | Rotary engine with interengaging rotating members and reversing valve |
| US4760705A (en) * | 1983-05-31 | 1988-08-02 | Ormat Turbines Ltd. | Rankine cycle power plant with improved organic working fluid |
| US6000211A (en) * | 1997-06-18 | 1999-12-14 | York Research Corporation | Solar power enhanced combustion turbine power plant and methods |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1003317B (zh) * | 1985-08-31 | 1989-02-15 | 奥马蒂系统公司 | 利用低温和中温热源流体的改进型级联发电站 |
-
2002
- 2002-04-23 CN CNB028281624A patent/CN100379600C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-04-23 AU AU2002256295A patent/AU2002256295A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-04-23 WO PCT/US2002/012558 patent/WO2003078191A1/fr not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3811804A (en) * | 1972-12-29 | 1974-05-21 | L Roth | Rotary engine with interengaging rotating members and reversing valve |
| US4760705A (en) * | 1983-05-31 | 1988-08-02 | Ormat Turbines Ltd. | Rankine cycle power plant with improved organic working fluid |
| US6000211A (en) * | 1997-06-18 | 1999-12-14 | York Research Corporation | Solar power enhanced combustion turbine power plant and methods |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2009080305A3 (fr) * | 2007-12-22 | 2010-04-22 | Conpower Energieanlagen Gmbh & Co Kg | Procédé et dispositif de production d'énergie électrique |
| CN101608606B (zh) * | 2009-07-29 | 2011-10-19 | 中国科学技术大学 | 太阳能低温热发电与光伏发电复合系统 |
| CN102400871A (zh) * | 2011-11-03 | 2012-04-04 | 张建城 | 太阳能和生物质气化互补储能热发电装置 |
| US10229757B2 (en) | 2012-09-12 | 2019-03-12 | Logos Technologies Llc | Modular transportable nuclear generator |
| CN112648155A (zh) * | 2020-03-17 | 2021-04-13 | 柯思妤 | 太阳能与地热联合作用的热机发电装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2002256295A1 (en) | 2003-09-29 |
| CN100379600C (zh) | 2008-04-09 |
| CN1756675A (zh) | 2006-04-05 |
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