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WO2003071303A1 - Procede de localisation de stations mobiles - Google Patents

Procede de localisation de stations mobiles Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003071303A1
WO2003071303A1 PCT/SE2003/000246 SE0300246W WO03071303A1 WO 2003071303 A1 WO2003071303 A1 WO 2003071303A1 SE 0300246 W SE0300246 W SE 0300246W WO 03071303 A1 WO03071303 A1 WO 03071303A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mobile station
base station
mobile
station
signal strength
Prior art date
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/SE2003/000246
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English (en)
Inventor
Magnus Sommer
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Telia Co AB
Original Assignee
Telia AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Telia AB filed Critical Telia AB
Priority to EP20030705595 priority Critical patent/EP1481259A1/fr
Priority to AU2003206549A priority patent/AU2003206549A1/en
Publication of WO2003071303A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003071303A1/fr
Priority to NO20043183A priority patent/NO327060B1/no
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W64/00—Locating users or terminals or network equipment for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
    • G01S5/0252—Radio frequency fingerprinting
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S2205/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S2205/001—Transmission of position information to remote stations
    • G01S2205/008—Transmission of position information to remote stations using a mobile telephone network

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for determining of the position of a mobile station in a mobile communications network.
  • the number of location based services continue to expand. Such services are based on the GSM standardised Cell Identity with Timing Advance technique, which gives position accuracy that depends among other things on the cell size, which can be very large. Some positioning services, such as emergency calls, demand high accuracy.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method for improved accuracy.
  • Mobile positioning in cellular networks provides several services such as information services, tracking services and positioning of emergency calls and stolen mobiles .
  • Cell Id + TA Cell Identity and Timing Advance method
  • US Patent No. 5,732,354 discloses a method and an apparatus for determining the location of a mobile telephone, where a mobile location module receives a list of signal strengths received by the mobile telephone from cell site antennas. The distance between the mobile telephone and the cell site antennas is calculated using an error component reducing technique and a term representing a propagation path slope. The reduced error distances are used to geometrically determine an estimate of the location area within the serving area of a mobile telephone system.
  • FR 2794313 discloses a geographic positioning system for mobile telephones involving measurements of transmission power levels in current and adjacent cells and use of co-ordinates of current and adjacent cells. The two cells with the highest power are selected and their base station co- ordinates are provided for calculation of mobile telephone position.
  • CN 1284830 Zhu Xiaodong a mobile terminal sel -positioning method is disclosed.
  • the base stations broadcast a base station code, latitude and longitude and equivalent carrier emitting power of the present and adjacent base stations. Equivalent emitting power is calculated taking into account antenna gain and loss of synthesizer and feeder.
  • the mobile terminal calculates distances to the base stations and determines its position according to received data and measured power and based on channel transmission model.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method with improved positioning accuracy. This because some services demand higher accuracy than the commonly used Cell Id + TA technique. An example of such services is emergency calls. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • the invention comprises a method for determining the position of a mobile station based on signal strength measurements.
  • Signal strength measurements are continuously performed within a GSM system as a means for facilitating the handover procedure between different base stations. Two times each second (still in the GSM case) the mobile station creates a measurement report, containing the measured signal strengths for signals coming from the base stations in those cells listed in a neighbouring cell list. These reports are subsequently sent to the base station controller (BSC) , which is responsible for the handover procedure.
  • BSC base station controller
  • the position of each base station is known, and can be expressed in co-ordinates. We here denote these co-ordinates
  • the estimated position of the mobile station, r is now calculated using the weighting formula
  • a and B are algorithm parameters .
  • This method has a low complexity of calculation and low demand on information storage.
  • 7 is calculated using a modified formula :
  • a 1 is another algorithm parameter.
  • Fig.l shows an overview over the relations between the areas in
  • Fig. 2 shows the GSM structure
  • Fig. 3 shows logical channels
  • Fig. 4 shows control channels hierarchy
  • Fig. 5 shows the traffic channels
  • Fig. 6 shows different propagation phenomena
  • Fig. 7 shows signal strength decreasing exponentially with the distance from the base station
  • Fig. 8 shows MS position with CGI method for both omni and sector cell :
  • Fig. 9 shows the TA values
  • Fig. 10 shows the MS possible position with CGI and TA for both omni and sector cells
  • Fig. 11 shows the MPS structure
  • Fig. 12 shows the triangulation of signal level
  • Fig. 13 shows circle positioning
  • Fig. 14 shows combination of strength and Cell ID with TA
  • Fig. 15 shows a MS position estimation unit according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FCCH Frequency Correction Channel
  • GSM Global Identity + Timing Advance
  • E-OTD Enhanced-Observed Time Difference
  • A-GPS Assisted GPS
  • TOA Time Of Arrival of the signal
  • the E-OTD and the A-GPS methods have an accuracy of the order 50-150 meter and 3-150 meter respective.
  • a disadvantage is that they are expensive to implement, which makes it advantageous to investigate signal strength positioning techniques.
  • GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
  • GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
  • DCS 1800 Digital Communication System
  • GSM differs from the first generation wireless systems in that it uses digital technology, narrowband time division multiple access transmission methods (TDMA) and advanced handover algorithms between radio cells in the network. Those allow significantly better frequency usage then in analogue cellular systems and increase the number of subscribers that can be served.
  • TDMA narrowband time division multiple access transmission methods
  • the GSM network needs a certain structure in order to route incoming calls to the correct exchange and to the called subscriber.
  • the network is divided into several areas. Every operator has each "PLMN Service Area” (Public Land Mobile Network) . This area has a number different "MSC Service Area” (Mobile services Switching Centre) .
  • An MSC Service Area represents the geographical part of the network that is covered by one MSC. Each MSC Service Area is divided into several Location Areas, which then can have a lot of cells [7] .
  • a cell is a radio coverage area of a BTS.
  • the network identifies the cell by the Cell Global Identity (CGI) .
  • CGI Cell Global Identity
  • GSM Global System for Mobile communications
  • SS Switching System
  • BSS Base Station System
  • Each of these contains a lot of functional units, which are implemented in various equipments (hardware) .
  • the SS includes the following units: MSC Mobile services Switching Centre
  • the MSC controls calls to and from other telephony and data communication systems .
  • a MSC serves a number of Base Station Controllers.
  • the VLR is a database containing relevant information about all mobiles currently located in a serving MSC area. If a mobile roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC would request data about the mobile from the HLR. Thus the HLR will be informed in which MSC area the mobile stay.
  • HLR is one of the most important databases; it contains subscriber information such as supplementary services and authentications parameters . HLR also contains information about the location of the mobile, i.e. in which MSC area the mobile stay in.
  • AUC provides the HLR with different sets of parameters to complete the authentication of a mobile station.
  • AUC is related to the HLR.
  • the EIR is an option that is up to the network operator to make use of. It includes all the serial numbers of certain mobile equipment; this prevents a stolen or non-type-approved mobile being used.
  • the BSS includes the following units:
  • the BTS is the mobile's interface to the network.
  • a BTS is usually located in the centre of a cell.
  • the BSC monitors and controls several BTS; it controls such functions as handover and power control .
  • the MS Mobile Station There are a lot of various MS; vehicle installed or hand-held.
  • the MS has two different parts, the physical equipment and the subscription (Subscriber Identity Module SIM) .
  • SIM Subscriber Identity Module
  • the SIM is a smart card with a computer and memory chip that is installed in a plastic card. Without SIM, the MS cannot get access to the GSM network, except for emergency calls. Only the SIM cards contain the identity and personalized information.
  • the OMC is connected to all equipment in the SS and to the BSS. It handles error messages coming from the GSM-network and controls the traffic load of the BSC and the BTS.
  • GSM 900 uses two 25 MHz blocks and DCS 1800 uses two 75 MHz of the radio frequency spectrum.
  • the two blocks are called the uplink (signal transfer from mobile station to base station) and downlink (signal transfer from base station to mobile station) .
  • the mobile station transmits in the 890- 915 and 1710-1785 MHz, and the base station in the 935-960 and 1805-1880 MHz. Every operator get a certain part of frequency spectrum, which are divided in several frequency channels. This is called Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) .
  • FDMA frequency channels are then divided on eight TDMA slots .
  • One timeslot of a TDMA-frame on one carrier is called a physical channel.
  • the mobile station transmits and receivers in the same time slot. This means that eight subscribers (calls) can take place on the same carrier.
  • the information has to be modulated on an analogue carrier wave first.
  • the chosen modulation method for GSM is called GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying) .
  • GSM Global System for Mobile communications
  • Searching for a BTS to communicate with is the first thing a MS does after switching on. This can be done by scanning the whole frequency band, or, apply a list, which include the allocated BCCH-carriers) for the operator. There is a lot of control channels, which are used from the time MS switches on until change of BTS during a call is performed. Depending on their tasks, there are four different classes of control channels. These control channels are arranged below in a chronological order .
  • a sinus wave signal is sent on the FCCH. This have two purposes; to make sure that this is the BCCH-carrier and to enable the MS to synchronise to the frequency.
  • This channel is used to make sure that the chosen BTS is a GSM- BTS.
  • the MS receives the Base Station Identity Code, BSIC, and also information on the TDMA frame number in this cell.
  • the last information the MS must receive is general information regarding the cell. This is done on the BCCH 1 . It contains the Location Area Identity, LAI, maximum output power and the BCCH- carriers for the neighbouring cells .
  • the MS will listen to the PCH within certain time to see if the network wants to get in contact with the MS. This to check if there is an incoming call or a Short Message Service, SMS.
  • the RACH can also be used when the MS wants to get in contact with the network.
  • the network use AGCH to assign SDCCH (see below) to MS.
  • This channel is used due to a call set up or sending SMS.
  • the BTS sends information about the transmitting power and the timing advance the MS shall use
  • the MS sends measurements concerning received signal strength and quality on own and neighbouring base station. This information is sent on the SACCH.
  • FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel
  • FACCH steals a 20 ms segment of speech to exchange signalling information.
  • Full rate and half rate are two different methods of speech coding.
  • Full rate is the usual one.
  • One full rate TCH take one physical channel, while two half rate TCHs can share one physical channel.
  • the radio signal becomes attenuated on its way between the transmitting and the receiving antennas.
  • the loss the signal strength suffers is called the path loss, denoted L path - It depends among other things on the distance between the base station and the mobile station which calculates by using path loss models. The distance will then be used solving mobile station position, see chapter 5.
  • the received power P r from the base station can be used to calculate the path loss between the base station and the mobile station if we know the output power P t , the receivers antenna gain G r and the transmitting antenna gain G t .
  • the output power may be expressed as
  • the simplest one is free space propagation. This model is based on direct wave between the base station (BS) and the mobile station (MS) (as can be seen from fig. 6) . That means that the propagation is on the line- of-sight (LOS) path between transmitter and receiver.
  • BS base station
  • MS mobile station
  • the problem is that the radio wave is influenced by the ground, different obstacles on the ground, change in weather and the various shapes of man-made structures. These phenomena cause Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) and affect the radio wave propagation with: reflection, penetration, diffraction and scattering (view fig. 6) . All theses different waves received at the mobile station result in a multipath fading, also called fast fading. It is in other words the man-made structures as houses and buildings or natural obstacles such as forests surrounding the mobile which cause the fast fading [8] .
  • NLOS Non-line-of-sight
  • Terrain configurations can be mountain area, hilly terrain, open area or flat terrain.
  • the propagation loss model is generally a sum of the path loss model L and the shadow fading loss Z ⁇ _
  • the fast fading has been taken care of the mobile station. It does not affect the propagation model .
  • L T Tot t , i. L patschreibn.i • + Z i. ( 4 )
  • the shadow fading loss can be a random variable that follows a certain distribution with one standard deviation of ⁇ . It is generally not possible to know the exact standard deviation and the distribution of the environment.
  • Hata-Model, Cost 231-Hata Model and Cost 231 Waifisch-Ikegami Model are three different and more complicated path loss models that can be used in the GSM network. These models have different advantages and disadvantages depending on the environment they will be used in.
  • the path loss can generally be expressed as
  • Ki and K are model parameters which depends on frequency, mobile station and base station antenna heights. These parameters vary for the different path loss models.
  • Positioning technique in cellular networks There is different positioning technique, which can be used to calculate the location of a terminal. At least one operator currently uses (2002) the model Cell Id and TA in this network. A more detailed description of these models and techniques follow below.
  • Cell Global Identity which is also called Cell Id
  • Cell Id is one of the simplest and cheapest forms of terminal positioning. This method is based on the knowledge of the "highest" received power at the terminal, which gives the BTS/cell the terminal is connected to at the moment (serving cell) . By using the serving cell position the approximate position of the terminal can be calculated [10] . The accuracy depends on the cell size and if the cell has an omni-directional BTS antenna or if it has a directional antenna. When the position is based on the CGI the position estimate for omni and sector cells looks like this . The radius of a cell may vary from around 100 meters to 35 km.
  • the Cell Id positioning method can be network-based or terminal-based. Timing Advance (TA)
  • Every frequency on the GSM system is divided in time slots, which allocates the users.
  • the MS can be found at different distances from the BTS within a single cell. Depending on the distance to the base station the mobile have to send the burst in advance to arrive in the right time slot on the BTS. This phenomenon is called Timing Advance [4] .
  • the Base Station will send a TA value between 0 and 63, which tells the MS how many bit-times ahead of synchronisation time it have to transmit its burst (see fig. 9) .
  • the TA is used to compensate transmission of the time slots in relation to the distance between the MS and the BS .
  • Figure 10 shows that the TA value makes the position area smaller compared with the Cell Id model.
  • the maximal distance between the MS and the BS is about 35km; in that case the TA is equal to 63.
  • Signal Strength There are many ways in which position can be derived from the measurement of the signals [10] . Those methods use a known mathematical model which describe the path loss attenuation with distance.
  • the MS lies on a circle centred at the BTSs.
  • the location of the MS can be calculated by using multiple BTSs . This methods accuracy depends thus on the distance between the BTS and the MS, on the environment where the user is at the moment and also on the weather. In other words the signal strength becomes weaker for example on account of attenuation in the walls, reflection in the buildings and precipitation.
  • each mobile station measures and reports signal strength from up to six neighbouring base stations (the six base stations with the strongest signal strength) .
  • the present invention uses this information to improve the position accuracy of the mobile terminal.
  • MPS Mobile Posi tioning System
  • the MPC acts as a gateway with the positioning procedure including the positioning applications on one side and the network signalling on the other.
  • the MPC communicate with the GSM-network and the Internet .
  • the communication between the MPC and the Internet occurs by means of http-inquiries It performs also the calculation of the position.
  • the MPC decides if a MS should be positioned or not and also which positioning procedure (coordinate system) should be used.
  • the MPC which is a logical concept, is implemented as a stand alone node and is a part of the network.
  • the PLMN operator owns it.
  • the present invention discloses a method for calculating the position of the mobile terminal using the transmitted/received signal strength.
  • Preferred embodiments include triangulation of the signals; another preferred embodiment includes linear combination of site positions. These embodiments require different input parameters and yield different position accuracy.
  • the mobile station location can be determined as the unique intersection point of three circles; this method is mentioned as triangulation of signal strength (see fig 12) . It receives therefore at least three signal levels from three different base stations for calculating the position.
  • the base stations are located at the centre of the circles with the radius di which is the distance from the mobile station to base station i.
  • the location calculation of the mobile station is done by finding the unique intersection point of the three circles that are centred on the BTSs .
  • the equation for a circle is
  • ( x , y ) is the location of the mobile station in meter
  • Fig. 13 shows the mobile station can be on two different places when two base stations are used, the third one solves the ambiguity.
  • equation number 17 which yields . That is the case if none of the three cells are co-sited, in other case equation number 17 cannot be solved.
  • equation number 17a can be written as a matrix equation with all the N cases [12] .
  • the matrix equation will be
  • the A matrix will have and thus there is ways to chose a pair from N base stations [12] .
  • the least square sense solution of the mobile position is yielded by solving the expression
  • a T Ar A T f (23;
  • each row in A and f By weighting each row in A and f with a weight factor w the error of the solution in equation 23 can decrease.
  • the weight factor depends on the path loss L ⁇ .
  • the larger path loss (larger d) the minor weight. This will lead to larger deviations and shift the solution closer to the strongest signal strength BTS.
  • the weight factors that are formed are
  • the weighted sum of base station position is a good estimate of the mobile position.
  • mobile station position 7 is estimated according to the formula
  • W ⁇ is equal to the quotient between two terms; the numerator is equal to 10 to the power of the quotient between minus the path loss for signals from base station i and the model parameter K 2 .
  • K 2 depends on frequency, mobile station and base station antenna heights as described before.
  • the denominator is calculated as the sum over N neighbouring base stations of ten to the power of the quotient between minus the path loss for signals from base station i and the model parameter K 2 .
  • the weight factor is a kind of a normalized distance weighting
  • a combination of one of the mentioned methods and the Cell Id + TA technique used will be the common area between the Cell Id with TA and the signal strength method [13] .
  • Fig. 14 illustrates the common area in the combination.
  • Fig. 15 shows a mobile station position estimation unit 1500, comprising a processor 1501 and a memory 1502.
  • the estimation unit 1500 receives input data 1503 containing BTS signal strength data together with BTS position data and algorithm parameter data.
  • Algorithm parameter data can also, or alternatively, be permanently stored in the memory 1502.
  • the memory 1502 also contains computer program instructions that instruct the processor to use the input information 1503 to calculate an estimated mobile station position by the use of one or more of the above described algorithms.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Position Fixing By Use Of Radio Waves (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif et un procédé permettant de désigner l'emplacement d'une station mobile dans un système de communication. Ce procédé consiste à mesurer la force de signaux provenant de stations de base situées dans les environs, et à estimer l'emplacement r de la station mobile sous forme de somme pondérée des emplacements de stations de base, cette estimation impliquant l'utilisation de l'affaiblissement de propagation Li, selon la formule (I).
PCT/SE2003/000246 2002-02-25 2003-02-14 Procede de localisation de stations mobiles Ceased WO2003071303A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP20030705595 EP1481259A1 (fr) 2002-02-25 2003-02-14 Procede de localisation de stations mobiles
AU2003206549A AU2003206549A1 (en) 2002-02-25 2003-02-14 Method for positioning of mobile stations
NO20043183A NO327060B1 (no) 2002-02-25 2004-07-26 Fremgangsmate for posisjonering av mobile stasjoner

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE0200548A SE524493C2 (sv) 2002-02-25 2002-02-25 Uppskattningsenhet och metod för att bestämma positionen för en mobil station i ett mobilt kommunikationssystem
SE0200548-6 2002-02-25

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003071303A1 true WO2003071303A1 (fr) 2003-08-28

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EP (1) EP1481259A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2003206549A1 (fr)
NO (1) NO327060B1 (fr)
SE (1) SE524493C2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2003071303A1 (fr)

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WO2005120093A1 (fr) * 2004-06-04 2005-12-15 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Mesures de force de signal dans des systemes de telecommunication cellulaire
WO2006048508A1 (fr) * 2004-11-02 2006-05-11 Nethawk Oyj Procede de positionnement de station mobile, systeme de positionnement de mobile, station de base et element de reseau a cet effet
WO2006070211A1 (fr) * 2004-12-27 2006-07-06 Mytilinaios A Stylianos Localisation par une construction de lieux geometriques (loci)
WO2006135542A3 (fr) * 2005-06-10 2007-07-12 Trueposition Inc Bascules de pointe pour applications de services a site fixe dans un systeme de localisation sans fil
WO2007086784A1 (fr) * 2006-01-27 2007-08-02 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Positionnement de polygone comportant une mesure de l'affaiblissement du trajet
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EP1903349A1 (fr) * 2006-09-25 2008-03-26 Samsung Electronics Co.,Ltd. Terminal de communication mobile pour recevoir un service d'informations de position et procédé correspondant
US20080291086A1 (en) * 2007-05-25 2008-11-27 Broadcom Corporation Position determination using available positioning techniques
EP2056532A1 (fr) * 2007-11-05 2009-05-06 Spotigo GmbH Détermination de positions dans un système de radio sans fil
DE102006059660A1 (de) * 2006-12-18 2009-12-24 Björn Steiger Stiftung Service GmbH Sende-/Empfangsvorrichtung und Verfahren zur Kommunikation in einem Mobilfunknetzwerk
EP2249176A1 (fr) * 2009-04-14 2010-11-10 Vodafone Group plc Technique de positionnement terminal
EP2199820A3 (fr) * 2008-12-22 2010-12-08 Vodafone Group plc Technique de positionnement d'un terminal
CN101707784B (zh) * 2009-11-18 2012-04-25 华为技术有限公司 路径损耗获取方法和装置
US20130172019A1 (en) * 2011-06-30 2013-07-04 Mohamed Youssef Method and apparatus for determining position of a wireless device
US8626240B2 (en) 2007-02-02 2014-01-07 Ubiquisys Limited Location of basestation
CN106792499A (zh) * 2008-06-13 2017-05-31 高通股份有限公司 发射机传送位置信息作为对定位服务的帮助

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CN101707784B (zh) * 2009-11-18 2012-04-25 华为技术有限公司 路径损耗获取方法和装置
US20130172019A1 (en) * 2011-06-30 2013-07-04 Mohamed Youssef Method and apparatus for determining position of a wireless device
US8792908B2 (en) * 2011-06-30 2014-07-29 Mohamed Youssef Method and apparatus for determining position of a wireless device

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SE0200548L (sv) 2003-08-26
EP1481259A1 (fr) 2004-12-01
NO20043183L (no) 2004-10-25
SE524493C2 (sv) 2004-08-17
SE0200548D0 (sv) 2002-02-25

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