WO2000020964A1 - Fraktales netz n-ter ordnung zum behandeln komplexer strukturen - Google Patents
Fraktales netz n-ter ordnung zum behandeln komplexer strukturen Download PDFInfo
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- G06N5/00—Computing arrangements using knowledge-based models
- G06N5/02—Knowledge representation; Symbolic representation
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- the invention relates to a n-th order fractal network for handling complex structures and in particular to a fractal or fractal-hierarchical network with a large number of semantic units, by means of which semantically structured information can be analyzed and processed.
- Metadata (a derivative of SGML, IS08879) information treat content in a structured manner.
- the structuring can be semantic. Semantic means here that references of one information content to another information content can have a meaning. It is possible to formulate metadata, that is, data that describes data. In the data description language XML, however, it is not possible to store information about processes in such a way that they can flow into a data analysis and into an "intelligent" behavior of a semantic network itself.
- the present invention is therefore based on the object of creating a fractal n-th order network for handling complex structures, which enables information or knowledge to be stored in a structured form and to be analyzed and linked on the basis of this data.
- fractal network for treating complex structures which consists of a multiplicity of units.
- the fractal network contains both semantic units, that each have information content, as well as linking units that describe a relationship content.
- the relationship content links two semantic units in such a way that the mutual relationship of the two linked semantic units is determined by the relationship content.
- the central element here is the semantic unit, which represents an "object” or a "process of the world" as a data structure.
- An essential feature of the semantic unit is the ability to store information content in a structured manner and to network with other semantic units. So that two semantic units can be linked in such a way that the link has meaning or is semantic, these semantic units are connected to one another with the special linking units.
- Such a linking unit can, for example, also be provided implicitly in a structured information content of a semantic unit.
- linking units can be a special form of semantic units that can have information content and relationship content.
- each semantic unit can be assigned a label which is unique within this "world knowledge”.
- Complex structures can represent language, images, networks or chaotic systems, such as technical, cultural, economic or ecological relationships.
- FIG. 2 shows an illustration of a fractal network of the n-th order according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 6 shows an illustration of a fractal network of the n-th order according to a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention
- a nth order fractal network for handling complex structures is generally expressed as a multitude of units.
- the fractal network contains both semantic units, which each have information content, and linking units, which describe a relationship content.
- the relationship content links two semantic units in such a way that the mutual relationship of the two linked semantic units is determined by the relationship content.
- semantic used here means "to have a meaning”.
- Linking units of this type can represent a special form of semantic units which can have information content and relationship content.
- linking semantic units via linking units there is also the possibility that one or more linking units in turn via one or more linking units with one or more semantic units and / or one or more linking units in turn via one or more linking units with one or more Linking units are linked, as can be seen from the following description.
- linking units can generally be freely selected by a user. However, it makes sense to define some elementary relationship contents of linking units in a basic library in advance.
- Exchange relationships and relations can be viewed as elementary relationship contents of linking units.
- Exchange relationships are defined as relationships that describe an abstract, material and / or communicative exchange between semantic units.
- Relations are those relationship contents of relationships linking units that describe any relationships between semantic units.
- Figures la to le show some such elementary linking units that describe a relationship content.
- link units of the type exchange relationship can be further divided into two groups.
- FIG. 1 a a link unit 1 of the type exchange relationship is shown, which connects semantic units in different hierarchical levels of the fractal network of the nth order.
- the nature of the relationship from a larger, i.e. higher-level, semantic unit to a smaller, i.e., lower-level, semantic unit and vice versa is described. In other words, this means that the scale is changed.
- Linking units with relationships that have the two characteristics mentioned, that is, an exchange and a change of scale are referred to below as linking units of the type VA / VS.
- the expression "VA” stands for "exchange”
- the expression "VS” for "scale change".
- Such a linkage unit 1 of the VA / VS type can be viewed in the direction of the arrow from A to B shown in FIG. 1a as "A contains B” and in the opposite direction as "B is part of A”. This corresponds to the definition of an embedding hierarchy.
- link units 2, 2a and 2b of the exchange relationship type are shown, the semantic units in the same hierarchical levels of the fractal network Connect nth order with each other. In other words, this means that no scale change is carried out.
- Linking units with relationships that have the two characteristics mentioned, ie an exchange and no scale change are referred to below as linking units of the type VA / VH.
- VA / VH the expression "VA” stands for "exchange” and the expression "VH” for "no change of scale”.
- VA / VH-type link unit 2a in the direction from A to B as "A is the input variable of B” and in the opposite direction as “B is the output variable of A”
- VA / VH-type link unit 2b in Direction from A to B as "A is described by B” and in the opposite direction as "B is attribute of A.
- link units of the relation type can be further divided into two groups.
- FIG. 1c shows a link unit 3 of the relation type, which connects semantic units in hierarchical levels of the fractal network of the nth order that are different from one another.
- the nature of the relationship from a more general semantic unit to a more specific semantic unit and vice versa is described. In other words, this means that the scale is changed.
- Linking units with relationships that have the two characteristics mentioned, ie a relation and a change of scale are referred to below as linking units of the type VR / VS.
- the expression “VR” stands for "relation”
- the expression "VS” for "change of scale”.
- FIG. 1d shows link units 4, 4a, 4b and 4c of the relation type, which connect semantic units to one another in the same hierarchical levels of the fractal network of the nth order. In other words, this means that no scale change is carried out.
- Linking units with relationships that have the two characteristics mentioned, ie a relation and no scale change, are referred to below as linking units of the type VR / VH. Accordingly, in the expression “VR / VH” the expression “VR” stands for “relation” and the expression “VH” for "no change of scale”.
- VR / VH type link unit 4a may be "A is (location-related) adjacent to B"
- a VR / VH type link unit 4b may be "A is similar to B”
- such a link unit 4c may be of type VR / VH in the direction from A to B can be viewed as “B follows A” and in the opposite direction as “A will be followed by B”.
- Fig. Le also shows a further link unit 5, which can be viewed in the direction from A to B as A has Janus / function B "and in the opposite direction as” B is Janus / function of A ".
- this link unit 5 reference is made to the following description of the exemplary embodiments.
- link units can be both directional, that is, directional, and bidirectional, that is, non-directional.
- FIG. 2 shows a simple fractal network, the interaction of the above-described link units with other semantic units that are present in the fractal network being illustrated.
- reference numeral 3 denotes a VR / VS type link unit
- reference numeral 4b denotes a VR / VH type link unit
- reference numeral 6 denotes respective semantic units.
- FIG. 3 shows structured information contents and relationship contents of the semantic units or linking units shown in FIG. 2.
- the semantic unit 6 labeled "human” in FIG. 2 has an identifier "1" and the name “human” and is linked to linking units which have identifiers "12" and "13".
- the semantic unit 6 designated “mammal” in FIG. 2 has an identifier "2" and the name “mammal” and is linked to the linking unit which has the identifier "12”.
- the semantic unit 6 denoted by "monkey” in FIG. 2 has an identifier "3" and the name “monkey” and is linked to the linking unit which has the identifier "13".
- the semantic unit 6 labeled "gene analysis” in FIG. 2 has an identifier "4" and the name “gene analysis” and is linked to a linking unit which has the identifier "134".
- link unit 3 In the lower part of FIG. 3, the relationship contents of the respective link units of FIG. 2 are shown, which contain an identifier, a name, identifiers of the link units possibly connected to them, identifiers, the semantic units or link units linked by them, and the type of this link included.
- the link unit 3 shown in FIG. 2 has the identifier "12" and the name "is in general", it is not connected to any other link unit and links the semantic unit of the identifier "1" directionally with the semantic unit of the Identifier "2".
- the information content described by a semantic unit represents an identifier and / or a list of the linking units which connect this semantic unit with other semantic units, the identifier preferably being a name or a serial number and the information content likewise being preferred is in a structured form.
- the link units describe relationship content which, in addition to information content, also contains a link identifier.
- This linkage identification describes the respective identification of the semantic units and / or linkage units that are linked by them, one or more directions in relation to these linked semantic units and / or linkage units and / or weightings that describe one or two directional information.
- the relationship content of the linking unit can optionally contain information about the respective type of linking the related semantic units, this type of linking possibly providing additional information about a relation, ie, a comparison of the respectively linked units, and / or about one Exchange relationship, ie, contains a one-way or two-way interaction of the linked units, and the type of link also contains additional information as to whether or not a scale change is taking place.
- this information regarding a change in scale can be the type of relationship to a larger, ie, superordinate, or to a smaller, ie, subordinate, semantic unit or vice versa, or the type of relationship to a more general or to a more specific semantic unit , describe.
- FIGS. 4a and 4b show further fractal networks according to the first exemplary embodiment of the present invention, which serve to facilitate understanding.
- FIG. 4a shows a fractal network in which a semantic unit 6 designated “forest” via a link unit 3 of the VR / VS type, more precisely of the type "is in general / is in particular", with a segment designated semantic unit 6, wherein the linking unit 3 of the VR / VS type also contains a weighting of 70%, which results in the statement “segment classified as 70% forest.”
- the linking unit of the VR / VS type can be used more precisely here VR / VS (+) are referred to, since there is obviously a change of scale to a smaller scale from the semantic unit 6 labeled "Wald” to the semantic unit 6 labeled "Segment” results, whereby the smaller scale in the present application example results from a smaller fuzziness in the attributes of "forest” and "segment” not described in more detail.
- a similarity hierarchy is formulated, whereby if the weighting (here 70%) in the information content of the linking unit is not clear, the role of a measure for belonging to a corresponding class (here "forest") is assigned. If the linkage unit 1 of type VA / VS, more precisely “consists of / is part of”, is considered, the statement “forest consists of trees” is created, which implicitly expresses that a tree is significantly smaller than a forest is on a lower or finer scale.
- FIG. 4b shows a fractal network in which a semantic unit 6 designated “Peter” is linked to a semantic unit 6 designated “Paul” via a link unit 4 of the VR / VH type. Furthermore, the linking unit 4 of the VR / VH type is linked to a semantic unit 6 labeled "friendship” via a linking unit 2b of the VA / VH type, more precisely of the type "is described by / is attribute of”. In the end, the statement “Peter and Paul are friends” is obtained, since the linking unit 2b, with the help of the semantic unit 6 designated "friendship", describes an abstract exchange ("friendship”) in more detail.
- linking units of the VR / VH type that is to say relations without changing scales, associations and comparisons can be defined.
- weighting in the information content of the linking unit as a measure of the similarity of the linked semantic units. The statements are for this "Humans are 95% similar to monkeys" and “winter is followed by spring” examples.
- FIG. 5 shows structured information contents of semantic units with attributes according to the first exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- Each semantic unit can store data and functions of any form in its information content. According to the first exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the name of the semantic unit and its identifier have already been described.
- information contents of the semantic units and / or linking units can also contain algorithms, functions and / or mathematical formulas.
- semantic units have information content that represents attributes, these attributes describing other semantic units or linking units in more detail (see, for example, the semantic unit 6 labeled “friendship” in FIG. 4b).
- the fractal network has special link units that serve to link semantic units that represent attributes with those semantic and / or link units to which these attributes are assigned (see, for example, link unit 2b in FIG. 4b). These special linking units 2b are designated by "is described by / is attribute of".
- these attributes can contain values that are elements from a set, range, list, or other ordered or unordered structure.
- This ordered or disordered structure can through one or more numbers, vectors in n-dimensional spaces, text data, image data, video data, audio data, calendar data, tables, geometry data, geographic data, fuzzy logic quantities, Internet content or bundled data or a combination of these be formed in order to be able to store "world knowledge" in an advantageous manner.
- An example of this is shown in FIG. 5, but because of the self-describing character of this figure, a more detailed description thereof is omitted.
- An essential feature of the second exemplary embodiment of the present invention is the possibility of including special semantic units in the fractal network which are able to perform certain operations on other semantic units. These special semantic units will be referred to as semantic Janus units.
- a semantic Janus unit 6 denotes a special semantic unit that has an algorithm or a collection of algorithms that change the information content of semantic units and / or generate new semantic units or existing semantic units can destroy.
- a semantic Janus unit is connected to one or more semantic units, in the vicinity of which the semantic Janus unit is to operate, via a special linking unit 5 (see FIG. Le) of the type "has Janus / function / is Janus / function of" .
- This means that the functionality of the semantic Janus unit is restricted in such a way that it is only able to carry out the specific operations on those semantic units which are in a predetermined neighborhood area of a semantic unit linked to it.
- a semantic Janus unit can be linked to other semantic Janus units and / or to attributes via one or more linking units.
- a Janus semantic unit can perform one or more of the following operations: creating new semantic units; the bundling of already existing semantic units into a single semantic unit, which may have to be newly created; changing and / or deleting existing semantic units; comparing existing semantic units; acquiring and changing values of the attributes of semantic units; executing an algorithm and / or calculating a function; the detection of a janus or a part of a janus, that is to say the classification of an algorithm or a part of an algorithm.
- the essential task of a semantic Janus unit is the bundling and context of information content.
- Bundles are to be understood here as the calculation of information contents of a semantic unit serving as a center from the information contents of neighboring semantic units.
- Contexts are to be understood as the inverse process analogous to bundling, that is to say information contents of the neighboring semantic units are changed as a function of the information contents of the semantic unit serving as the center, which defines the neighborhood. In this way it is possible, for example, in a simple way, constantly to receive current statistics of a set of semantic units (bundles) or to forward changes of framework conditions to a set of semantic units (contexts).
- FIG. 6 illustrates an nth order fractal network that is used to clarify the statements made previously regarding the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the fractal network in FIG. 6 serves to correctly average an average income depending on the respective framework conditions.
- the semantic unit 6, which is referred to as "law firm MM” is via a linking unit 5, that is to say a linking unit of the type "has Janus / function / is Janus / function of", with a "Bundle” designated semantic unit 6, which accordingly acts in this exemplary embodiment of the present invention as a semantic Janus unit with respect to the semantic unit 6 designated "law firm MM".
- the input type of this semantic Janus unit is the attribute type to be bundled, that is, in the case of this exemplary embodiment, the income, which consists of the law firm's individual income.
- the semantic Janus unit uses an attribute as an output variable in which the middle income is written.
- a key advantage of this type of statistical survey is that when a lawyer is added or removed to or from the firm, no changes to the mean income calculation procedure are required.
- a major advantage of the Janus unit described above is that it only acts locally in a defined neighborhood. Accordingly, it is important to define the concept of neighborhood more precisely. This is done below in this third embodiment of the present invention.
- a first semantic unit is then defined as being adjacent to a second semantic unit if a distance between them is less than a predetermined or calculated value, that is to say a limit value.
- a measure of the distance depends on the information and / or meaning content of the semantic units, via which the second semantic unit can be reached from the first semantic unit.
- FIGS. 7a and 7b show a simple example of such a use of a distance measure in accordance with the third exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- the task is to be solved, the neighborhood circle of acquaintances to the semantic unit labeled "Paul"
- the weighting of the linking units 7 of the type "is friends with” can be converted into a distance, for example, by means of a logarithm function.
- a distance between the semantic unit 6 labeled "Paul” and the semantic unit 6 labeled “Peter” is:
- the above calculation applies analogously to the distance from the semantic unit 6 labeled "Paul” to the semantic unit 6 labeled "Anne”. More specifically, the respective weights of the linking units 7 of the type "is friends with” are used to determine the distance. multiplied.
- the circle of acquaintances can change here without it being necessary to change the method for calculating the circle of acquaintances.
- a semantic unit 6 designated “Paul's circle of acquaintances” which can be returned to the fractal network as a result of a query, for example, then, as shown in FIG. 7b, it must be referred to as "Paul's circle of friends""designated semantic unit 6 are generated by the semantic Janus unit 6 designated” determine circle of acquaintances "and are linked to the corresponding semantic units 6 designated by name.
- the semantic units 6 designated by name which are included in the circle of acquaintances, that is to say, according to this exemplary embodiment, the semantic units 6 labeled “Paul”, “Mary” and “Jakob”, automatically with logic units 1 of the VA / VS, more precisely of the type "contains / is part of”, with which the semantic unit 6 referred to as “Paul's circle of acquaintances” is linked, as is shown by dashed lines in FIG. 7b.
- a distance function is used to indicate the distance between two semantic units.
- FIGS. 8a and 8b show a classification / identification process of a sentence in a semantic network according to the fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention. 8a shows an initial situation and FIG. 8b shows a result situation.
- the semantic unit 6 labeled “insert” is a special case of the relationship 2 between the semantic units 6 labeled "key” and "lock”, which is not further defined in the world knowledge available in the fractal network classified.
- “plugging” is a possible relationship between those labeled "key” and “lock” is semantic units 6, as is shown by the dashed lines in FIG. 8b, which represents the result situation.
- the new knowledge learned can thus also be incorporated into the knowledge available in the fractal network.
- semantic units and / or parts of the fractal network can be classified.
- This classification is carried out in such a way that the measure is determined which indicates how well the relevant semantic units or the fractal subnetwork fits the current position, and / or the position to which the relevant semantic see units or the fractal subnet fits particularly well.
- the semantic units preferably contain a marking which indicates whether it is a new input unit or an already existing semantic unit, input units possibly being in the form of a fractal subnet and / or possibly not yet being connected to the fractal network via link units .
- a new semantic unit or a new subnetwork is included in the fractal network, taking into account the classification. These new semantic units can be linked to a start Janus unit.
- one or more input / output devices can also be provided, by means of which the fractal network or a part thereof can be input or output.
- semantic unit it is common for a semantic unit to create an instance that is a special case of that semantic unit.
- the semantic unit can be called the parent and the special instance the child.
- a child should inherit part of the neighborhood of its parent.
- a fractal network dealing with this case is shown in FIGS. 9a to 9c. It is useful here if a semantic Janus unit 6, which is referred to as "inheritance janus" in FIGS. 9a to 9c and is connected to the parent, carries out the generation and inheritance process. As shown in Fig. 9c, the in- Formation contents of the newly created semantic units are overwritten with information contents that come from input data or other sources.
- the semantic unit 6 shown in FIGS. 9a to 9c uses the following method, for example.
- the "inheritance janus” selects a neighborhood around the parent with whom it is connected.
- a neighborhood can be defined in a variety of ways, for example, that only via link units of the type VA / VS (+), "is described by”, and “has Janus / function of", and that only direct Neighbors can be chosen.
- the neighborhood of the "person” is defined by the fact that it is only allowed to walk over link units of the type "is described by”, i.e. that "eye color” is in the selected neighborhood of the "person”, but "living being” is not in the selected neighborhood of the "person” (see Fig. 9a).
- other neighborhoods suitable for the respective application can also be defined.
- a semantic unit "child"("newperson” in FIG. 9b) is generated, which is a special instance of the semantic unit "parent"("person” in FIG. 9b).
- the "child” is linked to the "parent” via a link 3 of the type VR / VS (+).
- children are also generated for all semantic units from the selected neighborhood. These children are also linked to their respective parents via VR / VS (+) links.
- the child "eye color of the new person” is created and with the semantic unit "eye color” linked (see Fig. 9b).
- all children are linked to each other according to the link between their parents.
- the children "new person” and “eye color of the new person” are linked to one another by the linking unit 2b (see FIG. 9b).
- the information content of the children can be overwritten by information content from input objects or other sources.
- the child "new person” is overwritten by "Mr. Otto Maier” and the child “eye color of the new person” by “green” (see FIG. 9c).
- the fractal network according to the invention described above is not only suitable for processing, for example, voice data, image data or network structures, but also for treating so-called chaotic ones Systems that describe technical, cultural, economic or ecological relationships, for example.
- the complex structures can also be both static and dynamic, and the analysis and / or processing of the complex structures can in particular include describing, searching, changing and / or simulating.
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Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000575023A JP2002526856A (ja) | 1998-10-02 | 1999-09-24 | 複合構造を処理するためのn次フラクタルネットワーク |
| EP99970183A EP1116108A1 (de) | 1998-10-02 | 1999-09-24 | Fraktales netz n-ter ordnung zum behandeln komplexer strukturen |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19845555 | 1998-10-02 | ||
| DE19908204.9 | 1999-02-25 | ||
| DE19845555.0 | 1999-02-25 | ||
| DE19908204A DE19908204A1 (de) | 1998-10-02 | 1999-02-25 | Fraktales Netz n-ter Ordnung zum Behandeln komplexer Strukturen |
Related Child Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09806727 A-371-Of-International | 2001-07-09 | ||
| US10/197,150 Continuation US20020188436A1 (en) | 1998-02-10 | 2002-07-15 | Nth- order fractal network for handling complex structures |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2000020964A1 true WO2000020964A1 (de) | 2000-04-13 |
Family
ID=26049270
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP1999/007137 Ceased WO2000020964A1 (de) | 1998-10-02 | 1999-09-24 | Fraktales netz n-ter ordnung zum behandeln komplexer strukturen |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1116108A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2002526856A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2000020964A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002005198A3 (de) * | 2000-07-07 | 2002-12-27 | Definiens Ag | Verfahren zum verarbeiten von mehreren unterschiedlichen datenstrukturen |
-
1999
- 1999-09-24 EP EP99970183A patent/EP1116108A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-09-24 WO PCT/EP1999/007137 patent/WO2000020964A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1999-09-24 JP JP2000575023A patent/JP2002526856A/ja active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (4)
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| BINGI R ET AL: "A framework for the comparative analysis and evaluation of knowledge representation schemes", INFORMATION PROCESSING & MANAGEMENT (INCORPORATING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY),GB,PERGAMON PRESS INC. OXFORD, vol. 31, no. 2, 1 March 1995 (1995-03-01), pages 233 - 247, XP004024794, ISSN: 0306-4573 * |
| LIM E -P ET AL: "Semantic networks and associative databases: two approaches to knowledge representation and reasoning", IEEE EXPERT, AUG. 1992, USA, VOL. 7, NR. 4, PAGE(S) 31 - 40, ISSN: 0885-9000, XP002129793 * |
| TUDHOPE D ET AL: "Navigation via similarity: automatic linking based on semantic closeness", INFORMATION PROCESSING & MANAGEMENT (INCORPORATING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY),GB,PERGAMON PRESS INC. OXFORD, vol. 33, no. 2, 1 March 1997 (1997-03-01), pages 233 - 242, XP004058431, ISSN: 0306-4573 * |
| YING-KUEI YANG: "BEHIND THE INHERITANCE RELATIONS IN A SEMANTIC NETWORK", PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOUTHEAST CONFERENCE (SOUTHEASTCON),US,NEW YORK, IEEE, vol. -, 1990, pages 289 - 295, XP000203113 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002005198A3 (de) * | 2000-07-07 | 2002-12-27 | Definiens Ag | Verfahren zum verarbeiten von mehreren unterschiedlichen datenstrukturen |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1116108A1 (de) | 2001-07-18 |
| JP2002526856A (ja) | 2002-08-20 |
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