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WO2001075138A2 - Thauera strain mz1t exopolysachharides - Google Patents

Thauera strain mz1t exopolysachharides Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001075138A2
WO2001075138A2 PCT/US2001/010657 US0110657W WO0175138A2 WO 2001075138 A2 WO2001075138 A2 WO 2001075138A2 US 0110657 W US0110657 W US 0110657W WO 0175138 A2 WO0175138 A2 WO 0175138A2
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Prior art keywords
metal
eps
exopolysaccharide
sample
partially purified
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Ceased
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PCT/US2001/010657
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French (fr)
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WO2001075138A3 (en
Inventor
Michael Allen
Gary S. Sayler
Arthur J. MEYERS
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Eastman Chemical Co
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Eastman Chemical Co
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Priority to EP01926557A priority Critical patent/EP1268840A2/en
Priority to AU2001253087A priority patent/AU2001253087A1/en
Priority to US10/240,432 priority patent/US20040030120A1/en
Publication of WO2001075138A2 publication Critical patent/WO2001075138A2/en
Publication of WO2001075138A3 publication Critical patent/WO2001075138A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/68—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition of specified substances, e.g. trace elements, for ameliorating potable water
    • C02F1/683—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition of specified substances, e.g. trace elements, for ameliorating potable water by addition of complex-forming compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/205—Bacterial isolates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/04—Polysaccharides, i.e. compounds containing more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B60/00—Obtaining metals of atomic number 87 or higher, i.e. radioactive metals
    • C22B60/02—Obtaining thorium, uranium, or other actinides
    • C22B60/0204—Obtaining thorium, uranium, or other actinides obtaining uranium
    • C22B60/0217—Obtaining thorium, uranium, or other actinides obtaining uranium by wet processes
    • C22B60/0252—Obtaining thorium, uranium, or other actinides obtaining uranium by wet processes treatment or purification of solutions or of liquors or of slurries
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
    • G21F9/00—Treating radioactively contaminated material; Decontamination arrangements therefor
    • G21F9/04—Treating liquids
    • G21F9/06—Processing
    • G21F9/10—Processing by flocculation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
    • C02F1/5236—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using inorganic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
    • C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
    • C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of polysaccharides. More particularly, the invention relates to a partially purified exopolysaccharide and a purified exopolysaccharide, termed thaueran, produced from a bacterial species. This invention also relates to methods of making and using these exopolysaccharides.
  • EPS extracellular polysaccharides
  • complex polysaccharides such as microbial expolysaccharides have a variety of industrial applications. For example, many of these molecules have been used as thickeners in the food and cosmetic industries, adhesives, coating agents, freeze stabilizers, water soluble lubricants, for suspending waste fragments in drilling or cutting operations, and for reducing turbulence of fluid flow in pipelines and other containers. See, e.g., Baird et al., "Industrial Applications Of Some New Microbial Polysaccharides," Biotechnology, November 1983, pp. 778- 83; J.W.
  • xanthan gum is produced by a gram-negative bacterium (Xanthomonas campestris), and is used as a thickener in many different compositions. See, e.g., Jeanes, et al., J. Appl. Polymer ScL, 5,519-526 (1961).
  • useful bacterial exopolysaccharides include gellan (a microbial anionic heteropolysaccharide composed of tetrasaccharide units produced by Auromonas elodea ATCC 31461); S-88 (See, Kang and Veeder, U.S. Pat. No.
  • the present invention provides a partially purified exopolysaccharide produced from Thauera strain MZIT, that comprises rhamnose, xylose, galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, N-acetylfucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine.
  • Also provided by the present invention is a method of removing metal from a sample comprising: a) contacting a metal containing sample with thaueran EPS produced from Thauera strain MZIT; b) allowing a complex to form between the metal in the metal containing sample and the thaueran EPS; and c) removing the complex of step b) from the sample.
  • Figure 2 is a chart showing results obtained in a two dimensional NMR analysis (gCOSY) of partially purified exopolysaccharide.
  • Figure 6 is a chart showing the results obtained in a one dimensional 1H-NMR analysis of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide.
  • the present invention provides a partially pu ⁇ fied exopolysaccha ⁇ de (EPS) produced from Thauera strain MZIT.
  • Monosaccha ⁇ de constituents of the partially punfied exopolysaccha ⁇ de include glucose, galacturonic acid, and N-acetylfucosamine in a ratio of approximately 4:2' 1.
  • the partially pu ⁇ fied EPS contains the monosaccha ⁇ des rhamnose, xylose, and galactose in lower quantities Methylation analysis showed that the partially pu ⁇ fied EPS is highly branched having 1-3, 1-4, and 1-6 glycosyl linkages.
  • MZIT produces a partially punfied EPS when grown on simple organic acids and related compounds commonly associated with indust ⁇ al wastewaters. After pu ⁇ fication, the partially punfied EPS appears as a white fibrous material with a cotton-like consistency.
  • the partially purified EPS is readily soluble in water, but insoluble in most organic solvents and solubility is reduced above pH 7.
  • partially purified EPS is insoluble in organics (solvents, alcohols, etc.)
  • a woven filter could be made to allow flow through metal extraction from solvents and solutions similar to the filter utilized to separate a metal-partially purified EPS precipitate from water.
  • the partially purified EPS of this invention is similar to other bacterial polysaccharides that have been used in hydrating agents, stabilizing emulsions, gel formulation, viscosity control, foam stabilization, film formation, suspending agents, acoustical membranes, and structural fibers.
  • Microorganism culturing techniques are well known in the art and the Examples included herein provide sufficient guidance for one of skill in the art to make the appropriate media, culture MZIT and recover the thaueran EPS of the present invention.
  • a method of chelating a metal in a sample comprising the steps of: a) contacting a metal containing sample with thaueran EPS produced from Thauera strain MZIT and b) allowing a complex to form between the metal in the metal containing sample and the thaueran EPS, therefore chelating a metal in the sample.
  • a trace elements solution was prepared by mixing together the following:
  • a Vitamin B 12 -solution was prepared by mixing together the following:
  • Nitrocellulose filters with a pore size of 0.2 ⁇ m were used for the sterile filtration of all vitamin solutions.
  • a Sodium bicarbonate solution (1 M) was prepared by mixing together the following: NaHC0 3 84 g
  • Freshwater medium (for aerobic growth conditions) was prepared by mixing together the following:
  • This freshwater medium was autoclaved in a 1.5 L bottle, which was then sealed with a screw cap.
  • TDM was made by adding the following sterile solutions to 1 L of the freshwater medium:
  • Partially purified EPS was purified as described below. 1 L of TDM containing
  • the concentrate was then dialyzed against 4L of water using 3500 Da molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) dialysis tubes.
  • MWCO molecular weight cutoff
  • the water was changed 7 times over 3 days (about every 6-10 hours).
  • the contents of the dialysis tubes was then transferred to fresh falcon tubes, frozen at -80 degrees C for >1 h, and then lyophilized until dry (-3 days) to yield the partially purified EPS.
  • partially purified EPS was purified as described above and analyzed by conventional chemical analyses. In solubility experiments, partially purified EPS proved readily soluble in water at pHs below about 7. Partially purified EPS was less soluble at higher pHs. The solubility of partially purified EPS in other solvents was investigated. Partially purified EPS proved insoluble in DMSO, acetone, ethanol, methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate. It was also noted that the addition of CaCl 2 (0.25-0.3 M) caused partially purified EPS to precipitate out of aqueous solutions. In melting point analyses, partially purified EPS decomposed at temperatures above 205°C. In viscosity analyses, it was noted that aqueous solutions became more viscous as higher concentrations of partially purified EPS were added.
  • Partially purified EPS was also analyzed for carbohydrate content.
  • a sample of partially purified EPS was hydrolyzed using freshly prepared IM methanolic-HCl for 16h at 80°C.
  • the released sugars were derivatized with Tri-Sil and the samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) using a Supelco column.
  • GC Gas Chromatography
  • Myo-inositol (20 ug) was also added as an internal standard. Results are shown in Table 1 below.
  • EPS sample was dissolved in DMSO three days prior to the methylation. It was stirred and sonicated with 50 ⁇ l of glycerol to facilitate dissolution in the DMSO.
  • the sample was methylated by the Hakomori procedure and then reduced with superdeuteride for 3h at room temperature.
  • the methylated sample was hydrolyzed with 2M TFA at 120°C for 2h, and then reduced using sodium borodeuteride.
  • the reduced sample was acetylated by pyridine and acetic anhydride prior to GC-MS analysis. Myoinositol was also added to the sample prior to the reduction step.
  • Partially purified EPS was shown to chelate uranium (U) under a variety of conditions.
  • U uranium binding to partially purified EPS in water was examined.
  • a U stock solution was prepared by dissolving 0.1 g UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 in 50 ml millipore water (2000 ppm).
  • 10 mg of purified partially purified EPS was dissolved in 1 ml of water.
  • 1 ml of the U stock solution was added to the 1 ml partially purified EPS solution to form a mixture.
  • the mixture was vortexed for 30 seconds, allowed to sit 10 minutes, and then added to a centrifugal filtration column (Millipore Biomax 30-50 Kda filtration column).
  • Crude thaueran EPS was further purified by size exclusion chromatography using a 1 m X 2.5 cm column packed with Bio-Gel P- 30 fine polyacrylamide gel (Bio-Rad) as per the manufacturer's instructions.
  • the buffer used for all purification was 0.25 M ammonium formate.
  • the buffer was degassed under vacuum and maintained in a reservoir sparged with nitrogen. Approximately 10 ml fractions were collected every hour using an ISCO Retriever III fraction collector. Peaks were detected with an in-line mounted ISCO UA-5 Absorbance/Fluorescence Detector with a 254 nm wavelength filter.
  • thaueran EPS was also characterized using NMR spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy.
  • Figure 5 shows an IR transmittance spectrum for 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide. Results obtained in a one dimensional 1H-NMR analysis of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide are shown in Figure 6.
  • Two dimensional NMR analysis (gCOSY) of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide is shown in Figure 7.
  • Figure 8 is a chart showing the results obtained in a two dimensional NMR analysis (TOCSY) of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide.
  • Figure 9 is a chart showing the results obtained in a two dimensional NMR analysis (NOESY) of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide.
  • Figure 10 is a chart showing the results obtained in a two dimensional 13 C-1H NMR analysis (HSQC) of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide.
  • Metal chelation experiments for thaueran EPS are performed as described above for partially purified EPS. Due to the presence of metal chelating sugars on thaueran EPS, this exopolysaccharide is expected to have metal chelating properties, such as the ability to chelate uranium.

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Abstract

The invention provides partially purified EPS that was purified from Thauera sp. Strain MZ1T. This partially purified EPS comprises rhamnose, xylose, galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, N-acetylfucosamine. The invention further provides methods of producing the partially purified EPS and of utilizing the partially purified EPS in methods of chelating metals. Further provided by this invention is an exopolysaccharide termed 'thaueran' that was purified from Thauera sp. Strain MZ1T. This exopolysaccharide has a molecular weight of about 250 kDa and comprises rhamnose, galacturonic acid, N-acetylfucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. The invention also provides methods of producing the exopolysaccharide and of utilizing the exopolysaccharide in methods of chelating metals.

Description

THAUERA STRAIN MZ1T EXOPOLYSACHHARIDES
This application claims priority from provisional patent application Serial No. 60/193,750, filed March 31, 2000, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by this reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the field of polysaccharides. More particularly, the invention relates to a partially purified exopolysaccharide and a purified exopolysaccharide, termed thaueran, produced from a bacterial species. This invention also relates to methods of making and using these exopolysaccharides.
BACKGROUND
A number of microorganisms produced extracellular polysaccharides, also known as exopolysaccharides or EPS. Complex polysaccharides such as microbial expolysaccharides have a variety of industrial applications. For example, many of these molecules have been used as thickeners in the food and cosmetic industries, adhesives, coating agents, freeze stabilizers, water soluble lubricants, for suspending waste fragments in drilling or cutting operations, and for reducing turbulence of fluid flow in pipelines and other containers. See, e.g., Baird et al., "Industrial Applications Of Some New Microbial Polysaccharides," Biotechnology, November 1983, pp. 778- 83; J.W. Hoyt, Drag Reduction In Polysaccharide Solutions, Trends in Biotechnology, 3, 17-20 (1985); and G.R. Petersen et al. "Rheologically Interesting Polysaccharides From Yeasts", Appl. Biochem. Biotech., 20/21, 845-67 (1989). In other applications, complex polysaccharides have been used as anti-neoplastic agents, hypertension controlling agents, wound healing agents, food coating agents and enzyme substrates. See, e.g. Sutherland, "Novel and established applications of microbial polysaccharides," Trends in Biotechnology 16, 41-46 (1998); Sutherland, "Industrially Useful Microbial Polysaccharides," Microbiological Sciences 3, 5-9 (1986) and Vanhooren and Vandamme, "L-Fucose: occurrence, physiological role, chemical, enzymatic and microbial synthesis," J. Chem Technol. Biotechnol. 74: 479-497 (1999).
Perhaps the most common example of a commercially useful microbial exopolysaccharide is xanthan gum. Xanthan gum is produced by a gram-negative bacterium (Xanthomonas campestris), and is used as a thickener in many different compositions. See, e.g., Jeanes, et al., J. Appl. Polymer ScL, 5,519-526 (1961). Other examples of useful bacterial exopolysaccharides include gellan (a microbial anionic heteropolysaccharide composed of tetrasaccharide units produced by Auromonas elodea ATCC 31461); S-88 (See, Kang and Veeder, U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,153); welan (See, Kang and Veeder, U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,866); NWl 1 (See, Robison and Stipanovic, U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,044); rhamsan (See, Peik, et al. Al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,760); S- 198 (See, Peik, et al. Al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,529,797); S-657 (See, Peik, et al., Eur. Patent Application 209277A1); and heteropolysaccharide-7 (See, Kang and McNeely, U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,866).
The invention relates to a partially purified bacterial exopolysaccharide and a purified exopolysaccharide with a molecular weight of about 250 kD, termed "thaueran," that were obtained from Thauera sp. Strain MZIT, an organism previously isolated from the wastewater treatment system of an industrial manufacturing plant.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a partially purified exopolysaccharide produced from Thauera strain MZIT, that comprises rhamnose, xylose, galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, N-acetylfucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine.
The present invention also provides an isolated exopolysaccharide, termed thaueran, produced from Thauera strain MZIT. This exopolysaccharide has a molecular weight of about 250 kDa and comprises rhamnose, galacturonic acid, N- acetylfucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine.
Also provided by the present invention is a method of producing partially purified exopolysaccharide produced from Thauera strain MZIT comprising the steps of: a) culturing the Thauera MZIT in media; and b) purifying the exopolysaccharide produced from the Thauera MZIT culture of step a).
This invention further provides a method of producing thaueran EPS produced from Thauera strain MZIT comprising the steps of: a) culturing the Thauera MZIT in media; and b) purifying the thaueran EPS produced from the Thauera MZIT culture of step a).
Further provided by the present invention is a method of removing metal from a sample comprising: a) contacting a metal containing sample with a partially purified EPS produced from Thauera strain MZIT; b) allowing a complex to form between the metal in the metal containing sample and the partially purified EPS; and c) removing the complex of step b) from the sample.
Also provided by the present invention is a method of removing metal from a sample comprising: a) contacting a metal containing sample with thaueran EPS produced from Thauera strain MZIT; b) allowing a complex to form between the metal in the metal containing sample and the thaueran EPS; and c) removing the complex of step b) from the sample. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a chart showing results obtained in a one dimensional NMR analysis of partially purified exopolysaccharide.
Figure 2 is a chart showing results obtained in a two dimensional NMR analysis (gCOSY) of partially purified exopolysaccharide.
Figure 3 is a chart showing results obtained in a two dimensional NMR analysis (NOESY) of partially purified exopolysaccharide.
Figure 4 is a chart showing results obtained in an IR analysis of partially purified exopolysaccharide.
Figure 5 shows an IR transmittance spectrum for 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide.
Figure 6 is a chart showing the results obtained in a one dimensional 1H-NMR analysis of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide.
Figure 7 is a chart showing the results obtained in a two dimensional NMR analysis (gCOSY) of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide.
Figure 8 is a chart showing the results obtained in a two dimensional NMR analysis (TOCSY) of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide.
Figure 9 is a chart showing the results obtained in a two dimensional NMR analysis (NOESY) of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide. Figure 10 is a chart showing the results obtained in a two dimensional I3C-Η NMR analysis (HSQC) of 250 kD thaueran exopolysacchaπde
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed descπption of the preferred embodiments of the invention and the Examples included herein.
Before the present methods are disclosed and descπbed, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to specific polysaccharides or specific methods It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of descπbing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.
As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise
The present invention provides a partially puπfied exopolysacchaπde (EPS) produced from Thauera strain MZIT. Monosacchaπde constituents of the partially punfied exopolysacchaπde include glucose, galacturonic acid, and N-acetylfucosamine in a ratio of approximately 4:2' 1. Additionally, the partially puπfied EPS contains the monosacchaπdes rhamnose, xylose, and galactose in lower quantities Methylation analysis showed that the partially puπfied EPS is highly branched having 1-3, 1-4, and 1-6 glycosyl linkages.
MZIT produces a partially punfied EPS when grown on simple organic acids and related compounds commonly associated with industπal wastewaters. After puπfication, the partially punfied EPS appears as a white fibrous material with a cotton-like consistency. The partially purified EPS is readily soluble in water, but insoluble in most organic solvents and solubility is reduced above pH 7.
The present invention also provides a method of producing the partially purified EPS from Thauera MZIT comprising the steps of: a) culturing the Thauera MZIT in media; and b) purifying the partially purified EPS produced from the Thauera MZIT culture of step a). Microorganism culturing techniques are well known in the art and the Examples included herein provide sufficient guidance for one of skill in the art to make the appropriate media, culture MZIT and recover the partially purified EPS of the present invention. For example, MZIT can be grown in most non-selective, complex media including YEPG (Yeast extract, peptone, and glucose media). Stoke's medium can also be utilized.
In the method described above, the partially purified EPS can be purified by: a) centrifuging the Thauera MZIT culture; b) decanting the supernatant; c) concentrating the supernatant; d) dialyzing the supernatant against water using molecular weight cutoff dialysis; e) collecting the contents of the dialysis tubes.
Further provided by the present invention is a method of chelating a metal in a sample, comprising the steps of: a) contacting a metal containing sample with a partially purified EPS produced from Thauera strain MZIT and b) allowing a complex to form between the metal in the metal containing sample and the partially purified EPS, therefore chelating a metal in the sample.
The present invention also provides a method of removing metal from a sample comprising: a) contacting a metal containing sample with a partially purified EPS produced from Thauera strain MZIT; b) allowing a complex to form between the metal in the metal containing sample and the partially purified EPS; and c) removing the complex of step b) from the sample. The metals that can be chelated and/or removed by these methods include, but are not limited to uranium, calcium, cadmium, copper and other positively charged metal cations.
Since the partially purified EPS is capable of chelating metals, it is specifically envisioned to be useful for removing metal ions from aqueous and non-aqueous solutions resulting from industrial processes or a waste stream. The partially purified EPS/wastewater is mixed to allow the dissolved partially purified EPS to bind metals present in the wastewater. A precipitating agent such as a calcium salt (CaCl2 precipitates the partially purified EPS dissolved in aqueous solutions) or a base is then added to precipitate the partially purified EPS out of solution. This precipitate is separated from the water by, for example, allowing the precipitate to sediment to the bottom of the tank and removing the purified wastewater from the top of the tank. The precipitate can also be separated from the water by filtration. The metal-containing partially purified EPS is then disposed. In some applications, the partially purified EPS can be treated with an acid to free the bound metals, or the metals can be precipitated by reacting them with an anion (sulfate for example, depending on the metal of interest) and neutralizing pH to form insoluble metal salts. Free sugars resulting from these processes can be washed into the wastestream. It is also envisioned that heavy metals bound by the partially purified EPS could be exchanged with another metal so that the partially purified EPS could be safely reused. Additionally, it is envisioned that because partially purified EPS is insoluble in organics (solvents, alcohols, etc.), a woven filter could be made to allow flow through metal extraction from solvents and solutions similar to the filter utilized to separate a metal-partially purified EPS precipitate from water. Given the polymeric nature of the partially purified exopolysaccharide, it is expected that it can be weaved and manipulated to generate cellulose based filters. The partially purified EPS of this invention is similar to other bacterial polysaccharides that have been used in hydrating agents, stabilizing emulsions, gel formulation, viscosity control, foam stabilization, film formation, suspending agents, acoustical membranes, and structural fibers. The partially purified EPS is therefore expected to be useful in one or more of these applications as well. Given the similarity of partially purified EPS to other polysaccharides with known uses, it is specifically envisioned that partially purified EPS could be used commercially for food and cosmetic uses, oil extraction, as components of firefighting fluids, as wound dressings in eye and joint surgery, and as anti-tumor agents. See e.g. Sutherland, "Novel and established applications of microbial polysaccharides," Trends in Biotechnology 16, 41- 46 (1998); Sutherland, "Industrially Useful Microbial Polysaccharides," Microbiological Sciences 3, 5-9 (1986) and Vanhooren and Vandamme, "L-Fucose: occurrence, physiological role, chemical, enzymatic and microbial synthesis," J. Chem Technol. Biotechnol. 74: 479-497 (1999). This partially purified EPS is also useful as an agent for promoting flocculation in waste water treatment.
In addition, because of its fibrous nature, partially purified EPS could be woven into a product that would dissolve in the presence of water. The solubility could be controlled (at least temporarily) by controlling the calcium concentration in the final product. Partially purified EPS might thus be useful for making cigarette filters that degrade in the environment to reduce pollution, or as line filters for solvents. Partially purified EPS could also be used for extraction of various substances from solvents and transferred to an aqueous solution to dissolve the polymer and free up a material of interest.
The present invention also provides an isolated exopolysaccharide produced from Thauera strain MZIT, termed thaueran. More specifically, the invention provides an isolated exopolysaccharide produced from MZIT, wherein the exopolysaccharide has a molecular weight of about 250 kDa and comprises rhamnose, galacturonic acid, N-acetylfucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine.
Monosaccharide constituents include rhamnose (Rha), galacturonic acid (GalA), N-acetylfucosamine (2-acetamido-2, 6-dideoxy-galactose, FucNac) and N-acetyl glucosamine.
MZIT produces thaueran EPS when grown on simple organic acids and related compounds commonly associated with industrial wastewaters. After purification, the thaueran EPS appears as a white fibrous material with a cotton-like consistency. The thaueran EPS is readily soluble in water, but insoluble in most organic solvents and solubility is reduced above pH 7.
The present invention also provides a method of producing the thaueran EPS from Thauera MZIT comprising the steps of: a) culturing the Thauera MZIT in media; and b) purifying the thaueran EPS produced from the Thauera MZIT culture of step a).
Microorganism culturing techniques are well known in the art and the Examples included herein provide sufficient guidance for one of skill in the art to make the appropriate media, culture MZIT and recover the thaueran EPS of the present invention.
In the method described above, the thaueran EPS can be purified by: a) centrifuging the Thauera MZIT culture; b) decanting the supernatant; c) concentrating the supernatant; d) purifying the supernatant by size exclusion chromatography; e) collecting a thaueran EPS containing fraction produced by step (d), thus purifying the thaueran EPS.
Further provided by the present invention is a method of chelating a metal in a sample, comprising the steps of: a) contacting a metal containing sample with thaueran EPS produced from Thauera strain MZIT and b) allowing a complex to form between the metal in the metal containing sample and the thaueran EPS, therefore chelating a metal in the sample.
The present invention also provides a method of removing metal from a sample comprising: a) contacting a metal containing sample with thaueran EPS produced from Thauera strain MZIT; b) allowing a complex to form between the metal in the metal containing sample and thauean EPS; and c) removing the complex of step b) from the sample.
The metals that can be chelated and/or removed by these methods include, but are not limited to uranium and a number of positively charged metal cations. See, e.g. Carol et al. Environ. Sci. Tech 33:3622-3626 (1999). Also, the presence of galacturonic acid allows thaueran EPS to bind positively charged substances and the presence of N- acetylfucosamine allows thaueran EPS to bind negatively charged substances. Therefore, thaueran EPS can be used to bind both positively and negatively charged substances.
Similar to the partially purified EPS, thaueran EPS is specifically envisioned to be useful for removing metal ions from aqueous and non-aqueous solutions resulting from industrial processes or a waste stream. The thaueran EPS/wastewater is mixed to allow the dissolved thaueran EPS to bind metals present in the wastewater. A precipitating agent such as a calcium salt (CaCl2 precipitates the thaueran EPS dissolved in aqueous solutions) or a base is then added to precipitate the thaueran EPS out of solution. This precipitate is separated from the water by, for example, allowing the precipitate to sediment to the bottom of the tank and removing the purified wastewater from the top of the tank. The precipitate can also be separated from the water by filtration. The metal -containing thauean EPS is then disposed. In some applications, the thaueran EPS can be treated with an acid to free the bound metals, or the metals can be precipitated by reacting them with an anion (sulfate for example, depending on the metal of interest) and neutralizing pH to form insoluble metal salts. Free sugars resulting from these processes can be washed into the wastestream. It is also envisioned that heavy metals bound by the thaueran EPS could be exchanged with another metal so that the thaueran EPS could be safely reused. Additionally, it is envisioned that because thaueran EPS is insoluble in organics (solvents, alcohols, etc.), a woven filter could be made to allow flow through metal extraction from solvents and solutions similar to the filter utilized to separate a metal-thaueran EPS precipitate from water.
The thaueran EPS of this invention is similar to other bacterial polysaccharides that have been used in hydrating agents, stabilizing emulsions, gel formulation, viscosity control, foam stabilization, film formation, suspending agents, acoustical membranes, and structural fibers. The thaueran EPS is therefore expected to be useful in one or more of these applications as well. Given the similarity of thaueran EPS to other polysaccharides with known uses, it is specifically envisioned that thaueran EPS could be used commercially for food and cosmetic uses, oil extraction, as components of firefighting fluids, as wound dressings in eye and joint surgery, and as anti-tumor agents. See e.g. Sutherland, "Novel and established applications of microbial polysaccharides," Trends in Biotechnology 16, 41-46 (1998); Sutherland, "Industrially Useful Microbial Polysaccharides," Microbiological Sciences 3, 5-9 (1986) and Vanhooren and Vandamme, "L-Fucose: occurrence, physiological role, chemical, enzymatic and microbial synthesis," J. Chem Technol. Biotechnol. 74: 479-497 (1999). This thaueran EPS is also useful as an agent for promoting flocculation in waste water treatment.
In addition, because of its fibrous nature, thaueran EPS could be woven into a product that would dissolve in the presence of water. The solubility could be controlled (at least temporarily) by controlling the calcium concentration in the final product. Thaueran EPS might thus be useful for making cigarette filters that degrade in the environment to reduce pollution, or as line filters for solvents. Thaueran EPS could also be used for extraction of various substances from solvents or in a water bath to free up a material of interest.
The presence of N-acetylfucosamine (2-acetamido-2, 6-dideoxy-galactose, FucNac) in thaueran makes thaueran EPS a valuable source of fucose. Since fucose is costly and difficult to synthesize, thaueran EPS represents a source material from which fucose can be obtained for numerous anti-neoplastic and hypoallergenic applications. Fucose containing oligosaccharides can be used to prevent tumor cell colonization of the lung, to control formation of white blood cells (anti-inflammatory effect) and to treat rheumatoid arthritis (Vanhooren and Vandamme "L-Fucose: Occurrence, physiological role, chemical, enzymatic and microbial synthesis" J. Chem Technol. Biotechnol. 74: 479-497 (1999). Fucose can also be used in the synthesis of antigens for antibody production and in cosmetics as a skin moisturizing agent. Since fucose production via chemical synthesis is laborious and suffers from low yield, fucose can be obtained from thaueran by chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis.
EXAMPLES
MZIT
MZIT is a floc-forming bacterium previously isolated from an industrial wastewater treatment plant as described in Lajoie et al, Water Environment Research, 72:56, 2000. MZIT has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection as Accession number ATCC No. 202120. Materials
Thauera defined medium (TDM) which was used to culture growth was prepared as described below.
A trace elements solution was prepared by mixing together the following:
FeSO4 «7H2O 2100 mg
Na2EDTA 5200 mg
H3BO3 30 mg
MnCl2 -4H2O 100 mg
CoCl2 '6^0 190 mg
NiCl2 •OHzO 24 mg
CuSO4 «5H2O 25 mg
ZnSO4 »7H2O 144 mg
NaMoO4 -2H20 36 mg
Add H2O to bring to 1000 ml
The pH of the resulting solution was adjusted to between 6.0 - 6.5 with NaOH A W (tungsten)-solution was prepared by mixing together the following: NaOH 200 mg Na2WO42H20 8 mg
Add H20 to bring to 1000 ml.
A Vitamin mixture was prepared by mixing together the following:
Sodium phosphate-buffer,
20 mM, pH = 7.1 200 ml p-aminobenzoic acid 8 mg
D(+)Biotin 2 mg
Nicotinic acid 20 mg Ca-D(+)Pantothenate 10 mg
Pyridoxin-Hydrochloride 30 mg.
A Thiamin solution was prepared by mixing together the following:
Sodium phosphate-buffer,
25 mM, pH = 7.1 200 ml
Thiamine-Chloride-Dihydrochloride 200 mg.
A Vitamin B12-solution was prepared by mixing together the following:
add H2O 100 ml
Cyanocobalamine 5 mg
Nitrocellulose filters with a pore size of 0.2 μm were used for the sterile filtration of all vitamin solutions.
A Sodium bicarbonate solution (1 M) was prepared by mixing together the following: NaHC03 84 g
Add H2O to bring to 1000 ml
One liter of solution was autoclaved in a sealed screw top container.
Freshwater medium (for aerobic growth conditions) was prepared by mixing together the following:
NH4C1 0.3 g
KH2PO (monobasic) 0.5 g
MgSO47H2O 0.5 g CaCl22H2O 0.1 g
Sodium succinate 5 g
Add H2O to bring to 1000 ml
(0.85 g NaN03 can be added for anaerobic growth conditions)
This freshwater medium was autoclaved in a 1.5 L bottle, which was then sealed with a screw cap.
After the freshwater medium in 1.5 L bottle medium cooled, TDM was made by adding the following sterile solutions to 1 L of the freshwater medium:
Trace element solution 1 ml
W-solution 1 ml
Sodium bicarbonate-solution (1M) 30 ml Vitamin mixture 1 ml Thiamin solution 1 ml
B12 solution 1 ml
Purification of Partially Purified EPS
Partially purified EPS was purified as described below. 1 L of TDM containing
100 mg/1 rifampicin was inoculated with 200 ul of frozen MZIT rifampicin resistant stock culture (a rif-resistant mutant of the wild type MZIT was generated by repeated plating and screening for growth on rif plates; wild type MZIT has also been used to prepare purified thaueran EPS in the same manner but without adding rifampicin to the medium). The inoculated medium was incubated at 30° C in a shaking incubator (160 rpm) for 7 days. After this time, the culture was centrifuged at 10,000 X g for 15 minutes to pellet the bacteria. The supernatant was decanted, collected, and then concentrated to approximately 200 ml by rotary evaporation at 45° C under reduced pressure. The concentrate was then dialyzed against 4L of water using 3500 Da molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) dialysis tubes. The water was changed 7 times over 3 days (about every 6-10 hours). The contents of the dialysis tubes was then transferred to fresh falcon tubes, frozen at -80 degrees C for >1 h, and then lyophilized until dry (-3 days) to yield the partially purified EPS.
Characterization of the partially purified EPS
A sample of partially purified EPS was purified as described above and analyzed by conventional chemical analyses. In solubility experiments, partially purified EPS proved readily soluble in water at pHs below about 7. Partially purified EPS was less soluble at higher pHs. The solubility of partially purified EPS in other solvents was investigated. Partially purified EPS proved insoluble in DMSO, acetone, ethanol, methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate. It was also noted that the addition of CaCl2 (0.25-0.3 M) caused partially purified EPS to precipitate out of aqueous solutions. In melting point analyses, partially purified EPS decomposed at temperatures above 205°C. In viscosity analyses, it was noted that aqueous solutions became more viscous as higher concentrations of partially purified EPS were added.
Partially purified EPS was also analyzed for carbohydrate content. A sample of partially purified EPS was hydrolyzed using freshly prepared IM methanolic-HCl for 16h at 80°C. The released sugars were derivatized with Tri-Sil and the samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) using a Supelco column. Myo-inositol (20 ug) was also added as an internal standard. Results are shown in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1
Carbohydrate Residues Mole
Rhamnose 7.9
Xylose 1.3 Galacturonic acid 25.5
Galactose 3.4
Glucose 49.5
N-acetylfucosamine 12.3
The percentage of soluble carbohydrate in the same was calculated to be 24.9%. The sample contained about 50% glucose and GalA as its major components. The sample also contained an unusual sugar residue N-acetylfucosamine. Also contained in this partialy purified EPS sample was N-acetylglucosamine.
Glcosyl linkage was assessed by conventional techniques using methylation analysis-GC mass spectrometry. Briefly, a partially purified EPS sample was dissolved in DMSO three days prior to the methylation. It was stirred and sonicated with 50 μl of glycerol to facilitate dissolution in the DMSO. The sample was methylated by the Hakomori procedure and then reduced with superdeuteride for 3h at room temperature. The methylated sample was hydrolyzed with 2M TFA at 120°C for 2h, and then reduced using sodium borodeuteride. The reduced sample was acetylated by pyridine and acetic anhydride prior to GC-MS analysis. Myoinositol was also added to the sample prior to the reduction step.
Results of this analysis are shown below in Table 2:
TABLE 2
Carbohydrate Residues % present
Terminal glucose 2.8
4-xylose 10.6
3-glucose 18.0 3-galacturonic acid 17.7
6-glucose 47.0
4-galactose 3.9
Under the conditions of this experiment, rhamnose was not detected in the sample. This could be due to the high volatility of rhamnose residues that could either be t-rhamnose or 2-rhamnose. FucNac would also not be detected under these conditions. The results suggested that the partially purified EPS is highly branched having 1-3,1-4, and 1-6 glycosyl linkages.
The structure of partially purified EPS was also characterized using NMR spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy. FIG. 1 shows results obtained in a one dimensional NMR analysis. FIG. 2 shows results obtained in a two dimensional NMR analysis (gCOSY). FIG. 3 shows results obtained in a two dimensional NMR analysis (NOESY). And FG. 4 shows results obtained in an IR analysis.
Metal Chelation
Partially purified EPS was shown to chelate uranium (U) under a variety of conditions. In one experiment, uranium binding to partially purified EPS in water was examined. A U stock solution was prepared by dissolving 0.1 g UO2(NO3)2 in 50 ml millipore water (2000 ppm). In a separate container, 10 mg of purified partially purified EPS was dissolved in 1 ml of water. 1 ml of the U stock solution was added to the 1 ml partially purified EPS solution to form a mixture. The mixture was vortexed for 30 seconds, allowed to sit 10 minutes, and then added to a centrifugal filtration column (Millipore Biomax 30-50 Kda filtration column). In a parallel control run, a sample containing only 1 ml water and 1 ml of the U stock was treated in the same manner as the partially purified EPS containing mixture. The filter columns were then centrifuged at 3400 rpm (in a standard centrifuge) for 1 hr. 1.5 ml of the filtered liquid in each sample was transferred into 10 ml of ReadySafe Scintillation cocktail, and the samples were analyzed for radioactivity using a scintilation counter. Table 3 shows the results from 4 runs in cpm.
TABLE 3
Control Partiallv Purified EPS Present
463.5 314
464.5 331
464.5 302
448.5 337.5
The results indicated that an average of 30.2% of the originally present uranium was bound by the polysaccharide.
In related experiments, the ability of partially purified EPS to chelate uranium dissolved in methanol was examined. A U stock solution was prepared by dissolving 0.1 g in 50 ml methanol. In each of several test tubes, 8 mg of partially purified EPS was added to 2 ml of the U stock solution to form a mixture (partially purified EPS does not dissolve in methanol). Control samples not containing partially purified EPS were run in parallel. These mixtures were placed in a 30 degree shaking incubator (160 rpm) for 2 hours, after which the tubes were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes to pellet the partially purified EPS. The supernatant was decanted and collected. 1.5 ml of the supernatant from each tube was added to 10 ml ReadySafe Scintillation Cocktail, and the same were analyzed for radioactivity using a scintillation counter. Table 4 shows the results of 6 runs in cpm (10 minutes of counting).
TABLE 4 Control Thaueran Present
22471 5207
22328 5207
22852 5411 22999 5570
21095 5532
20915 5476 avg.=22110 avg.=5400.5
The results indicated that an average of 75.6% of the originally present uranium was removed by the polysaccharide.
Other assays were performed to assess uranium-binding by purified thaueran exopolsaccharide in the presence of equimolar (to U) amounts of EDTA (commonly found in metal-containing waste streams). These experiments were performed using the centrifugation column protocol described above. The results indicated that an average of about 40% of the originally present uranium was bound by the polysaccharide.
Purification of thaueran EPS
One liter of seven-day-old MZIT culture grown in TDM was centrifuged at 8000 X g to pellet cells. The resultant cell-free supernatant was decanted and subsequently concentrated to one tenth of its original volume using a Millipore Pellicon 2 Mini Holder filtration apparatus equipped with a 100,000 Da MWCO filter. The retentate containing the thaueran EPS was then brought back to its original volume with deionized water and the process was repeated for a total of three times. The desalted EPS solution was then concentrated to approximately 100 ml, frozen at -70° C, and lyophilized to yield the crude polymer. Crude thaueran EPS was further purified by size exclusion chromatography using a 1 m X 2.5 cm column packed with Bio-Gel P- 30 fine polyacrylamide gel (Bio-Rad) as per the manufacturer's instructions. The buffer used for all purification was 0.25 M ammonium formate. The buffer was degassed under vacuum and maintained in a reservoir sparged with nitrogen. Approximately 10 ml fractions were collected every hour using an ISCO Retriever III fraction collector. Peaks were detected with an in-line mounted ISCO UA-5 Absorbance/Fluorescence Detector with a 254 nm wavelength filter. Individual fractions were analyzed by spectrophotometry at 214 nm and samples absorbing at this wavelength were frozen and lyophilized to remove ammonium formate. All fraction-containing vials were washed with a total of 10 ml deionized water and the collected wash water was refrozen and lyophilized to concentrate the thaueran EPS.
The structure of thaueran EPS was also characterized using NMR spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy. Figure 5 shows an IR transmittance spectrum for 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide. Results obtained in a one dimensional 1H-NMR analysis of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide are shown in Figure 6. Two dimensional NMR analysis (gCOSY) of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide is shown in Figure 7. Figure 8 is a chart showing the results obtained in a two dimensional NMR analysis (TOCSY) of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide. Figure 9 is a chart showing the results obtained in a two dimensional NMR analysis (NOESY) of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide. Figure 10 is a chart showing the results obtained in a two dimensional 13C-1H NMR analysis (HSQC) of 250 kD thaueran exopolysaccharide.
Carbohydrate content of thaueran EPS is analyzed as described above for partially purified EPS. A sample of thaueran EPS is hydrolyzed using freshly prepared IM methanolic-HCl for 16h at 80°C. The released sugars are derivatized with Tri-Sil and the samples are analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) using a Supelco column. Myo-inositol (20 ug) is also added as an internal standard. Glycosyl linkage for thaueran EPS is assessed, as described above for partially purified EPS, by conventional techniques using methylation analysis-GC mass spectrometry. Briefly, a thaueran EPS sample is dissolved in DMSO three days prior to the methylation. It is stirred and sonicated with 50 μl of glycerol to facilitate dissolution in the DMSO. The sample is methylated by the Hakomori procedure and then reduced with super deuteride for 3h at room temperature. The methylated sample is hydrolyzed with 2M TFA at 120°C for 2h, and then reduced using sodium borodeuteride. The reduced sample was acetylated by pyridine and acetic anhydride prior to GC-MS analysis. Myoinositol is also added to the sample prior to the reduction step.
Metal chelation experiments for thaueran EPS are performed as described above for partially purified EPS. Due to the presence of metal chelating sugars on thaueran EPS, this exopolysaccharide is expected to have metal chelating properties, such as the ability to chelate uranium.
Although the present process has been described with reference to specific details of certain embodiments thereof, it is not intended that such details should be regarded as limitations upon the scope of the invention except as and to the extent that they are included in the accompanying claims.
Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties, as well as the references cited in these publications, are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

Claims

What is claimed is:
1. An isolated exopolysaccharide produced from Thauera strain MZIT.
2. The exopolysaccharide of claim 1 wherein the exopolysaccharide is a partially purified EPS and comprises rhamnose, xylose, galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, N-acetylfucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine.
3. The exopolysaccharide of claim 1, wherein the exopolysaccharide has a molecular weight of about 250 kDa and comprises rhamnose, galacturonic acid, N-acetylfucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine.
4. A method of producing the exopolysaccharide of claim 2 comprising the steps of: a) culturing the Thauera MZIT in medium; and b) purifying the partially purified EPS produced from the Thauera MZIT culture of step a).
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the partially purified EPS is purified by:
a) centrifuging the Thauera MZIT culture; b) decanting the supernatant; c) concentrating the supernatant; d) dialyzing the supernatant against water using molecular weight cutoff dialysis tubes. e) collecting the contents of the dialysis tubes.
6. A method of removing a metal from a sample comprising: a) contacting a metal containing sample with the partially purified EPS of claim 2; b) allowing a complex to form between the metal in the metal containing sample and the partially purified EPS; and c) removing the complex of step b) from the sample, thus removing the metal from the sample.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the metal is uranium.
8. A method of chelating a metal in a sample, comprising the steps of:
a) contacting a metal containing sample with the partially purified EPS of claim 2; and b) allowing a complex to form between the metal in the metal containing sample and the partially purified EPS, thus chelating a metal in the sample.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the metal is uranium.
10. A method of producing the exopolysaccharide of claim 3 comprising the steps of:
a) culturing the Thauera MZIT in medium; and b) purifying the exopolysaccharide produced from the Thauera MZIT culture of step a).
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the exopolysaccharide is purified by:
a) centrifuging the Thauera MZIT culture; b) decanting the supernatant; c) concentrating the supernatant; d) purifying the supernatant by size exclusion chromatography; e) collecting an exopolysaccharide containing fraction produced from step (d), thus purifying the exopolysaccharide.
12. A method of removing a metal from a sample comprising:
a) contacting a metal containing sample with the exopolysaccharide of claim 3; b) allowing a complex to form between the metal in the metal containing sample and the exopolysaccharide; and c) removing the complex of step b) from the sample, thus removing the metal from the sample.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the metal is uranium.
14. A method of chelating a metal in a sample, comprising the steps of:
a) contacting a metal containing sample with the exopolysaccharide of claim 3; and b) allowing a complex to form between the metal in the metal containing sample and the exopolysaccharide, thus chelating a metal in the sample.
15. The method of claim 7, wherein the metal is uranium.
PCT/US2001/010657 2000-03-31 2001-04-02 Thauera strain mz1t exopolysachharides Ceased WO2001075138A2 (en)

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CN103223278A (en) * 2012-01-30 2013-07-31 农作物生物和生物技术阿奎玛利纳公司 Biocementation of particulate material in suspension

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EP0287576A4 (en) * 1986-07-28 1989-12-04 Massachusetts Inst Technology Method to control and produce novel biopolymers.
US4948733A (en) * 1986-07-28 1990-08-14 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Zoogloea transformation using exopoly saccharide non-capsule producing strains
US5118803A (en) * 1990-09-13 1992-06-02 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Zooglan polysaccharide
US6124094A (en) * 1997-10-17 2000-09-26 Eastman Chemical Company Zoogloeal and hyphomicrobium spp. nucleic acids

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CN103212259A (en) * 2012-01-06 2013-07-24 农作物生物和生物技术阿奎玛利纳公司 Method to decrease the amount of particulate material suspended in air or water
CN103223278A (en) * 2012-01-30 2013-07-31 农作物生物和生物技术阿奎玛利纳公司 Biocementation of particulate material in suspension

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