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WO2001022146A1 - Appareil d'imagerie confocal destine a produire des images d'un objet situe dans un milieu trouble - Google Patents

Appareil d'imagerie confocal destine a produire des images d'un objet situe dans un milieu trouble Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001022146A1
WO2001022146A1 PCT/GB2000/003542 GB0003542W WO0122146A1 WO 2001022146 A1 WO2001022146 A1 WO 2001022146A1 GB 0003542 W GB0003542 W GB 0003542W WO 0122146 A1 WO0122146 A1 WO 0122146A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
light rays
scene
reflected
imaging means
optical
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/GB2000/003542
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English (en)
Inventor
Beric Jonathan Read
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bjr Systems Ltd
Original Assignee
Bjr Systems Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bjr Systems Ltd filed Critical Bjr Systems Ltd
Priority to GB0209151A priority Critical patent/GB2372171B/en
Priority to AU74318/00A priority patent/AU7431800A/en
Publication of WO2001022146A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001022146A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
    • G02B21/002—Scanning microscopes
    • G02B21/0024—Confocal scanning microscopes (CSOMs) or confocal "macroscopes"; Accessories which are not restricted to use with CSOMs, e.g. sample holders
    • G02B21/0052—Optical details of the image generation
    • G02B21/0068—Optical details of the image generation arrangements using polarisation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
    • G02B21/002—Scanning microscopes
    • G02B21/0024—Confocal scanning microscopes (CSOMs) or confocal "macroscopes"; Accessories which are not restricted to use with CSOMs, e.g. sample holders
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
    • G02B21/002—Scanning microscopes
    • G02B21/0024—Confocal scanning microscopes (CSOMs) or confocal "macroscopes"; Accessories which are not restricted to use with CSOMs, e.g. sample holders
    • G02B21/0028—Confocal scanning microscopes (CSOMs) or confocal "macroscopes"; Accessories which are not restricted to use with CSOMs, e.g. sample holders specially adapted for specific applications, e.g. for endoscopes, ophthalmoscopes, attachments to conventional microscopes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
    • G02B21/002—Scanning microscopes
    • G02B21/0024—Confocal scanning microscopes (CSOMs) or confocal "macroscopes"; Accessories which are not restricted to use with CSOMs, e.g. sample holders
    • G02B21/0036—Scanning details, e.g. scanning stages
    • G02B21/0048—Scanning details, e.g. scanning stages scanning mirrors, e.g. rotating or galvanomirrors, MEMS mirrors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
    • G02B21/002—Scanning microscopes
    • G02B21/0024—Confocal scanning microscopes (CSOMs) or confocal "macroscopes"; Accessories which are not restricted to use with CSOMs, e.g. sample holders
    • G02B21/0052—Optical details of the image generation
    • G02B21/0056—Optical details of the image generation based on optical coherence, e.g. phase-contrast arrangements, interference arrangements

Definitions

  • the present invention provides an apparatus which is able to provide images from within a turbid medium or past a particularly obstructing object.
  • the present apparatus makes use of a confocal imaging technique which provides clear images of a particular focal plane within a turbid medium, or past a particularly obstructing object located in a plane between the focal plane and the apparatus, by rejecting light reflected from anywhere within the medium other than the particular focal plane. It is a common problem within the prior art, that when an optical system attempts to view through a turbid medium, the light scattered from particles suspended in the intervening medium reduces visibility and image contrast, frequently to the point where visibility is reduced to zero, so that no useful imagery is possible.
  • One example of viewing through a turbid medium is that of snowflakes falling through the line of sight.
  • the problem is particularly severe when the viewing system provides the source of illumination, as due to the inverse square law of illumination nearer objects are both more brightly lit than farther objects, and also the back-scattered light is of a greater intensity at the viewer, as it has not been able to spread over such a wide area on its return path.
  • the back-scattered light may therefore be of a greater brightness than a target scene which the viewer is attempting to illuminate and view, thus presenting problems in providing images of the target scene with sufficient brightness and contrast so as to be clear.
  • Confocal systems have previously been used within laboratory microscopes to reduce the depth of focus of the microscope.
  • a large number of focal plane slices are taken across the image, and the regions of high contrast, high spatial frequency detail are then identified and combined by computer to produce an image with an unusually large depth of focus. This result is achieved because the image has had the diffuse out-of-focus objects replaced by sharp in-focus ones taken from the appropriate of the plurality of confocal slices.
  • the reduction in the depth of focus required to produce each confocal slice is achieved in the following manner.
  • the light source within a confocal microscope is an iUuminated pinhole.
  • the light from the pinhole is imaged by the microscope objective onto the experimental object on the stage of the microscope.
  • the light reflected from the object is then captured by the microscope and re-imaged substantially onto the original pinhole, some of the light passing through the pinhole and some being rejected.
  • the method of operation then, is that the light from the pinhole is conjugate (has an imaged one to one relationship) with its image at the microscope slide, and only light from precisely that image is able to return through the pinhole, light from just above and just below the correct image being rejected by collision with the material surrounding the pinhole aperture.
  • the focal depth of the image plane is significantly reduced, and thus by slowly raising the pinhole, different planes can be interrogated.
  • the data from these very precise planes of interest are then combined by computer to give an image with only sharp detail, achieving an apparently larger than average depth of focus, the out of focus parts of the normal image having been rejected by filtering at the pinhole.
  • the pinhole or in some systems, a slit
  • the pinhole is then scanned across the scene interrogating it one point at a time. Images frequently take up to 3 seconds to be fully captured and reconstructed.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to use the confocal imaging technique of the confocal microscope in a novel way so as to enable rejection of the hght reflected from an intervening turbid medium to allow a scene contained within the turbid medium to be imaged clearly.
  • a confocal imaging apparatus for producing images of a scene contained within a turbid medium, comprising: at least one scanning means arranged to provide a scan of said scene contained within said turbid medium; first imaging means arranged to collect and focus hght rays reflected from within said turbid medium by said scanning means; at least one aperture positioned at said focus of said first imaging means; second imaging means arranged to collect and refocus the light rays which pass through said aperture; and optical receptor means arranged to receive said light rays from said second imaging means and to produce said images therefrom; wherein said aperture acts to reject light rays reflected from within said turbid medium other than from said scene, whereby only light rays reflected from said scene are used to produce said images.
  • the optical receptor means may be any of a human eye, a thermal i ager, or a TV camera system.
  • a rotatable mirror may be used as the scanning means and may either rotate continuously in one direction, or may oscillate periodically about a fixed point in order to provide a scan of the entire scene. Synchronicity between the scan of the scene by the scanning means and the reception of the light rays by the optical receptor means may be achieved in the case of a rotatable mirror by having two parallel silvered sides, whereby said rays are reflected into the optical receptor means by the second side simultaneous with said rays being reflected into the first imaging means.
  • This arrangement is particular suitable when a TV camera is used as the optical receptor, in order that the phase lock between the mirror scan and the TV scan can be easily maintained.
  • two scanning means may be employed, one to scan the scene, and the second to direct the light rays to the optical receptor synchronously with the scan.
  • synchronizing means are required to ensure that the synchrony of the two scanning means is maintained.
  • Various filtering methods and apparatus may also be employed as part of the present invention, in order that the image of the scene may be improved.
  • the present invention may be incorporated into an underwater search system. This system is of such a small diameter that it may fit into small bore sewer pipes or even into an oil industry drilling pipe (an application with major cost advantages, and where no known system can presently operate).
  • the present invention is not limited to imaging a scene contained within a fluid medium such as air and water, and that by referring to a "turbid medium" the present invention is intended to encompass the imaging of scenes within static media of greater density, such as soil, rock, and other aggregates, as well as organic matter such as vegetable or animal flesh.
  • Figure 1 shows an optical schematic of a first embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 shows a schematic of a second embodiment according to the present invention, wherein two rotatable mirrors are employed to maintain synchrony of the scan;
  • Figure 3 shows a schematic of a third embodiment according to the present invention, wherein a single double sided mirror is used to maintain synchrony of the scan.
  • a turbid medium 1 contains a scene 2 of which images are to be taken.
  • a scanning means in the form of a rotatable mirror 3 is arranged to reflect light rays from within the turbid medium into a first imaging means 4.
  • the rotatable mirror 3 is arranged to pivot about a fixed point in order that the entire scene 2 may be scanned.
  • the first imaging means 4 contains one or more optical elements which may each have refracting, diffracting or reflective properties, arranged so as to collect the light reflected from within the turbid medium by the rotatable mirror 3 and focus the hght rays collected to a focal point, the position of the focal point depending upon the focal plane within the turbid medium from which the light rays are reflected from.
  • the aperture 5 may be a pinhole, but more typically may instead be a narrow slit.
  • the aperture 5 acts to reject light which was not reflected from the precise focal plane of interest, using the confocal effect discussed earlier. Thus provided that a particular light ray was scattered from the exact point which corresponds to the image of that point along the sht, the light will pass through the slit. If however it was scattered from turbidity or debris in the scene in front or behind the image of the aperture (or to either side) then it will fail to pass through the aperture. In this manner the focal depth of the apparatus is reduced to that of the scene desired to be imaged.
  • the light that passes through the aperture is then received by a second imaging means 6.
  • the second imaging means 6 contains one or more reflecting, diffracting or refracting elements arranged to collect those light rays that pass through the aperture 5 and refocus the rays at a second focal point whereat is placed an appropriate optical receptor means wherein the rays are imaged into a line image across the scene.
  • the line image which is stationary on the receptor corresponds to the line (conjugate with the sht) which is scanned across the scene.
  • the computer (or other means) is then used to convert this time varying line image into an areal image corresponding to the complete image of the scene.
  • the optical receptor means includes imaging apparatus 72 and image display and/or recording apparatus 71.
  • the imaging apparatus 72 is arranged to focus the light rays into an image of the scene which is then displayed on the display apparatus 71, and may be recorded, for instance by a suitable video system.
  • optical receptor means examples include a TV camera and display system, the human eye, a photographic camera and film, or a simple lens and screen.
  • the radiation used to image the scene may not necessarily be witiiin the optical band, but may instead be infra-red, short microwave, ultraviolet, or any other suitable band of the spectrum, and in particular depending upon the turbid media within which the scene is contained.
  • the optical receptor means must of course be sensitive to that band of radiation, and hence thermal imagers or image rntensifiers may also be suitable.
  • the rotatable mirror 3 may either be arranged to continuously rotate about the fixed point in one direction, or may oscillate about the fixed point in a periodic manner. Whichever arrangement is used the mirror periodically scans the entire scene to produce a complete image of the scene, the scan rate typically being on the order of 10kHz
  • the aperture 5 may be a pinhole, but typically will be a sht the same height as the scene. In either case only a very small region of the scene can be seen at any one time.
  • the rotatable mirror must rotate in 3 dimensions in order that light rays be gathered from the entire scene and imaged at the aperture.
  • the mirror need only rotate in 2-dimensions to scan the entire scene.
  • the first and second imaging means being at least one element with appropriate refracting, diffracting, or reflecting properties, may each be a collection of optical lenses and prisms suitably arranged, or may instead be holographic optical elements (HOEs). In either case the means must be arranged to re-direct the rays around the system and to bring the rays to the appropriate focus. Where HOEs are used great savings in the size of the system can be achieved.
  • a second embodiment of the present invention will now be described, which provides an enhancement over the first embodiment which is required for some of the types of optical receptor means which can be used.
  • the optical receptor means used is a TV or video type system, or indeed any other system where an image is built up using a raster scan
  • the raster scan of the TV system should by synchronous with the scan of the rotatable mirror 3 around the scene.
  • a second rotatable mirror 22 can be provided to direct the rays into the optical receptor means in synchrony with the scan of the first rotatable mirror 3.
  • a synchroniser 21 is further provided connected between the two mirrors' rotational mechanisms.
  • the synchroniser 21 may be any conventional rotary encoder arranged to detect the angular position of the respective mirrors and control the rotational mechanisms so as to maintain the synchrony. By so doing it ensures that the phase relationship between the scanning in both the scene and at the TV receptor remain locked together, and further largely obviates the need to control the rotation or oscillation of the first mirror to provide for linearity of scan.
  • a third embodiment will now be described with reference to Figure 3, wherein the synchrony between the scan of the rotatable mirror 3 and the reception of the light rays at the optical receptor means is maintained with the use of only a single mirror, and wherein illumination means and various filtering means are also provided in order to improve the quality of the resulting image.
  • Elimination in the form of EM radiation in the chosen band enters the system at the right from suitable illumination means which are not shown.
  • suitable illumination means which are not shown.
  • visible light will be chosen as the illuminating radiation, in which case the illumination means may include one or more laser diodes or other laser source, as shown.
  • the light is then imaged by a first lens grouping of the second imaging means 61 onto a slit 5.
  • the light from the slit is then imaged by the first imaging means 4 which has an external pupil, and that pupil is arranged to fall onto the rotatable mirror 3.
  • the mirror reflects the light over a large angle during its scan, and the light then enters third imaging means being a lens grouping 31, which itself has an external entrance pupil, which is also at the scan mirror.
  • the hght passes through this lens group 31 and is imaged in the distance, illuminating the scene.
  • the illumination is a vertical line, and that line scans sideways rapidly, illuminating successive vertical slices across the scene.
  • Light rays scattered from the scene travel back to the lens group 31, through to the rotatable mirror 3, are reflected to the first imaging means 4 and then imaged onto the sht 5.
  • the hght was scattered from the exact point which corresponds to the image of that point along the slit, the light will pass through the slit. Thus only a very small region of the scene can be both illuminated and seen.
  • the light reflected from the scene which passes through the sht now travels through the first lens grouping 61, through a second lens grouping 62, and then into a third lens grouping 63, which again has an external pupil, again the pupil is on the scan mirror, but this time on the reverse side. Because of the speed at which light travels, all these events happen substantially simultaneously, thus the light reflected on the reverse of the scan mirror is scanning in synchrony with that being reflected and scanned on the front side. It remains for the imaging means 72 of the optical receptor means to image the light rays onto a TV receptor 71.
  • This use of both sides of the mirror simultaneously ensures that the phase relationship between both the scanning in the scene and at the TV receptor remains locked together, obviating the need for complex encoding devices, and largely obviating the need for linearity of scan.
  • the scan mirror may further be oscillated or rotated as fast as is convenient, typically 10kHz or more, thus depositing many scans on the TV receptor for each frame. This again obviates the need for phase locking, and further ensures a similarity of exposure level for each successive frame, in order to suppress undesirable flicker in the display.
  • the third imaging means 31 may be omitted, as in the first and second embodiments.
  • the preceding first imagmg means 4 focuses at the scene instead. While simpler, this creates a confocally filtered image of a focal plane which is cylindrical, with the axis of the cylinder coinciding with the axis rotation of the scan mirror.
  • the inclusion of the third imaging means gives a further degree of control to the outgoing and /or incoming light rays, thereby enabling a flat focal plane, and hence a flat scene to be scanned.
  • focal planes of varying curvature can be created.
  • the distance of the focal plane at which the scene thereof will be imaged from the confocal imaging apparatus may also be varied by altering the first and/or third imaging means (where included). This alteration may be performed either before the apparatus is put into use by either the manufacturer or the user, or may be performed actively during use by the provision of conventional suitable lens control means arranged either to move the lenses of each group in relation to each other, thereby changing the optical properties of the group as a whole, or to alter the optical properties of the lens groups in any other conventional manner.
  • illumination is provided by a laser
  • further enhancements may be incorporated into the third embodiment to provide further embodiments.
  • the light from a laser will generally be linearly polarised, and a further embodiment of this invention includes at least one polarising filter means 34, 35 such that the light which passes to the optical receptor means is polarised contrarily to that which is leaving the system to illuminate the scene.
  • the purpose is to reject the light which is back- scattered from internal optical surfaces. It is well known that light which is specularly reflected, as from optical surfaces, retains its plane of polarisation, whereas polarised light is substantially depolarised when reflected from natural objects in a scene, particularly metal objects. Thus filtering to ensure passage of only the cross-polarised light will favour the light reflected from the scene, suppressing light reflected from within the optics.
  • a slab of a birefringent material is used
  • auxiliary filtering slit 32 (not shown), positioned just before an auxiliary filtering slit 32.
  • the birefringent slab causes the light to form two images of the source slit 5 side by side, the two sht images being contrarily polarised.
  • the unwanted polarised hght (of the same polarisation as the iUumination, and therefore again having been specularly reflected from within the optics) can again be preferentially rejected.
  • the light along the slit may come from a plurality of sources of different wavelength, and that wavelength difference again used to enhance the rejection of light reflected from the wrong part of the scene.
  • the filtering may be made very sensitive by means of a very narrow bandpass filter, using the angle of incidence of the light at the filter (it is well known that bandpass shifts of the order of tens of nanometres in wavelength occur when dichroic filters are tilted) to ensure that only the light which passed through the filter travelling in the correct angular direction can get back through the filter again on the return journey from the scene.
  • the above described variations and enhancements may each be used either alone or in combination, but principally in support of the confocal imaging apparatus described herein, in order to provide adequate illumination of the target scene, and in order to provide suitable filtering of the reflected light, thereby improving the imaging of scenes contained within a turbid medium.
  • the computer or other means can be utilised to convert the time varying line image described in the second and subsequent embodiments.
  • the camera and iUumination are in separate locations but synchronised by the lens and the computer.
  • the present invention is not limited to visible light, and that any other _huminating radiation of any frequency may be used in place of visible light.
  • the frequency chosen as the ihuminating radiation will depend upon the nature of the turbid media in which the scene is contained.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Endoscopes (AREA)
  • Microscoopes, Condenser (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un appareil d'imagerie adapté pour produire des images de scènes contenues dans un milieu trouble à l'aide d'un effet confocal. Plus particulièrement, un moyen de balayage (3) est disposé de manière à absorber de la lumière en provenance de l'intérieur du milieu trouble et à diriger ladite lumière vers un dispositif d'imagerie (4, 5 et 6). Le dispositif d'imagerie présente une ouverture (5) servant à rejeter toute la lumière provenant de l'intérieur du milieu trouble à l'exception de celle d'un plan focal déterminé. Le dispositif d'imagerie dirige ensuite la lumière du plan focal vers un récepteur optique (72) pour former une image de la scène contenue dans le plan focal. L'appareil peut utiliser n'importe quel rayonnement, en particulier la lumière visible, les IR et les gammes micro-ondes.
PCT/GB2000/003542 1999-09-22 2000-09-14 Appareil d'imagerie confocal destine a produire des images d'un objet situe dans un milieu trouble Ceased WO2001022146A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0209151A GB2372171B (en) 1999-09-22 2000-09-14 Confocal imaging apparatus for imaging an object situated within a turbid medium
AU74318/00A AU7431800A (en) 1999-09-22 2000-09-14 Confocal imaging apparatus for imaging an object situated within a turbid medium

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9922468.5 1999-09-22
GBGB9922468.5A GB9922468D0 (en) 1999-09-22 1999-09-22 Confocal imaging apparatus for turbid viewing

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2001022146A1 true WO2001022146A1 (fr) 2001-03-29

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AU (1) AU7431800A (fr)
GB (2) GB9922468D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2001022146A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2836727A1 (fr) * 2002-03-04 2003-09-05 Vincent Lauer Dispositif de balayage optique confocal
CN114114811A (zh) * 2020-08-25 2022-03-01 罗伯特·博世有限公司 用于照射车辆的全息投影面的投影仪、车辆的投影装置和用于运行投影仪的方法

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB0706301D0 (en) 2007-03-30 2007-05-09 E2V Tech Uk Ltd Reflective means

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2836727A1 (fr) * 2002-03-04 2003-09-05 Vincent Lauer Dispositif de balayage optique confocal
WO2003075070A1 (fr) * 2002-03-04 2003-09-12 Vincent Lauer Dispositif de balayage optique confocal
CN1293404C (zh) * 2002-03-04 2007-01-03 樊尚·洛埃 焦距光学扫描装置
US7463396B2 (en) * 2002-03-04 2008-12-09 Vincent Lauer Confocal optical scanning device
CN114114811A (zh) * 2020-08-25 2022-03-01 罗伯特·博世有限公司 用于照射车辆的全息投影面的投影仪、车辆的投影装置和用于运行投影仪的方法
DE102020210759A1 (de) 2020-08-25 2022-03-03 Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Projektor zum Beleuchten einer holografischen Projektionsfläche für ein Fahrzeug, Projektionseinrichtung für ein Fahrzeug und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Projektors

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Publication number Publication date
GB2372171A (en) 2002-08-14
GB0209151D0 (en) 2002-05-29
AU7431800A (en) 2001-04-24
GB9922468D0 (en) 1999-11-24
GB2372171B (en) 2004-07-28

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