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WO2003041034A1 - Simulateur pour la formation medicale - Google Patents

Simulateur pour la formation medicale Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003041034A1
WO2003041034A1 PCT/IL2002/000895 IL0200895W WO03041034A1 WO 2003041034 A1 WO2003041034 A1 WO 2003041034A1 IL 0200895 W IL0200895 W IL 0200895W WO 03041034 A1 WO03041034 A1 WO 03041034A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
training
uterus
manikin
coupled
pelvis
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/IL2002/000895
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Gonen Ohel
Yacov Uziel
Yehoshua Mor
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
DEL-SIM Ltd
Original Assignee
DEL-SIM Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by DEL-SIM Ltd filed Critical DEL-SIM Ltd
Publication of WO2003041034A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003041034A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B23/00—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
    • G09B23/28—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for medicine
    • G09B23/281—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for medicine for pregnancy, birth or obstetrics

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an interactive computerized system for use in training obstetricians and midwives in complicated childbirth cases, like Shoulder Dystocia, vacuum, forceps and breech presentation.
  • Force feedback can be provided based on physical constraint models (of the anatomy, for example), or based on edge and collision detection between the virtual scope or virtual tool used by the operator and walls or edges of the image data in the image space.
  • US Patent 5,454,722 to Holland et al describes an interactive computer system for use in training persons in surgical procedures for the eye. The system employs visual, audio and/or textual databases to provide training to students of such procedures using a personal computer based system with graphics and multimedia capabilities. These patents do not provide "hands-on" experience.
  • US Patent 5,509,810 to Schertz, et al. discloses an interactive neonatal resuscitation simulator and method, which provide a trainee with a life-like simulation of a resuscitation process on a newborn infant, and in particular, a lifelike simulation of what an attending obstetrician would experience while resuscitating a newborn infant at a resuscitation station within a hospital's delivery room.
  • US Patent 5,853,292 to Eggert et al. describes an interactive, computerized education system for teaching patient care, including an interactive computer program for use with a simulator, such as a manikin, and virtual instruments for performing simulated patient care activity under the direction of the program.
  • the virtual instruments are used with the simulator in performing the patient care activity, the virtual instruments cooperating with sensors that interface with the computer program for providing feedback to the program regarding the activity and confirming proper placement and use of the virtual instruments on the simulator.
  • US Patents 3,797,130, 3,824,709, and 3,826,019 provide a simulator for teaching conventional delivery during normal childbirth.
  • the system includes a programmable patient simulator for teaching maternity patient care, including a life size manikin with a pelvis, vaginal canal, uterus, placenta, umbilical cord, and fetal doll, from which heart sounds are emitted.
  • these training simulator systems are deficient in that they are not computer controlled, and have no software for training and real time interaction.
  • the present invention relates generally to an interactive, computerized training simulator system for training obstetricians and hospital staff in complicated deliveries techniques, and more particularly to such a system for use in conducting real time full virtual training sessions using real manikins for fetus and for the pregnant female.
  • the training system includes the following major components: (1) a life size manikin, with a pelvis, vaginal canal, and uterus, which accurately simulates a pregnant woman; (2) a sensorized, computer controlled infant (fetal doll); (3) a multimedia presentation viewer; (4) a robotics system, for actuating the pelvic region of the manikin; and (5) supporting/controlling system software.
  • the system of the present invention is particularly useful for teaching training techniques for use in complicated childbirth cases, like Shoulder Dystocia, vacuum, forceps and breech deliveries.
  • an interactive, computerized system for training health professionals in delivering babies including a life size manikin including: a pelvis formed of artificial bones; an elastomeric uterus integrally formed with an artificial vaginal canal seated in the pelvis; a device for providing controlled simulated contractions of the uterus, mounted in the manikin; and a computerized controller controllably coupled to the device for providing controlled simulated contractions.
  • a life size manikin including a pelvis formed of artificial bones, artificial thigh bones coupled to the pelvis, and arranged to interact therewith as in a live woman, an artificial uterus integrally formed with an artificial vaginal canal seated in the pelvis, and a computerized controller coupled to the pelvis for controlling the position of the pelvis and to the uterus to simulating uterine contractions, selecting a training module in the computerized controller for training a difficult delivery, inserting a fetal doll into the uterus in a position for simulating the difficult delivery, and providing feedback regarding success of the trained difficult delivery.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a training system constructed and operative in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic side sectional view of a manikin according to one embodiment of the invention with a fetal doll inside;
  • Figs. 3a and 3b are schematic illustrations of the "bones" in the pelvic region of the manikin showing the pelvic inlet under the McRoberts procedure;
  • Figs. 3c and 3d are schematic illustrations of the location of the sacrum in Figs 3a and 3b, respectively;
  • Fig. 4a is a schematic view of a uterus and fetal doll position control system according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig 4b is a view of the uterus of Fig. 4a in an open orientation for positioning a fetal doll in the correct location for the selected simulator exercise;
  • Figs. 5a and 5b are schematic illustrations of a fetal doll according to one embodiment of the invention, showing sensors on the skull and shoulders, and on the neck, respectively;
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic illustration of a multimedia presentation viewer according to one embodiment of the invention
  • Fig. 7 is a flow chart of the controller software according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 8 is a side sectional view of a portion of a manikin, according to an alternative embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • the present invention relates generally to an interactive, computerized training simulator system for training obstetricians and hospital staff in complicated deliveries techniques, and more particularly to such a system for use in conducting real time full virtual training sessions using manikins for the fetus and for the pregnant female.
  • the system of the present invention is particularly useful for teaching techniques for use in complicated childbirth cases, like Shoulder Dystocia, vacuum, forceps, and breech deliveries.
  • the system employs animations, audio, and textual databases to provide training of such procedures, using a personal computer or a network of such computers.
  • the training operation consists of state of the art multimedia capabilities, synchronized simultaneously to the real activity on a life size manikin, with a pelvis, vaginal canal, uterus, and a sensorized fetal doll.
  • the interactive training simulator and training method of the present invention are designed to present a life-like simulation of a variety of difficult birth situations.
  • the system accurately simulates what an attending obstetrician or midwife might encounter when delivering a newborn infant in a hospital delivery room, while providing feedback regarding the trainee's handling of the infant throughout the "delivery" process. It is a particular feature of the invention that the trainee cannot see the fetal doll during the delivery, as would be the case in an actual delivery, and so must develop his or her sense of touch and control over the amount of force applied in any given situation.
  • a manikin 10 affixed to a bed, the manikin including a pelvic region (pelvis, vaginal canal and uterus) which accurately simulates a pregnant woman; (2) a computer controlled robotic infant (fetal doll) 12; (3) a multimedia presentation viewer 14, preferably synchronized simultaneously to the real activity on the life size manikin; (4) a computer controlled system (not shown) for positioning the pelvis and pelvic region under control of the computer; and (5) supporting/controlling system software running on a personal computer 16 or a network of such computers.
  • a manikin 10 affixed to a bed, the manikin including a pelvic region (pelvis, vaginal canal and uterus) which accurately simulates a pregnant woman
  • a computer controlled robotic infant (fetal doll) 12 fetal doll
  • a multimedia presentation viewer 14 preferably synchronized simultaneously to the real activity on the life size manikin
  • a computer controlled system not shown
  • supporting/controlling system software running on a personal computer 16 or a
  • the manikin 10 is a life size doll having a pelvic region including a pelvis 20, and a uterus 22 with an integral vaginal canal 24.
  • pelvis 20 and leg bones 26 are formed of substantially rigid rubber or plastic. It is a particular feature of the present invention that, as seen in Figs. 3a and 3b, movement of the legs of the manikin (hyperflexion) causes a corresponding change in the angle and relationship of the various pelvic bones to one another, as in a live woman.
  • the shape and the angle of the pelvic inlet, as well as the location of the sacrum 27 relative to the symphysis pubis 28 see Figs.
  • a robotics system is provided to actuate the limbs and pelvic region of the manikin, and is controlled by the training system controller.
  • the robotics system can be any conventional robotics system, such as that shown in US Patent 5,509,810.
  • Uterus 22 is formed of a flexible material, such as rubber or any other elastomeric material, preferably Latex, and is fixed at one end 29 to the uterine wall.
  • the uterus merges into the vaginal canal 24 ending in a simulated cervix, which is adapted to dilate is accordance with the particular training program.
  • a cervix opening device is provided, which consists of an electromechanical device for controlled dilation of the cervix.
  • uterus 22 passes between the manikin's sacrum 27 and symphysis pubis 28.
  • the "feel" of the uterus is very similar to that of a live patient.
  • a device 30 for providing controlled simulated contractions of the uterus is mounted in manikin 10.
  • device 30 is an electromechanical device, including a rigid ring 32 of the approximate diameter of a fully dilated cervix, about 10 cm diameter, mounted on a linear actuator 34.
  • a rigid ring 32 of the approximate diameter of a fully dilated cervix, about 10 cm diameter, mounted on a linear actuator 34.
  • uterus 22' is not affixed to the uterine wall, but rather to a relatively large ring 31. Ring 31 is arranged for linear sliding movement relative to the vaginal canal. This movement stretches the uterus lengthwise, thereby creating radial pressure on the fetal doll, which can be felt by personnel during the simulated delivery as in a real delivery.
  • a fetal doll 40 Located inside uterus 22 is a fetal doll 40.
  • uterus 22 includes an openable and closable panel 42, such as a Ziplock or zippered panel, to permit positioning of a fetal doll in the correct location for the selected simulator exercise.
  • the entire uterus be opaque, so as to more accurately reflect an actual childbirth situation.
  • panel 42 provides a tight seal, so as to prevent leakage of "amniotic fluid" from the uterus.
  • the fetal doll 40 can be inserted through ring 31 into the uterus, by sliding cover 33 along rod 35, thereby opening the uterus.
  • Fetal doll 40 is a doll of the approximate size of a full term infant.
  • fetal doll 40 can be formed with an oversize head, so as to permit the practice of deliveries with hydrocephalation, and similar large heads.
  • the limbs of fetal doll 40 are not fixed in position, but rather can move, as would the limbs of a live infant, although the movements of the hands and legs of the fetal doll are not controlled.
  • the fetal doll has articulated joints, so the limbs can be manipulated, as would a live fetus.
  • Movement and position of the fetal doll 40, relative to the uterus, can be controlled by the controller of the system.
  • a fetal doll position control system is shown in Fig. 4a, and includes a rod 44 releasably couplable to the buttocks, or head (for a breech presentation), of the fetal doll.
  • Rod 44 permits the doll to be rotated and/or pushed by the training system controller towards the vaginal canal, as may be required by different types of deliveries.
  • a system including a fetal doll position control system is shown in Fig. 8.
  • a slidable cover 33 for ring 31 is provided on a rod 35.
  • Cover 33 includes an aperture through which a threaded rod 44' passes.
  • Rod 44' is couplable to the fetal doll, and is arranged to provide horizontal and rotatable movement of the fetal doll within the uterus, by means of a driving system 37.
  • a plurality of sensors are coupled to vulnerable body locations (areas likely to be injured during incorrect delivery) on the fetal doll.
  • Figs. 5a and 5b Two examples are shown in Figs. 5a and 5b.
  • Fig. 5a shows a fetal doll 46 having a plurality of pressure sensors 48 mounted on the skull and shoulders
  • Fig. 5b shows a fetal doll 50 having a plurality of pressure sensors 52 mounted on the neck.
  • pressure sensors are provided in all three locations, so as to measure the pressure applied to each of these areas during * the training exercise, and to provide an indication of excess pressure during the exercise.
  • Pressure sensors 48 and 52 are preferably force measurement devices, such as different springs on a regular micro switch.
  • a cable 48 which may pass internally through the doll, is connected to all the sensors, and leads from the umbilical cord position via an interface device to the computerized controller.
  • the training system further includes a multimedia presentation viewer, preferably synchronized simultaneously to the real activity on the life size manikin.
  • a multimedia viewer is illustrated schematically in Fig. 6.
  • multimedia viewer 60 includes a screen 62 for presenting an animated simulation of the type of delivery being practiced by the trainee.
  • the viewer is preferably mounted at about eye level of the trainee while he or she is performing the technique on the manikin, as shown in Fig. 1.
  • the trainee can choose to view the animation showing precisely how to perform the technique before actually doing it him- or herself, and can also view the training clip during the actual practice session.
  • the viewer also includes a section 64 for displaying special instructions for the selected technique and the trainee's grade, as well as a section 66 tracking the condition of the fetal doll, i.e., the level of pressure registered by the various pressure sensors.
  • a section 64 for displaying special instructions for the selected technique and the trainee's grade, as well as a section 66 tracking the condition of the fetal doll, i.e., the level of pressure registered by the various pressure sensors.
  • one or more loudspeakers 68 may be provided, for example, to add an aural description of the technique, and/or to provide an alarm indication, in case the pressure on the fetal doll exceeds a predetermined threshold during the training session.
  • All the above elements of the training system are coupled to a synchronized, self contained, interactive computer system having a GUI (Graphic User Interface), and a program to control and support all the various steps in the above-mentioned procedures.
  • the computer system which can run on a personal computer, or any other suitable computer or network of computers, is coupled to the multimedia presentation viewer, to the robotics system of the manikin, to the motion controller and sensors of the fetal doll, and to the devices for providing controlled simulated contractions of the uterus and dilation of the cervix.
  • the software is operative to display a particular selected technique and to provide the corresponding movements of the manikin.
  • a menu with a plurality of birth types is provided to the trainee, who selects the desired exercise type and level of difficulty (block 70).
  • the exercise type can first be selected from various difficult births, such as shoulder dystocia, forceps, breech presentation, vacuum. Then, the trainee can select the particular technique for solving the problem to be practiced. Similarly, the trainee selects the desired level of difficulty, which can be easy to hard, or can require slow, medium or fast intervention.
  • the trainee now selects either a training session, i.e., viewing a multimedia presentation of the proper way to resolve the difficulty, or an integrated session, including hands-on training on the simulator (block 72).
  • the training system now begins to run, in accordance with the trainee's selection in the previous stage (block 74). If the trainee chooses to merely watch the method of carrying out the preferred procedure, the appropriate animation or video presentation will be displayed on the multimedia presentation viewer. Alternatively, if the trainee also desires hands on practice, the animation will be displayed, preferably synchronized simultaneously to the real activity of the trainee on the life size manikin (block 76).
  • the computer controller can "direct" the training selected by the trainee.
  • the system can include computer program modules which provide the training sessions in a self guiding format using graphics buttons that respond to a point- and-click computer user interface.
  • the system can include a testing module to test the progress or skill of the trainee.
  • a testing session can be provided, if desired, and the trainee's grades or overall score can be evaluated and displayed (block 82).
  • the program then returns to the main menu (block 84) or shuts down.
  • a test module may include a menu of selectable scenarios, each of which requires a different training protocol to be administered during the course of complicated delivery.
  • a series of events pertaining to the selected scenario are presented, each event including a description of the event accompanied by a plurality of possible training choices to be made in response to the event, at least one of which choices is correct, according to the training protocol for the scenario.
  • the trainee must enter the correct choices before the next event in the series will be presented
  • An indication can be provided following the entered choice indicating whether the entered choice is correct and if not, displaying an explanation of why the entered choice is not correct and/or why another choice would be correct.
  • the test module may include a timer for indicating to the trainee failure to enter a correct choice within a predetermined time period for the event. This is particularly important for testing those techniques where speed of execution is critical to the success of the technique.
  • the test module may also include a selection for enabling or disabling virtual instruments during presentation of the selected scenario, such that when enabled, for events requiring performance of an activity on the simulator, the user entry of the correct choice requires the user to perform the activity on the simulator using the at least one virtual instrument, and such that when disabled, for events requiring performance of an activity on the simulator, the user may complete an event in the selected scenario without performing the activity.
  • training sessions can be carried out with or without a live trainer.
  • the system can include a second display, i.e., of the sensor output from the fetal doll, for viewing by the trainer.
  • the controlling software will provide the option to repeat any procedure from any depicted scenarios, both in the viewing mode and in the hands-on mode.
  • the software is programmed to provide critical conditioned messages that enable the trainee to develop appropriate strategies for the complicated labor management, for example, indicating when the trainee is using too much pressure or traction to the shoulder or skull.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Algebra (AREA)
  • Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Reproductive Health (AREA)
  • Pregnancy & Childbirth (AREA)
  • Computational Mathematics (AREA)
  • Gynecology & Obstetrics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Educational Administration (AREA)
  • Educational Technology (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Instructional Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système informatisé interactif destiné à former des professionnels de la santé lors d'accouchements. Ledit système comprend, d'une part, un mannequin à taille humaine (10) pourvu d'un pelvis (20) formé d'os artificiels, d'un utérus élastomère (22) constituant une seule pièce avec un canal vaginal artificiel (24) et situé dans le pelvis, d'autre part, un dispositif de génération de contractions simulées commandées de l'utérus (22) fixé sur le mannequin (10), et, enfin, un contrôleur informatisé couplé de manière contrôlable au dispositif afin d'engendrer des contractions simulées contrôlées.
PCT/IL2002/000895 2001-11-08 2002-11-07 Simulateur pour la formation medicale Ceased WO2003041034A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IL146413 2001-11-08
IL146413A IL146413A (en) 2001-11-08 2001-11-08 Medical training simulator

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003041034A1 true WO2003041034A1 (fr) 2003-05-15

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PCT/IL2002/000895 Ceased WO2003041034A1 (fr) 2001-11-08 2002-11-07 Simulateur pour la formation medicale

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IL (1) IL146413A (fr)
WO (1) WO2003041034A1 (fr)

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6758676B2 (en) * 1996-05-08 2004-07-06 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
FR2858453A1 (fr) * 2003-08-01 2005-02-04 Centre Nat Rech Scient Simulateur fonctionnel et anatomique d'accouchement
WO2005001793A3 (fr) * 2003-06-24 2005-04-07 Robert Riener Simulateur d'accouchement fixe a affichage optique interactif
FR2877128A1 (fr) * 2005-11-18 2006-04-28 Centre Nat Rech Scient Simulateur fonctionnel et anatomique d'accouchement
US7192284B2 (en) 2000-08-17 2007-03-20 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
US7426872B2 (en) 2003-08-01 2008-09-23 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Sensor, device and method for measuring the pressure of an interface between two bodies
GB2458734A (en) * 2008-04-03 2009-10-07 Essex Rivers Healthcare Nhs Trust Vaginal Hysterectomy Training Device
JP2010506217A (ja) * 2006-10-03 2010-02-25 ゴーマード サイエンティフィック カンパニー、インク． 患者看護教授用インタラクティブ（対話型）教育システム
WO2011073407A1 (fr) 2009-12-17 2011-06-23 Laerdal Medical As Simulateur maternel
WO2012123943A1 (fr) * 2011-03-17 2012-09-20 Mor Research Applications Ltd. Apprentissage, estimation de compétences et surveillance d'utilisateurs dans des opérations chirurgicales guidées par ultrasons
WO2013103818A1 (fr) * 2012-01-05 2013-07-11 Schaefer John J Systèmes, dispositifs et procédés pour simuler l'extraction de fœtus
WO2014205541A1 (fr) * 2013-06-28 2014-12-31 Cae Healthcare Canada Inc. Système pour déplacer un modèle anatomique d'un fœtus à l'intérieur d'un mannequin ayant une filière pelvigénitale, et simulateur de naissance
US8951047B2 (en) 1996-05-08 2015-02-10 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
US9324247B2 (en) 2003-11-25 2016-04-26 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
CN107195235A (zh) * 2017-04-17 2017-09-22 营口巨成教学科技开发有限公司 一种孕妇分娩教学用模拟子宫以及内置有该子宫的仿真孕妇
WO2020163806A1 (fr) * 2019-02-08 2020-08-13 Caldera Medical, Inc. Modèle d'utérus avec pathologie
CN112071175A (zh) * 2020-09-30 2020-12-11 北京博医时代教育科技有限公司 用于医学训练的输卵管开窗取胚术模型及其制作方法
CN114627708A (zh) * 2022-03-09 2022-06-14 首都医科大学 一种基于混合现实技术的助产模拟系统及其方法
WO2023086536A1 (fr) * 2021-11-12 2023-05-19 Avkin, Inc. Simulateurs d'accouchement à porter sur soi

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US9747816B2 (en) * 2015-07-22 2017-08-29 Joni L. Chenoweth Pregnancy education dolls
CN117765802B (zh) * 2024-02-21 2024-05-31 厦门立方幻境科技有限公司 一种分娩操作模拟用的仿真教具

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Cited By (40)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7114954B2 (en) 1996-05-08 2006-10-03 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interaction education system for teaching patient care
US9378659B2 (en) 1996-05-08 2016-06-28 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
US8951047B2 (en) 1996-05-08 2015-02-10 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
US6758676B2 (en) * 1996-05-08 2004-07-06 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
US7192284B2 (en) 2000-08-17 2007-03-20 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
US9406244B2 (en) 2000-10-06 2016-08-02 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
US9004922B2 (en) 2000-10-06 2015-04-14 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
WO2005001793A3 (fr) * 2003-06-24 2005-04-07 Robert Riener Simulateur d'accouchement fixe a affichage optique interactif
US7426872B2 (en) 2003-08-01 2008-09-23 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Sensor, device and method for measuring the pressure of an interface between two bodies
WO2005013239A3 (fr) * 2003-08-01 2005-07-21 Centre Nat Rech Scient Simulateur fonctionnel et anatomique d'accouchement
FR2858453A1 (fr) * 2003-08-01 2005-02-04 Centre Nat Rech Scient Simulateur fonctionnel et anatomique d'accouchement
US9324247B2 (en) 2003-11-25 2016-04-26 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
FR2877128A1 (fr) * 2005-11-18 2006-04-28 Centre Nat Rech Scient Simulateur fonctionnel et anatomique d'accouchement
US9870720B2 (en) 2006-10-03 2018-01-16 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
US11817007B2 (en) 2006-10-03 2023-11-14 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
US10964231B2 (en) 2006-10-03 2021-03-30 Gaumard Scientific Company, Inc. Interactive education system for teaching patient care
JP2010506217A (ja) * 2006-10-03 2010-02-25 ゴーマード サイエンティフィック カンパニー、インク． 患者看護教授用インタラクティブ（対話型）教育システム
GB2458734A (en) * 2008-04-03 2009-10-07 Essex Rivers Healthcare Nhs Trust Vaginal Hysterectomy Training Device
KR101808801B1 (ko) * 2009-12-17 2017-12-13 라엘덜 메디칼 에이에스 산모 시뮬레이션 장치
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