WO2000078967A1 - Avirulent xanthomonas-campestris strains producing xanthan - Google Patents
Avirulent xanthomonas-campestris strains producing xanthan Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
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- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
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- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/04—Polysaccharides, i.e. compounds containing more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds
- C12P19/06—Xanthan, i.e. Xanthomonas-type heteropolysaccharides
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- C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
- C12R2001/01—Bacteria or Actinomycetales ; using bacteria or Actinomycetales
- C12R2001/64—Xanthomonas
Definitions
- the subject of the invention is new bacterial strains, in particular Xanthomonas, in particular Xanthomonas campestris which have lost the phytopathogenic character but which have substantially retained the capacity for producing exopolysaccharide, in particular xanthan gum.
- Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is a Gram-negative phytopathogenic Cruciferous bacterium used for the industrial production of xanthan gum (Martin, 1994, Res. Microbiol. 145: 9 93-97).
- an hrpXc gene described in X. campestris pv. campestris (Kamoun et al., 1992, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 5: 22-33), is involved in suppressing the defense responses of the compatible host plant, since its mutation leads to a characteristic necrotic reaction (hypersensitivity response , HR).
- HR hypersensitivity response
- the avirulence genes described in the various pathovars of X. campestris are also involved in the pathogenicity of the bacterium since they are recognized by the plant having the corresponding resistance gene and lead to an HR reaction (Dow and Daniels, 1994, supra; Yang et al., 1995, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 8: 627-631).
- determinants of pathogenicity consist of different independent sets of genes regulating the synthesis of extracellular enzymes and of exopolysaccharide, among which we find: the genes rpfA to H, whose mutations lead to a reduction in the production of exopolysaccharide; rpfN, a repressor of the synthesis of these enzymes and of the exopolysaccharide; dp, whose mutations lead to reduced pathogenicity and to a lower production of exopolysaccharides (Dow and Daniels, 1994, cited above). Finally, other determinants of pathogenicity are constituted by the hrp genes.
- hrp hypersensitivity and pathogenicity reaction genes are essential for pathogenicity on compatible plants and for the hypersensitivity reaction on resistant hosts (Alfano and Collmer, 1997, J. Bacteriol. 179: 5655-5662). They have been cloned and characterized to varying degrees in several phytopathogenic bacteria of the genera Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia and Xanthomonas where they are relatively conserved (Zurek and Bukowski, 1998, Acta Microbiologica Polonica, 47: 227-241; Alfano and Collmer, supra). ), in particular in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria (Huguet et al., 1998, Molec.
- hrp genes Among the functions of hrp genes described to date are the regulation of their expression, the production of proteins that elicit the host response, the constitution of a specific secretion system (called type III) and the synthesis of periplasmic glucans (Zurek and Bukowski, 1998, Acta Microbiologica Polonica, 47: 227-241; Mudgett and Staskawicz, 1998, Current Opinion in Microbiology 1: 109-114; Lindgren, 1997, Annu Rev. Phytopathol. 35: 129-152; Alfano and Collmer, 1997, supra; Bonas, 1994, supra).
- a set of hrp genes has been cloned in. campestris pv.
- the mutations produced in these strains do not have a sufficient stability character for industrial use for the production of xanthan gum.
- the transposon used contains the gene coding for the transposase (Simon er al., 1989, Gene 80: 161-169) which does not exclude an event of excision of the transposon at a frequency which can be estimated between 10 " 6 and 10 "3 per generation (Berg et al., 1989, In Berg and Howe ed., Mobile DNA, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC pp 879-926; Craig, In Escherichia coli and Salmonella, Neidhardt ed., ASM Press, Washington, DC pp 2339-2362).
- transposon used contains a gene for resistance to the antibiotics neomycin and kanamycin.
- transposon inserted into the genome of these strains constitutes a non-homologous element of DNA since it is not a natural element of the genome of the strain used.
- the inventors' work enabled the construction of a strain of X. campestris with the required properties.
- a bacterium which has become stably non-phytopathogenic, by deletion of a fragment of large size affecting several kilobases of genes involved in virulence, was nevertheless capable of producing xanthan gum.
- the modified strain of the invention produces xanthan gum in a quantity and quality in all respects comparable to that produced by the wild strain from which the construction was carried out.
- the subject of the invention is a bacterial strain which has lost the phytopathogenic character by inactivation of at least one virulence gene and which has retained the capacity for producing exopolysaccharide.
- the bacterial strain according to the invention is advantageously rendered stably non-phytopathogenic by deletion of at least one gene, advantageously at least two genes, preferably at least three genes from the group of genes hrp or hrc, and preferably 5 to 9 genes from the group of hrp or hrc genes.
- stably devoid of phytopathogenic character it is meant that this character is preserved after a number of cell cycles at least 20 generations, advantageously at least 30 generations, preferably at least 40 generations.
- the subject of the invention is in particular a Xanthomonas strain essentially devoid of phytopathogenic character in a stable manner and having substantially retained the capacity for producing exopolysaccharide.
- Xanthomonas strain is of the campestris species, in particular pv campestris.
- the inactivation of said gene (s) is preferably obtained by a deletion of at least 1 kb, preferably at least 3 kb, advantageously at least 5 kb in the group of genes hrp or hrc, preferably 9 kb and up to 40 kb in the hrp or hrc gene group.
- the Xanthomonas strain in particular campestris essentially non-phytopathogenic according to the invention is obtained by deletion of the hrpA 1 to hrpC2 genes from a wild phytopathogenic strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris.
- the xanthan gum produced by the Xanthomonas strains of the invention is a xanthan gum substantially identical to that produced by the wild species, namely that it has substantially the same distribution of molecular weight, as well as the same degree of modifications, including degrees of acetylation and pyruvylation.
- the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a strain as defined above, characterized in that it is obtained by homologous recombination with a plasmid comprising a deletion of all or part of the hrp or hrc genes.
- the invention further relates to a process for the preparation of bacterial exopolysaccharide, in particular xanthan gum, characterized in that a bacterial strain, if necessary, of the genus Xanthomonas, preferably of the species Xanthomonas campestris, is cultivated. as defined above, under conditions allowing the production of exopolysaccharide in the fermentation medium.
- the following examples illustrate the construction of Xanthomonas campestris strains corresponding to the characteristics of the invention.
- the construction was carried out from a strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris obtained by screening for xanthan gum.
- FIG. 1 shows schematically the strategy of construction of derivatives of the X. campestris RPA-BIOCAT826 strain carrying a deletion of hrp genes.
- Plant Microbe Interact 4 593-601, and is supplemented by the results presented in examples 1 to 4.
- the AhrpA1-C2 deletion carried by the plasmid pRPA-BCAT140 described in the examples was introduced into the genome by double homologous recombination;
- FIG. 2 shows the hybridization signals obtained in Southern Blot with the HRPB5 probe described below and the genomic DNA of the strain RPA-BIOCAT826 and two derivatives of this strain having integrated the AhrpA1-C2 deletion.
- the position of the size marker bands was reported by comparison with the migration distance on the gel colored with ethidium bromide before transfer. These sizes are expressed in kilobases.
- FIG. 3 represents the hybridization signals obtained in Southern blotting with the HRPC2 probe described below and the genomic DNAs of the strain RPA-BIOCAT826 and of 5 derivatives of this strain having integrated the AhrpA 1-C2 deletion.
- the position of the size marker bands was reported by comparison with the migration distance on the gel colored with ethidium bromide before transfer. These sizes are expressed in kilobases.
- the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain comes from the collection of Rhodia Chimie (Usine de Melle, RTAM) and was selected for its white morphological appearance instead of the usual yellow appearance.
- the strains RPA-BIOCAT1016, 1017, 1019 and 1021 were deposited with the CBS under the respective numbers CBS 101940, CBS 101941, CBS 101942, CBS 101943 and CBS 101944.
- the MSX medium used for the culture of Xanthomonas contains: 0.2 g / l of yeast extract; 1.2 g / l NH 4 NO 3 ; 7.3 g / l K 2 HP0 4 ; 0.25 g / l MgSO 4 , 7H 2 0; 1 g / l of glucose and 15 g / l of Bacto-Agar for the agar medium; 10 g / l of glucose for the liquid medium.
- Magnesium sulfate and glucose are sterilized separately and added immediately.
- the pH of the medium is balanced to pH 7.2 before sterilization with sulfuric acid diluted to 10%.
- the genomic DNA preparations were carried out from young liquid cultures in MSX (OD660 less than 0.4). After centrifugation of 40 ml of culture, the cell pellet is taken up in 11.9 ml of TE buffer (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York) and 630 ⁇ l of 10% SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) then 63 ⁇ l of Proteinase K at 20 mg / ml are added. After incubation for 1 h at 37 ° C, 2.1 ml of 5M NaCl is added, followed by 1.7 ml of 10% CTAB in 0.7M NaCl solution and the whole is incubated for 10 min at 65 ° C.
- TE buffer Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York
- SDS Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
- a phenol / chloroform / isoamyl alcohol extraction is carried out and the DNA of the supernatant is precipitated by adding 0.1 volume of 3M sodium acetate and 2.5 volume of ethanol.
- the pellet obtained after centrifugation for 5 minutes at 14,000 rpm is washed with 70% ethanol, dried, then resuspended in at least 0.5 ml of TE.
- the targeted region was amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA of the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain using the primers XcC2.3 (SEQ ID No. 1) and XcC2.4 (SEQ ID No. 2).
- the genomic DNA of the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain was extracted and used in a PCR reaction containing 100 ng of genomic DNA, 40 pmole of each primer, 0.2 mM dNTP, 1.25 U of Pwo polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim ) in a final volume of 50 ⁇ l of the buffer of this enzyme.
- the mixture was first subjected to 30 cycles comprising an incubation of 1 min at 94 ° C, then 1 min at a temperature ranging from 63 ° C to 48 ° C (in steps of 0.5 ° C per cycle) and 1 min at 72 ° C, then 15 cycles including an incubation of 1 min at 94 ° C, followed by 1 min at 48 ° C and one minute at 72 ° C, and finally 10 min at 72 ° C.
- the amplification product with a size close to 1.2 kb was purified by migration on agarose gel and then using the Qiaex kit (Quiagen).
- This region was cloned by screening a partial genomic library of the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain using a nucleotide probe corresponding to the equivalent region of the X. campestris pv vesicatoria strain.
- This region is available in a plasmid called pL3o which contains a 6.6 kb EcoRV insert encompassing the hrpB ⁇ and hrpA1 genes of X. campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau et al., 1992, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 5: 390-396 ).
- the HRPA1 probe was prepared by PCR using the primers XcvA15 (SEQ ID No. 4) and XcvA18 (SEQ ID No. 5) at a rate of 40 pmole each, the plasmid matrix pL3o (40 ng), 0.2 mM dNTP , 1.25 U of Pwo polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim) in a final volume of 50 ⁇ l of the buffer of this enzyme. After a 5 min incubation at 95 ° C, the mixture underwent 30 cycles comprising a 30 second sequence at 94 ° C, 1 min at 55 ° C and 1.5 min at 72 ° C. After a final 10 min incubation at 72 ° C, the 664 bp amplification product was purified on agarose gel and then with the Quiaex kit (Quiagen).
- a partial genomic bank of the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain was therefore produced by digesting 100 ⁇ g of genomic DNA of this strain per 1000 units of the enzyme EcoRI for 20 h at 37 ° C.
- the zone corresponding to the fragments of size between 7 and 8 kb was cut out and the DNA extracted from the gel by electroelution in a dialysis rod (Spectra / Por membranes from Spectrum Médical Industries, Inc) .
- the DNA was ligated in a final volume of 10 ⁇ l to the vector pBlueScript II SK (Stratagene) previously opened with the enzyme EcoRI and then dephosphorylated with alkaline shrimp phosphatase (United States Biochemicals). After incubation of the ligation mixture for 14 h at 16 ° C., one tenth of the mixture was used to transform by electroporation of the cells of E. coli DH ⁇ alpha.
- the AhrpA1-C2 deletion was constructed in vitro by cloning into the plasmid pJQ200SK (Quandt and Hynes, 1993, Gene 127: 15-21) a fragment of pRPA-BCAT134 and a fragment of pRPA-BCAT91 (see FIG. 1).
- the plasmid pRPA-BCAT91 was opened with Ncol and then treated with polymerase I (Klenow fragment) for 15 min at 30 ° C. in the presence of 25 ⁇ M of dNTP.
- a Sacl-Xbal fragment of about 2.5 kb carrying the A hrpA1-C2 deletion could then be extracted from this plasmid to be cloned into the plasmid pJQ200KS opened by the enzymes Sacl and Xbal.
- the resulting plasmid was named pRPA-BCAT140. It is a non-replicative plasmid in X. campestris, carrying the gentamycin resistance marker making it possible to select the clones of X. campestris having integrated the plasmid by homologous recombination and carrying the sacB positive selection marker which makes it possible to select the clones having eliminated the gentamycin resistance marker following a second homologous recombination event.
- the plasmid pRPA-BCAT140 was introduced into the strain RPA-BIOCAT826 by conjugation. To do this, 40 ⁇ l of an exponential phase culture of the strain DH ⁇ alpha harboring pRPA-BCAT140 were mixed on MSX agar medium, 40 ⁇ l of an exponential phase culture of the strain HB101 harboring the plasmid pRK2013 (Ditta et al. ., 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 7347-7351) and 40 ⁇ l of a culture of the strain RPA-BIOCAT826 in exponential phase in an MSX medium. After incubation for 24 h at 30 ° C., the X.
- campestris clones having integrated the plasmid pRPA-BCAT140 were purified twice in succession on an MSX agar medium containing 15 ⁇ g / ml of gentamycin. Eight clones were then spread over an area of approximately 1 cm 2 on an MSX agar medium containing 5% sucrose. After a 72 h incubation at 30 ° C, colonies were isolated by two successive purifications on MSX agar medium. About 300 colonies were then subcultured on an MSX gel medium containing 15 ⁇ g / ml of gentamycin in order to identify the clones sensitive to gentamycin (from 90 to 100% of the clones depending on the tests).
- the RPA-BIOCAT 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021 and 1022 strains were characterized by analyzing the hybridization profiles of genomic DNA digests EcoRI, BamHI and EcoRI-BamHI with the probes HRP3 ⁇ 1, HRPB5 and HRPC2.
- the HRP3 ⁇ 1 probe was obtained by purifying the 1.6 kb Sacll fragment of the plasmid pRPA-BCAT134 by gel migration and use of the kit
- the HRPC2 probe was obtained by purifying the 1.2 kb EcoRI-Xbal fragment from the plasmid pRPA-BCAT91 by gel migration and use of the Quiaex kit.
- the HRPB5 probe was obtained by purifying the 1.5 kb fragment
- the plasmid pRPA- BCAT129 was obtained by cloning the BamHI fragments of genomic DNA from the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain of size between 1.3 and 1.9 kb in the vector pBlueScriptlISK and by screening the colonies with an HRPB probe in a similar manner to that described in example 2.
- the HRPB probe was obtained by PCR using the primers RST2 and RST3 (Leite et al., 1994, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 1068-1077) and the plasmid matrix pB10g (U. Bonas , personal communication).
- the plasmid pB10g corresponds to the plasmid pBluescriptKS into which is cloned the 7.3 kb BamHI fragment containing the hrpB region and the hrpA1 gene from Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau et al., 1995, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interactions, 8: 845 - 854).
- the PCR reaction was carried out with 40 pmole of each primer, 50 ng of pB10g, 0.2 mM dNTP, 1.25 U of Pwo polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim) in a final volume of 50 ⁇ l of the buffer of this enzyme.
- the mixture was first subjected to 24 cycles including an incubation of 30 seconds at 95 ° C, then 40 seconds at a temperature ranging from 70 ° C to 63 ° C (in steps of 0.3 ° C per cycle) and 1 min at 72 ° C, then 6 cycles including an incubation of 30 seconds at 95 ° C, followed by 40 seconds at 63 ° C and one minute at 72 ° C, and finally 5 min at 72 ° C.
- the fragment of approximately 840 bp was then purified on agarose gel and using the Quiaex kit (Quiagen).
- Southern blot analysis was carried out by labeling the probes using the “Megaprime DNA labeliing System” kit (Amersham) according to the instructions provided. After migration on agarose gel, the digests of genomic DNA were transferred to Hybond N + membranes (Amersham) according to the instructions provided, then incubated in the hybridization solution composed of a 0.5M phosphate buffer and SDS 7 % (115 ml of 1 M Na 2 HP0 4 , 84.6 ml of 4 M NaH 2 P0, 200 ml H2O, 28 g SDS).
- the labeled probes are incubated for 5 min at 100 ° C, then 5 min at room temperature before being diluted in 12 ml of hybridization solution and incubated for 5 min at 100 ° C. This mixture is then brought into contact with the membranes for 6 to 20 h at 65 ° C. These are then washed for 10 to 15 minutes in 0.1 M phosphate buffer containing 1% of SDS (42.3 ml Na 2 HP0 4 1 M, 57.7 ml NaH 2 P0 4 1 M, 900 ml H20, 10 g SDS) then put on display. The results obtained with the HRPB5 probe (FIG.
- the virulence tests were carried out on cabbage plants (Brassica oleracera var. Captiva cultivar Siria), the seeds of which were obtained from Clause Semences (av. Lucien Clause, 91221 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France).
- the plants were cultivated in a climatic cell according to the following parameters: 14 hours at 25 ° C, 55% humidity, saturated light intensity (4000 W / m); 10 hours at 25 ° C, 60% humidity. They were infected at the 2-leaf stage, about 13 days after sowing. For each strain tested, 8 plants were used by piercing the first leaf in the central rib of the terminal part using an infected toothpick.
- the toothpick was contaminated by immersing its tip in a culture of the strain studied for 2 days in MSX medium (approximately 10 8 bacteria / ml).
- Symptoms (yellow V-shaped lesions) were read and measured 12 and 14 days after infection. For each plant, a score was given according to the following correspondence: 0, no symptoms; 1, localized depigmentation near the point of infection; 2, necrosis less than 0.5 cm 2 ; 3, necrosis from 0.5 to 1.5 cm 2 ; 4, necrosis greater than 1.5 cm 2 ; 5, generalized necrosis of the leaf. The sum of the scores for the 8 plants infected with the same strain is the pathogenicity score for this strain (Table 1). Table 1: Phytopatogenicity of Xanthomonas strains
- Table 2 Productivity of xanthan from RPA-BIOCAT826 and its AhrpA1-C2 derivatives.
- Productivities are expressed in grams of dry matter extractable with isopropanol per gram of culture.
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Abstract
Description
SOUCHES AVIRULENTES DE XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS , PRODUISANT DU XANTHANE AVIRULENT STRAINS OF XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS, PRODUCING XANTHANE
L'invention a pour objet de nouvelles souches bactériennes, notamment de Xanthomonas, en particulier Xanthomonas campestris ayant perdu le caractère phytopathogene mais ayant sensiblement conservé la capacité de production d'exopolysaccharide, notamment de gomme xanthane. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris est une bactérie Gram- négative phytopathogene des Crucifères utilisée pour la production industrielle de gomme xanthane (Martin, 1994, Res. Microbiol. 145 :9 93-97).The subject of the invention is new bacterial strains, in particular Xanthomonas, in particular Xanthomonas campestris which have lost the phytopathogenic character but which have substantially retained the capacity for producing exopolysaccharide, in particular xanthan gum. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is a Gram-negative phytopathogenic Cruciferous bacterium used for the industrial production of xanthan gum (Martin, 1994, Res. Microbiol. 145: 9 93-97).
L'importance économique de cet exopolysaccharide a suscité de nombreuses études sur les gènes impliqués dans cette synthèse (Martin, 1994, précité).The economic importance of this exopolysaccharide has prompted numerous studies on the genes involved in this synthesis (Martin, 1994, cited above).
De nombreux déterminants de la pathogénicité ont été décrits (Dow et Daniels, 1994, In Bacterial pathogenesis of plants and animais, JL Dangl, éd. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg). Parmi eux, se trouvent des enzymes extracellulaires à activité hydrolytique sur les tissus végétaux. Lorsque le système de sécrétion responsable de l'export de ces enzymes est inactivé, les souches de X. campestris ont un phénotype non phytopathogene associé à des symptômes des plantes très réduits (Dow et Daniels, 1994, précité). Parmi les déterminants de la pathogénicité décrits se trouve l'exopolysaccharide, qui semble avoir un rôle dans la phase précoce de la maladie (Dow et Daniels, 1994, précité ; Katzen et al., 1998, J. Bacteriol. 180 : 1607-1617). De même, un gène hrpXc, décrit chez X. campestris pv. campestris (Kamoun et al., 1992, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 5 : 22-33), est impliqué dans la suppression des réponses de défense de la plante hôte compatible, puisque sa mutation entraîne une réaction nécrotique caractéristique (réponse d'hypersensibilité, HR). Les gènes d'avirulence décrits chez les différents pathovars de X. campestris sont aussi impliqués dans la pathogénicité de la bactérie puisqu'ils sont reconnus par la plante possédant le gène de résistance correspondant et conduisent à une réaction HR (Dow et Daniels, 1994, précité ; Yang et al., 1995, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 8 : 627-631 ). Parmi les autres gènes impliqués dans la pathogénicité des Xanthomonas (Dow et Daniels, 1994, précité), ont été décrits deux gènes chez X. campestris pv campestris dont des mutations conduisent à une pathogénicité réduite sans modifications des niveaux d'accumulation d'enzymes extracellulaires et d'exopolysaccharides (Osbourn et al., 1990, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 3 : 280-285). D'autres déterminants de la pathogénicité sont constitués par différents jeux indépendants de gènes régulateurs de la synthèse des enzymes extracellulaires et de l'exopolysaccharide parmi lesquels on trouve : les gènes rpfA à H, dont des mutations conduisent à une réduction de la production d'exopolysaccharide ; rpfN, un represseur de la synthèse de ces enzymes et de l'exopolysaccharide ; dp, dont des mutations conduisent à une pathogénicité réduite et à une moindre production d'exopolysaccharides (Dow et Daniels, 1994, précité). Enfin, d'autres déterminants de la pathogénicité sont constitué par les gènes hrp.Many determinants of pathogenicity have been described (Dow and Daniels, 1994, In Bacterial pathogenesis of plants and animais, JL Dangl, ed. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg). Among them are extracellular enzymes with hydrolytic activity on plant tissues. When the secretion system responsible for the export of these enzymes is inactivated, the X. campestris strains have a non-phytopathogenic phenotype associated with very reduced plant symptoms (Dow and Daniels, 1994, cited above). Among the determinants of pathogenicity described is exopolysaccharide, which appears to have a role in the early phase of the disease (Dow and Daniels, 1994, supra; Katzen et al., 1998, J. Bacteriol. 180: 1607-1617 ). Similarly, an hrpXc gene, described in X. campestris pv. campestris (Kamoun et al., 1992, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 5: 22-33), is involved in suppressing the defense responses of the compatible host plant, since its mutation leads to a characteristic necrotic reaction (hypersensitivity response , HR). The avirulence genes described in the various pathovars of X. campestris are also involved in the pathogenicity of the bacterium since they are recognized by the plant having the corresponding resistance gene and lead to an HR reaction (Dow and Daniels, 1994, supra; Yang et al., 1995, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 8: 627-631). Among the other genes involved in the pathogenicity of Xanthomonas (Dow and Daniels, 1994, cited above), two genes have been described in X. campestris pv campestris, the mutations of which lead to reduced pathogenicity without modifying the levels of accumulation of extracellular enzymes. and exopolysaccharides (Osbourn et al., 1990, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 3: 280-285). Other determinants of pathogenicity consist of different independent sets of genes regulating the synthesis of extracellular enzymes and of exopolysaccharide, among which we find: the genes rpfA to H, whose mutations lead to a reduction in the production of exopolysaccharide; rpfN, a repressor of the synthesis of these enzymes and of the exopolysaccharide; dp, whose mutations lead to reduced pathogenicity and to a lower production of exopolysaccharides (Dow and Daniels, 1994, cited above). Finally, other determinants of pathogenicity are constituted by the hrp genes.
Les gène hrp (réaction d'hypersensibilité et pathogénicité) sont essentiels pour la pathogénicité sur plante compatible et pour la réaction d'hypersensibilité sur les hôtes résistants (Alfano et Collmer, 1997, J. Bacteriol. 179 : 5655-5662 ). Ils ont été clones et caractérisés à des degrés divers chez plusieurs bactéries phytopathogènes des genres Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia et Xanthomonas où ils sont relativement conservés (Zurek et Bukowski, 1998, Acta Microbiologica Polonica, 47 : 227-241 ; Alfano et Collmer, précité), en particulier chez X. campestris pv. vesicatoria (Huguet et al., 1998, Molec. Microbiol 29 : 1379-1390 ; Fenselau et al., 1992, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 5 : 390-396 ; Bonas, 1994, précité). Les plus conservés d'entre eux ont d'ailleurs été renommés gènes hrc (Bogdanove et al., 1996, Mol. Microbiol., 20 : 681-683). Parmi les fonctions des gènes hrp décrites à ce jour se trouvent la régulation de leur expression, la production de protéines élicitrices de la réponse de l'hôte, la constitution d'un système de sécrétion spécifique (dit de type III) et la synthèse de glucanes periplasmiques (Zurek et Bukowski, 1998, Acta Microbiologica Polonica, 47 : 227-241 ; Mudgett et Staskawicz, 1998, Current Opinion in Microbiology 1 : 109-114 ; Lindgren, 1997, Annu Rev. Phytopathol. 35 :129-152 ; Alfano et Collmer, 1997, précité ; Bonas, 1994, précité). Un ensemble de gènes hrp a été clone chez . campestris pv. campestris (Arlat et al., 1991 , Mol. Plant Microbe Interact 4 : 593-601 ) mais non séquence. Il est aussi rapporté que les souches porteuses de mutations dans ces gènes réalisées à l'aide d'un transposon auraient une production normale d'exopolysaccharide d'après l'aspect des colonies sur boite. Aucune quantification plus précise de la productivité de xanthane de ces souches n'a toutefois été publiée.The hrp (hypersensitivity and pathogenicity reaction) genes are essential for pathogenicity on compatible plants and for the hypersensitivity reaction on resistant hosts (Alfano and Collmer, 1997, J. Bacteriol. 179: 5655-5662). They have been cloned and characterized to varying degrees in several phytopathogenic bacteria of the genera Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia and Xanthomonas where they are relatively conserved (Zurek and Bukowski, 1998, Acta Microbiologica Polonica, 47: 227-241; Alfano and Collmer, supra). ), in particular in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria (Huguet et al., 1998, Molec. Microbiol 29: 1379-1390; Fenselau et al., 1992, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 5: 390-396; Bonas, 1994, supra). The most conserved of them have also been renamed hrc genes (Bogdanove et al., 1996, Mol. Microbiol., 20: 681-683). Among the functions of hrp genes described to date are the regulation of their expression, the production of proteins that elicit the host response, the constitution of a specific secretion system (called type III) and the synthesis of periplasmic glucans (Zurek and Bukowski, 1998, Acta Microbiologica Polonica, 47: 227-241; Mudgett and Staskawicz, 1998, Current Opinion in Microbiology 1: 109-114; Lindgren, 1997, Annu Rev. Phytopathol. 35: 129-152; Alfano and Collmer, 1997, supra; Bonas, 1994, supra). A set of hrp genes has been cloned in. campestris pv. campestris (Arlat et al., 1991, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact 4: 593-601) but not sequenced. It is also reported that strains carrying mutations in these genes produced using a transposon have a normal production of exopolysaccharide according to the appearance of the colonies on box. However, no more precise quantification of the xanthan productivity of these strains has been published.
En outre, les mutations réalisées chez ces souches ne possèdent pas un caractère de stabilité suffisant pour une utilisation industrielle pour la production de gomme xanthane. En effet, le transposon utilisé contient le gène codant pour la transposase (Simon er al., 1989, Gène 80 : 161-169) ce qui n'exclue pas un événement d'excision du transposon à une fréquence pouvant être estimée entre 10"6 et 10"3 par génération (Berg et al., 1989, In Berg and Howe éd., Mobile DNA, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. pp 879-926 ; Craig, In Escherichia coli and Salmonella, Neidhardt éd., ASM Press, Washington, D.C. pp 2339-2362). De plus, le transposon utilisé contient un gène de résistance aux antibiotiques néomycine et kanamycine. Enfin, le transposon inséré dans le génome de ces souches constitue un élément d'ADN non homologue puisque celui-ci n'est pas un élément naturel du génome de la souche utilisée.In addition, the mutations produced in these strains do not have a sufficient stability character for industrial use for the production of xanthan gum. Indeed, the transposon used contains the gene coding for the transposase (Simon er al., 1989, Gene 80: 161-169) which does not exclude an event of excision of the transposon at a frequency which can be estimated between 10 " 6 and 10 "3 per generation (Berg et al., 1989, In Berg and Howe ed., Mobile DNA, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC pp 879-926; Craig, In Escherichia coli and Salmonella, Neidhardt ed., ASM Press, Washington, DC pp 2339-2362). In addition, the transposon used contains a gene for resistance to the antibiotics neomycin and kanamycin. Finally, the transposon inserted into the genome of these strains constitutes a non-homologous element of DNA since it is not a natural element of the genome of the strain used.
Bien qu'il n'existe pas de réglementation spécifique à l'heure actuelle en Europe imposée par le caractère phytopathogene de Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, il est hautement souhaitable, pour des raisons liées à l'environnement, d'utiliser des souches de Xanthomonas campestris non phytopathogènes, afin de diminuer le risque éventuel de contamination de cultures d'intérêt agronomique à proximité du site. La sélection d'une telle souche par les techniques classiques de mutagenèse aléatoire de production est un processus long et fastidieux puisqu'il doit faire intervenir un criblage à haute capacité permettant d'isoler une souche non phytopathogene mais ayant conservé ses caractéristiques de productivité, c'est-à-dire sans mutations secondaires.Although there is no specific regulation at present in Europe imposed by the phytopathogenic character of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, it is highly desirable, for environmental reasons, to use non-phytopathogenic Xanthomonas campestris strains, in order to reduce the possible risk of contamination of crops of agronomic interest near the site. The selection of such a strain by the conventional techniques of random production mutagenesis is a long and tedious process since it must involve high-capacity screening making it possible to isolate a non-phytopathogenic strain but having retained its productivity characteristics, c that is to say without secondary mutations.
Par ailleurs, l'utilisation d'une souche génétiquement modifiée produisant une gomme xanthane modifiée (telle que décrite dans US 5,514,791 ) ou ayant une productivité améliorée est soumise à une réglementation stricte (Theilleux 1998, Dictionnaire permanent Bioéthique et Biotechnologies, ed Législatives, pp 1595-1648). Celle-ci impose notamment pour une construction réalisée dans une souche présentant un danger pour les plantes, d'adopter des mesures de confinement sévères sur le site de production. Les investissements nécessaires auraient alors des conséquences économiques négatives.Furthermore, the use of a genetically modified strain producing a modified xanthan gum (as described in US 5,514,791) or having an improved productivity is subject to strict regulations (Theilleux 1998, Permanent Dictionary of Bioethics and Biotechnologies, Legislative ed, pp 1595-1648). This requires in particular for a construction carried out in a strain presenting a danger for plants, to adopt severe confinement measures on the site of production. The necessary investments would then have negative economic consequences.
Il existe par conséquent un besoin de disposer d'une souche industrielle de X. campestris stablement dépourvue de caractère phytopathogene mais ayant retenu ses propriétés de productivité de gomme xanthane. De plus, pour des raisons réglementaires et afin de simplifier le traitement des déchets issus de la séparation de la gomme xanthane de la biomasse, il est utile que la souche ne contienne pas de gène hétérologue codant pour une résistance à un antibiotique. Enfin, au regard des législations française et européenne, il est préférable que la souche obtenue ait été construite par autoclonage, ce qui signifie qu'elle ne contienne pas d'éléments d'ADN étranger à son patrimoine génétique naturel.There is therefore a need to have an industrial strain of X. campestris stably devoid of phytopathogenic character but having retained its productivity properties of xanthan gum. In addition, for regulatory reasons and in order to simplify the treatment of waste resulting from the separation of xanthan gum from biomass, it is useful that the strain does not contain a heterologous gene coding for resistance to an antibiotic. Finally, with regard to French and European legislation, it is preferable that the strain obtained was constructed by autocloning, which means that it does not contain elements of DNA foreign to its natural genetic heritage.
Les travaux des inventeurs ont permis la construction d'une souche de X. campestris possédant les propriétés requises. De manière surprenante, il a été montré grâce à l'invention qu'une bactérie devenue non phytopathogene de manière stable, par délétion d'un fragment de taille importante affectant plusieurs kilobases de gènes impliqués dans la virulence, était néanmoins capable de produire de la gomme xanthane. De manière plus surprenante encore, la souche modifiée de l'invention produit de la gomme xanthane en une quantité et une qualité en tous points comparables à celle produite par la souche sauvage à partir de laquelle la construction a été réalisée.The inventors' work enabled the construction of a strain of X. campestris with the required properties. Surprisingly, it has been shown thanks to the invention that a bacterium which has become stably non-phytopathogenic, by deletion of a fragment of large size affecting several kilobases of genes involved in virulence, was nevertheless capable of producing xanthan gum. Even more surprisingly, the modified strain of the invention produces xanthan gum in a quantity and quality in all respects comparable to that produced by the wild strain from which the construction was carried out.
L'invention a pour objet une souche bactérienne ayant perdu le caractère phytopathogene par inactivation d'au moins un gène de virulence et ayant conservé la capacité de production d'exopolysaccharide.The subject of the invention is a bacterial strain which has lost the phytopathogenic character by inactivation of at least one virulence gene and which has retained the capacity for producing exopolysaccharide.
La souche bactérienne selon l'invention est avantageusement rendue stablement non phytopathogene par délétion d'au moins un gène, avantageusement au moins deux gènes, de préférence au moins trois gènes du groupe de gènes hrp ou hrc, et de préférence 5 à 9 gènes du groupe de gènes hrp ou hrc.The bacterial strain according to the invention is advantageously rendered stably non-phytopathogenic by deletion of at least one gene, advantageously at least two genes, preferably at least three genes from the group of genes hrp or hrc, and preferably 5 to 9 genes from the group of hrp or hrc genes.
Par "stablement dépourvue de caractère phytopathogene", on entend que ce caractère est conservé après un nombre de cycles cellulaires d'au moins 20 générations, avantageusement d'au moins 30 générations, de préférence d'au moins 40 générations.By "stably devoid of phytopathogenic character", it is meant that this character is preserved after a number of cell cycles at least 20 generations, advantageously at least 30 generations, preferably at least 40 generations.
Parmi les bactéries ayant perdu leur caractère phytopathogene et avantageusement utilisables pour une production industrielle d'exopolysaccharide, on peut citer en particulier les genres suivants : Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia et Xanthomonas.Among the bacteria which have lost their phytopathogenic character and which can advantageously be used for the industrial production of exopolysaccharide, mention may be made in particular of the following genera: Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia and Xanthomonas.
L'invention a notamment pour objet une souche Xanthomonas essentiellement dépourvue de caractère phytopathogene de manière stable et ayant conservé sensiblement la capacité de production d'exopolysaccharide.The subject of the invention is in particular a Xanthomonas strain essentially devoid of phytopathogenic character in a stable manner and having substantially retained the capacity for producing exopolysaccharide.
Par "essentiellement non phytopathogene", on entend l'absence de lésions et/ou flétrissures envahissantes sur des feuilles de plantes hôtes crucifères, notamment le chou (Brassica oleracera), après au moins 15 jours suivant l'inoculation de la feuille par blessure de la nervure centrale. Avantageusement, la souche Xanthomonas est de l'espèce campestris, en particulier pv campestris.By "essentially non-phytopathogenic" is meant the absence of invasive lesions and / or wilting on leaves of cruciferous host plants, in particular cabbage (Brassica oleracera), after at least 15 days following inoculation of the leaf by injury of the central rib. Advantageously, the Xanthomonas strain is of the campestris species, in particular pv campestris.
L'inactivation du(des)dit(s) gène(s) est obtenue de préférence par une délétion d'au moins 1 kb, de préférence au moins 3 kb, avantageusement au moins 5 kb dans le groupe de gènes hrp ou hrc, de préférence 9 kb et pouvant aller jusqu'à 40 kb dans le groupe de gènes hrp ou hrc.The inactivation of said gene (s) is preferably obtained by a deletion of at least 1 kb, preferably at least 3 kb, advantageously at least 5 kb in the group of genes hrp or hrc, preferably 9 kb and up to 40 kb in the hrp or hrc gene group.
Dans un mode de réalisation préféré, la souche de Xanthomonas, notamment campestris essentiellement non phytopathogene selon l'invention est obtenue par délétion des gènes hrpA 1 à hrpC2 d'une souche sauvage phytopathogene de Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris. La gomme xanthane produit par les souches de Xanthomonas de l'invention est une gomme xanthane sensiblement identique à celle produite par l'espèce sauvage, à savoir qu'elle présente sensiblement la même distribution de poids moléculaire, ainsi que le même degré de modifications, notamment des degrés d'acétylation et de pyruvylation.In a preferred embodiment, the Xanthomonas strain, in particular campestris essentially non-phytopathogenic according to the invention is obtained by deletion of the hrpA 1 to hrpC2 genes from a wild phytopathogenic strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris. The xanthan gum produced by the Xanthomonas strains of the invention is a xanthan gum substantially identical to that produced by the wild species, namely that it has substantially the same distribution of molecular weight, as well as the same degree of modifications, including degrees of acetylation and pyruvylation.
L'invention a également pour objet un procédé de préparation d'une souche telle que définie ci-dessus, caractérisé en ce qu'elle est obtenue par recombinaison homologue avec un plasmide comprenant une délétion de tout ou partie des gènes hrp ou hrc.The invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a strain as defined above, characterized in that it is obtained by homologous recombination with a plasmid comprising a deletion of all or part of the hrp or hrc genes.
L'invention a en outre pour objet un procédé de préparation d'exopolysaccharide bactérien, notamment de gomme xanthane, caractérisé en ce que l'on cultive une souche bactérienne, le cas échéant, du genre Xanthomonas, de préférence de l'espèce Xanthomonas campestris telle que définie ci-dessus, dans des conditions permettant la production d'exopolysaccharide dans le milieu de fermentation.The invention further relates to a process for the preparation of bacterial exopolysaccharide, in particular xanthan gum, characterized in that a bacterial strain, if necessary, of the genus Xanthomonas, preferably of the species Xanthomonas campestris, is cultivated. as defined above, under conditions allowing the production of exopolysaccharide in the fermentation medium.
Les exemples qui suivent illustrent la construction de souches de Xanthomonas campestris répondant aux caractéristiques de l'invention. Dans ces exemples, la construction a été réalisée à partir d'une souche de Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris obtenue par criblage de gomme xanthane.The following examples illustrate the construction of Xanthomonas campestris strains corresponding to the characteristics of the invention. In these examples, the construction was carried out from a strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris obtained by screening for xanthan gum.
Il va de soi que d'autres souches de Xanthomonas et également de bactéries productrices d'exopolysaccharide appartenant à un genre différent accessibles à l'homme du métier peuvent être utilisées comme matière première de départ pour réaliser des souches non phytopathogènes, conformément aux connaissances générales du domaine technique en question et aux indications données ci-après, notamment en se référant aux parties de séquences rapportées dans le cas où la souche appartient à l'espèce Xanthomonas campestris.It goes without saying that other strains of Xanthomonas and also of bacteria producing exopolysaccharide belonging to a different genus accessible to those skilled in the art can be used as starting material for producing non-phytopathogenic strains, in accordance with general knowledge. of the technical field in question and the indications given below, in particular by referring to the parts of sequences reported in the case where the strain belongs to the species Xanthomonas campestris.
Pour leur compréhension, on se reportera aux figures annexées sur lesquelles :For their understanding, reference is made to the appended figures in which:
- la figure 1 schématise la stratégie de construction de dérivés de la souche de X. campestris RPA-BIOCAT826 porteurs d'une délétion de gènes hrp.- Figure 1 shows schematically the strategy of construction of derivatives of the X. campestris RPA-BIOCAT826 strain carrying a deletion of hrp genes.
L'organisation des gènes hrp chez X. campestris pv vesicatoria est décrite par Fenselau et Bonas (1995, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 8 (6), 845-854 ) et par Fenselau et al., (1992, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 5, 390- 396) et est disponible en partie dans Genebank sous le numéro d'accès U 33548. Les régions homologues clonées à partir de la souche RPA- BIOCAT826 sont représentées ainsi que le nom des plasmides dans lesquels elles ont été clonées. La carte de restriction de la région hrp de X. campestris pv campestris est publiée par Arlat et al., 1991 , Mol. Plant Microbe Interact 4:593-601 , et est complétée par les résultats présentés dans les exemples 1 à 4. La délétion AhrpA1-C2 portée par le plasmide pRPA-BCAT140 décrit dans les exemples a été introduite dans le génome par double recombinaison homologue ;The organization of hrp genes in X. campestris pv vesicatoria is described by Fenselau and Bonas (1995, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 8 (6), 845-854) and by Fenselau et al. (1992, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 5, 390-396) and is available in part in Genebank under access number U 33548. The homologous regions cloned from the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain are represented as well as the name of the plasmids in which they were cloned. The restriction map of the hrp region of X. campestris pv campestris is published by Arlat et al., 1991, Mol. Plant Microbe Interact 4: 593-601, and is supplemented by the results presented in examples 1 to 4. The AhrpA1-C2 deletion carried by the plasmid pRPA-BCAT140 described in the examples was introduced into the genome by double homologous recombination;
- la figure 2 représente les signaux d'hybridation obtenus en Southern Blot avec la sonde HRPB5 décrite ci-dessous et les ADN génomique de la souche RPA-BIOCAT826 et de deux dérivés de cette souche ayant intégré la délétion AhrpA1-C2. La position des bandes du marqueur de taille a été rapportée par comparaison avec la distance de migration sur le gel coloré au bromure d'éthidium avant transfert. Ces tailles sont exprimées en kilobases.- Figure 2 shows the hybridization signals obtained in Southern Blot with the HRPB5 probe described below and the genomic DNA of the strain RPA-BIOCAT826 and two derivatives of this strain having integrated the AhrpA1-C2 deletion. The position of the size marker bands was reported by comparison with the migration distance on the gel colored with ethidium bromide before transfer. These sizes are expressed in kilobases.
- la figure 3 représente les signaux d'hybridation obtenus en Southern Blot avec la sonde HRPC2 décrite ci-dessous et les ADN génomiques de la souche RPA-BIOCAT826 et de 5 dérivés de cette souche ayant intégré la délétion AhrpA 1-C2. La position des bandes du marqueur de taille a été rapportée par comparaison avec la distance de migration sur le gel coloré au bromure d'éthidium avant transfert. Ces tailles sont exprimées en kilobases.FIG. 3 represents the hybridization signals obtained in Southern blotting with the HRPC2 probe described below and the genomic DNAs of the strain RPA-BIOCAT826 and of 5 derivatives of this strain having integrated the AhrpA 1-C2 deletion. The position of the size marker bands was reported by comparison with the migration distance on the gel colored with ethidium bromide before transfer. These sizes are expressed in kilobases.
Matériels et méthodesMaterials and methods
Sauf autres précisions, les techniques mises en oeuvre sont des techniques classiques de biologie moléculaire et de microbiologie, connues de l'homme de l'art telles que décrites par exemple par Ausubel et al., 1987 (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Willey and Sons, New York ; Maniatis et al., 1982, Molecular Cloning : a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Sring Harbor, New York), Coligan et al., 1997 (Current Protocols in Protein Science, John Wiley & Sons, Inc).. 1. Souche de départUnless otherwise specified, the techniques used are conventional techniques of molecular biology and microbiology, known to those skilled in the art as described for example by Ausubel et al., 1987 (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Willey and Sons, New York; Maniatis et al., 1982, Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Sring Harbor, New York), Coligan et al., 1997 (Current Protocols in Protein Science, John Wiley & Sons , Inc) .. 1. Starting line
La souche RPA-BIOCAT826 est issue de la collection de Rhodia Chimie (Usine de Melle, RTAM) et a été sélectionnée pour son aspect morphologique blanc au lieu de l'habituel aspect jaune. Les souches RPA- BIOCAT1016, 1017, 1019 et 1021 ont été déposées à la CBS sous les numéros respectifs CBS 101940, CBS 101941 , CBS 101942, CBS 101943 et CBS 101944.The RPA-BIOCAT826 strain comes from the collection of Rhodia Chimie (Usine de Melle, RTAM) and was selected for its white morphological appearance instead of the usual yellow appearance. The strains RPA-BIOCAT1016, 1017, 1019 and 1021 were deposited with the CBS under the respective numbers CBS 101940, CBS 101941, CBS 101942, CBS 101943 and CBS 101944.
2. Milieu de culture MSX2. MSX culture medium
Le milieu MSX employé pour la culture des Xanthomonas contient : 0,2 g/l d'extrait de levure; 1 ,2 g/l de NH4N03; 7,3 g/l de K2HP04 ; 0,25 g/l de MgS04, 7H20; 1 g/l de glucose et 15 g/l de Bacto-Agar pour le milieu gélose ; 10 g/l de glucose pour le milieu liquide. Le sulfate de magnésium et le glucose sont stérilisés à part et ajoutés extemporanément. Le pH du milieu est équilibré à pH 7,2 avant stérilisation avec de l'acide sulfurique dilué à 10 %.The MSX medium used for the culture of Xanthomonas contains: 0.2 g / l of yeast extract; 1.2 g / l NH 4 NO 3 ; 7.3 g / l K 2 HP0 4 ; 0.25 g / l MgSO 4 , 7H 2 0; 1 g / l of glucose and 15 g / l of Bacto-Agar for the agar medium; 10 g / l of glucose for the liquid medium. Magnesium sulfate and glucose are sterilized separately and added immediately. The pH of the medium is balanced to pH 7.2 before sterilization with sulfuric acid diluted to 10%.
Les préparation d'ADN génomique ont été réalisées à partir de jeunes cultures liquides en MSX (OD660 inférieure à 0,4). Après centrifugation de 40 ml de culture, le culot cellulaire est repris dans 11 ,9 ml de tampon TE (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York) et 630 μl de SDS 10 % (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) puis 63 μl de Protéinase K à 20 mg/ml sont ajoutés. Après incubation de 1 h à 37°C, 2,1 ml de NaCI 5M sont ajoutés, suivis par 1 ,7 ml de 10% CTAB dans une solution de NaCI 0,7M et le tout est incubé 10 min à 65°C. Après une première extraction avec un volume équivalent d'un mélange chloroforme/alcool isoamylique (24 :1 ) suivie d'une deuxième extraction par un volume équivalent d'un mélange phénol/chloroforme/alcool isoamylique (25 :24 :1 ), le surnageant est ajouté à 0,6 volume d'isopropanol. Après centrifugation (5 min à 10 000 tours/min), le culot obtenu est lavé dans de l'éthanol à 70% puis séché avant d'être repris dans au moins 2 ml de TE auxquels est ajouté 25 μl d'une solution de RNAse à 5 mg/ml. Après une incubation de 1 h à 37°C, une extraction au phénol/chloroforme/alcool isoamylique est réalisée et l'ADN du surnageant est précipité par ajout de 0,1 volume d'Acétate de sodium 3 M et de 2,5 volume d'éthanol. Le culot obtenu après centrifugation de 5 minutes à 14 000 tours/min est lavé à l'éthanol 70%, séché, puis resuspendu dans au moins 0,5 ml de TE.The genomic DNA preparations were carried out from young liquid cultures in MSX (OD660 less than 0.4). After centrifugation of 40 ml of culture, the cell pellet is taken up in 11.9 ml of TE buffer (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York) and 630 μl of 10% SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) then 63 μl of Proteinase K at 20 mg / ml are added. After incubation for 1 h at 37 ° C, 2.1 ml of 5M NaCl is added, followed by 1.7 ml of 10% CTAB in 0.7M NaCl solution and the whole is incubated for 10 min at 65 ° C. After a first extraction with an equivalent volume of a chloroform / isoamyl alcohol mixture (24: 1) followed by a second extraction with an equivalent volume of a phenol / chloroform / isoamyl alcohol mixture (25: 24: 1), the supernatant is added to 0.6 volumes of isopropanol. After centrifugation (5 min at 10,000 rpm), the pellet obtained is washed in 70% ethanol and then dried before being taken up in at least 2 ml of TE to which is added 25 μl of a solution of RNAse at 5 mg / ml. After a 1 h incubation at 37 ° C., a phenol / chloroform / isoamyl alcohol extraction is carried out and the DNA of the supernatant is precipitated by adding 0.1 volume of 3M sodium acetate and 2.5 volume of ethanol. The pellet obtained after centrifugation for 5 minutes at 14,000 rpm is washed with 70% ethanol, dried, then resuspended in at least 0.5 ml of TE.
EXEMPLE 1 :EXAMPLE 1:
Clonage de la région hrpC2 de RPA-BIOCAT826Cloning of the hrpC2 region of RPA-BIOCAT826
La région visée a été amplifié par PCR à partir de l'ADN génomique de la souche RPA-BIOCAT826 en utilisant les amorces XcC2.3 (SEQ ID N°1 ) et XcC2.4 (SEQ ID N°2). L'ADN génomique de la souche RPA- BIOCAT826 a été extrait et utilisé dans une réaction de PCR contenant 100 ng d'ADN génomique, 40 pmole de chaque amorce, 0,2 mM dNTP, 1 ,25 U de polymérase Pwo (Boehringer Mannheim) dans un volume final de 50 μl du tampon de cette enzyme. Après une incubation de 5 min à 95°C, le mélange a d'abord subi 30 cycles comprenant une incubation de 1 min à 94°C, puis 1 min à une température allant de 63°C à 48°C (par pas de 0,5°C par cycle) et 1 min à 72°C, puis 15 cycles comprenant une incubation de 1 min à 94°C, suivie de 1 min à 48°C et d'une minute à 72°C, et enfin 10 min à 72°C. Le produit d'amplification de taille voisine de 1 ,2 kb a été purifié par migration sur gel d'agarose puis à l'aide du kit Qiaex (Quiagen). Il a ensuite été clone dans le vecteur pZERO-1 (Invitrogen BV) ouvert par EcoRV. Après transformation de la souche E. coli JM110, un clone hébergeant un plasmide ayant intégré le fragment de 1 ,2 kb a été retenu. Ce plasmide a été appelé pRPA-BCAT91 et l'insert qu'il contenait a été séquence (Génome Express, Grenoble, France). La séquence obtenue (SEQ ID N°3) a été alignée avec la séquence du gène hrpC2 de X. campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau et al., 1992, Molecular Plant- Microbe Interactions, 5 : 390-396). Une identité de 87% a été trouvée sur les 1188 bp représentant 61 % du gène hrpC2. La séquence en acides aminés déduite de la séquence nucléotidique montre un pourcentage d'identité de 92% par rapport à la portion équivalente de la séquence de la protéine HrpC2 de X. campestris pv vesicatoria. EXEMPLE 2 :The targeted region was amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA of the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain using the primers XcC2.3 (SEQ ID No. 1) and XcC2.4 (SEQ ID No. 2). The genomic DNA of the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain was extracted and used in a PCR reaction containing 100 ng of genomic DNA, 40 pmole of each primer, 0.2 mM dNTP, 1.25 U of Pwo polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim ) in a final volume of 50 μl of the buffer of this enzyme. After an incubation of 5 min at 95 ° C, the mixture was first subjected to 30 cycles comprising an incubation of 1 min at 94 ° C, then 1 min at a temperature ranging from 63 ° C to 48 ° C (in steps of 0.5 ° C per cycle) and 1 min at 72 ° C, then 15 cycles including an incubation of 1 min at 94 ° C, followed by 1 min at 48 ° C and one minute at 72 ° C, and finally 10 min at 72 ° C. The amplification product with a size close to 1.2 kb was purified by migration on agarose gel and then using the Qiaex kit (Quiagen). It was then cloned into the vector pZERO-1 (Invitrogen BV) opened by EcoRV. After transformation of the E. coli JM110 strain, a clone harboring a plasmid having integrated the 1.2 kb fragment was retained. This plasmid was called pRPA-BCAT91 and the insert it contained was sequenced (Génome Express, Grenoble, France). The sequence obtained (SEQ ID No. 3) was aligned with the sequence of the hrpC2 gene from X. campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau et al., 1992, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 5: 390-396). An identity of 87% was found on the 1188 bp representing 61% of the hrpC2 gene. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence shows a percentage of identity of 92% relative to the equivalent portion of the sequence of the protein HrpC2 from X. campestris pv vesicatoria. EXAMPLE 2:
Clonage de la région HrpA de RPA-BIOCAT826Cloning of the HrpA region of RPA-BIOCAT826
Cette région a été clonée en criblant une banque partielle génomique de la souche RPA-BIOCAT826 à l'aide d'une sonde nucléotidique correspondant à la région équivalente de la souche X. campestris pv vesicatoria. Cette région est disponible dans un plasmide dénommé pL3o qui contient un insert de 6,6 kb EcoRV englobant les gènes hrpBδ et hrpA1 de X. campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau et al., 1992, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 5 : 390-396).This region was cloned by screening a partial genomic library of the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain using a nucleotide probe corresponding to the equivalent region of the X. campestris pv vesicatoria strain. This region is available in a plasmid called pL3o which contains a 6.6 kb EcoRV insert encompassing the hrpBδ and hrpA1 genes of X. campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau et al., 1992, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 5: 390-396 ).
La sonde HRPA1 a été préparée par PCR en utilisant les amorces XcvA15 (SEQ ID N°4) et XcvA18 (SEQ ID N°5) à raison de 40 pmole chacune, la matrice plasmidique pL3o (40 ng), 0,2 mM dNTP, 1 ,25 U de polymérase Pwo (Boehringer Mannheim) dans un volume final de 50 μl du tampon de cette enzyme. Après une incubation de 5 min à 95°C, le mélange a subi 30 cycles comprenant une séquence de 30 secondes à 94°C, 1 min à 55°C et 1 ,5 min à 72°C. Après une dernière incubation de 10 min à 72°C, le produit d'amplification de 664 bp a été purifié sur gel d'agarose puis par le kit Quiaex (Quiagen).The HRPA1 probe was prepared by PCR using the primers XcvA15 (SEQ ID No. 4) and XcvA18 (SEQ ID No. 5) at a rate of 40 pmole each, the plasmid matrix pL3o (40 ng), 0.2 mM dNTP , 1.25 U of Pwo polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim) in a final volume of 50 μl of the buffer of this enzyme. After a 5 min incubation at 95 ° C, the mixture underwent 30 cycles comprising a 30 second sequence at 94 ° C, 1 min at 55 ° C and 1.5 min at 72 ° C. After a final 10 min incubation at 72 ° C, the 664 bp amplification product was purified on agarose gel and then with the Quiaex kit (Quiagen).
Environ 10μg d'ADN génomique de la souche RPA-BIOCAT826 ont été digéré par 100 unités d'EcoRI pendant 16h à 37°C. La technique classique de Southern Blot a ensuite été employée afin de déterminer la taille du fragment EcoRI hybridant avec la sonde HRPA1 décrite ci-dessus. Après migration sur gel d'agarose de la digestion EcoRI ci-dessus, transfert sur une membrane Hybond N+ (Amersham) par hybridation à 55°C pendant 19h dans une solution aqueuse d'hybridation (0,5 % SDS ; 6% SSC ; 0,25% de lait écrémé en poudre) avec la sonde HRPA1 marquée au phosphore 32 grâce au kit Ready-To-Go (Pharmacia Biotech) selon les indications du fabriquant et lavage à 55°C par une solution de 0,2 SSC et 0,1 % SDS, la membrane a été mise en autoradiographie pendant 19 h à -80°C. Le développement du film a révélé un signal d'hybridation de taille voisine de 7,3 kb. Une banque partielle génomique de la souche RPA-BIOCAT826 a donc été réalisée en digérant 100 μg d'ADN génomique de cette souche par 1000 unités de l'enzyme EcoRI pendant 20 h à 37°C. Après migration sur gel d'agarose, la zone correspondante aux fragments de taille comprise entre 7 et 8 kb a été découpée et l'ADN extrait du gel par éléctroélution dans un boudin de dialyse (membranes Spectra/Por de Spectrum Médical Industries, Inc). Après précipitation à l'éthanol, l'ADN a été ligaturé dans un volume final de 10 μl au vecteur pBlueScript II SK (Stratagene) préalablement ouvert par l'enzyme EcoRI puis dephosphorylé avec la phosphatase alcaline de crevette (United States Biochemicals). Après incubation du mélange de ligation 14h à 16°C, un dixième du mélange a été utilisé pour transformer par électroporation des cellules d'E. coli DHδalpha. Environ 3000 transformants ont été analysés par hybridation de colonies transférées sur membrane de nylon en utilisant la sonde HRPA1 . Douze colonies donnant un signal d'hybridation positif ont été purifiées sur milieu gélose LB contenant 100 μg/ml d'ampicilline. Les plasmides de douze colonies purifiées ont été extraits et des digestions EcoRI des ces plasmides ont été analysées par Southern blot avec la sonde HRPA1 pour confirmer la présence d'un fragment d'environ 7,3 kb hybridant avec cette sonde. Après une analyse de restriction avec diverses enzymes, un fragment de 2,7 kb Sacll et un fragment de 1 ,6 kb Sacll ont été sous-clonés dans le vecteur pBlueScript II SK ouvert par Sacll pour donner respectivement les vecteurs pRPA-BCAT135 et pRPA-BCAT134. Le séquençage partiel de ces deux vecteurs a été réalisé (Génome Express, Grenoble) et a révélé la présence d'une phase ouverte de lecture de 1818 bp (SEQ ID N°6) dont la séquence peptidique déduite présente 85% d'identité avec la protéine HrpA1 de X. campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau er al., 1992, Molecular Plant- Microbe Interactions, 5 : 390-396).Approximately 10 μg of genomic DNA of the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain was digested with 100 units of EcoRI for 16 h at 37 ° C. The conventional Southern Blot technique was then used to determine the size of the EcoRI fragment hybridizing with the HRPA1 probe described above. After migration on agarose gel from the above EcoRI digestion, transfer to a Hybond N + membrane (Amersham) by hybridization at 55 ° C. for 19 h in an aqueous hybridization solution (0.5% SDS; 6% SSC; 0.25% skimmed milk powder) with the HRPA1 probe labeled with phosphorus 32 using the Ready-To-Go kit (Pharmacia Biotech) according to the manufacturer's instructions and washing at 55 ° C with a solution of 0.2 SSC and 0.1% SDS, the membrane was autoradiographed for 19 h at -80 ° C. The development of the film revealed a hybridization signal of around 7.3 kb in size. A partial genomic bank of the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain was therefore produced by digesting 100 μg of genomic DNA of this strain per 1000 units of the enzyme EcoRI for 20 h at 37 ° C. After migration on agarose gel, the zone corresponding to the fragments of size between 7 and 8 kb was cut out and the DNA extracted from the gel by electroelution in a dialysis rod (Spectra / Por membranes from Spectrum Médical Industries, Inc) . After precipitation with ethanol, the DNA was ligated in a final volume of 10 μl to the vector pBlueScript II SK (Stratagene) previously opened with the enzyme EcoRI and then dephosphorylated with alkaline shrimp phosphatase (United States Biochemicals). After incubation of the ligation mixture for 14 h at 16 ° C., one tenth of the mixture was used to transform by electroporation of the cells of E. coli DHδalpha. About 3000 transformants were analyzed by hybridization of colonies transferred to a nylon membrane using the HRPA1 probe. Twelve colonies giving a positive hybridization signal were purified on LB agar medium containing 100 μg / ml of ampicillin. The plasmids of twelve purified colonies were extracted and EcoRI digests of these plasmids were analyzed by Southern blot with the HRPA1 probe to confirm the presence of a fragment of approximately 7.3 kb hybridizing with this probe. After restriction analysis with various enzymes, a 2.7 kb Sacll fragment and a 1.6 kb Sacll fragment were subcloned into the vector pBlueScript II SK opened by Sacll to give the vectors pRPA-BCAT135 and pRPA respectively. -BCAT134. The partial sequencing of these two vectors was carried out (Genome Express, Grenoble) and revealed the presence of an open reading phase of 1818 bp (SEQ ID No. 6) whose deduced peptide sequence has 85% identity with the protein HrpA1 from X. campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau er al., 1992, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 5: 390-396).
EXEMPLE 3 :EXAMPLE 3:
Construction de souches dérivées de RPA-BIOCAT826 contenant une délétion AhrpA1-C2 La délétion AhrpA1-C2 a été construite in vitro en clonant dans le plasmide pJQ200SK (Quandt et Hynes, 1993, Gène 127 : 15-21 ) un fragment de pRPA-BCAT134 et un fragment de pRPA-BCAT91 (cf figure 1 ). Le plasmide pRPA-BCAT91 a été ouvert par Ncol puis traité à la polymérase I (fragment de Klenow) pendant 15 min à 30°C en présence de 25μM de dNTP. Après extraction au phénol/chloroforme/alcool isoamylique puis précipitation à l'éthanol, l'échantillon a été repris dans 40 μl d'eau pour être traité par 20 unités de Xbal à 37°C puis et 20 unités d'Apol à 50°C. Le fragment d'environ 1 ,2 kb a alors été séparé sur gel et récupéré avec le kit Quiex II (Quiagen). Le fragment d'environ 1 ,3 kb Rsal-Sacll de pBCAT134 a été purifié de façon identique. Ces deux fragments ont été ligaturés au vecteur pBlueScript II SK ouvert par les enzymes Sacll et Xbal pour donner le plasmide pRPA- BCAT139. Un fragment Sacl-Xbal d'environ 2,5 kb porteur de la délétion A hrpA1-C2 a alors pu être extrait de ce plasmide pour être clone dans le plasmide pJQ200KS ouvert par les enzymes Sacl et Xbal. Le plasmide résultant a été nommé pRPA-BCAT140. C'est un plasmide non réplicatif chez X. campestris, porteur du marqueur de résistance à la gentamycine permettant de sélectionner les clones de X. campestris ayant intégré le plasmide par recombinaison homologue et porteur du marqueur de sélection positive sacB qui permet de sélectionner les clones ayant éliminé le marqueur de résistance à la gentamycine suite à un deuxième événement de recombinaison homologue.Construction of strains derived from RPA-BIOCAT826 containing an AhrpA1-C2 deletion The AhrpA1-C2 deletion was constructed in vitro by cloning into the plasmid pJQ200SK (Quandt and Hynes, 1993, Gene 127: 15-21) a fragment of pRPA-BCAT134 and a fragment of pRPA-BCAT91 (see FIG. 1). The plasmid pRPA-BCAT91 was opened with Ncol and then treated with polymerase I (Klenow fragment) for 15 min at 30 ° C. in the presence of 25 μM of dNTP. After extraction with phenol / chloroform / isoamyl alcohol then precipitation with ethanol, the sample was taken up in 40 μl of water to be treated with 20 units of Xbal at 37 ° C. and then 20 units of Apol at 50 ° vs. The approximately 1.2 kb fragment was then separated on gel and recovered with the Quiex II kit (Quiagen). The approximately 1.3 kb Rsal-Sacll fragment of pBCAT134 was purified identically. These two fragments were ligated to the vector pBlueScript II SK opened by the enzymes Sac11 and Xbal to give the plasmid pRPA-BCAT139. A Sacl-Xbal fragment of about 2.5 kb carrying the A hrpA1-C2 deletion could then be extracted from this plasmid to be cloned into the plasmid pJQ200KS opened by the enzymes Sacl and Xbal. The resulting plasmid was named pRPA-BCAT140. It is a non-replicative plasmid in X. campestris, carrying the gentamycin resistance marker making it possible to select the clones of X. campestris having integrated the plasmid by homologous recombination and carrying the sacB positive selection marker which makes it possible to select the clones having eliminated the gentamycin resistance marker following a second homologous recombination event.
Le plasmide pRPA-BCAT140 a été introduit dans la souche RPA- BIOCAT826 par conjugaison. Pour ce faire, ont été mélangés sur milieu gélose MSX 40 μl d'une culture en phase exponentielle de la souche DHδalpha hébergeant pRPA-BCAT140, 40 μl d'une culture en phase exponentielle de la souche HB101 hébergeant le plasmide pRK2013 (Ditta et al., 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77 : 7347-7351 ) et 40 μl d'une culture de la souche RPA-BIOCAT826 en phase exponentielle dans un milieu MSX. Après incubation pendant 24h à 30°C, les clones de X. campestris ayant intégré le plasmide pRPA-BCAT140 ont été purifiés deux fois de suite sur un milieu gélose MSX contenant 15 μg/ml de gentamycine. Huit clones ont ensuite été étalés sur une surface d'environ 1 cm2 sur un milieu gélose MSX contenant 5% de sucrose. Après une incubation de 72h à 30°C, des colonies ont été isolées par deux purifications successives sur milieu gélose MSX. Environ 300 colonies ont ensuite été repiquées sur milieu gelosé MSX contenant 15 μg/ml de gentamycine afin d'identifier les clones sensibles à la gentamycine (de 90 à 100 % des clones en fonction des essais). Une quarantaine de ces clones ont ensuite été analysés par Southern Blot en utilisant une digestion EcoRI-BamHI de leur ADN génomique et la sonde HRPA1 . Environ 25 % des clones présentaient un signal différent de celui de la souche sauvage RPA-BIOCAT826 et cohérent avec l'intégration de la délétion AhrpA1-C2. Cinq clones ont été retenus pour la suite des expériences : souches RPA-BIOCAT 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021 , 1022.The plasmid pRPA-BCAT140 was introduced into the strain RPA-BIOCAT826 by conjugation. To do this, 40 μl of an exponential phase culture of the strain DHδalpha harboring pRPA-BCAT140 were mixed on MSX agar medium, 40 μl of an exponential phase culture of the strain HB101 harboring the plasmid pRK2013 (Ditta et al. ., 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 7347-7351) and 40 μl of a culture of the strain RPA-BIOCAT826 in exponential phase in an MSX medium. After incubation for 24 h at 30 ° C., the X. campestris clones having integrated the plasmid pRPA-BCAT140 were purified twice in succession on an MSX agar medium containing 15 μg / ml of gentamycin. Eight clones were then spread over an area of approximately 1 cm 2 on an MSX agar medium containing 5% sucrose. After a 72 h incubation at 30 ° C, colonies were isolated by two successive purifications on MSX agar medium. About 300 colonies were then subcultured on an MSX gel medium containing 15 μg / ml of gentamycin in order to identify the clones sensitive to gentamycin (from 90 to 100% of the clones depending on the tests). Forty of these clones were then analyzed by Southern blot using EcoRI-BamHI digestion of their genomic DNA and the HRPA1 probe. About 25% of the clones presented a signal different from that of the wild strain RPA-BIOCAT826 and consistent with the integration of the AhrpA1-C2 deletion. Five clones were selected for the rest of the experiments: RPA-BIOCAT strains 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021, 1022.
EXEMPLE 4 : Caractérisation par Southern Blot des souches dérivées deEXAMPLE 4 Characterization by Southern Blot of the Strains Derived from
RPA-BIOCAT826 contenant une délétion AhrpA1-C2RPA-BIOCAT826 containing an AhrpA1-C2 deletion
Les souches RPA-BIOCAT 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021 et 1022 ont été caractérisées en analysant les profils d'hybridation de digestions d'ADN génomique EcoRI, BamHI et EcoRI-BamHI avec les sondes HRP3Α1 , HRPB5 et HRPC2.The RPA-BIOCAT 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021 and 1022 strains were characterized by analyzing the hybridization profiles of genomic DNA digests EcoRI, BamHI and EcoRI-BamHI with the probes HRP3Α1, HRPB5 and HRPC2.
La sonde HRP3Α1 a été obtenue en purifiant le fragment de 1 ,6 kb Sacll du plasmide pRPA-BCAT134 par migration sur gel et utilisation du kitThe HRP3Α1 probe was obtained by purifying the 1.6 kb Sacll fragment of the plasmid pRPA-BCAT134 by gel migration and use of the kit
Quiaex. La sonde HRPC2 a été obtenue en purifiant le fragment de 1 ,2 kb EcoRI-Xbal du plasmide pRPA-BCAT91 par migration sur gel et utilisation du kit Quiaex.Quiaex. The HRPC2 probe was obtained by purifying the 1.2 kb EcoRI-Xbal fragment from the plasmid pRPA-BCAT91 by gel migration and use of the Quiaex kit.
La sonde HRPB5 a été obtenue en purifiant le fragment de 1 ,5 kbThe HRPB5 probe was obtained by purifying the 1.5 kb fragment
BamHI du plasmide pRPA-BCAT129 par migration sur gel et utilisation du kit Quiaex. Le séquençage de cet insert a révélé notamment une phase ouverte de lecture (SEQ ID n°7) dont la séquence peptidique déduite présente 77% d'identité avec la protéine HrpB5 de X. campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau et al., 1995, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interactions, 8 : 845-854). Le plasmide pRPA- BCAT129 a été obtenu en clonant les fragments BamHI d'ADN génomique de la souche RPA-BIOCAT826 de taille comprise entre 1 ,3 et 1 ,9 kb dans le vecteur pBlueScriptlISK et en criblant les colonies avec une sonde HRPB de manière analogue à celle décrite dans l'exemple 2. La sonde HRPB a été obtenue par PCR en utilisant les amorces RST2 et RST3 (Leite et al., 1994, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60 : 1068-1077) et la matrice plasmidique pB10g (U. Bonas, communication personnelle). Le plasmide pB10g correspond au plasmide pBluescriptKS dans lequel est clone le fragment de 7,3 kb BamHI contenant la région hrpB et le gène hrpA1 de Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau et al., 1995, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interactions, 8 : 845- 854). La réaction de PCR a été réalisée avec 40 pmole de chaque amorce, 50 ng de pB10g, 0,2 mM dNTP, 1 ,25 U de polymérase Pwo (Boehringer Mannheim) dans un volume final de 50 μl du tampon de cette enzyme. Après une incubation de 5 min à 95°C, le mélange a d'abord subi 24 cycles comprenant une incubation de 30 secondes à 95°C, puis 40 secondes à une température allant de 70°C à 63°C (par pas de 0,3°C par cycle) et 1 min à 72°C, puis 6 cycles comprenant une incubation de 30 secondes à 95°C, suivie de 40 secondes à 63°C et d'une minute à 72°C, et enfin 5 min à 72°C. Le fragment d'environ 840 bp a ensuite été purifié sur gel d'agarose et à l'aide du kit Quiaex (Quiagen).BamHI of the plasmid pRPA-BCAT129 by gel migration and use of the Quiaex kit. The sequencing of this insert revealed in particular an open reading phase (SEQ ID No. 7) whose deduced peptide sequence has 77% identity with the protein HrpB5 from X. campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau et al., 1995, Mol Plant-Microbe Interactions, 8: 845-854). The plasmid pRPA- BCAT129 was obtained by cloning the BamHI fragments of genomic DNA from the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain of size between 1.3 and 1.9 kb in the vector pBlueScriptlISK and by screening the colonies with an HRPB probe in a similar manner to that described in example 2. The HRPB probe was obtained by PCR using the primers RST2 and RST3 (Leite et al., 1994, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 1068-1077) and the plasmid matrix pB10g (U. Bonas , personal communication). The plasmid pB10g corresponds to the plasmid pBluescriptKS into which is cloned the 7.3 kb BamHI fragment containing the hrpB region and the hrpA1 gene from Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau et al., 1995, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interactions, 8: 845 - 854). The PCR reaction was carried out with 40 pmole of each primer, 50 ng of pB10g, 0.2 mM dNTP, 1.25 U of Pwo polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim) in a final volume of 50 μl of the buffer of this enzyme. After a 5 min incubation at 95 ° C, the mixture was first subjected to 24 cycles including an incubation of 30 seconds at 95 ° C, then 40 seconds at a temperature ranging from 70 ° C to 63 ° C (in steps of 0.3 ° C per cycle) and 1 min at 72 ° C, then 6 cycles including an incubation of 30 seconds at 95 ° C, followed by 40 seconds at 63 ° C and one minute at 72 ° C, and finally 5 min at 72 ° C. The fragment of approximately 840 bp was then purified on agarose gel and using the Quiaex kit (Quiagen).
L'analyse en Southern Blot a été réalisée en marquant les sondes à l'aide du kit « Megaprime DNA labeliing System » (Amersham) selon les instructions fournies. Après migration sur gel d'agarose, les digestions d'ADN génomiques ont été transférées sur membranes Hybond N+ (Amersham) selon les indications fournies, puis incubées dans la solution d'hybridation composée d'un tampon phosphate 0,5M et de SDS 7% (115 ml de Na2HP04 1 M, 84,6 ml de NaH2P04 M, 200 ml H20, 28 g SDS). Les sondes marquées sont incubées 5 min à 100 °C, puis 5 min à température ambiante avant d'être diluées dans 12 ml de solution d'hybridation et incubées 5 min à 100°C. Ce mélange est alors mis au contact des membranes pendant 6 à 20 h à 65°C. Celles-ci sont ensuite lavées 10 à 15 minutes dans un tampon phosphate 0,1 M contenant 1 % de SDS (42,3 ml Na2HP04 1 M, 57,7 ml NaH2P04 1 M, 900 ml H20, 10 g SDS) puis mis en exposition. Les résultats obtenus avec la sonde HRPB5 (figure 2) montrent, pour la souche RPA-BIOCAT826, un signal d'hybridation à environ 4,8 kb avec la digestion EcoRI et un signal à 1 ,6 kb avec la digestion BamHI et la digestion EcoRI-BamHI. Ces résultats sont en accord avec la cartographie de Arlat et al. (Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 1991 , 4 : 593-601 ) et la localisation du gène hrpBδ décrit ci-dessus. Aucune des souches RPA-BIOCAT étudiées ne montre de signal d'hybridation avec HRPB5, ce qui est cohérent avec l'intégration de la délétion AhrpA1-C2 dans le génome de ces souches RPA- BIOCAT 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021 et 1022 (La figure 2 ne montre que le résultat d'hybridation obtenu avec les souches RPA-BIOCAT).Southern blot analysis was carried out by labeling the probes using the “Megaprime DNA labeliing System” kit (Amersham) according to the instructions provided. After migration on agarose gel, the digests of genomic DNA were transferred to Hybond N + membranes (Amersham) according to the instructions provided, then incubated in the hybridization solution composed of a 0.5M phosphate buffer and SDS 7 % (115 ml of 1 M Na 2 HP0 4 , 84.6 ml of 4 M NaH 2 P0, 200 ml H2O, 28 g SDS). The labeled probes are incubated for 5 min at 100 ° C, then 5 min at room temperature before being diluted in 12 ml of hybridization solution and incubated for 5 min at 100 ° C. This mixture is then brought into contact with the membranes for 6 to 20 h at 65 ° C. These are then washed for 10 to 15 minutes in 0.1 M phosphate buffer containing 1% of SDS (42.3 ml Na 2 HP0 4 1 M, 57.7 ml NaH 2 P0 4 1 M, 900 ml H20, 10 g SDS) then put on display. The results obtained with the HRPB5 probe (FIG. 2) show, for the strain RPA-BIOCAT826, a hybridization signal at approximately 4.8 kb with the EcoRI digestion and a signal at 1.6 kb with the BamHI digestion and the digestion. EcoRI-BamHI. These results are in agreement with the mapping of Arlat et al. (Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 1991, 4: 593-601) and the location of the hrpBδ gene described above. None of the RPA-BIOCAT strains studied show a hybridization signal with HRPB5, which is consistent with the integration of the AhrpA1-C2 deletion into the genome of these RPA-BIOCAT strains 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021 and 1022 ( FIG. 2 only shows the hybridization result obtained with the RPA-BIOCAT strains).
Les résultats obtenus avec la sonde HRPC2 (figure 3) montrent, pour la souche RPA-BIOCAT826, un signal d'hybridation à environ 5,5 kb avec les digestions EcoRI et un signal à environ 2,6 kb avec la digestion EcoRI- BamHI. Ces résultats sont en accord avec la cartographie de Arlat et al. (Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 1991 , 4 : 593-601 ), l'organisation des gènes hrp chez X. campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau et al., 1992, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 5 : 390-396) et la localisation du gène hrpB5 décrit ci-dessus. Les résultats obtenus avec les souches RPA-BIOCAT 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021 montrent un signal entre 7 et 8 kb avec les digestions BamHI et un signal à 4,4 kb avec les digestions EcoRI-BamHI. Compte tenu de la cartographie présentée dans la figure 1 , ces résultats sont cohérents avec l'intégration de la délétion AhrpA1-C2 dans le génome des souches RPA- BIOCAT 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021 et 1022.The results obtained with the HRPC2 probe (FIG. 3) show, for the strain RPA-BIOCAT826, a hybridization signal at approximately 5.5 kb with the EcoRI digests and a signal at approximately 2.6 kb with the EcoRI-BamHI digestion . These results are in agreement with the mapping of Arlat et al. (Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 1991, 4: 593-601), the organization of hrp genes in X. campestris pv vesicatoria (Fenselau et al., 1992, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 5: 390-396) localization of the hrpB5 gene described above. The results obtained with the RPA-BIOCAT 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021 strains show a signal between 7 and 8 kb with the BamHI digestion and a signal at 4.4 kb with the EcoRI-BamHI digestion. Given the mapping presented in FIG. 1, these results are consistent with the integration of the AhrpA1-C2 deletion into the genome of the RPA-BIOCAT 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021 and 1022 strains.
Enfin, les résultats obtenus avec la sonde HRP3Α1 montrent, pour la souche RPA-BIOCAT826, un signal d'hybridation à 7,3 kb environ pour la digestion EcoRI-BamHI. Avec les souches RPA-BIOCAT 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021 , ce signal d'hybridation est à 4,4 kb, ce qui est cohérent avec l'intégration de la délétion AhrpA1-C2 dans le génome des ces souches. EXEMPLE 5 :Finally, the results obtained with the HRP3Α1 probe show, for the strain RPA-BIOCAT826, a hybridization signal at 7.3 kb approximately for the EcoRI-BamHI digestion. With the RPA-BIOCAT 1016, 1017, 1019, 1021 strains, this hybridization signal is 4.4 kb, which is consistent with the integration of the AhrpA1-C2 deletion into the genome of these strains. EXAMPLE 5:
Virulence des souches dérivées de RPA-BIOCAT826 contenant une délétion HrpA1-C2Virulence of strains derived from RPA-BIOCAT826 containing an HrpA1-C2 deletion
Les tests de virulence ont été effectués sur des plants de choux (Brassica oleracera var. captiva cultivar Siria) dont les semences ont été obtenues auprès de Clause Semences (av. Lucien Clause, 91221 Brétigny- sur-Orge, France). Les plantes ont été cultivées en cellule climatique selon les paramètres suivants : 14 heures à 25°C, 55% d'humidité, intensité lumineuse saturante (4000 W/m) ; 10 heures à 25°C, 60% d'humidité. Elles ont été infectées au stade 2 feuilles soit environ 13 jours après semis. Pour chaque souche testée, 8 plants ont été utilisés en perçant la première feuille dans la nervure centrale de la partie terminale à l'aide d'un cure-dent infecté. La contamination du cure-dent a été réalisée en immergeant sa pointe dans une culture de la souche étudiée de 2 jours en milieu MSX (environ 108 bactéries/ml). Les contrôles négatifs étaient constitués par un mélange de souches de X. campestris pv vesicatoria (souche B229RI = RPA-BIOCAT381 et souche B230RII = RPA-BIOCAT382 ), phytopathogènes de référence sur piments isolées chez Clause Semences. Les contrôles positifs étaient constitués par un mélange de souches de X. campestris pv campestris (souche 2963 = RPA-BIOCAT379 et souche 63C2AM = RPA-BIOCAT380), phytopathogènes de référence sur choux isolées chez Clause Semences. Les symptômes (lésions jaunes en forme de V) ont été lus et mesurés 12 et 14 jours après infection. Pour chaque plante, une note a été donnée selon la correspondance suivante : 0, aucun symptôme ; 1 , dépigmentation localisée à proximité du point d'infection ; 2, nécrose inférieure à 0,5 cm2 ; 3, nécrose de 0,5 à 1 ,5 cm2 ; 4, nécrose supérieure à 1 ,5 cm2 ; 5, nécrose généralisée de la feuille. La somme des notes des 8 plantes infectées avec la même souche est la note de pathogénicité de cette souche (Tableau 1 ). Tableau 1 : Phytopatogénicité des souches de XanthomonasThe virulence tests were carried out on cabbage plants (Brassica oleracera var. Captiva cultivar Siria), the seeds of which were obtained from Clause Semences (av. Lucien Clause, 91221 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France). The plants were cultivated in a climatic cell according to the following parameters: 14 hours at 25 ° C, 55% humidity, saturated light intensity (4000 W / m); 10 hours at 25 ° C, 60% humidity. They were infected at the 2-leaf stage, about 13 days after sowing. For each strain tested, 8 plants were used by piercing the first leaf in the central rib of the terminal part using an infected toothpick. The toothpick was contaminated by immersing its tip in a culture of the strain studied for 2 days in MSX medium (approximately 10 8 bacteria / ml). The negative controls consisted of a mixture of X. campestris pv vesicatoria strains (strain B229RI = RPA-BIOCAT381 and strain B230RII = RPA-BIOCAT382), reference phytopathogens on peppers isolated from Clause Semences. The positive controls consisted of a mixture of X. campestris pv campestris strains (strain 2963 = RPA-BIOCAT379 and strain 63C2AM = RPA-BIOCAT380), reference phytopathogens on cabbage isolated from Clause Semences. Symptoms (yellow V-shaped lesions) were read and measured 12 and 14 days after infection. For each plant, a score was given according to the following correspondence: 0, no symptoms; 1, localized depigmentation near the point of infection; 2, necrosis less than 0.5 cm 2 ; 3, necrosis from 0.5 to 1.5 cm 2 ; 4, necrosis greater than 1.5 cm 2 ; 5, generalized necrosis of the leaf. The sum of the scores for the 8 plants infected with the same strain is the pathogenicity score for this strain (Table 1). Table 1: Phytopatogenicity of Xanthomonas strains
Alors que la souche RPA-BIOCAT826 provoque le flétrissement progressif de la feuille, les souches construites provoquent au maximum un flétrissement nécrotique localisé, ce qui traduit une absence de pathogénicité.While the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain causes progressive wilting of the leaf, the constructed strains cause maximum localized necrotic wilt, which translates into an absence of pathogenicity.
EXEMPLE 6 :EXAMPLE 6
Production de xanthane par les souches dérivées de RPA- BIOCAT826 contenant une délétion HrpA1-C2Production of xanthan by strains derived from RPA-BIOCAT826 containing an HrpA1-C2 deletion
La productivité de xanthane des souches a été évaluée en mesurant la matière sèche precipitable à I'isopropanol contenu dans 40 ml de culture. Après 24 heures de préculture en MSX, 100 ml de milieu MSX en fioles erienmeyers de 500 ml ont été inoculés avec approximativement le même nombre de bactéries (0,4 ml de préculture de OD660 = 0,25). Après 6 jours d'incubation à 30°C sous agitation (200 tours/min), 40 grammes de cultures ont été prélevés et mélangés à 150 ml d'isopropanol. Après filtration, les fibres récupérées ont été lavées deux fois par 70 ml d'isopropanol avant d'être séchées puis pesées en sortie d'étuve. L'opération réalisée sur trois cultures indépendantes de la souche RPA-BIOCAT826 a montré une variabilité de la productivité de l'ordre de 10 %. Les résultats obtenus avec la souche RPA-B10CAT826 et ses dérivées AhrpA1-C2 sont regroupés dans le tableau 2.The xanthan productivity of the strains was evaluated by measuring the dry matter precipitable with isopropanol contained in 40 ml of culture. After 24 hours of MSX preculture, 100 ml of MSX medium in 500 ml erienmeyer flasks were inoculated with approximately the same number of bacteria (0.4 ml of OD660 preculture = 0.25). After 6 days of incubation at 30 ° C with shaking (200 rpm), 40 grams of cultures were removed and mixed with 150 ml of isopropanol. After filtration, the fibers recovered were washed twice with 70 ml of isopropanol before being dried and then weighed at the outlet of the oven. The operation carried out on three cultures independent of the RPA-BIOCAT826 strain showed a productivity variability of the order of 10%. The results obtained with the strain RPA-B10CAT826 and its derivatives AhrpA1-C2 are grouped in table 2.
Tableau 2 : Productivité de xanthane de RPA-BIOCAT826 et de ses dérivés AhrpA1-C2.Table 2: Productivity of xanthan from RPA-BIOCAT826 and its AhrpA1-C2 derivatives.
Les productivités sont exprimées en grammes de matière sèche extractible à l'isopropanol par grammes de culture. Productivities are expressed in grams of dry matter extractable with isopropanol per gram of culture.
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002375791A CA2375791A1 (en) | 1999-06-22 | 2000-06-21 | Avirulent xanthomonas-campestris strains producing xanthan |
| BR0011889-3A BR0011889A (en) | 1999-06-22 | 2000-06-21 | Bacterial strain, plasmid, process of preparing a bacterial strain and bacterial exopolysaccharide and nucleic acid |
| JP2001505709A JP2003503025A (en) | 1999-06-22 | 2000-06-21 | Xanthan-producing non-pathogenic strains of Xanthomonas campestris |
| AU64512/00A AU6451200A (en) | 1999-06-22 | 2000-06-21 | Avirulent xanthomonas-campestris strains producing xanthan |
| EP00951637A EP1190062A1 (en) | 1999-06-22 | 2000-06-21 | Avirulent xanthomonas-campestris strains producing xanthan |
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|---|---|---|---|
| FR9907963A FR2795423B1 (en) | 1999-06-22 | 1999-06-22 | NEW BACTERIAL STRAINS, ESPECIALLY OF XANTHOMONAS, IN PARTICULAR XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS |
| FR99/07963 | 1999-06-22 |
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| PCT/FR2000/001725 Ceased WO2000078967A1 (en) | 1999-06-22 | 2000-06-21 | Avirulent xanthomonas-campestris strains producing xanthan |
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| EP (1) | EP1190062A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2003503025A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1357043A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU6451200A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR0011889A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2375791A1 (en) |
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| US7727747B2 (en) | 2006-11-14 | 2010-06-01 | Bemidji State University Foundation | Solid or semi-solid state fermentation of xanthan on potato or potato waste |
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| WO2005054470A1 (en) * | 2003-12-01 | 2005-06-16 | Ji-Liang Tang | A gene encoding phosphoenolpyruvate synthase for plant protection |
| CN101768615A (en) * | 2010-02-11 | 2010-07-07 | 淄博中轩生化有限公司 | Preparation method of xanthan gum |
| CN105505824B (en) * | 2016-01-06 | 2019-02-22 | 江南大学 | A method for preparing xanthan gum by fermentation of Xanthomonas campestris and its application |
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1999
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- 2000-06-21 EP EP00951637A patent/EP1190062A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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Non-Patent Citations (6)
| Title |
|---|
| ARLAT M ET AL: "XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS CONTAINS A CLUSTER OF HRP GENES RELATED TO THE LARGER HRP CLUSTER OF PSEUDOMONAS-SOLANACEARUM", MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS 1991, vol. 4, no. 6, 1991, pages 593 - 601, XP000908703, ISSN: 0894-0282 * |
| DATABASE EMBL 10 November 1995 (1995-11-10), FENSELAU ET AL: "Xanthomonas campestris hrpB pathogenicity locus proteins HrpB1, HrpB2, HrpB3, HrpB4, HrpB5, HrpB6, HrpB7, HrpB8, HrpA1, and ORF62 genes, complete cds.", XP002137004 * |
| DATABASE EMBL 10 September 1993 (1993-09-10), FENSELAU ET AL: "Xanthomonas campestris HrpC2 gene, complete cds", XP002137003 * |
| FENSELAU S ET AL: "Determinants of pathogenicity in Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatori related to proteins involved in secretion in bacterial pathogens of animals.", MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS., vol. 5, no. 5, October 1992 (1992-10-01), APS PRESS, ST. PAUL, MN, US, pages 390 - 396, XP000908705, ISSN: 0894-0282 * |
| KAMOUN S ET AL: "A PLANT-INDUCIBLE GENE OF XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS PATHOVAR CAMPESTRIS ENCODES AN EXOCELLULAR COMPONENT REQUIRED FOR GROWTH IN THE HOST AND HYPERSENSITIVITY ON NONHOSTS", JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 1990, vol. 172, no. 9, 1990, pages 5165 - 5172, XP000906789, ISSN: 0021-9193 * |
| OSBOURN A E ET AL: "IDENTIFICATION AND DNA SEQUENCE OF A PATHOGENICITY GENE OF XANTHOMONAS-CAMPESTRIS PATHOVAR CAMPESTRIS", MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS 1990, vol. 3, no. 5, 1990, pages 280 - 285, XP000901966, ISSN: 0894-0282 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7727747B2 (en) | 2006-11-14 | 2010-06-01 | Bemidji State University Foundation | Solid or semi-solid state fermentation of xanthan on potato or potato waste |
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| CN1357043A (en) | 2002-07-03 |
| BR0011889A (en) | 2002-03-05 |
| CA2375791A1 (en) | 2000-12-28 |
| JP2003503025A (en) | 2003-01-28 |
| EP1190062A1 (en) | 2002-03-27 |
| FR2795423B1 (en) | 2003-04-25 |
| FR2795423A1 (en) | 2000-12-29 |
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