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WO2002011157A2 - Couche chauffante electrique - Google Patents

Couche chauffante electrique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2002011157A2
WO2002011157A2 PCT/DE2001/002904 DE0102904W WO0211157A2 WO 2002011157 A2 WO2002011157 A2 WO 2002011157A2 DE 0102904 W DE0102904 W DE 0102904W WO 0211157 A2 WO0211157 A2 WO 0211157A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
coating composition
weight
dispersion
graphite
amount
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/DE2001/002904
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
WO2002011157A3 (fr
Inventor
Ingrid Staron
Heiko Liebethal
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BURD LIFROR SYSTEMS GmbH
Original Assignee
BURD LIFROR SYSTEMS GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BURD LIFROR SYSTEMS GmbH filed Critical BURD LIFROR SYSTEMS GmbH
Priority to AU2001285694A priority Critical patent/AU2001285694A1/en
Publication of WO2002011157A2 publication Critical patent/WO2002011157A2/fr
Publication of WO2002011157A3 publication Critical patent/WO2002011157A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/145—Carbon only, e.g. carbon black, graphite
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
    • H01C7/027—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient consisting of conducting or semi-conducting material dispersed in a non-conductive organic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing an electrical heating layer, a method for producing an electrical heating element and a coating material which can be used in particular for producing an electrical heating layer.
  • the electrical heating elements can be used, for example, in buildings for space heating.
  • heating systems such as hot water or steam heating with gas, oil or coal firing and electrical heating systems designed as convection heating
  • other systems are also used for space heating, for example electrical heating systems in which heat radiation is emitted from heat sources operated at room temperature.
  • DE 24 25442 A1 describes a method for equipping immovable parts of a building with heating systems, in particular underfloor heating systems.
  • This heater is produced by applying and then drying a known, permanently electrically conductive emulsion with a predetermined specific resistance in a predetermined thickness on a surface of a predetermined size and proportions and then provided with connection electrodes.
  • DD 208 029 describes a further radiation surface of this type for generating electromagnetic waves and a method for producing it.
  • the radiation surface is used, among other things, to heat buildings.
  • a defined radiation in a frequency range of 10 11 is emitted from the radiation surface radiated up to 10 15 Hertz, which is then absorbed again by the objects to be heated.
  • antenna limiters designed as metal foils and an antenna feed line are arranged on the radiation surface.
  • the radiation surface is formed from a dispersion which has the following composition: 10 to 30% by mass of naturally and / or synthetically produced binders, preferably polyvinyl acetates, polyacrylates and polypeptides, 5 to 20% by mass of insulators, preferably carbon black, 0.1 up to 10% by mass of dispersing agents. 5 to 50% by mass of graphite are additionally added to this dispersion.
  • radiation surfaces which a) 55 to 65% by weight of a basic substance consisting of 39 to 49% by weight of binder, 18 to 23% by weight of insulation, 18 to 24% Substance of dispersant and 12 to 16% of distilled water and b) 35 to 45% of graphite.
  • the binder is composed of 64 to 79% by weight of distilled water, 4 to 6% by weight of sulfurized oil, 0.16 to 0.24% by weight of phenols, 15 to 19% by weight of casein, 0.8 to 1, 2% by weight of urea , 2 to 3% by weight of diluent and 2.5 to 3.5% by weight of a substance called carbolactan.
  • the casein in this composition represents the actual binding agent.
  • An insulating carbon black is used as the insulating agent.
  • the graphite together with the insulating carbon black should form a large number of electrical dipoles in the radiation area, so that a high degree of radiation is achieved with regard to the generation and emission of electromagnetic radiation.
  • Coating materials that can be used as printing inks include in DE 32 26 368 A1, WO 98/44055 A2, DE 39 03 704 A1, DE 3447 713 A1 and
  • DE 197 05 219 A1 describes: DE 32 26 368 A1 specifies a printing ink for a flexographic printing process.
  • the printing ink contains 15 to 25% by weight of a pigment preparation predispersed with a cellulose nitrate carrier resin, 5 to 20% by weight cellulose nitrate, 5 to 10% by weight of an alcohol-soluble polyamide resin or an ester- and alcohol-soluble polyurethane resin, 10 to 60 wt .-% 1-methoxypropanol-2, 2-methoxypropanol-1 or a mixture of these solvents and / or ethylene glycol monoethyl ether and 15 to 50 wt .-% ethanol.
  • WO 98/44055 A2 discloses a polymer dispersion as an additive for paint formulations which is said to be outstandingly suitable as a viscosity adjuster and stabilizer for, in particular, aqueous paint formulations to improve the rheological stability of these paints.
  • the viscosity behavior (rheological behavior) of the paint systems can be changed in such a way that even when the paints are subjected to longitudinal stresses due to shear in a ring line in industrial painting systems, there are no significant changes in viscosity that would lead to poor paint results.
  • the polymer dispersion contains a (i) Acrylatpoly- mer on the basis of 30 to 60 wt .-% C j -CG-alky ⁇ met acrylate monomers, from 30 to 60 wt .-% vinyl aromatic monomers and from 0.5 to 10 wt. -% (Meth) acrylic acid and (ii) a non-associative rheology stabilizer, which contains an acrylate copolymer based on C 1 -C 6 alkyl (meth) acrylate and (meth) acrylic acid.
  • compositions based on polyurethane dispersions. These compositions, which form protective films that adhere firmly after drying, are used for application to parts of the body to be protected. The films must have the highest possible water vapor permeability and abrasion resistance.
  • the compositions consist of 70 to 99% by weight of an aqueous, non-reactive, physically drying polyurethane dispersion and 1 to 30% by weight of casein and / or a casein / e-caprolactam copolymer or 90 up to 99% by weight of an aqueous, non-reactive, physically drying Polyurethane dispersion and 1 to 10 wt .-% of an aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution.
  • DE 34 47 713 A1 specifies an aqueous coating composition which is applied to an oil-based printing ink printed on a sheet and adheres firmly there in order to increase the film properties of the printing ink, such as gloss and abrasion resistance, and after discoloring and sticking when stacked to prevent printing and to improve the setting and drying of the printing ink in such a way that it is possible to start post-processing of the printed matter immediately after printing.
  • the coating composition contains an aqueous dispersion of a resin component, which consists predominantly of an acrylic copolymer. The water and chemical resistance of the film formed from the dispersion is said to be compromised if the dispersion has an acid number greater than 50.
  • the dispersion contains at least 1% by weight of a poly (alkylene glycol dialkyl ether), alkylene glycol monoalkyl ether, alkylene glycol monoesters, alkylene glycol ether esters and / or dialkyl esters of dicarboxylic acids.
  • a poly (alkylene glycol dialkyl ether), alkylene glycol monoalkyl ether, alkylene glycol monoesters, alkylene glycol ether esters and / or dialkyl esters of dicarboxylic acids are necessary in order to improve the properties mentioned of the processability of the coating composition and its suitability for action To influence the properties of the oil-based printing ink favorably.
  • Monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, such as glycols can be added to adjust the drying properties of the coating composition.
  • High-molecular anionic emulsifiers, for example acrylic acid copolymers, can also be added to the dispersion. These materials give the coating composition particularly good water resistance.
  • Polyurethane resin with ethylenically unsaturated monomers for example (meth) acrylic acid, the aliphatic or cycloaliphatic esters or Hydroxyalkyl esters of (meth) acrylic acid, styrene, styrene derivatives and related compounds.
  • the pigment pastes should in particular have a high pigmentation level, adequate storage stability, good dispersibility, good processability (for example pumpability), good paintability and coloristics and high coloristic saturation as well as good color strength, good hiding power and good flow behavior.
  • Dispersion aids for example mixtures of acrylates with surfactants or fatty acids or block polymers with pigment-affine anchor groups and polyurethane oligomers, furthermore organic solvents, further binders, for example polyurethanes, polyesters and polyacrylates, emulsifiers and rheology aids, such as poly (meth) acrylic acids, can also be used in the pigment pastes.
  • Carbon black is specified as a pigment.
  • the pigment / binder ratio in the pigment pastes is between 5: 1 and 0.5: 1 and preferably between 3: 1 and 2: 1.
  • the pigment pastes are used to produce solid basecoats, metallic paints and water-repair paints used.
  • the lacquers contain the pigment paste in an amount of 10 to 60% by weight, preferably 15 to 30% by weight.
  • the total solids content in the basecoats is 6 to 60% by weight, preferably 15 to 45% by weight.
  • compositions for printing purposes are not readily suitable for the production of electrical heating elements.
  • the compositions described in DD 208 029 and DE 197 17 682 A1 have the disadvantage that the electrical properties of the radiation surface produced from the compositions cannot be set constantly. In addition, the printability of these compositions in the screen printing process is unsatisfactory. Another disadvantage is that the graphite contained in the composition is easily separated from the liquid. These compositions are unusable after two to four weeks.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the problem of finding a method for producing electrical heating layers, a method for producing electrical heating elements and a coating material for producing the heating layer.
  • the electric heating element should in particular also be suitable for space heating in buildings.
  • the process should be simple to carry out and the heating layer produced should have suitable chemical, mechanical and electrical properties.
  • the coating composition used to produce the heating layer should preferably have sufficient stability during storage and good processability, in particular printability, especially in a screen printing process. It is also desirable that the layer have good adhesive strength on different substrates and higher water resistance. There are no special requirements for the surface quality of the heating layer. This should only form a closed surface during use and should be sufficiently adherent on the substrate. In contrast, a very low electrical resistance should be achieved in order to achieve maximum radiation properties with the most economical energy input. Therefore, the electrical properties of the layer should not only have favorable properties for heat radiation after production, but also under changing climatic conditions and / or after a long period of operation. In particular, a low electrical surface resistance is regarded as a favorable electrical property.
  • the method according to the invention is used to produce electrical heating layers which can be used to produce an electrical heating element.
  • the heating element for example, heat radiation per se people in a room are given.
  • the heating element can be used in particular for heating buildings.
  • electrical energy is converted into thermal energy in the heating layer.
  • a coating composition containing i. at least one dispersion of at least one synthetic polymer in a dispersant, ii. at least one dissolved dispersing resin in a dispersing agent and iii. Graphite, coated on a base, and b. the applied coating composition is dried on the base.
  • the heating layer formed is provided with electrical leads for the power supply.
  • electrically conductive carbon black can also be added.
  • the ratio of the amount by weight of graphite or the ratio of the sum of the amounts by weight of graphite and carbon black in the coating composition on the one hand to the sum of the amounts by weight of the at least one synthetic polymer of the dispersion and the at least one dispersing resin in the coating composition on the other hand is preferably set to a value in Range from 4: 1 to 12: 1, better still 5: 1 to 12: 1, particularly preferably to a value in the range from 5: 1 to 11: 1 and very particularly preferably to a value in the range of 7.5: 1 up to 10.5: 1.
  • the ratio of the amount by weight of the at least one synthetic polymer of the dispersion in the coating composition to the weight amount of the at least one dispersing resin in the coating composition on the one hand is preferably set to a value in the range from 0.7: 1 to 8: 1 and in particular to a value in the range from 1.5: 1 to 5: 1.
  • the dispersion and the solution of the dispersing resin can contain water as a dispersing agent.
  • an organic solvent can also be used, for example a monohydric alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol and propanol, or also propylene carbonate or mixtures of these solvents with one another or with water.
  • a monohydric alcohol such as methanol, ethanol and propanol
  • propylene carbonate or mixtures of these solvents with one another or with water.
  • water is preferred for environmental reasons.
  • the dispersant is preferably contained in the coating composition in an amount of 30 to 75% by weight, in particular 40 to 75% by weight.
  • the at least one synthetic polymer of the dispersion is preferably selected from the group comprising polyacrylate and polyurethane resins.
  • the polyurethane resins can be prepared by emulsion polymerization, in which case dihydric or higher alcohols are reacted with isocyanates in the usual way.
  • Polyhydric glycols, polypropylene glycols, glycerol, sugar alcohols, polyester alcohols and polyether alcohols can be used in particular as dihydric or higher alcohols.
  • the polyurethane dispersions can also be formed by multistage polymerization with subsequent crosslinking of initially more readily soluble linear prepolymers from bifunctional alcohols and diisocyanates, for example by curing them with diamines.
  • the amount of the at least one synthetic polymer of the dispersion contained in the coating composition is preferably 1.5 to 5.0% by weight (solids content of the dispersion in the coating composition).
  • the at least one dispersing resin is preferably selected from the group comprising synthetic polymers and / or copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated compounds.
  • Particularly suitable ethylenically unsaturated compounds are compounds from the group of vinylaromatics, (meth) acrylic acid, (meth) acrylic acid esters, (meth) acrylic acid amides and (meth) acrylonitrile is used, for example the term (meth) acrylic acid here and below stands for the alternatives methacrylic acid and acrylic acid; the other terms (meth) acrylic acid esters, (meth) acrylic acid amides and (meth) acrylonitrile are to be understood here and below in the same way.
  • alkali-soluble resins for example polyacrylate resins.
  • Particularly suitable vinylaromatics are styrene, divinylbenzene, vinyltoluenes and others.
  • the amount of at least one dispersing resin contained in the coating composition is preferably 2.0 to 6.0% by weight.
  • the graphite contained in the coating composition plays a key role with regard to the radiation properties to be achieved in the finished heating layer.
  • the graphite should have an average platelet diameter (number average) of at most 40 ⁇ m.
  • the mean diameter is preferably at least 6 ⁇ m.
  • the amount of graphite contained in the coating composition is preferably 15.0 to 30.0% by weight.
  • the electrical resistance, inductance and capacitance of the heating layer are optimized by the electrically conductive carbon black that may be present in the coating material, so that a high efficiency for the IR energy radiation (heat) is obtained.
  • any electrically conductive carbon black contained supports the electrical properties of the graphite.
  • the conductive carbon black should have an average particle size (number average) of at most 20 ⁇ m.
  • this soot is an aggregate of smaller primary particles, the primary particles, depending on the type of soot, having an average particle size in the range from 10 to 15 nm (HC soot), 16 to 24 nm (MC soot), 25 to 35 nm (RC soot), over 35 nm (LC soot) or over 50 nm (flame soot).
  • Carbon black which can be used for the present purpose is carbon black with a high structure (HS carbon black), which forms aggregates with a type of chain structure which also have cavities, in contrast to carbon black with a low structure (LS carbon black).
  • HS carbon black high structure
  • LS carbon black low structure
  • carbon black is characterized according to its ability to adsorb dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (measured in ml DBP / 100 g carbon black; given in Tables 1 to 4 as the DBP number).
  • LS soot adsorbs ⁇ 110 ml DBP / 100 g soot, while LS soot ⁇ 70 ml DBP / 100 g soot adsorbs.
  • Carbon black suitable for use in the coating composition of the invention is also produced using a thermal decomposition process, ie without oxidation during or after production. Carbon black which is produced by the thermal carbon black or acetylene black process is therefore suitable.
  • the binder from the dispersion and the dispersing resin is stored in the cavities of the aggregates, so that the aggregates are stabilized.
  • Carbon black used for pigmentation on the other hand, must have a very high color strength. To ensure this, the type of production and the aggregation is not so important as the particle size: carbon black with a smaller average particle size (HC carbon black) in particular has a high color strength.
  • the coating composition contains conductive carbon black, it can be used in a concentration of preferably 0 to 15.0% by weight.
  • the excellent electrical properties are probably caused by the relatively high proportion of graphite and possibly conductive carbon black.
  • Such a high proportion which in the ratio of the amount by weight of graphite or in the ratio of the total amount by weight of graphite and carbon black in the coating composition on the one hand to the total amount by weight of the at least one synthetic polymer of the dispersion and the at least one dispersing resin in the coating composition on the other hand, is also made possible by the fact that a combination of a resin dispersion (dispersion of the at least one synthetic polymer) with a dissolved resin (dispersing resin) is chosen as the binder.
  • the relatively low proportion of these binders also enables a high adhesive strength of the heating layer on a base and a long storage stability of the coating material.
  • the coating composition of the invention has excellent storage stability. Even after storage for 14 months, no observable deposits of solids have formed in particular.
  • DE 197 05 219 A1 states that the pigment composition has a storage stability of 6 months. This is far exceeded by the coating composition according to the invention.
  • This advantage prevents frequent stirring of the conductive particles (of graphite, conductive carbon black), with the result that the state of dispersion remains constant and, in particular, there are no fluctuations in the electrical properties of the heating layer produced with the coating composition.
  • the layer does not dissolve in water like the composition described in DE 197 17 682 A1 or swells in a humid atmosphere.
  • the electrical properties of the heating layer formed by the known method for example when gluing wallpaper webs coated with the composition with conventional wallpaper glue based on aqueous cellulose, not only temporarily but permanently change, while the properties of the heating layers, which are formed with the coating composition according to the invention, do not change under these conditions.
  • the heating layer which can be produced with the coating composition according to the invention has excellent water resistance. This ensures Continues that the electrical properties of the heating layer do not change even with changing climatic conditions, in particular fluctuating air humidity.
  • substrates made of different materials can also be coated with the heating layer in a very adhesive manner. This is important because the heating elements should be able to be produced in different versions for heating the building, for example on a wallpaper, under a carpet or on other interior surfaces of the building.
  • the composition described in DE 197 17 682 A1 adheres to non-porous and non-water-absorbing substrates to a very small extent.
  • the heating layer formed is extremely elastic, so that it can also be applied to flexible substrates that are installed in the building after application without cracks forming in the layer when the base is deformed.
  • the coating composition according to the invention is very easy to produce.
  • the production of known compositions generally requires a higher degree of dispersion, for example using dissolvers for predispersion and agitator ball mills for fine dispersion.
  • the coating composition is produced by the production process according to the invention by using a dispersion of synthetic polymers and a dissolved dispersion resin, a sufficiently fine degree of dispersion can be achieved simply by using a dissolver.
  • no complicated manufacturing instructions need to be followed and in particular no multi-stage manufacturing method has to be used. Above all, it is not necessary to produce the mixtures in a multi-stage process. In addition, the energy input required is also relatively low.
  • the pH of the coating composition is preferably adjusted to 7.5 to 9.0. If a pH adjustment is required, alkaline pH regulators can be used in an amount in a range preferably from above 0 to 1.0% by weight, in particular at least 0.1% by weight, in particular ammonia or amines, for example aminomethylpropanol, mono-, di- or triethanolamine. If the acrylic polymers have acid groups, the dispersion can have a pH below 7. In this case it is necessary to raise the pH. To the same extent, the use of carbon blacks can lead to acidification of the dispersion, so that an increase in the pH value is also necessary in these cases.
  • At least one coalescing agent is preferably added to the dispersion.
  • this makes the coating composition easily printable.
  • the screen printing process can therefore be used to produce the heating layer. Since the coating composition has an extremely low tendency to dry on the screen due to a proportion of coalescing agent, the composition is very easy to process. As a result, a more uniform thickness of the layer is achieved than with the known coating materials.
  • Polar organic solvents in particular alkylene glycols, such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, or glycol ethers, such as ethylene glycol monoethyl ether or diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, can in particular be used as the coalescing agent.
  • the double etherified glycols can also be used. By using these agents, the inclination of the coating tion mass to form pores after application.
  • the amount of the coalescing agent contained in the coating composition can preferably be 0 to 3.0% by weight.
  • the coating composition may also contain insulating carbon black in addition to graphite and electrically conductive carbon black.
  • the dispersion may also contain at least one wetting agent.
  • the wetting agent is preferably non-ionic.
  • the substances used as wetting agents are selected in order to eliminate any incompatibility between the constituents of the dispersion. This prevents segregation or flocculation. In contrast to ionic wetting agents, less foaming dispersions can be produced when using non-ionic wetting agents, so that the processing of the coating composition is simplified.
  • Alkoxylates in particular phenol alkoxylates, are used, for example, as nonionic wetting agents. Phenol ethoxylates, for example ethoxylated nonylphenol, are preferred. Ethylene oxide / propylene oxide block polymers are also suitable.
  • the amount of the wetting agent contained in the coating composition can preferably be 0 to 1.0% by weight.
  • the dispersion can also contain at least one viscosity regulator selected from the group comprising cellulose thickeners, polyurethane thickeners, copolymers and terpolymers of acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid. These are non-crosslinked polymers with a relatively high molecular weight which contain suitable polar functional groups.
  • the cellulose thickeners can be methylated or carboxylated cellulose.
  • the degree of methylation or carboxylation controls the water solubility of the cellulose thickeners in turn affects the water resistance of the heating layer. Avoid excessive water solubility of the cellulose thickeners.
  • Polyurethane thickeners consist of hydrophilic, relatively high molecular weight polyether segments linked via urethane groups, which are capped with at least two terminal, hydrophobic groups of molecules. This gives these molecules a surfactant character, so that the polyurethane thickeners are able to form micelles. These interact with the disperse particles of the at least one synthetic polymer of the dispersion and connect them via so-called "micelle bridges". This leads to the thickening of the coating mass.
  • copolymers and terpolymers of (meth) acrylic acid are used as acid emulsions, which are converted into highly viscous gel-like solutions by neutralization. If these emulsions are added to the coating composition, the coating composition is thickened as a result of the pH regulator contained therein.
  • the thickeners are used as a preferably 2% to 3% aqueous alkaline solution.
  • the amount of the viscosity regulator contained in the coating composition can preferably be 0 to 5.0% by weight, in particular at least 0.1% by weight.
  • At least one antifoam agent can also be contained in the coating composition.
  • Typical antifoams are polysiloxanes or mixed ethers, for example reaction products of fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers with alkyl halides.
  • the amount of anti-foaming agent contained in the coating composition can preferably be 0 to 0.5% by weight, in particular at least 0.05% by weight.
  • preservative agents can also be added to the composition, for example thiazolinones or isothiazolinones such as benzisothiazolinone, carbamates and / or phenol (derivatives).
  • the amount of the preservative contained in the coating composition can preferably be 0 to 0.5% by weight, in particular at least 0.1% by weight.
  • the sum of all components of the coating composition is 100% by weight.
  • the coating composition can be produced from the specified constituents in a one-step process by mixing or dissolving the film former (synthetic polymers of the dispersion and dispersing resin) and the other constituents, adding portions of graphite and carbon black (if used) and dispersing with a high-speed dissolver become. Dispersing devices with greater effectiveness, i.e. Greater energy input when mixing, for example with pearl or sand mills, and the use of ultrasonic generators are not necessary.
  • the viscosity regulator, if used, is only stirred in after all the other constituents have been mixed.
  • the coating composition produced can then be transferred, for example, to a suitable base using the screen printing method, for example on wallpaper webs, plasterboard panels or plastic films, such as polyester films, so that heating layers are formed.
  • the heating layers are electrically contacted.
  • electrically conductive contact strips for example copper or aluminum strips, are first placed parallel to one another on the base at a distance of, for example, approximately 80 cm. The strips can be glued to the base to fix them on the base. The strips are used later for connection to a current / voltage supply.
  • a differently structured metal pattern can also be applied to the documents, for example by Glue or print.
  • a diamond-shaped grid or a grid consisting of rectangles or squares can be formed.
  • the coating composition is then printed on the base so that the heating layers produced by the printing at least partially cover the contact strips, so that an electrical contact is produced between the strips and the layers.
  • the printed areas are typically 60 cm x 80 cm.
  • the contact strips or other metal patterns can also be applied to the base after the heating layer has been printed and dried. In this case, however, care must be taken separately that the heating layer is electrically contacted with the contact strips or patterns.
  • a coating composition was prepared from the components shown in Table 1.
  • the dispersant water
  • the wetting agent and the dispersing resin were stirred or dissolved while the dissolver was running slowly.
  • the dispersion of the synthetic polymer was added slowly while the dissolver was running and the resulting dis- homogenized persion.
  • the coalescent, the pH regulator, the preservative and the antifoam were then added in the order given while the dissolver was running and the dispersion was homogenized again.
  • the conductive carbon black was then added and the dispersion was dispersed on a dissolver for 30 minutes. After the graphite had subsequently been added and dispersed (for 30 minutes on a dissolver), the pH was finally checked (target value in the range from 7.5 to 9.0). If necessary, a further pH regulator was added.
  • the viscosity regulator was added. Its amount depended on the viscosity to be set in the range from 800 to 1500 mPas. Therefore, the specified amount of 36.0 parts by weight was only to be regarded as a guideline. Because of the fluctuating qualities of the dispersing resin and the conductive carbon black, the exact amount of the pH regulator to be added depended on the composition of the coating composition.
  • the homogenized coating composition was then screen printed onto the plasterboard in 60 cm x 80 cm large, rectangular heating layer fields.
  • the fields were printed parallel to each other and printed on the plasterboard so that they covered the copper strips, each 78 cm apart, by 1 cm. This brought about an electrical contact between the layer and the copper strips.
  • Several fields were created in succession between the copper strips, which were 78 cm apart.
  • the pressure fields were then dried by the action of heat by placing an IR radiator (heat radiator) at a short distance from the pressure fields. After an AC voltage (50 Hz) of about 40 V was applied, a power consumption was measured by a 60 cm ⁇ 80 cm heating layer of about 40 watts.
  • the layer radiated heat energy noticeably, although the layer itself was hardly warmed up above room temperature.
  • the coating composition was left to stand for 14 months in a storage test. During this time, the solids did not settle in the mass.
  • Example 1 After two months, the experiment of Example 1 was repeated with the coating composition prepared for Example 1, the heating elements being produced under identical conditions. In this case, a 60 cm x 80 cm heating layer again consumed 40 watts.
  • Example 1 The experiment of Example 1 was repeated, the coating composition in this case not being printed on a plasterboard board but on a wallpaper web.
  • Example 4 After completion of the heating elements, the power consumption of a 60 cm x 80 cm heating layer was measured. A power consumption of 38 watts was determined.
  • Example 4 After completion of the heating elements, the power consumption of a 60 cm x 80 cm heating layer was measured. A power consumption of 38 watts was determined.
  • a further coating composition with the composition according to Table 2 was produced.
  • the manufacturing instructions corresponded to those of the coating composition according to Example 1.
  • no wetting agent was used.
  • additional insulating carbon black was stirred into the mass after the conductive carbon black had been added and the dispersion was homogenized for 30 minutes on a dissolver.
  • the anti-foaming agent was added only after the addition of the graphite.
  • a homogenized coating composition with a pH of 7.5 to 9.0 and a viscosity of 800 to 1,500 mPas was obtained.
  • the mass was printed on a 100 ⁇ m thick polyester film and dried in accordance with Example 1. When printing, the layer did not dry on the screen within 2 hours.
  • the electrical properties of the conductive heating layer corresponded to the values determined according to Example 1.
  • a coating composition was produced which differed from the composition described in Example 5 only in the composition of the dispersant. Instead of 40% by weight of water, a mixture of 30% by weight of water and 10% by weight of isopropanol was now used. Compared to the coating composition prepared according to Example 5, a faster drying time of the composition on the film was achieved.
  • a coating composition with the composition according to Table 3 was produced.
  • the preparation instructions corresponded to those of the coating composition according to Example 1. In contrast to the latter, however, no coalescing agent and no carbon black were added.
  • the coating composition obtained was particularly suitable for printing on wallpaper paper.
  • the electrical properties of the printed and dried heating layer on the wallpaper paper essentially corresponded to those of the heating layer produced according to Example 1: Under the same conditions, a power consumption of a heating field of 60 cm ⁇ 80 cm of 42 watts was measured.
  • a coating composition with the composition according to Table 4 was produced.
  • the preparation instructions corresponded to those of the coating composition according to Example 1. In contrast to the latter, however, no coalescing agent was used. In addition, the order of adding graphite and carbon black was interchanged.
  • the coating composition obtained was applied in one case with a sieve and in another case with a stencil in thicker layers on an absorbent substrate (cardboard, textile material) and dried.
  • the electrical properties of the heating layers produced were determined. It was found that the power consumption of 60 cm x 80 cm heating surfaces when applying a voltage of 40 V was approximately 43 watts.
  • Viscosity 700 mPas (25 ° C), pH value: 7.7 average molecular weight: 10,000, viscosity: 1,500 mPas (25 ° C), contains silica
  • Viscosity 700 mPas (25 ° C), pH: 7.7
  • Viscosity 700 mPas (25 ° C), pH value: 7.7 medium molecular weight (10,000), viscosity: 1,500 mPas (25 ° C), contains silica
  • Viscosity 700 mPas (25 ° C), pH value: 7.7 average molecular weight: 10,000, viscosity: 1,500 mPas (25 ° C), contains silica

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

Les procédés servant à réaliser des éléments chauffants électriques courants présentant une couche chauffante électriquement conductrice, permettant le chauffage des locaux, s'avèrent coûteux. De plus, la masse de revêtement utilisée pour réaliser la couche chauffante s'avère fréquemment insuffisamment stable au stockage. Afin de pallier ces inconvénients, l'invention a pour objet un procédé servant à réaliser une couche chauffante électrique, d'après lequel une masse de revêtement, comprenant au moins un dispersion d'au moins un polymère synthétique dans un agent de dispersion, au moins une résine de dispersion dissoute dans l'agent de dispersion ainsi que du graphite, est appliquée sur une couche sous-jacente, la masse de revêtement appliquée étant séchée sur la couche sous-jacente.
PCT/DE2001/002904 2000-08-01 2001-07-31 Couche chauffante electrique Ceased WO2002011157A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2001285694A AU2001285694A1 (en) 2000-08-01 2001-07-31 Electrical heating layer

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2000138730 DE10038730A1 (de) 2000-08-01 2000-08-01 Verfahren zur Herstellung von elektrischen Heizelementen und deren Verwendung
DE10038730.6 2000-08-01

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2002011157A2 true WO2002011157A2 (fr) 2002-02-07
WO2002011157A3 WO2002011157A3 (fr) 2002-08-29

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AU (1) AU2001285694A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE10038730A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2002011157A2 (fr)

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US8435425B2 (en) * 2009-04-24 2013-05-07 Lion Corporation Polar dispersion composition of carbon black
DE102009034306B4 (de) * 2009-07-21 2015-07-23 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Heizelement sowie Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
DE102011122630B4 (de) * 2011-12-22 2020-03-26 Claus Beyer Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Beschichtungsmaterials für Strahlungsflächen zur Erzeugung und/oder Abstrahlung von elektromagnetischen Wellen, insbesondere einer Wärmestrahlung, sowie Beschichtungsmaterial für Strahlungsflächen

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AU2001285694A1 (en) 2002-02-13
WO2002011157A3 (fr) 2002-08-29
DE10038730A1 (de) 2002-02-28

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