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WO2001017085A1 - Machine a courant alternatif dans laquelle la temperature des materiaux est utilisee - Google Patents

Machine a courant alternatif dans laquelle la temperature des materiaux est utilisee Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001017085A1
WO2001017085A1 PCT/SE2000/001605 SE0001605W WO0117085A1 WO 2001017085 A1 WO2001017085 A1 WO 2001017085A1 SE 0001605 W SE0001605 W SE 0001605W WO 0117085 A1 WO0117085 A1 WO 0117085A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
temperature
rotor
alternating current
stator
machine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/SE2000/001605
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English (en)
Inventor
Lars Gertmar
Arne Nysveen
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ABB AB
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ABB AB
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ABB AB filed Critical ABB AB
Priority to AU68844/00A priority Critical patent/AU6884400A/en
Publication of WO2001017085A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001017085A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for dynamo-electric motors
    • H02H7/085—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for dynamo-electric motors against excessive load
    • H02H7/0852—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for dynamo-electric motors against excessive load directly responsive to abnormal temperature by using a temperature sensor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K13/00—Thermometers specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G01K13/04—Thermometers specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring temperature of moving solid bodies
    • G01K13/08—Thermometers specially adapted for specific purposes for measuring temperature of moving solid bodies in rotary movement
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/02—Details
    • H02H3/05—Details with means for increasing reliability, e.g. redundancy arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00016—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using a wired telecommunication network or a data transmission bus
    • H02J13/00017—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using a wired telecommunication network or a data transmission bus using optical fiber
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00032—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for
    • H02J13/00036—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers
    • H02J13/0004—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers involved in a protection system
    • H02J13/0086—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
    • H02J3/1892—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks the arrangements being an integral part of the load, e.g. a motor, or of its control circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
    • H02P9/10—Control effected upon generator excitation circuit to reduce harmful effects of overloads or transients, e.g. sudden application of load, sudden removal of load, sudden change of load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
    • H02H1/0061—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements concerning transmission of signals
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/70—Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/22—Flexible AC transmission systems [FACTS] or power factor or reactive power compensating or correcting units
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
    • Y04S40/12—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment
    • Y04S40/124—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using wired telecommunication networks or data transmission busses

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to devices and methods for control of alternating current machines.
  • the invention relates in particular to control of the power conversion in synchronous and asynchronous machines having solid insulated rotor windings by changing power production or extraction during monitoring of the rotor winding temperature of the machine.
  • the invention also refers to electric power plants comprising controllable alternating current machines, and control of such plants.
  • An electric power network consists in principle of a number of sources and sinks for electrical power. Many sinks, such as bulbs etc. have a more or less pure resistive impedance and give rise to a consumption of essentially only active power. Other loading objects, such as induction motors have on the other hand an impedance with an inductive component and consume thereby both active and reactive power.
  • the electric power network thus has to provide a certain flexibility and capability to deliver or receive power, in particular reactive power.
  • Alternating current machines that work as electric generators in an electric power network deliver both active and reactive power to the power network, in an extent that is determined by the supplied mechanical power, and by the magnetisation of the machine. By changing these operation conditions, the relation between transmitted reactive and active power is changed.
  • Alternating current machines that operate as motors, such as synchronous motors, receive active power from the electric power network and deliver normally reactive power to the electric power network.
  • the exception is asynchronous motors with short-circuited rotor, which always have to be supplied with reactive power, often by phase compensation by using shunt capacitors.
  • an alternating current machine thus constitutes a converter for active power and at the same time a simple and easily available adjusting device for reactive power.
  • the transmission capability in the electric power network may break down very rapidly in that the maximum point at the so-called PV-curve is passed or in that there are further disconnections of remaining production units as a result of overload.
  • the limitation of the amount of transmitted power depends in many electric power networks on shortage of reactive power, mainly at critical points in the network and not on that thermal limits of transmission lines are exceeded. It is thus of great importance for an electric power network operator in order to be able to control the voltage of the electric power network, to maintain a suitable distribution of sources and sinks of reactive power, and to be able to change this distribution during shorter periods.
  • phase compensating elements in the electric power network.
  • phase compensators For large and complex networks, in particular if the nature of the load changes from one period of time to another, such solutions require extensive analyses and simulations in order to determine, in an optimum way, positioning and electric power for these phase compensators. Furthermore, procedures for how these are to be controlled for different operational conditions in the network are required.
  • Another measure in order to control the amount of reactive power may be to change the operational conditions for alternating current machines, in order to make these reducing or increasing delivered or consumed reactive power.
  • Alternating current machines according to the state of the art are normally provided with different kinds of overload protections and/ or limiting devices.
  • the limits for how hard an alternating current machine can be utilised are often set by considerations regarding temperatures, e.g. the temperatures of the stator and rotor windings. Allowed currents in the windings are generally estimated by means of simple theoretical models.
  • a limit for the current is typically set by the magnetising equipment. This may have a limit at e.g. nominal rotor current.
  • Larger machines are often equipped with a rotor current limiter, which besides a momentary limiter may contain a time-delay that allows a certain over-current during a shorter period of time. This limitation is, however, static and does not take the actual thermal condition of the synchronous machine into account.
  • a rotor overtemperature protection device is disclosed.
  • the aim of the protection is to prohibit the non-insulated squirrel- cage of the rotor to thermally expand causing mechanical damage of the rotor or get into mechanical contact with the stator.
  • This is a typical example of the above described protection devices. If a temperature threshold is exceeded, the protection device gives a signal and the overall operation of the machine is interrupted.
  • the sensor is not a temperature meter; it only gives a signal at a critical value. This corresponds vary well to the failure it is a protection against, i.e. thermal expansion of rotor squirrel-cage windings.
  • the temperature limit is influenced also by the time, and hence flexible temperature limits are possible to define. This necessitated for more sophisticated temperature meters.
  • a temperature supervision device is disclosed.
  • a temperature sensor senses the temperature of the rotor itself, and the reading is transferred to the static side.
  • the device is preferably used in a turbopump, and a too high pumping pressure may increase the rotor temperature such that the thermal expansion exceeds the mechanical tolerances in the pump, which will result in damages of the pump.
  • the monitored temperature can be used for changing the operation of the motor in order to protect it from such high rotor temperatures, e.g. by reducing the rotational speed. This is also a typical example of a pure protectional device.
  • stator winding on alternating current machines are normally protected by an over-current protection. At overload of the machine, such as that the current exceeds a limit given by nominal power, the machine is disconnected. Synchronous machines may be equipped with a stator current limiter. One is then able to regulate down the rotor current in order to limit the reactive power so that the operational point is kept within the allowed operational area in a well-known "P-Q circle diagram", which for the skilled man in the art often is called capability diagram. This is also performed independent of the actual temperature of the stator winding.
  • a control apparatus for turbine generators protects stator and rotor from over- temperatures by monitoring temperatures of stator and rotor.
  • the rotor temperature measured indirectly, i.e. calculated from rotor currents and rotor voltages, which means that only the average rotor temperature is monitored. Model based maximum over- excitations are applied, which are not dependent on the measured temperatures.
  • This apparatus is a good example of a combination of limiter and protection device.
  • Alternating current machines with a power over 5 MVA are today equipped with resistive temperature sensors (e.g. PtlOO elements) which are placed in or in close connection to the stator winding. These give a good information about the working temperature of the winding. These are connected to a protection that disconnects the machine when the temperature reaches over a certain limit. These limits are typically established from the temperature class or from measurements during starting-up of the machine.
  • resistive temperature sensors e.g. PtlOO elements
  • a problem with machine protections and limiters according to prior art is that they in many cases are based on rough static models about loss generation and conduction and temperature rise.
  • the actual conditions, such as variation in the temperature of the environment, are generally very little taken into consideration.
  • large security margins have to be used. In less extreme cases, this leads to that the protections are released unnecessarily early in a process.
  • a load drop or fault in the electric power network causes an unfavourable division of reactive and active power, this may easily lead to a temperature and/ or current increase in certain parts of an alternating current machine. If the protection is set to a completely too low level, such an electric power network situation may lead to that the protection of the machine is activated and that the machine thereby is turned off. This may in turn lead to an aggravated condition for the electric power network.
  • a general object of the present invention is thus to provide methods and devices for alternating current machines, with which one increases the possibilities and flexibility to temporarily change consumed or supplied active or reactive power to an electric power network. Another object is to provide electric alternating current machines that have larger margins for changes of its operational state. A further object of the present invention is that in the long run provide a power network with increased possibilities to planned and/ or coordinated power alterations.
  • the temperature of the rotor winding and/or its insulation is measured during operation. The measured temperature is then used to utilise, in a controlled manner, the margin in thermal material utilisation that the isolation material in alternating current machines in general have.
  • Rotor and/or stator current may be regulated in order to give rise to a requested production or consumption of active and reactive power. Even if the regulation of the currents and temperatures of the windings are made to exceed nominal values, one may with the temperature monitoring deliberately allow this during a limited time period, possibly at the expense of the life of the material.
  • An electric power network with alternating current machines of this kind may utilise existent temperature margins in connected machines, and at operational problems, these margins may during a shorter time be taken advantage of in order to facilitate the continuous operation of the electric power network. If the information about the margins of the different machines are pre-stored, measures to be taken at different kinds of operational problems may be preplanned and a co-ordination of measures may then be taken when faults appear.
  • the present invention is particularly suitable to be used for generators and large motors with a power over about 10 MVA. It is also particularly suitable to be used for machines with conventional stator voltage at connection to the electric power network, i.e. for voltages below 25 kV.
  • Fig. la is an equivalent scheme for a synchronous machine when the resistance in the stator winding is neglected;
  • Fig. lb is a combined capability and phasor diagram for a synchronous machine in over-magnetised generator operation
  • Fig. 2a is a schematic drawing of how the current may be increased in a stator or rotor winding, when the temperature margins are utilised;
  • Fig. 2b shows a typical relation between life and temperature of an isolation material
  • Fig. 3 shows the change in the operational state of a synchronous generator when it is overloaded with reactive power
  • Fig. 4a shows a time course for the temperature of the rotor winding when a synchronous generator is overloaded with reactive power in two intervals
  • Fig. 4b shows a time course for the temperature of the stator winding when a synchronous generator is overloaded with reactive power in two intervals
  • Fig. 5a shows a controlled time course for the rotor current in order to regulate reactive power and temperature in the synchronous generator at reactive overload
  • Fig. 5b shows the time course for reactive power production when the synchronous generator is overloaded according to Fig. 5a;
  • Fig. 6a shows a reformulated equivalence scheme for an asynchronous machine with winded rotor
  • Fig. 6b shows the change in the operational state of an asynchronous machine in generator operation when it is overloaded with active power
  • Fig. 7a shows a time course for active power production when an asynchronous machine in generator operation is overloaded by active power in an interval
  • Fig. 7b shows a time course for the temperature of the stator winding when an asynchronous machine in generator operation is overloaded with active power in an interval
  • Fig. 8 shows the change in the operational state of a synchronous motor when it during a short time is overloaded with a reactive power that is not permitted for continuous operation
  • Fig. 9 a shows a time course for reactive power production when a synchronous motor is overloaded with a with time varying reactive power
  • Fig. 9b shows a time course for the temperature of the rotor winding when a synchronous motor is overloaded with a with time varying reactive power
  • Fig. 10 shows a block diagram of a synchronous machine according to the present invention with static magnetisation
  • Fig. 11 shows a block diagram of a synchronous machine according to the present invention with brushless magnetising
  • Fig. 12 shows a block diagram of an asynchronous machine according to the present invention with winded rotor and slip rings
  • Fig. 13 shows a block diagram of a control system for an alternating current machine according to the present invention
  • Fig. 14a shows a block diagram of an electric power plant with two alternating current machines according to the present invention
  • Fig. 14b shows a block diagram of communicating electric power plants
  • Fig. 15 shows a flow diagram of a control method for an alternating current machine according to the present invention
  • Fig. 16 shows a flow diagram of a protection method for an alternating current machine according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 17 shows a flow diagram of a control method for an electric power plant according to the present invention.
  • Alternating current machines may be used under different operational conditions, whereby they give away or take up different active and reactive power.
  • fig. la an equivalence scheme for a synchronous machine in stationary operation is shown. In this case, the difference in reactance between the direct and the quadrature axis is disregarded, i.e. one assumes that one has a round rotor. A machine with pronounced poles does not have any corresponding scheme, but the basic principles of the present invention nevertheless apply also for such machines.
  • IA denotes the stator current and jXs denotes the synchronous reactance 2.
  • a pole voltage Us is applied over the connection terminals and an inner excitation voltage EA, which is controlled by the rotor current IF, is created in a fundamental voltage generator 1.
  • FIG lb a corresponding capability diagram is shown.
  • P denotes the active power and Q the reactive power.
  • the pole voltage amounts to its rated value Us.
  • the current in the windings has specified rated values IFN and IAN, which should not be exceeded.
  • These rated values IFN and IAN are represented in fig. lb by the circle arcs 6 and 7, respectively.
  • Permitted operational conditions are thus limited to an area where both IF ⁇ IFN and IA ⁇ IAN. This means that the area 3 is not permitted since IA is limiting and the area 4 is not permitted since IF is limiting.
  • sect. 9 a synchronous generator is marked with rated apparent power SN and its rated power factor cos ⁇ N.
  • a change of the pole voltage Us to the machine changes the capability diagram, which also concerns the efficiency of the method, but not the principle of the method. Since the rotational speed of the machine is assumed to be constant, the ventilation and friction losses are normally likewise constant. Even if the pole voltage Us may vary, this influences very little on the magnetisation losses in the machine. The machine is then limited as indicated in fig. lb by the rated values IAN and IFN of the stator and rotor currents, respectively.
  • the temperature in the windings of the rotor in an alternating current machine is thus, as discussed above, often a limiting parameter for the capacity of the alternating current machine to produce electric momentum as well as its capacity to produce reactive power via the stator windings to the power network.
  • Limits for temperatures and currents are set in order to protect the machine against destroying overloading.
  • existent alternating current machines often have a large thermal margin in that the designer built in security margins at the design of the machine or in that new experience values have been achieved since the machine was taken into operation.
  • the customer wants that the machine should be constructed for one temperature class lower than what the insulation endures, e.g. that the machine is made with windings for class F, while it is utilised thermally according to class B. This is for to have an extra safety at temporary faults and in order to be able to handle increased long time effects, which where unknown at the time when the machine was delivered and put into operation.
  • the price is partly determined based on the efficiency of the machine.
  • the specified temperatures for each temperature class are valid for continuous operation. For intermittent operation, one may with a short duration allow higher temperature without destroying the insulation. For organic insulation, one normally calculates with that the life is halved for each 8-12°C that the operational temperature is increased. This is illustrated in fig. 2b. For an increase of the operational temperature of ⁇ T, the life is reduced from to to ti. This may also be expressed as
  • ⁇ amounts to the value 8-12°C.
  • FIG. 2a The diagram shows a number of current levels lo to 14. Io corresponds to the calculated rated current, with considerations taken to temperature class, maximum cooling medium temperature and dimensioning margins, i.e. the normally specified maximum current. If direct measuring of the temperature is performed, one does not need to utilise any dimensioning margins and a current Ii can be used without any risk for damages. If furthermore a cooling medium with a lower temperature than 40°C is used, the current may be increased further
  • a current I3 can be used. This current may thus be used at continuous operation without ageing the insulation more rapidly than calculated. For shorter time periods, the current may be increased further, to a value I4, when a deliberate power increase is exchanged to a faster ageing of the insulation material.
  • I4 should, however, be kept below an absolute maximum level, over which the risk for material damages within a short time is considered to be too large.
  • the total power may thus without risk for damages on the insulation be put outside the area 5, which was not possible within prior art.
  • the increased reactive power extraction will result in an increased temperature in the rotor and stator windings, but this temperature increase is carefully monitored and may thus not lead to undesired material damages.
  • the reactive power Q3 is extracted, the continuous operation is limited by the rotor current.
  • Figure 4a and 4b show how the temperature in the windings of the rotor and stator, respectively, is increased during a period when the machine delivers extra reactive power.
  • &N specifies nominal temperature for the respective windings
  • ⁇ M specifies maximum temperature for shorter overloads for respective windings
  • te specifies starting temperature for respective winding before the increased power extraction
  • &E specifies the temperature at a stationary state during increased power extraction.
  • the figure presents three time intervals. The first corresponds to continuous operation.
  • the time interval ⁇ ti corresponds to a temperature increase phase and the time interval ⁇ t2 corresponds to a stationary phase at enhanced temperature. The intervals are described more below.
  • the rotor current is regulated according to a curve, which is shown in figure 5a, whereby a reactive power extraction according to fig. 5b is accomplished.
  • the rotor current is increased in the interval ⁇ ti to a temporary value IT, somewhat over the permitted one for static conditions.
  • the achieved reactive power then follows a similar curve, according to fig. 5b.
  • the temperature of the windings of the stator and rotor, respectively, will then gradually increase according to conventional heat conducting principles.
  • the rotor current is reduced to a value IE2, which is adjusted in order to maintain the temperatures constant at this higher level. This interval is specified by ⁇ t2.
  • the rotor current IR is regulated down again to a value IF2, which keeps the rotor winding at a steady high temperature in the vicinity of the maximum &M.
  • the reactive power Q amounts during the interval ⁇ t2 to a value which exceeds the nominal ⁇ N.
  • the duration of the interval ⁇ t2 may typically be from 10-15 minutes up to some hour, or until the temporary need for reactive power is reduced or disappears.
  • FIG. 3 shows a reformulated equivalence scheme for an asynchronous machine with winded rotor where XM is the magnetising reactance, while XLS denotes the leak reactance in the stator winding. The sum of these constitutes the reactance of the stator winding and is denoted by XA.
  • XM is the magnetising reactance
  • XLS denotes the leak reactance in the stator winding.
  • the sum of these constitutes the reactance of the stator winding and is denoted by XA.
  • the value and phase of the rotor current IR are referred to the stator side of the machine.
  • fig. 6a is valid also when the rotor rotates asynchronously.
  • FIG 6b it is shown how the continuous operational state of an asynchronous machine is changed when active power production is increased from P4 to P5.
  • the temporary limitations that the machine has when the insulation is utilised thermally are shown with the circle arcs 8 and 9.
  • These limitations 8, 9 may as above be estimated from the continuous or intermittent temperature measurements.
  • the total power may thus also here without risk for damages on the insulation be put outside the area 5, which was not possible within the prior art.
  • the increased active power extraction will result in an increased temperature in the windings of the rotor and stator, but this temperature increase is carefully monitored and may thus not lead to undesired material damages.
  • a time course for a controlled overload is shown in the figures 7a and 7b.
  • RMS root means square
  • fig. 7a This active power corresponds in this example to the estimated power that during stationary operation gives a maximum temperature of the stator. After the time interval ⁇ t3, the power is regulated down back to the normal.
  • fig. 7b the temperature response in the stator winding is shown. During the interval ⁇ t3 the temperature increases gradually towards the expected end value & , but does not reach all way up before the time interval is over. The stator temperature is thus in other words all the time kept within allowed temperature values.
  • figure 8 it is shown how the continuous operational state of the synchronous machine is changed when reactive power production temporarily is changed from Q ⁇ to Q7 in motor operation.
  • the temporary limitations for stationary operation that the machine has when the insulation is utilised thermally are shown with the circle arcs 8 and 9.
  • the limitations 8, 9 may as above be estimated from the continuous or intermittent temperature measurements.
  • the total power may thus also here without risk for damages on the insulation be put outside the area 5, which was not possible in prior art.
  • the operational point may even, as in this case, during a limited time be placed outside the limitations 8 and 9, thanks to a continuous or intermittent temperature monitoring.
  • the increased reactive power extraction will result in an increased temperature in the rotor and stator windings, but this temperature increase is carefully monitored and may thus not lead to undesired material damages.
  • a time course for a controlled overload is shown in the figures 9a and 9b.
  • an increased reactive power may be obtained during two time intervals ⁇ t4 and ⁇ ts, as shown in fig. 9a.
  • the extraction of reactive power is regulated up to a very high level Q7, which gives a very fast temperature rise in the rotor, as shown in fig. 9b.
  • This may e.g. correspond to an emergency situation where the electric power network is risking collapse as a result of shortage of reactive power.
  • the reactive power Q has to be limited, in order for acute damages not to arise at the rotor.
  • the reactive power is therefore regulated down gradually during the time interval ⁇ ts, when the electric power network hopefully has managed to recover or when any other machine takes over the production of reactive power.
  • FIG 9b the temperature response in the rotor winding is shown.
  • the time course when the power to the alternating current machine is temporarily increased may be varied in relation to the earlier description.
  • the extracted power may be varied arbitrarily, under the condition that the measured or estimated temperature is kept under control.
  • the method may thus be used in principle for to increase or decrease active or reactive power for synchronous or asynchronous machines in motor or generator operation.
  • the present invention which uses thermal material utilisation of an alternating current machine, can be utilised by different types of instrumentation for measuring or estimating the temperature of the insulation of the rotor winding.
  • the controlled time course of the increased power conversion may be varied in different ways according to the basic idea that the present invention mediates.
  • the present invention assumes that one during operation knows the temperature for the rotor winding or its insulation with a sufficiently accuracy and time resolution.
  • the temperature of the insulation in the rotor winding can be determined in different ways depending on the accuracy that is required.
  • Fig. 10 illustrates a sketch of how the method can be utilised for a synchronous machine with static magnetising.
  • a rotor 14, arranged around a rotating shaft 10, is provided with windings 12.
  • the rotor rotates within a stator 28 with stator windings 26.
  • a power transformer 46 supplies the stator windings 26 with current through wires 40.
  • the direct current from the alternating to direct current (AC to DC) converter 36 is brought over brushes 38 to slip rings 24 arranged at the rotor shaft 10 and further to the rotor windings 12 via wires 22.
  • AC to DC alternating to direct current
  • the temperature in the rotor winding is measured continuously or intermittent.
  • the temperature in the rotor winding is determined in the presented embodiment directly by measurement during operation. This is accomplished by placing one or several sensors in the winding or winding insulation ("Embedded Temperature Detector", ETD).
  • the rotor temperature sensors 16 are thus placed in or in connection to the rotor windings 12.
  • Stator temperature sensors 30 may preferably also be placed in or in connection to the stator windings 26.
  • the sensors are placed at positions, which based on analyses and/ or experiments have been found to be critical for the winding.
  • the sensors can be realised by placing e.g. resistive thermometers (PtlOO elements or similar thermoelements) in the stator winding 26 and/ or rotor winding 12.
  • section 7 to supply the stator winding 26 with ETD for thermal protection of the machine.
  • ETD electrically conductive thermometer
  • To equip the stator winding 26 with a resistive thermometer is a preferred embodiment at use of the present invention. This gives therefore a very good control of the temperature and a safe and accurate material utilisation of the machine.
  • the signals from the rotor temperature sensors 16 are collected via a measurement unit/ signal processor 18, which is connected to a transmitter 20 for wireless communication, arranged at the rotating shaft 10.
  • a corresponding receiver 21 for wireless communication is arranged at the stationary parts of the machine. The communication is described more in detail below.
  • the signals from the stator temperature sensors 30 and the measurement results transmitted to the receiver 21 are collected via a measurement unit/ signal processor 32, which forwards the results to a processing unit 34.
  • the processing unit is preferably a microprocessor.
  • the processing unit 34 can then control the AC to DC converter 36 so that a suitable rotor current is obtained.
  • Fig. 11 shows a synchronous machine according to the present invention, where brushless magnetisation is used. Similar parts as in fig. 10 have been denoted by corresponding reference numerals and will not again be described. Only the, for the operation important, new parts are described below.
  • a current is supplied by a magnetisation machine 58 arranged at the rotor shaft 10.
  • the AC to DC converter 36 supplies a winding 50 on the stator 48 of the magnetisation machine with current.
  • a current is obtained in the windings 52 on the rotor 54 of the magnetisation machine.
  • the current is converted from AC to DC by a converter 56 and is fed to the rotor windings 12.
  • In a corresponding way as earlier are temperature sensors arranged at suitable places in or at the windings.
  • Fig. 12 shows a slip ring based asynchronous machine according to the present invention. Similar parts as in fig. 10 have again been denoted by corresponding reference numerals and will not again be described. Only the, for the operation important, new parts are described below.
  • the power transformer 42 supplies here a frequency converter 60 with current.
  • the frequency converter 60 transmits in turn alternating current via brushes 62 and slip rings 64 to the rotor 14.
  • This machine is in a similar way as before provided with temperature sensors 16 and 30.
  • the rotor temperature sensors 16 are, however, in this embodiment connected to an additional slip ring 66 on the rotor shaft 10, and transfers the measurement information to a brush means 68 to the stationary part of the machine.
  • the rotor winding temperature and/ or the temperature of its insulation is measured by direct measurements, preferably at critical points.
  • To equip the rotor winding with resistive temperature sensors is a preferred embodiment at use of the present invention for both synchronous and asynchronous machines.
  • the control unit that controls the rotor current is traditionally placed stationary on the outside of the machine.
  • the rotor current is in general regulated by controlling the magnetisation to the magnetisation machine, as it is shown in fig. 11.
  • the AC to DC converter is normally placed outside the machine and the current is transferred via slip rings to the rotor winding, as shown in fig. 10.
  • An asynchronous machine with winded rotor is normally designed with slip rings so that the rotor winding can be fed by an alternating voltage or current from a frequency converter which is placed outside the machine.
  • a common feature for these alternatives is that when the control unit for the rotor current is placed outside the machine (and not on the shaft), a communication line is needed between rotor and stator. This may be realised in several ways depending on demands on the number of measurement points and accuracy and what should be measured.
  • For measuring of rotor temperature it is a preferred embodiment to mount 2 - 10 temperature sensors (e.g. Pt-100 elements) at selected places in the rotor winding and to transfer the measurement signals to the stationary control unit via a digital radio connection between stator and rotor, as shown in fig. 10 and 11.
  • Energy to the communication line and measurement system is fetched from a stabilised current supply, which is placed at the shaft of the machine and which collects its energy from the rotor winding.
  • analogue communication may be used.
  • the communication may then be made wireless or, as shown in fig. 12, via slip rings.
  • measurement data concerning winding temperature is sent to a processing unit.
  • This processing unit is used in one embodiment of the present invention for control of the rotor current. This may simply be made by, as suggested in the figures 10-12, connecting the processing unit to a converter or current generator.
  • the temperature information may also be used for controlling stator currents. In a simple implementation of this control method, the control of the current is based only on the measured temperatures and outer provided data about desired operation. Other information may, however, also be usable at the control of the currents. Such information may e.g. be constituted by calibration measurement.
  • a processing unit 100 is arranged to receive measurement results from temperature measurements from rotor temperature sensors 104. Preferably, also stator temperature measurements are provided by stator temperature sensors 102.
  • the processing unit 100 is furthermore connected to a control means 108, which is concerned with control of stator and/ or rotor current.
  • the processing unit 100 is in this preferred embodiment also connected to a storage unit 106 for temperature data.
  • This temperature data may also comprise simple limit information that may be provided by manual input, such as information about nominal and maximum stator and rotor temperature.
  • the data may also comprise measured and/ or estimated relations between rotor and stator current, and rotor and stator temperature at stationary states. Such data may e.g. be provided at calibration runs.
  • the measured temperatures may during operation be stored and as time goes processed, to update and correct such relations.
  • Also data that describes the temperature history of the rotor and stator may be stored, in order to be used at decisions about how hard the machine can be run.
  • a processing unit 100 with access to a well-supplied database of temperature information may be programmed in a suitable manner to provide a very intelligent control of the material margins of a machine.
  • the content of the database may be used in order to, at every occasion, calculate the gathered temperature margin that is available in an alternating current machine.
  • a voltage collapse of the electric power network is dangerously close, such temperature margins may then easily be used to temporarily rescue the situation.
  • a deliberate operation of the machine over its rated values may according to the present invention be performed due to the reliable supervision of the temperature development in the machine.
  • the processing unit 100 may also be used to implement a flexible and intelligent protection or limitation device for the machine. If something exceptional occurs, such as a faulty net voltage, the operational state of the machine is normally changed. By being able to detect e.g. the time derivative of temperatures in the windings, a fault may rapidly be detected. This may also be used as a pure indication of certain electric power network faults, such as being described in "Rotor heating as an indicator of system voltage instability", IEEE Trans, on Power Systems, Vol. 10, No. 1, Feb. 1995, pp. 175-81.
  • the machine may in such situations be turned over to run in some other operational state, that doesn't risk to heat up the stator or rotor to forbidden temperatures. Furthermore, one could in such situations on purpose let the machine be warmer than the nominal temperature, while taking care of the fault that causes the heating. However, one has always to make sure that the temperatures always are kept below a maximum level, where risk for damages on the machine is present also for a shorter operational period.
  • a control of the machine in order to avoid turn-off may normally be driven to a certain limit, when e.g. the relation between active and reactive power becomes so exceptional that the machine is risking to become unstable.
  • a soft and well-regulated turning-off may then be performed.
  • Electric power plant is in this application referring to a construction comprising a group of alternating current machines, which are situated within a limited area and are operated in a co-ordinated manner and which preferably belong to the same operator.
  • An electric power plant according to the above definition may typically consist of a number of alternating current machines, transformers, lines, cables, bus bars, disconnecting switches and circuit breakers and accompanying measuring and setting devices.
  • An electric power network is in this application referring to a network of connected electric power plants, which typically are spread over a wider geographical area.
  • Fig. 14a and 14b show schematically an electric power plant, in which a number of alternating current machines 202 are comprised. Together with control equipment for the machine, the alternating current machine 202 constitutes a machine unit 211. Each machine unit 211 constitutes a part of an electric power plant (according to earlier definition), which via power lines or cables 201 is connected to a electric power network 200.
  • the machines are equipped with temperature sensors 203 according the present invention, and temperature data is collected by a control unit 204 at each machine.
  • the control unit 204 comprises logically the processing unit in the earlier description.
  • a group of machine units 211 are generally controlled by a plant management unit 206.
  • a number of communication devices 205 are established between the control units 204 for the machines and the plant management unit 206. If a fault occurs in the network, the plant management unit 206 may transfer information about this to the different control units, perhaps connected to a request about to temporary being able to drive the machines in a particular way. The respective control units 204 may at their side inform the plant management unit 206 about its present operational state and if any tendencies of network instabilities have been detected.
  • Such a configuration becomes particularly powerful if the plant management unit 206 has access to the current temperature condition for the different machines, i.e. to the temperature measurement values or associated quantities calculated therefrom. In the same way as for the control of each separate machine, additional temperature data is also of interest. If the plant management unit 206 has access to both the present temperature for the different machines and stored information about how large temperature margins that is present in each of the machines, this may be utilised to continuously update the operational plans for how to be able to handle different faults or operational situations. If the plant management unit 206 knows that a certain machine has a large margin to utilise, this may be requested at a fault situation, in order to maybe save other machines with smaller margin still in the network.
  • a database with temperature data for the different machines is thus to prefer. This may be arranged in connection to each control unit, such as described above.
  • the temperature database or a copy of it may also be available in the plant management unit 206, so that no temporarily disconnected information connections may jeopardise the possibilities for control.
  • the plant management unit 206 therefore preferably comprises a memory means for storing of the database.
  • the information in the database may at a later occasion be used for analysis in order to increase the knowledge about the behaviour of the plant at normal operation as well as at disturbances.
  • the information may also be used to analyse the efficiency of the plant and to be able to plan future operation modes.
  • the database thus comprises both historic information, concerning the earlier operation of the machines, but also information that is needed for accomplishing a suitable control of the machines.
  • the database may e.g. comprise the response of the machine at earlier occurring disturbances.
  • the network communication devices 205 may operate according to different communication methods according to prior art. Such methods may be based on stationary connections in the form of e.g. metallic wires or fibre optics, or on wireless transmission, such as radio or radio relay link.
  • a network of communication devices may be built. Such a network contributes to alternative communication paths, which may be utilised in case any or some communication devices by some reason are not available.
  • the production management unit 206 may perform calculations and updates of operation plans, for instance by extrapolating the sate in machines and using the results from eigenvalue calculations, even if any or some communication devices and/ or sensors at the present do not operate.
  • the possibility to build up a reliable network is of particular importance for instance at strained operational situations or during the rebuilding of the operation after a larger operation disturbance.
  • a network supervision unit 212 is responsible for the operation of the electric power network in large, and may in a corresponding way as described above communicate with the plant management units 206 of the electric power plants or separate electric machines 202, in order to get information about possible margins. These margins may then be used for an optimisation of larger areas or the total operation of the electric power network.
  • An electric power network operator has mainly interest of to known available power resources on different places in the network and the possible costs that are connected with the use of them. The detailed conditions regarding the individual temperature margins of the machines are of less interest, especially for an hierachially superior electric power network operator. It is also of interest for an operator on an electric power plant to be able to limit the information exchange, since a part of the available information may be used as competitive means to competing operators.
  • the tasks of the network supervision unit 212 are to secure the possibilities for a safe and economically optimum operation of the electric power network.
  • This may comprise communication of information exchange and target values as well as control signals to both production management units 206 and electric power networks 200.
  • the control of production management units 206 may be based on economical control signals, while it might be necessary to send direct control commands at serious operation disturbances, with the aim to save the integrity and continuous operation of the electric power network.
  • the information exchange between the network supervision unit 212 and the rest of the units should be performed in the form of messages, which can besides address and message can contain security keys (coding) to limit the ones that have the right to take part of the information.
  • security keys coding
  • a preferred embodiment of a plant management unit 206 in an electric power plant thus comprises a means for external communication.
  • This means is arranged partly to receive and interpret messages from external units, such as e.g. an operator of an electric power network and partly to send out selected information to the external units.
  • the present invention may of course be utilised at installation of new equipment in an electric power network.
  • the methods and the devices are, however, of such a kind that they advantageously also may be used at restoration of existent equipment.
  • restoration of old equipment leads to large thermal material margins, if turbines or other mechanical arrangements can't be upgraded in the same extent, whereby these machines advantageously may be utilised for control purposes.
  • Fig. 15 schematically shows the control method for a rotating electric alternating current machine according to the present invention.
  • the process starts in step 300.
  • step 302 the temperature of the rotor winding and/or its insulation is measured continuously or intermittent.
  • step 304 these measurement data are used to control the continuous operation of the alternating current machine, so that a thermally controlled optimisation of the power conversion is obtained.
  • step 310 the process is ended in step 310.
  • Fig. 16 schematically shows the protection method for a rotating electric alternating current machine according to the present invention.
  • the process starts in step 300.
  • step 302 the temperature of the rotor winding and/or its insulation is measured continuously or intermittent.
  • step 306 these measurement data are used to control the winding currents so that the temperature of the windings is regulated within permitted values.
  • step 310 the process is ended in step 310.
  • Fig. 17 schematically shows the control method of an electric power plant according to the present invention.
  • the process starts in step 300.
  • step 302 the temperature of the rotor winding and/or its insulation of alternating current machines in the electric power plant is measured continuously or intermittent.
  • step 308 these measurement data are used to control the power conversion of the electric power plant in a controlled and optimum manner.
  • the process is ended in step 310.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Control Of Electric Motors In General (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)

Abstract

La température d'un enroulement rotorique (12) est mesurée dans une machine à courant alternatif dotée d'enroulements rotoriques (12), pendant son fonctionnement. La température mesurée est ensuite utilisée pour employer, de manière contrôlée, la marge d'utilisation du matériau thermique que présente généralement le matériau d'isolation des machines à courant alternatif. Le courant courant du rotor et/ou stator peut être régulé, de sorte que la production ou la consommation d'énergie active et réactive requise soit assurée. Le courant peut dépasser des valeurs nominales sur une période limitée, grâce à la surveillance de la température. Le principe de la surveillance peut également être utilisé pour augmenter la protection contre la surcharge. Un réseau de distribution électrique auquel des machines à courant alternatif sont connectées peut utiliser, en cas de problème de fonctionnement, les marges de températures existantes sur des périodes plus courtes, de sorte que le fonctionnement continu de celui-ci soit facilité. Les informations relatives aux marges des différentes machines peuvent être pré-mémorisées pour permettre une meilleure coordination des mesures lors de l'apparition d'anomalies.
PCT/SE2000/001605 1999-08-27 2000-08-23 Machine a courant alternatif dans laquelle la temperature des materiaux est utilisee Ceased WO2001017085A1 (fr)

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AU68844/00A AU6884400A (en) 1999-08-27 2000-08-23 Material-utilised alternating current machines

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SE9903037A SE9903037L (sv) 1999-08-27 1999-08-27 Materialutnyttjande växelströmsmaskiner
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WO2003060296A1 (fr) * 2002-01-18 2003-07-24 Robert Bosch Gmbh Chauffage a eau froide a l'aide de pertes de generateur
WO2004012327A1 (fr) * 2002-07-31 2004-02-05 Sydkraft Ab Machine electrique
WO2007084037A1 (fr) * 2006-01-23 2007-07-26 Abb Technology Ltd. Station de conversion et procédé pour la commander
WO2011040845A1 (fr) * 2009-09-29 2011-04-07 Husqvarna Ab Moteur électrique et procédé de régulation associé
WO2013177532A1 (fr) * 2012-05-24 2013-11-28 Flodesign Wind Turbine Corp. Protection thermique de compensateurs synchrones fonctionnant en puissance/génération active continue
WO2017162780A1 (fr) * 2016-03-24 2017-09-28 Ge Jenbacher Gmbh & Co. Og Générateur électrique
EP3694094A1 (fr) * 2019-01-30 2020-08-12 Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation Commande de conversion de puissance

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DE102019217420A1 (de) * 2019-11-12 2021-05-12 Robert Bosch Gmbh Elektrische Maschine
DE102020210131A1 (de) * 2020-08-11 2022-02-17 Theegarten PACTEC GmbH & Co.KG Rotationskopf mit rotorseitiger Regeleinrichtung, Vorrichtung umfassend den Rotationskopf und Verfahren zur Regelung einer Energiezufuhr zu einem Arbeitsorgan des Rotationskopfs

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WO2003060296A1 (fr) * 2002-01-18 2003-07-24 Robert Bosch Gmbh Chauffage a eau froide a l'aide de pertes de generateur
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WO2017162780A1 (fr) * 2016-03-24 2017-09-28 Ge Jenbacher Gmbh & Co. Og Générateur électrique
CN108781050A (zh) * 2016-03-24 2018-11-09 Ge延巴赫两合无限公司 发电机
US20190068096A1 (en) * 2016-03-24 2019-02-28 Ge Jenbacher Gmbh & Co. Og Electric generator
US10742148B2 (en) 2016-03-24 2020-08-11 Innio Jenbacher Gmbh & Co Og Electric generator
EP3694094A1 (fr) * 2019-01-30 2020-08-12 Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation Commande de conversion de puissance
US11400817B2 (en) 2019-01-30 2022-08-02 Central Japan Railway Company Power conversion controller

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AU6884400A (en) 2001-03-26
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