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WO2001001542A1 - Procede de gestion de la consommation d'energie d'appareils menagers - Google Patents

Procede de gestion de la consommation d'energie d'appareils menagers Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001001542A1
WO2001001542A1 PCT/IB2000/000097 IB0000097W WO0101542A1 WO 2001001542 A1 WO2001001542 A1 WO 2001001542A1 IB 0000097 W IB0000097 W IB 0000097W WO 0101542 A1 WO0101542 A1 WO 0101542A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
users
priority
power consumption
electric power
power
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/IB2000/000097
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English (en)
Italian (it)
Inventor
Francesca Meloni
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wrap SpA
Whirlpool EMEA SpA
Original Assignee
Merloni Elettrodomestici SpA
Wrap SpA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Merloni Elettrodomestici SpA, Wrap SpA filed Critical Merloni Elettrodomestici SpA
Priority to AU21237/00A priority Critical patent/AU2123700A/en
Priority to JP2001506660A priority patent/JP2003503997A/ja
Priority to EP00901279A priority patent/EP1221189A1/fr
Priority to CA002377811A priority patent/CA2377811A1/fr
Publication of WO2001001542A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001001542A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks for adjusting voltage in AC networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks for adjusting voltage in AC networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00004—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by the power network being locally controlled
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
    • H02J13/00007—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission
    • H02J13/00009—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission using pulsed signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/10—The network having a local or delimited stationary reach
    • H02J2310/12—The local stationary network supplying a household or a building
    • H02J2310/14—The load or loads being home appliances
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/50—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
    • H02J2310/52—The controlling of the operation of the load not being the total disconnection of the load, i.e. entering a degraded mode or in current limitation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/50—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
    • H02J2310/56—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads characterised by the condition upon which the selective controlling is based
    • H02J2310/58—The condition being electrical
    • H02J2310/60—Limiting power consumption in the network or in one section of the network, e.g. load shedding or peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y02B70/3225—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02B90/20—Smart grids as enabling technology in buildings sector
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
    • Y04S20/222—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
    • Y04S20/242—Home appliances
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
    • Y04S40/12—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment
    • Y04S40/121—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for managing power consumption of a users system, said users system comprising
  • a set of users comprising in turn a set of smart users equipped with control systems, said set of users being operatively connected to a power supply network;
  • - power measuring means capable of transmitting information on power consumption to said control systems; where the control systems perform power consumption control of the associated smart user on the basis of the information on power consumption transmitted by the power measuring means.
  • an automatic organization When simultaneous operation of a number of users in a given environment may require a greater resource availability than actually available, an automatic organization would be appropriate to limit the number of active users at the same time and/or impose a temporary reduced operation to all or just a few of them. Such a requirement is particularly felt for electrically supplied household appliances where said resource is the electric power available by contract from the Electricity Board.
  • the automatic organization has to choose the users to be favoured from time to time based on fully accepted procedures (first come first served) or adopt any principles, which in a more or less complex manner will respect the priority levels assigned to the users during their performance.
  • Limiting consumption peaks is an appropriate measure resulting in significant savings ; in fact, power supply structures have to be oversized due to absorption peaks.
  • a restriction may entail a saving, should over-consumption be subject to an electricity rate increase, or improved global performances, should over-consumption cause a current cut-off.
  • more or less smart users i.e. capable at least of sending and/or receiving signals and modifying their state according to the signals received.
  • the presence of dummy users has to be inevitably provided in general, i.e. without the interactive capacities of smart users.
  • Centralized power management through a co-ordination central unit has anyway several drawbacks, in particular due to the fact that if a users configuration changes (either by elimination, replacement or addition), also the central unit has to be reconfigured, as in the instance of the above patent US 5.436.510, where, additionally, a predetermined portion of the assigned power is always left available to not controllable or dummy users (such as irons, electric stoves, etc.), thus practically reducing constantly the power allowed for use.
  • Said patent discloses smart users, intercommunicating mutual information on their own requirements and priority levels; each smart user will take note of the requirements of the other users and either reduce or cancel its own absorption if sufficient power is not available and its own priority is not the highest among the ones mutually communicated, making way for the other ones.
  • likely dummy users are unable to deal, i.e. they reserve highest priority to themselves, but will use power only while they are in operation, so that the system does not always need to reserve a power portion to them.
  • Such a power consumption organization represents a substantial progress, since the system regulates itself spontaneously, independently from any configuration change of the users set; in fact, the organization is not centralized, but it is the result of a "mediation" between smart users.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a method for managing power consumption of a users system, which in case of faulty central unit or of one or more of said "smart" users will warrant no less operation reliability of the remaining users than obtainable if said central unit were missing.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a method for managing power consumption of a users system, which ensures a stable system, letting the users terminate their duties within reasonable times without jeopardizing their performance nor increasing global consumption and moreover preventing the arising of oscillations.
  • - Fig. 1 shows schematically a household electric installation with a set of users according to the present invention
  • - Fig. 2 shows a states diagram related to a first embodiment of the method for managing power consumption of a users system according to the present invention
  • FIG. 3 shows a states diagram related to a second embodiment of the method for managing power consumption of a users system according to the present invention
  • Fig. 4 shows a diagram representing absorbed power ranges related to the method for managing power consumption of a users system according to the present invention
  • Fig. 5 shows the qualitative trend of a quantity employed in the method for managing power consumption of a users system according to the present invention
  • - Fig. 6 shows a value assignment table of a second quantity employed in the method for managing power consumption of a users system according to the present invention
  • - Fig. 7 shows a second table related to the quantity of figure 6;
  • Fig. 8 shows a third table related to the quantity of figure 6
  • Fig. 9 shows a quantity trend of figure 6 as a function of time
  • Figs. 10-1 1-12 show three possible configurations of a device employed in connection with the power method for managing power consumption of a users system according to the present invention.
  • Figure 1 shows a power distribution system in a household environment, where electric power is drawn from an external network RE through an electric power meter CE and restricted by a power limiter LP to the value provided in the electricity supply contract (3 kW in the above example).
  • the electric meter CE, laundry wash-machine LB, dishwasher LS and oven FO are all supplied from the electric network through a suitable electronic interface IN, which is provided to let information transmission and reception through the electric network utilizing carrier modulation waves.
  • a suitable electronic interface IN which is provided to let information transmission and reception through the electric network utilizing carrier modulation waves.
  • any known communication means can be used for the achievement of the present invention.
  • the electric meter CE is capable to send at regular time intervals the value of an Available Power PD to the users, e.g.
  • Measuring Node NM every minute, and/or in line with a relevant change of power absorption.
  • Both the laundry wash-machine LB, dishwasher LS and oven FO are equipped with corresponding control systems called SCI , SC2 and SC3, respectively, in communication with the electronic interfaces IN.
  • SC control systems
  • SC control systems
  • users are able to exchange information mutually useful, in a co-operation-like manner, such as water hardness, humidity and room temperature.
  • the expression smart user UI will indicate indifferently all users U capable of performing the functions provided in the present invention, i.e. equipped with the Control System SC, whereas the other users are called dummy users UNI.
  • Optimal consumption distribution is obtained instructing the Control System SC of each user UI to obtain the power required according to a coherent behaviour with its momentary need to perform or not its assigned service; in other words, the behaviour of each user UI is exclusively conditioned by the priority level, instant by instant, of the performance of its service and actual availability of the required power.
  • the Effective Priority value PriorEff is equal to a quantity called Dynamic Priority PRD.
  • Dynamic Priority PRD is calculated by each Control System SC on the basis of specific predefined instructions for each smart user UI, on internal information related to the state of the smart user UI itself (such as program steps, monitored temperatures, etc.), and finally on external information supplied by the Measuring Node NM.
  • the Control System SC state depends on Available Power PD communicated by the Measuring Node NM and Effective Priority PriorEff value calculated by the Control System SC itself; Effective Priority PriorEff in turn takes values, which may also depend but not necessarily on the information received from the Measuring Node NM.
  • the Measuring Node NM does not absolutely impart any command to smart users UI, but it will restricts itself to supply the same information to all of them conditioning their behaviour indirectly only, since smart users UI themselves will take received information into account for modifying their state, if required.
  • the Control System SC state of each user UI is not conditioned by a transaction with other users UI, as occurring on the contrary in the system described in the patent IT. 01279545. According to the present invention, in fact, each smart user UI acts quite autonomously, regardless of the requirements of other smart users UI or dummy users UNI.
  • the global behaviour of smart users UI and dummy users UNI is very similar to that of a population of individuals or cellular automata where a substantially stable regular total result may not be the result of a predetermined design but rather of uncoordinated individual actions that share only common behaviour rules.
  • the Control System SC of each smart user UI uses a first principle to take the required power for operation, called "Competition for Increment”.
  • the Control System SC of each smart user UI uses a second principle to take the required power for operation, called "Competition for Decrement".
  • the Measuring Node NM is provided for constantly measuring an Absorbed Power PA, i.e. the electric power actually absorbed by the users U and, moreover - knowing the subscribed power supply PC, i.e. the maximum electric power usable according to the electric supply contract - transmitting information to the smart users UI on Available Power PD at sufficiently closed time intervals.
  • Figure 5 shows the information trend on Available Power PD as a function of time t.
  • the magneto-thermal switches allow the contract supply power PC to be exceeded to a certain extent before power is cut off, such a contract supply value is not exceeded immediately but with a delay, which will be the higher the less the absorption excess; then not necessarily the Measuring Node NM will send the negative Available Power PD message as soon as Absorbed Power PA exceeds the contract supply power PC. Therefore, Available Power PD value may be a signal reprocessed by the Measuring Node and a function of an over-consumption PC-PA and duration of said overconsumption, and finally of the tolerances established by the Electricity Board for the magneto-thermal switch to operate.
  • Figure 5 shows in fact an example with a constant negative over-consumption PC-PA, while Available Power PD, as function f (PC, PA, t), will decrement in time when the over-consumption condition goes on until a negative value is reached,.
  • active smart users UI receive said _ _
  • a Reduced Consumption strategy provides the same power absorption of the user as during normal operation but for a shorter time, thus reducing consumption. For instance, a washing machine LS can wash at a slightly lower temperature than usually required, because extension of mechanical wash times warrants the same performances; therefore, if the machine is informed through a poor Available Power PD information that other users request power, it may choose alternative wash strategies to the basic one, deciding for lower wash temperatures and longer wash times, which will use power for less time and allow earlier activation of other users. On the contrary, a Reduced Load strategy provides substantially the same energy consumption of the user as during normal operation, but using less power and consequently a longer time.
  • an electric buffer water-heater or electric stove equipped with two or more electric heaters may have a slower heating process choking the load, thus using less power for a longer time, so as to allow operation in parallel of other users.
  • some smart users UI may operate at different consumption levels or with a Reduced Load using either the same power for a longer or shorter time or one or more power "packets" ⁇ P; the time during which power is requested may be shortened letting other users switch on earlier, or the power used may be reduced to let other users switch in simultaneously.
  • packets power "packets"
  • Effective Priority PriorEff of a user UI is variable in time and reflects the task difficulty of a user UI in its evaluation moment, which difficulty is represented in turn by Dynamic Priority PRD.
  • Dynamic Priority PRD is an integer value comprised between 0 as Null Priority PRN value and 2" -1 , Maximum Priority PRM, where n is the number of bits used to represent said Dynamic Priority PRD; thus, Dynamic Priority PRD expresses the urgency for each user to perform a determined service.
  • Principle of Competition for Increment The operating procedure according to Competition for Increment is now illustrated with reference to figure 2.
  • Available Power PD will mean in the following the function f (PC, PA, t); therefore, when Available Power PD is said to be either negative or positive to indicate an over-consumption or not, this means that the corresponding function f (PC, PA, t) will take either negative or positive values.
  • the arrows marked T. l to T.8 indicate possible State Transitions, said States being identified S. l to S.4.
  • the relevant conditions for Transitions are indicated in bold letters in line with each transition; underneath them are the operations executed by the Control System SC.
  • the quantities indicated with the symbol "[i]" represent specific values related to the user "i"; whereas the remaining quantities may have a common value for all control systems SC.
  • the following quantities are shown, whose meaning will be explained later:
  • Minimum power PMin[i] which is the minimum power a smart user UI can use to perform a service or a function
  • Maximum power PMax[i] which is the maximum power required by the user UI to perform the same service or function
  • - User's Effective Priority PriorEff[i]
  • Effective Priority PriorEff is equal to Dynamic Priority PRD, save for QUIESCENT State S.3 and WAIT state S.4.
  • QUIESCENT State S.3 and WAIT state S.4. Let us assume to have a generic smart user UI normally working in a generic instant. When said smart user UI switches on, its Control System SC is in ON State S.l and the operation strategy chosen is the standard one, i.e. requesting all required power and energy. Control System SC is informed at time intervals on available power PD; during such a State S.l it may receive along with the other users UI an overload signal, i.e. Available Power PD ⁇ 0. Transition T. l from ON State S. l to COMPETITION FOR INCREMENT State S.2.
  • Control System SC Upon receiving the overload signal, Control System SC goes to the COMPETITION FOR INCREMENT State S.2. Prior to Transition T. l it will deactivate the loads of its smart user UI, save for a minimum absorption required for a "stand-by" state (controls, warning lights, etc.), set its Effective Priority PriorEff on the value of its current Dynamic Priority PRD, set a timer called Priority Timer TP on the value of Effective Priority PriorEff and process a Reduced Consumption operating strategy, if provided for that user type. Also the other smart users UI, having received the same Available Power PD value and being equipped with a similar Control System SC .will perform the same transition T. l and substantially reach COMPETITION FOR INCREMENT State S.2 in the same instant. Of course, at the same time Available Power PD has probably become a positive power as all users U have been deactivated, except for the dummy ones UNI.
  • Control System SC of each smart user UI will increment its own Priority Timer TP, being the increment speed associated with each user UI properly determined based on experience data. Four possible transitions are available to exit this state.
  • This Transition T.2 may be executed several times if various Reduced Consumption operating strategies are available for said user, each one characterized by power packets ⁇ P[i] generally differing from each other. If the smart user UI has undergone no interferences, at the end of several Transitions T.2 it will have been assigned the whole maximum power PotMax provided by its Control System SC for a full-load operation strategy, though operating according to a Reduced Consumption strategy, if provided.
  • the Priority Timer TP reaches its count end as in the previous instance and ascertains that the power actually absorbed Pot[i] is lower than the minimum power PMin[i], which allows performance of any Reduced Consumption operating strategy, i.e. the power currently absorbed Pot[i] is the lowest one required by the user for its stand-by condition (warning lights, Control System SC, etc.).
  • Control System SC goes to QUIESCENT State S 3 its Effective Priority PriorEff is reset and then slowly incremented, as long as the smart user UI has not reached a minimum value it cannot activate any of its loads This will prevent oscillations and warrant stability
  • the users UI that were unable to take power packs ⁇ P[ ⁇ ] are allowed to be reactivated as soon as there is Available Power PD, they may insert themselves for instance during a therma zation step of the oven FO, cause a new competition and then a cycle trend, which will not let any user operate efficiently
  • the user that started a function must be able to end it in a short time, so it should not be disturbed
  • Effective Priority P ⁇ orOff value that was reset in Transition T 3 will be incremented to exceed priority threshold P ⁇ orMin
  • P ⁇ orMin Such a value, based on experience, must be sufficiently high to avoid any interferences to other users with priority at the moment, before exceeding such a value, as said, the user is not allowed to attempt procuring any power not even if Available Power PD is high enough
  • Transition T 7 from WAIT State S.4 to COMPETITION FOR INCREMENT State S.2. This occurs if Available Power PD value exceed the value PMin[i], plus a safety margin according to the power threshold Kl , which can perform a Reduced Load operating strategy.
  • Transition T.8 from WAIT State to the ON State S. l. Provocatively, if Effective Priority PriorEff exceeds the Maximum Priority PrioMax value equal to 2 n" ', it goes to maximum load, i.e.
  • a drawback is that during a lapse of time lasting 30 to 60 seconds also operation of higher priority users will be interrupted.
  • the problem can be solved according to the principle "Competition for Decrement", i.e. the users are not immediately deactivated, the Priority Timer TP counts backward and upon resetting the user releases a power packet ⁇ P[i].
  • the user UI goes over to a QUIESCENT State S.8 if deprived of the minimum power PMin required, it returns to ON state S.5 if Available Power PD is positive and had not to release a power packet ⁇ P, and it remains in a competition state as long as one of these conditions will not occur.
  • a COMPETITION FOR INCREMENT State S.7 is always provided, whose output transitions are similar to the ones represented in figure 2, but not detailed here for simplicity's sake.
  • State transitions of COMPETITION FOR INCREMENT S.7 and COMPETITION FOR DECREMENT S.6 have been submitted to a "hysteresis" to prevent oscillations between both states. Exiting a Wait State is similar to "Competition for Increment", i.e. energy packets ⁇ P will be assigned to the user UI as soon as they become available.
  • Control System SC states are as follows: S.5: ON STATE
  • the Measuring Node NM sends a message of Available Power PD PD ⁇ K2 (poor Available Power PD or a users system U approaching over- consumption).
  • the Measuring Node NM sends a message of Available Power PD ⁇ K3 with K3 ⁇ K2 (negative Available Power PD or system in over-consumption).
  • the Measuring Node NM sends a message of Available Power PD > K4 (enough Available Power PD for reactivation of some loads without the risk of approaching over-consumption).
  • Transition T.12 does not require Priority Timer TP to be reset.
  • T.13 transition from COMPETITION FOR DECREMENT State S.6 to COMPETITION FOR INCREMENT State S.7.
  • Priority Timer TP at count end and PD ⁇ K2 (system approaching over- consumption), the user UI releases a power packet ⁇ P.
  • the user UI will deactivate one load only in the event of the power parcel ⁇ P so released being a significant fraction of the contract supply power PC.
  • This solution helps protecting lower priority and low consuming smart users UI, which do not lead to any significant contribution when deactivating themselves.
  • they are safeguarded, since though reaching count end later, they can also benefit of lower power levels left unused by other users requiring for instance 1 or 2 kW.
  • the user UI does not change its state, it releases the power packet ⁇ P[i] and sets the Priority Timer TP on Dynamic Priority PRD current value.
  • An embodiment related to utilization of the Priority Timer TP shown in the following, provides both events in separate moments, i.e. power packet ⁇ P[i] release and
  • Priority Timer TP setting though they should be logically considered part of just one transition.
  • T. l 5 transition from COMPETITION FOR DECREMENT State S.6 to QUIESCENT State S.8.
  • Condition Priority Timer TP at count end and Pot[i] ⁇ PMin[i] + k2: the user UI has lost competition.
  • PD>K4 condition ensures that no users will go over to
  • Actions activation of all loads provided.
  • the following transitions are similar to the transitions already described in figure 2 for analogous states; both the conditions and actions they refer to are omitted in the Diagram of figure 3 for simplicity's sake.
  • the Measuring Node NM sends a PD>K2 message (Available Power PD exceeding the safety threshold) and the user is already using the whole power provided by its program. Actions: not provided.
  • Dynamic Priority PRD value is reset.
  • the Control System SC in the Competition for Decrement principle may also operate without transitions T.10 and T.l 3; however, the reaction to an over-consumption situation is slower with the risk that the magneto-thermal switch could intervene.
  • threshold power values KO, Kl, K2, K3 and K4 may be modified at any time should it be necessary to correct the behaviour of smart users UI, so as to let them be transmitted by the Measuring Node NM to all Control Systems SC; thus, modification of the global behaviour of smart users UI will be quite simple.
  • another embodiment of the present invention may take into account that the magneto-thermal switch does not immediately trip in the event of a power over-consumption, but it undergoes a delay, which is much higher the less over-consumption will be. Transitions depending on evaluations of Available Power PD, such as T.9, T.10, T. l 1, T.12, T. l 3, T. l 6 of figure 3, may not be immediate, but occur with a delay, which is much higher the less the value of limit excess will be.
  • Absorbed Power PA is lower than the contract supply power PC, then smart users UI will remain in ON State, whereas the deactivated users go over to the COMPETITION FOR INCREMENT State. If, on the contrary, Absorbed Power PA is still higher than the limit, active users UI go over to the COMPETITION FOR DECREMENT State and the deactivated users to QUIESCENT State. A balance can be reached faster with this method; however, since a preliminary priority based exclusion takes place, it may happen that a low priority and low consuming smart user UI is deactivated uselessly, i.e. without releasing enough energy to any other user. Finally, a fourth embodiment is obtained if the cut-off priority threshold depends on an over-consumption value.
  • the procedure chosen for optimal allocation is to induce each user UI to proceed iteratively in one direction until the engagement for the contract supply power PC has been fulfilled, without requiring a priority threshold, which is neither a fixed one nor over-consumption based to decide in advance which user should be deactivated or not.
  • Dynamic Priority PRD contains high level information, i.e. to what extent more or less power should be warranted to each user.
  • Dynamic Priority PRD is a continuous "variable” or more exactly it can take any integer value from 0 to 255 or in general 0 to 2" , if n is the number of available bits for storing and communicating such information.
  • Dynamic Priority PRD is exactly "dynamic", i.e. it is calculated in real time by a fuzzy system contained in Control System SC as a _
  • Dynamic Priority PRD is not preferably deducted according to a mathematic calculation, but is rather defined by a process expert of each single user; therefore, Dynamic Priority PRD is calculated by a fuzzy system representing the expert's knowledge. This method allows utilization of the fuzzy inferential motor already available in the microprocessor of the Control System SC of the user UI, thus optimising both the memory occupancy and performance.
  • Figures 6, 7, 8 and 9 show some orientative non limiting examples of the principles for assigning the values to Dynamic Priority PRD using fuzzy systems.
  • figure 6 shows a Table TB6 reporting an example of values assignment to Dynamic Priority PRD, which favours some users UI to the detriment of other users.
  • Figure 8 shows a Table TB8 reporting an example of values assignment to Dynamic Priority PRD, which avoids interrupting a delicate wash process, such as a woollens wash cycle; in figure 7 a table TB7 shows two examples of logical proportions for a wash process where the Dynamic Priority PRD value depends on both the type of fabric and heating step progress.
  • FIG. 9 shows Dynamic Priority PRD trend in time for a laundry wash-machine during a heating step; as it can be seen, Dynamic Priority PRD provides a tolerance for load deactivation at the beginning and at the end of the heating step, but not in correspondence with the main step where deactivation may lead to a dispersion of the energy just used for the heating step. Dynamic Priority PRD calculated as above is used through Effective Priority PriorEff any time a Priority Timer TP count is performed.
  • Effective Priority PriorEff is a fictitious value apart from the above parameters and is incremented in time with principles based on experience and not necessarily identical for each type of smart user UI.
  • the simplest solution would be to provide a fixed increment for each user; however, a better solution is to calculate the increment as a function of the Dynamic Priority PRD that a smart user UI would have if not in ON State. For instance, the increment may equal a fraction of the Dynamic Priority PRD.
  • the first user UI can take the following 36 values of Dynamic Priority PRD, i.e. 0, 7, 14, etc. up to 245; the second user will take other 36 values, i.e. 1, 8, 15, etc., up to 246, and so on.
  • a second method for solving the conflict between two users UI with equal Dynamic Priority PRD is to share the time interval available for users UI to take energy packets in m intervals, each one reserved for a user UI.
  • each user UI will be assigned a progressive number I; this can be done manually during installation, but it will be easier automatically, i.e. during a first installation each new user UI may communicate its own presence to the Measuring Node NM, which reacts assigning the newcomer a progressive order number i, which is equal to the number of smart users UI already installed plus one.
  • a progressive order number i which is equal to the number of smart users UI already installed plus one.
  • Dynamic Priority PRD like Effective Priority PriorEff is represented with 8 bits
  • the Priority Timer TP is a 16-bit counter, so that the 8 less significant bits can be used to differentiate each user UI through its address, which is unique and assigned during installation.
  • the 8 address bits will scan all values from 0000.0000 to 11 1 1.1 1 1 1 for each increment of the 8 priority bits; since they all started simultaneously from the same value (in the specific instance 0000.0000), they always maintain the same value during counting. Therefore, the instants in which the 8 address bits take the configuration 13 12 II 1.11 1 1, each one with its own address, they will always be different for all users. Assignment of a power packet occurs when the 8 most significant bits are at 1 and the 8 less significant bits in the configuration 13 12 II 1.1 1 1 1 (see figure 1 1), i.e. at different times for each user UI.
  • a Priority Timer TP When a Priority Timer TP reaches configuration 1 1 1 1.1 1 1 1.1 11 1.1 1 1 1 , it is reset to the new value P8', P7', ... PI ' taken by Effective Priority PriorEff in the meantime, whereas the address bits are reset as shown in figure 12. Simultaneously, also the 8 address bits of the other Priority Timers TP will be at 1 1 1 1.11 1 1 and obviously reset in the subsequent instant. Therefore, the address bits of all Priority Timers TP always maintain the same value also after resetting.
  • the procedure described above is orientative and not limiting, i.e. the basic idea can be executed using different values for setting and final address bits configuration. It is essential to have the 8 most significant bits express Effective Priority PriorEff and the 8 less significant bits remain synchronized to each other so that the instant when they take a typical configuration this is necessarily different from the others and can be used as an instant for assigning a power packet, i.e. a second timed scansion. It should be noticed that the instant when the Priority Timer TP is set constraint to synchronization, this is necessarily distinct from the instant when a power packet is assigned, which is different for each user UI as anticipated in transition T.14.
  • the 16-bit instance is generally valid for any number of bits, provided it is capable of representing both a sufficient number of priority values and a sufficient number of user addresses.
  • a fourth procedure to hinder the system from oscillations consists in avoiding that two or more users UI may have the same Dynamic Priority PRD value for an undefined number of subsequent competition States; this may happen in different ways, each one of them not excluding the other. First of all the highest value achievable by Dynamic Priority PRD can be limited for those users whose service is surely a minor one in certain hours, so as to favour e.g. an electric oven with respect to any other user.
  • Dynamic Priority PRD curves may all have a different slope as a function of time, as the ones shown in figure 9 associated with each user UI, at least for those activity steps of the smart users UI requiring a relevant power absorption, where "considerable absorptions" mean those values determined by the experience.
  • two "considerable absorption" users with equal Dynamic Priority PD performing a transition T.4 together are brought in Competition State, this cannot occur in a subsequent instant, as in the meanwhile there will have been a divergence between their respective Dynamic Priority PRD values.
  • the programming knob for starting operation of a household appliance reflects a new meaning.
  • the consumer is able to set start time through said knob; moreover, some projects at European level provide a user setting for lower consumption and operation during lower electricity rate timetables. All these approaches are intricate and uncomfortable for the consumer.
  • the consumer can set the program end time, which is a closer approach to the consumer's real requirements allowing operation optimization for the users.
  • the user will automatically wait till that before start operating; if, on the contrary, program end is foreseen before the lower power rate hours start, the users will simply wait for Available Power PD, while Dynamic Power PRD increases more and more in approaching activation time for the users so as to terminate the service in time.
  • users choose autonomously their optimisation principle utilizing, if possible, lower power consumption timetables though adapting themselves to the consumer's needs.
  • a laundry wash-machine may for instance activate the last water discharge and spin cycle short before the time the laundry should be ready (limiting a creasing of the clothes).
  • a refrigerator In the instance of a refrigerator, it is important for it to learn how to operate according to the consumer's habits. Practically, it has to accumulate cold before a more frequent door opening or greater introduction of food at room temperature occurs. Door openings are detected directly by the microprocessor, while food introduction (thermal load) can be detected by a temperature increase in the freezer compartment. Moreover, a refrigerator can perform defrosting at night time; night defrosting is more appropriate since a temperature increase following a defrosting operation will be less annoying; such a procedure can be favoured reducing refrigerator's Dynamic Priority during day time and increasing it during the night.
  • Dynamic Priority PRD can also be used to force some users towards preferred behaviours also apart from possible conflicts for the procurement of Available Power PD, i.e. Dynamic Priority PRD generally becomes a guide for a reasonable behaviour of the users wherein it is located.
  • the electric meter CE or measuring node NM can also send further information on environmental conditions, which cannot be detected from individual users, such as the energetic rate in force, day time, date or other useful information common for all users; in fact, also the contract power rate and not only the rate may be variable with timetables, such as higher during night time and/or Summer; the electric meter CE should be able to know it in real time or from a communication of the Distribution Board or consulting a stored table associated to a clock and/or a calendar.
  • Overload Indication As said above, the users system U is able to comply with an overload, i.e.
  • the system is able to signal the situation to the consumer if one or more users are equipped with a sound and/or luminescent signal (LED or display), to be activated under overload condition, i.e. PD ⁇ K2 or PD ⁇ K3.
  • the signal may be given by the users entering a QUIESCENT State or by the users that have already spent a long time in Wait state. 2 or 3 different signals may be given according to the seriousness of the situation.
  • 1 st signal PD ⁇ K2 2 nd signal: PD ⁇ K3
  • 3 rd signal Users have been in Wait State for 1 hour.
  • the consumer can be made attentive to consumption problems and it is also possible to work on human factor to improve managing household consumptions.
  • the method for managing electric power consumption of a users system will prevent exceeding a predetermined electric power threshold globally absorbed by smart users, which adjust their consumption based on their own rules and internal information, other than on periodic information supplied by the Measuring Node.
  • a low priority household appliance is not delayed for an unlimited time and a low-priority users system can be activated if its power request is not engaged at that time.
  • a system is stable: once a users system has acquired power it can terminate its current task within a reasonable time interval, without jeopardizing its performance nor increasing its global consumption and excluding any oscillation due to equal priority users systems.
  • the system is advantageously a robust system, in the sense that in the worst operating conditions (such as noisy transmission means, defective component) the users not affected by improper use are not inhibited and operate at least like a traditional system without behaviour rules.
  • Installation can be a so-called plug-and-play type, i.e. it does not require control system configurations of the users and of the measuring node. Additionally, the system is open and control algorithms are in fact independent from the number of smart users connected; each user can be installed and/or removed without re-programming the Measuring Node NM or any other users.
  • Smart users are compatible with conventional "dummy" users (such as an iron) or other smart users that may be developed later.
  • the method described is extremely flexible for subsequent general behaviour amendments, simply changing the criteria used to process the Available Power PD function and/or threshold power values KO, Kl, K2, K3 and K4.
  • the behaviour of each user is flexible and it changes according to the program in course (e.g. cotton or woollens washing), program step (e.g. heating start, heating end) and program reconfiguration for terminating it with a lower power or energy consumption. Moreover, access to power can be favoured during lower rate periods.
  • program step e.g. heating start, heating end
  • program reconfiguration for terminating it with a lower power or energy consumption.
  • access to power can be favoured during lower rate periods.
  • a QUIESCENT State is appropriate for warranting the system stability, but it can be eliminated in some instances or for some users.
  • a refrigerator generally has a very low consumption (about 200 W) though it may absorb 10-12 Amp in less than one second. Since this consumption has an extremely short duration in time, its activation during a thermalization step of the oven or any temporary window with the required power available would not cause any problem.
  • An analogous situation occurs for a laundry wash- machine or dishwasher requiring power for a very short time, about one minute as just required to bring temperature from 27°C to 40°C. In these cases the QUIESCENT State can be avoided and a user loosing in a competition stage will go directly over to wait state.
  • a laundry wash-machine may have a very low Dynamic Priority when starting operation; if there is an overload, it may probably happen that the washing machine is unable to start heating and remains at standstill with the laundry and soapy water in the tub. Such a situation, if extended in time, may increase clothes wear; therefore, it would be appropriate for the washing machine to verify if Available Power PD is sufficient to activate the heater before taking water in. In the negative, it will go directly to the Wait state without going through competition.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de gestion de la consommation d'énergie d'un système d'utilisateurs, ledit système d'utilisateurs comprenant : 1) un ensemble d'utilisateurs (U) comprenant à son tour un ensemble d'utilisateurs intelligents (UI) équipés de systèmes de régulation (SC), ledit ensemble d'utilisateurs (U) étant connecté exploitable à un réseau (RE) d'alimentation en énergie ; 2) des dispositifs de mesure d'énergie (CE, NM) capables de transmettre des informations sur la consommation d'énergie (PD) auxdits systèmes de régulation (SC). Les systèmes de régulation (SC) mettent en oeuvre une régulation de la consommation d'énergie de l'utilisateur intelligent (UI) associé sur la base des informations sur la consommation d'énergie (PD) transmises par les dispositifs de mesure d'énergie (CE, NM). Selon la présente invention, chaque système de régulation (SC) met en oeuvre une régulation de la consommation d'énergie de l'utilisateur associé (UI) sur la base des informations de consommation d'énergie (PD) et des informations sur l'état de l'utilisateur intelligent (UI) associé, obtenues par le système de régulation (SC) respectif. Lesdites informations sur la consommation d'énergie (PD) et informations d'état (PriorEff) de l'utilisateur intelligent (UI) sont traitées pour déterminer une priorité (PriorEff), afin d'établir la quantité d'énergie électrique (ΔP), fournie par le réseau (RE) d'alimentation en énergie, auquel a droit l'utilisateur intelligent (UI) associé.
PCT/IB2000/000097 1999-06-28 2000-02-01 Procede de gestion de la consommation d'energie d'appareils menagers Ceased WO2001001542A1 (fr)

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AU21237/00A AU2123700A (en) 1999-06-28 2000-02-01 Method for managing energy consumption of household appliances
JP2001506660A JP2003503997A (ja) 1999-06-28 2000-02-01 家庭用器具のエネルギ消費を管理する方法
EP00901279A EP1221189A1 (fr) 1999-06-28 2000-02-01 Procede de gestion de la consommation d'energie d'appareils menagers
CA002377811A CA2377811A1 (fr) 1999-06-28 2000-02-01 Procede de gestion de la consommation d'energie d'appareils menagers

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IT1999TO000552A IT1308762B1 (it) 1999-06-28 1999-06-28 Metodo di gestione del consumo di energia da parte di apparecchielettrodomestici.
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TR200103824T2 (tr) 2002-06-21
EP1221189A1 (fr) 2002-07-10
CN1371541A (zh) 2002-09-25
IT1308762B1 (it) 2002-01-10
CA2377811A1 (fr) 2001-01-04
AU2123700A (en) 2001-01-31
RU2001134014A (ru) 2003-08-10
ITTO990552A1 (it) 2000-12-28
JP2003503997A (ja) 2003-01-28

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