WO2001025563A1 - Composite consisting of a concrete support and of a glass body - Google Patents
Composite consisting of a concrete support and of a glass body Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001025563A1 WO2001025563A1 PCT/EP2000/009721 EP0009721W WO0125563A1 WO 2001025563 A1 WO2001025563 A1 WO 2001025563A1 EP 0009721 W EP0009721 W EP 0009721W WO 0125563 A1 WO0125563 A1 WO 0125563A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- coating
- composite according
- glass body
- composite
- carrier
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B13/00—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material
- B32B13/04—Layered products comprising a a layer of water-setting substance, e.g. concrete, plaster, asbestos cement, or like builders' material comprising such water setting substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
- B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
- B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
- B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
- B32B17/10247—Laminated safety glass or glazing containing decorations or patterns for aesthetic reasons
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/26—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
- E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
- E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
- E04F13/14—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements stone or stone-like materials, e.g. ceramics concrete; of glass or with an outer layer of stone or stone-like materials or glass
- E04F13/145—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements stone or stone-like materials, e.g. ceramics concrete; of glass or with an outer layer of stone or stone-like materials or glass with an outer layer of glass
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2315/00—Other materials containing non-metallic inorganic compounds not provided for in groups B32B2311/00 - B32B2313/04
- B32B2315/06—Concrete
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2315/00—Other materials containing non-metallic inorganic compounds not provided for in groups B32B2311/00 - B32B2313/04
- B32B2315/08—Glass
Definitions
- the invention relates to a composite of a carrier, a glass body and a coating arranged between them, which glues the carrier to the glass body.
- the base is often made of concrete, which acts as a support for the glass body.
- This concrete beam can be used by e.g. Building outer or inner walls as well as precast concrete, which are applied as cladding elements are formed.
- the glass pane coated in this way is then applied to a not yet hardened concrete support.
- What is essential for the stability of this composite material is the monolithic bond between the coating and the concrete beam, which arises when the concrete hardens due to the cement phase crystallites growing into the coating that is cured with a lack of water of hydration.
- the composite according to EP 0 700 776 A2 does have improved service life and good resistance to temperature changes.
- the disadvantage of this composite is the high weight of the coated glass plates when they are installed. When the coated glass plates are transported, their larger volume is also perceived as annoying.
- Another disadvantage is the complicated production of the composite, since the coating of the glass plate and the curing of the coating are spatially and temporally separate from the connection of the coated glass plate to the concrete ) i- 1 ⁇ c ⁇ O C ⁇ o C ⁇
- CD CD K K EP O 3 CD P- ⁇ Q CD ⁇ CD CD ro 3 rt
- the non-crosslinked silicone rubber can only be applied to the glass body and carrier shortly before they are joined, both the assembly and the transport of the glass body are simplified. Furthermore, the silicone rubber advantageously also allows the covering of already hardened supports with glass bodies. Since the cross-linked silicone rubber has elastic properties, the composite has high thermal shock resistance. Advantageously, the cross-linked silicone rubber can also be used to realize a large-area bond with an area of one or more square meters.
- Fig. 2 shows a composite according to the invention with point-by-point adhesive application in cross section and in supervision and
- Fig. 3 shows a composite according to the invention with striped adhesive application in cross section and in supervision.
- the composite shown in Figure 1 consists of a carrier 3, a glass body 1 and between c ⁇ ⁇ ro ro c ⁇ o C ⁇ o C ⁇ C ⁇
- CD 01 (- ⁇ rt p. 3 CD P- ro ⁇ CD CD P- ) v li 3 rt rt tf d P> n ⁇ 3 O
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- Adhesive system an alkoxysilane crosslinker.
- the vulcanization time can be between 1 and 2 mm / d, the shrinkage during vulcanization preferably being less than 5%.
- the adhesives according to the invention can be processed in a wide temperature range from -20 ° C to +40 ° C and in the crosslinked state in a wide temperature range from -40 ° C to +120 ° C Have elasticity.
- the crosslinked coating 2 in the composite according to the invention preferably has a tensile strength (DIN 53 504-S1) of more than 1.2 N / mm 2 , an elongation at break (DIN 53 504-S1) of more than 500% and a resilience at 100% elongation (DIN EN 27 389) of more than 95%.
- the adhesive is first applied over the entire surface (Fig. 1) or e.g. applied in dots or stripes (FIGS. 2 and 3) to the carrier 3 or the glass body 1 or to both at the same time.
- the application can e.g. by spraying, knife coating or rolling.
- the application can be preceded by pretreatment of the carrier or vitreous. It may be appropriate to use carrier materials made of e.g. First subject gypsum, brick, concrete, etc. to a surface treatment (brushing, sanding, sandblasting) and then apply a primer after this surface treatment.
- the vitreous can be cleaned beforehand with alcohol.
- the carrier 3 and the glass body 1 are glued and the crosslinking of the ro o c ⁇ cn
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Ink Jet (AREA)
- Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Verbund aus Betonträger und GlaskörperComposite of concrete beam and glass body
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Verbund aus einem Träger, einem Glaskörper und einer dazwischen ange- ordneten Beschichtung, welche den Träger mit dem Glaskörper verklebt.The invention relates to a composite of a carrier, a glass body and a coating arranged between them, which glues the carrier to the glass body.
Aus dekorativen Zwecken wie auch aus Zwecken des Wetterschutzes ist es häufig erforderlich, Gebäude- fassaden, Innenräume usw. mit einer Glaskörperverkleidung zu versehen.For decorative purposes as well as for the purpose of weather protection, it is often necessary to provide building facades, interiors, etc. with a glass body cladding.
Häufig besteht der Untergrund aus Beton, welcher als Träger für die Glaskörper fungiert. Dieser Betonträ- ger kann dabei sowohl von z.B. Gebäudeaußen- oder Gebäudeinnenwänden als auch von Betonfertigteilen, die als Verkleidungselemente aufgebracht werden, gebildet werden.The base is often made of concrete, which acts as a support for the glass body. This concrete beam can be used by e.g. Building outer or inner walls as well as precast concrete, which are applied as cladding elements are formed.
Zur Herstellung einer Verbindung zwischen Glaskörper und Betonträger wurden eine Reihe von Verfahren entwickelt. So ist es beispielsweise bekannt, die Glas- körper mittels Kunstharzkleber auf dem Betonuntergrund zu fixieren. Nachteilig bei dieser Befestigungsmethode sind jedoch unbefriedigenden Standzeiten und eine unzureichende Temperaturwechselbeständig- keit.A number of methods have been developed for establishing a connection between the glass body and the concrete beam. For example, it is known that the glass to fix the body to the concrete surface using synthetic resin adhesive. Disadvantages of this fastening method, however, are unsatisfactory service life and inadequate resistance to temperature changes.
Aus der EP 0 700 776 A2 ist ein Verbund aus einem Betonträger, einem Glaskörper und einer dazwischen angeordneten Schicht bekannt. Die Schicht enthält Ze- ment, einen Füllstoff sowie eine wäßrige Dispersion eines Polyacrylsäurederivates. Bei der Herstellung des Verbundes wird zunächst die Glasscheibe mit einem die obigen Schichtkomponenten enthaltenden Verbundmörtel beschichtet. Anschließend wird der Verbundmör- tel mit einem Mangel an Hydratationswasser auf derFrom EP 0 700 776 A2 a composite of a concrete beam, a glass body and a layer arranged between them is known. The layer contains cement, a filler and an aqueous dispersion of a polyacrylic acid derivative. In the production of the composite, the glass pane is first coated with a composite mortar containing the above layer components. Then the compound mortar with a lack of hydration water on the
Glasscheibe zu einer festen Schicht ausgehärtet. Die derart beschichtete Glasscheibe wird anschließend auf einen noch nicht ausgehärteten Betonträger aufgebracht. Wesentlich für die Stabilität dieses Verbund- materials ist dabei der monolithische Verbund zwischen der Beschichtung und dem Betonträger, welcher beim Aushärten des Betons durch das Hineinwachsen der Zementphasenkristallite in die mit Mangel an Hydratationswasser ausgehärtete Beschichtung entsteht.Glass pane hardened to a solid layer. The glass pane coated in this way is then applied to a not yet hardened concrete support. What is essential for the stability of this composite material is the monolithic bond between the coating and the concrete beam, which arises when the concrete hardens due to the cement phase crystallites growing into the coating that is cured with a lack of water of hydration.
Der Verbund gemäß der EP 0 700 776 A2 weist zwar verbesserte Standzeiten und eine gute Temperaturwechselbeständigkeit auf. Nachteilig bei diesem Verbund ist das hohe Gewicht der beschichteten Glasplatten bei deren Montage. Beim Transport der beschichteten Glasplatten wird zudem deren größeres Volumen als störend empfunden. Nachteilig ist weiterhin die umständliche Herstellung des Verbundes, da das Beschichten der Glasplatte und das Aushärten der Beschichtung räumlich und zeitlich getrennt von dem Anbinden der beschichteten Glasplatte an den Beton ) i-1 σ cπ O Cπ o CπThe composite according to EP 0 700 776 A2 does have improved service life and good resistance to temperature changes. The disadvantage of this composite is the high weight of the coated glass plates when they are installed. When the coated glass plates are transported, their larger volume is also perceived as annoying. Another disadvantage is the complicated production of the composite, since the coating of the glass plate and the curing of the coating are spatially and temporally separate from the connection of the coated glass plate to the concrete ) i- 1 σ cπ O Cπ o Cπ
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das Zusammenwirken von Kohäsion und Adhäsion sowie auf Diffusionsvorgänge und elektrostatische Anziehungen im molekularen Bereich zurückzuführen sind.the interaction of cohesion and adhesion, as well as diffusion processes and electrostatic attractions in the molecular range.
Da der noch nicht vernetzte Siliconkautschuk erst kurz vor der Verbindung von Glaskörper und Träger auf diese aufgebracht werden kann, vereinfacht sich sowohl die Montage als auch der Transport der Glaskörper. Weiterhin gestattet der Siliconkautschuk vorteilhafterweise auch die Verkleidung bereits ausgehärteter Träger mit Glaskörpern. Da der vernetzte Siliconkautschuk elastische Eigenschaften aufweist, besitzt der Verbund eine hohe Temperatur- wechselbeständigkeit . Vorteilhafterweise kann mit dem vernetzten Siliconkautschuk auch ein großflächiger Verbund mit einer Fläche von einem oder mehreren Quadratmetern realisiert werden.Since the non-crosslinked silicone rubber can only be applied to the glass body and carrier shortly before they are joined, both the assembly and the transport of the glass body are simplified. Furthermore, the silicone rubber advantageously also allows the covering of already hardened supports with glass bodies. Since the cross-linked silicone rubber has elastic properties, the composite has high thermal shock resistance. Advantageously, the cross-linked silicone rubber can also be used to realize a large-area bond with an area of one or more square meters.
Weitere Vorteile und Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den nachfolgenden Ausführungsbei- spielen sowie den Figuren. Es zeigen:Further advantages and refinements of the invention result from the following exemplary embodiments and the figures. Show it:
Fig. 1 Einen erfindungsgemäßen Verbund mit ganzflächigem Kleberauftrag im Querschnitt und in Aufsicht,1 a composite according to the invention with adhesive application over the entire area in cross section and in supervision,
Fig. 2 einen erfindungsgemäßen Verbund mit punktweisem Kleberauftrag im Querschnitt und in Aufsicht undFig. 2 shows a composite according to the invention with point-by-point adhesive application in cross section and in supervision and
Fig. 3 einen erfindungsgemäßen Verbund mit streifenweisem Kleberauftrag im Querschnitt und in Aufsicht.Fig. 3 shows a composite according to the invention with striped adhesive application in cross section and in supervision.
Der in Figur 1 dargestellte Verbund besteht aus einem Träger 3, einem Glaskörper 1 sowie einer zwischen cυ ω ro ro cπ o Cπ o Cπ CπThe composite shown in Figure 1 consists of a carrier 3, a glass body 1 and between cυ ω ro ro cπ o Cπ o Cπ Cπ
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Klebersystem einen Alkoxysilanvernetzer . Bei 23 °C kann die Vulkanisationszeit zwischen 1 und 2 mm/d betragen, wobei die Schrumpfung bei der Vulkanisation bevorzugt weniger als 5 % beträgt.Adhesive system an alkoxysilane crosslinker. At 23 ° C, the vulcanization time can be between 1 and 2 mm / d, the shrinkage during vulcanization preferably being less than 5%.
In der Praxis hat sich herausgestellt, daß die erfindungsgemäßen Kleber in einem weiten Temperaturbereich von -20 °C bis +40 °C verarbeitet werden können und im vernetzten Zustand in einem weiten Temperaturbe- reich von -40 °C bis +120 °C eine hohe Elastizität aufweisen.In practice it has been found that the adhesives according to the invention can be processed in a wide temperature range from -20 ° C to +40 ° C and in the crosslinked state in a wide temperature range from -40 ° C to +120 ° C Have elasticity.
Die vernetzte Beschichtung 2 besitzt im erfindungsgemäßen Verbund bevorzugt eine Reißfestigkeit (DIN 53 504-S1) von mehr als 1,2 N/mm2, eine Reißdehnung (DIN 53 504-S1) von mehr als 500 % und ein Rückstellvermögen bei 100 % Dehnung (DIN EN 27 389) von mehr als 95 %.The crosslinked coating 2 in the composite according to the invention preferably has a tensile strength (DIN 53 504-S1) of more than 1.2 N / mm 2 , an elongation at break (DIN 53 504-S1) of more than 500% and a resilience at 100% elongation (DIN EN 27 389) of more than 95%.
Bei der Herstellung des Verbundes wird der Kleber zunächst ganzflächig (Fig. 1) oder z.B. in Punktoder Streifenmuster (Fign. 2 und 3) auf den Träger 3 oder den Glaskörper 1 oder auf beide zugleich aufgetragen. Das Auftragen kann z.B. durch Spritzen, Rakeln oder Rollen erfolgen. Dem Auftragen kann eine Vorbehandlung von Träger oder Glaskörper vorausgehen. So kann es zweckmäßig sein, Trägermaterialien aus z.B. Gips, Ziegel, Beton usw. zuerst einer Oberflächenbehandlung (Abbürsten, Abschleifen, Sandstrahlen) zu unterziehen und im Anschluß an diese Oberflächenbehandlung eine Grundierung aufzubringen. Die Glaskörper können vorher mit Alkohol gereinigt werden.When producing the composite, the adhesive is first applied over the entire surface (Fig. 1) or e.g. applied in dots or stripes (FIGS. 2 and 3) to the carrier 3 or the glass body 1 or to both at the same time. The application can e.g. by spraying, knife coating or rolling. The application can be preceded by pretreatment of the carrier or vitreous. It may be appropriate to use carrier materials made of e.g. First subject gypsum, brick, concrete, etc. to a surface treatment (brushing, sanding, sandblasting) and then apply a primer after this surface treatment. The vitreous can be cleaned beforehand with alcohol.
Nach dem Auftragen des Klebers findet das Verkleben von Träger 3 und Glaskörper 1 und das Vernetzen des ro o cπ cnAfter applying the adhesive, the carrier 3 and the glass body 1 are glued and the crosslinking of the ro o cπ cn
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3 1 3 1
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19948121A DE19948121B4 (en) | 1999-10-06 | 1999-10-06 | Composite of concrete beam and glass body |
| DE19948121.0 | 1999-10-06 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2001025563A1 true WO2001025563A1 (en) | 2001-04-12 |
Family
ID=7924676
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2000/009721 Ceased WO2001025563A1 (en) | 1999-10-06 | 2000-10-05 | Composite consisting of a concrete support and of a glass body |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE19948121B4 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2001025563A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012117074A3 (en) * | 2011-03-01 | 2012-11-15 | Meyer, Hans | Composite tile, connection piece, system to be laid, and method for the production of a composite tile |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1632341B1 (en) * | 2004-09-01 | 2007-06-27 | MC-Bauchemie Müller GmbH & Co. Chemische Fabriken | Protective coating and method of its manufacture |
| DE102005020966A1 (en) * | 2005-02-07 | 2006-08-17 | Stephan Wedi | Process for the production of plastic foam boards made of polystyrene extrusion foam material |
| DE102005029844A1 (en) | 2005-06-27 | 2007-01-04 | Sto Ag | Method for producing a composite structure and composite structure produced therewith |
| DE102007035879A1 (en) * | 2007-07-31 | 2009-02-26 | Rwth Aachen | Device, particularly use as translucent concrete component for structural element, has laminar concrete layer with upper side and lower side, by which translucent fibers extend |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0493887A1 (en) * | 1990-12-17 | 1992-07-08 | General Electric Company | Improved room temperature vulcanizable silicone compositions |
| EP0508610A2 (en) * | 1991-03-14 | 1992-10-14 | General Electric Company | Laminates containing addition-curable silicone adhesive compositions |
| EP0700776A2 (en) | 1994-09-09 | 1996-03-13 | Hans Peter Böe | Building element consisting of a concrete body with at least one attached glass pane |
| DE29622732U1 (en) * | 1996-02-16 | 1997-04-30 | Böe, Hans Peter, 46049 Oberhausen | Semi-finished component for covering surfaces |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9002716D0 (en) * | 1990-02-07 | 1990-04-04 | Dow Corning Sa | Method of bonding silicone elastomer to a substrate |
| DE4107424A1 (en) * | 1991-03-08 | 1992-09-10 | Friedhelm Schneider | Bonding glass or plastic panel to metal or plastic section - using silicone adhesive which absorbs water from cord and thereby reacts and cures |
| DE4327475C2 (en) * | 1993-08-16 | 1999-04-22 | Schott Glas | Process for forming a permanently elastic, easily detachable adhesive connection in the event of disassembly |
-
1999
- 1999-10-06 DE DE19948121A patent/DE19948121B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-10-05 WO PCT/EP2000/009721 patent/WO2001025563A1/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0493887A1 (en) * | 1990-12-17 | 1992-07-08 | General Electric Company | Improved room temperature vulcanizable silicone compositions |
| EP0508610A2 (en) * | 1991-03-14 | 1992-10-14 | General Electric Company | Laminates containing addition-curable silicone adhesive compositions |
| EP0700776A2 (en) | 1994-09-09 | 1996-03-13 | Hans Peter Böe | Building element consisting of a concrete body with at least one attached glass pane |
| DE29622732U1 (en) * | 1996-02-16 | 1997-04-30 | Böe, Hans Peter, 46049 Oberhausen | Semi-finished component for covering surfaces |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012117074A3 (en) * | 2011-03-01 | 2012-11-15 | Meyer, Hans | Composite tile, connection piece, system to be laid, and method for the production of a composite tile |
| US9850668B2 (en) | 2011-03-01 | 2017-12-26 | Hans Meyer | Composite tile, connection piece, system to be laid, and method for the production of a composite tile |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE19948121B4 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
| DE19948121A1 (en) | 2001-04-19 |
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