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WO2000058779A1 - Backlight generating apparatus for use in lcd panel - Google Patents

Backlight generating apparatus for use in lcd panel Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000058779A1
WO2000058779A1 PCT/KR2000/000269 KR0000269W WO0058779A1 WO 2000058779 A1 WO2000058779 A1 WO 2000058779A1 KR 0000269 W KR0000269 W KR 0000269W WO 0058779 A1 WO0058779 A1 WO 0058779A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
light
passing plate
illumination apparatus
ring
plate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/KR2000/000269
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Tae-Woo Kim
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to AU35748/00A priority Critical patent/AU3574800A/en
Publication of WO2000058779A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000058779A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/004—Scattering dots or dot-like elements, e.g. microbeads, scattering particles, nanoparticles
    • G02B6/0043—Scattering dots or dot-like elements, e.g. microbeads, scattering particles, nanoparticles provided on the surface of the light guide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0058—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide varying in density, size, shape or depth along the light guide
    • G02B6/0061—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide varying in density, size, shape or depth along the light guide to provide homogeneous light output intensity
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/005—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed on the light output side of the light guide
    • G02B6/0051—Diffusing sheet or layer

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a surface illumination apparatus for a backlight generating source used as a light source of a liquid crystal display panel, and more particularly to a surface illumination apparatus for a backlight generating source by which the efficiency of light emerging from a light-emerging surface is improved.
  • a liquid crystal display device is a non-emissive type, and the liquid crystal of the liquid crystal display device simply acts as a switching element for controlling the transmission of light, etc. Since the liquid crystal does not generate light by itself, it is necessary to generate light from outside and pass the generated light through the liquid crystal portion.
  • One of such methods is to install a light source on a back surface of the liquid crystal display panel and to be illuminated from the back surface.
  • a cold cathode-ray tube is used as a light source of the liquid crystal display device.
  • An edge-light type surface light source is a type of installing a cold cathode- ray tube on one side or both sides of a light-passing plate made of a transparent resin such as acrylic resin.
  • the light emitted from the cold cathode-ray tube which is a line light source is reflected and moves toward an opposite side within the light-passing plate. At a portion where the reflection of the light occurs, the light is emitted outside thereby obtaining a surface light source.
  • a plurality of dots are painted with white paint (or ink) on a surface of the light-passing plate from which the light emerges, so that the light reflected and moved within the light-passing plate is emitted outside by dispersion of light at the portion where the reflection of the light occurs.
  • the light weakened during the reflection and the movement within the light-passing plate is reflected more and emerges from the light-passing plate.
  • there is a problem in that the intensity of light is lowered.
  • the present invention relates to a surface light source taking the problem of the prior art into account.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a surface illumination apparatus for a backlight generating source by which the efficiency of light emerging from a light-emerging surface is improved.
  • the present invention employs ring-shaped dots in consideration of the fact that the intensity of light is lowered because light cannot emerge from a central portion of the dot. That is, the object of the present invention is achieved by a constitution of a backlight comprising a light-passing plate and a line light source positioned on at least one side of the light-passing plate, wherein semitransparent white ring-shaped dots are provided on one surface of the light-passing plate.
  • ring-shaped dots used herein is not always intended to mean only a circular shape.
  • dots may be in the shape of a square of which a central portion is not painted with semitransparent ink, i.e., of which a central portion is not filled, in the state that only the outline of the square is painted with the semitransparent ink, or in the various shapes of an ellipse, pentagon, hexagon, etc. of which a central portion is not filled. Therefore, the term "ring-shaped dots" used herein means any type of dots of which central portions are not filled.
  • a reflecting plate is installed below a surface opposite to the light-emerging surface of the light-passing plate, and thus, the light emerging in an opposite direction with respect to the light-emerging surface is reflected and moved back toward the light-emerging surface.
  • a diffusing plate is located above the light- emerging surface of the light-passing plate to achieve a surface light source having uniform luminous intensity.
  • the ring-shaped dots may be formed on the light-emerging surface of the light-passing plate, or on the surface opposite to the light-emerging surface.
  • the ring-shaped dots may be printed by a screen-printing method.
  • Figure la is a cross-sectional view of a surface illumination apparatus for backlight according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure lb is a view showing ring-shaped dots of which each size becomes larger as the distance from the light source increases, in the surface illumination apparatus shown in Figure la;
  • Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a surface illumination apparatus for backlight according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a surface illumination apparatus for backlight according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • the surface illumination apparatus for backlight of the present invention includes a transparent light-passing plate (11) for propagating the incident light from side surfaces, a diffusing plate (13) installed on a surface (light-emerging surface) of the light-passing plate (11), a reflecting plate (15) installed on a back surface of the light-passing plate (11), and a pair of cold cathode-ray tubes (17a, 17b) disposed along both of the opposite sides of the light-passing plate (11).
  • the light-passing plate (11) is preferably made of a transparent resin such as acrylic resin.
  • ring-shaped dots (19) printed with semitransparent white ink are regularly arranged and formed as shown in Figure lb. These ring-shaped dots (19) change an angle of reflection of light in the light-passing plate.
  • the light emerging from the cold cathode -ray tubes (17a, 17b) at both sides is reflected and moves through the side surfaces of the light-passing plate (11) within the light-passing plate (11).
  • Some of the light struck on the semitransparent white ink portion of the ring-shaped dots (19) is dispersed.
  • Some of the dispersed light emerges from the light-passing plate (11) at an interface between the light-passing plate (11) and the air.
  • the light moving toward the light-emerging surface emerges from the light-emerging surface, and the light moving toward the reflecting plate (15) is reflected from the reflecting plate (15) and then moves toward the light-emerging surface.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a surface illumination apparatus for backlight according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • the surface illumination apparatus according to the second embodiment is identical with that of the first embodiment except that a surface of the light-passing plate (21) formed with ring-shaped dots (29) made of semitransparent white ink is used for a light-emerging surface and one cold cathode-ray tube (27) is employed.
  • the surface illumination apparatus for backlight includes a transparent light-passing plate (21) for propagating the incident light from side surfaces, a diffusing plate (23) installed on the side of a surface (light-emerging surface) of the light-passing plate (21), a reflecting plate (25) installed on the side of a back surface of the light-passing plate (21), and a cold cathode-ray tube (27) disposed along a side of the light-passing plate (21).
  • the operation of such a surface illumination apparatus is identical with that of the surface illumination apparatus according to the first embodiment.
  • some of the light which is struck on the white ink portion is dispersed, reflected directly or via the reflecting plate and moves toward the light-emerging surface.
  • the farther the ring-shaped dots are from the cold cathode-ray tube the larger the size of each of the ring-shaped dots becomes, so that the light of which intensity is weakened during a number of reflection within the light-passing plate is struck on the larger dots and thus much light emerges.
  • This emerging light is diffused at the diffusing plate to have a uniform level of illumination.
  • the ring-shaped dots do not suffer the lowering of the intensity of light due to the semitransparent ink at the center of the dots unlike any dot of which the central portion is entirely filled with the semitransparent ink. Therefore, the surface illumination apparatus having a high level of illumination can be provided.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)
  • Planar Illumination Modules (AREA)

Abstract

A backlight generating apparatus for use with LCD panel has a light-passing plate (11) and a lamp (17a and 17b) positioned at a side of the light-passing plate. The light-passing plate has plural ring-shaped dots (19) which is printed with semitransparent or translucent white ink. The ring-shaped dots are arranged so that the diameter of each dot is gradually larger as the distance from the lamp is larger and larger.

Description

Backlight Generating Apparatus for Use in LCD Panel
Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a surface illumination apparatus for a backlight generating source used as a light source of a liquid crystal display panel, and more particularly to a surface illumination apparatus for a backlight generating source by which the efficiency of light emerging from a light-emerging surface is improved.
Background of Invention
As types of display, there are a self-luminous type that emits light by itself and a non-emissive type using light from outside. A liquid crystal display device is a non-emissive type, and the liquid crystal of the liquid crystal display device simply acts as a switching element for controlling the transmission of light, etc. Since the liquid crystal does not generate light by itself, it is necessary to generate light from outside and pass the generated light through the liquid crystal portion. One of such methods is to install a light source on a back surface of the liquid crystal display panel and to be illuminated from the back surface. Typically, a cold cathode-ray tube is used as a light source of the liquid crystal display device. However, since the cold cathode-ray tube is a line light source, it is necessary to replace the line light source with a surface light source to irradiate a whole surface of the liquid crystal display panel. An edge-light type surface light source is a type of installing a cold cathode- ray tube on one side or both sides of a light-passing plate made of a transparent resin such as acrylic resin. In such an edge-light type surface light source, the light emitted from the cold cathode-ray tube which is a line light source is reflected and moves toward an opposite side within the light-passing plate. At a portion where the reflection of the light occurs, the light is emitted outside thereby obtaining a surface light source.
In such an edge-light type surface light source, a plurality of dots are painted with white paint (or ink) on a surface of the light-passing plate from which the light emerges, so that the light reflected and moved within the light-passing plate is emitted outside by dispersion of light at the portion where the reflection of the light occurs. The farther the dots painted on the light-passing plate are disposed from the cold cathode-ray tube, the larger the size of each of the dots gradually becomes. Thus, the light weakened during the reflection and the movement within the light-passing plate is reflected more and emerges from the light-passing plate. In the constitution of the prior art, there is a problem in that the intensity of light is lowered.
Summary of Invention
The present invention relates to a surface light source taking the problem of the prior art into account. The object of the invention is to provide a surface illumination apparatus for a backlight generating source by which the efficiency of light emerging from a light-emerging surface is improved.
The present invention employs ring-shaped dots in consideration of the fact that the intensity of light is lowered because light cannot emerge from a central portion of the dot. That is, the object of the present invention is achieved by a constitution of a backlight comprising a light-passing plate and a line light source positioned on at least one side of the light-passing plate, wherein semitransparent white ring-shaped dots are provided on one surface of the light-passing plate. The term "ring-shaped dots" used herein is not always intended to mean only a circular shape. For example, dots may be in the shape of a square of which a central portion is not painted with semitransparent ink, i.e., of which a central portion is not filled, in the state that only the outline of the square is painted with the semitransparent ink, or in the various shapes of an ellipse, pentagon, hexagon, etc. of which a central portion is not filled. Therefore, the term "ring-shaped dots" used herein means any type of dots of which central portions are not filled.
A reflecting plate is installed below a surface opposite to the light-emerging surface of the light-passing plate, and thus, the light emerging in an opposite direction with respect to the light-emerging surface is reflected and moved back toward the light-emerging surface. In addition, a diffusing plate is located above the light- emerging surface of the light-passing plate to achieve a surface light source having uniform luminous intensity. In a preferred embodiment, the ring-shaped dots may be formed on the light-emerging surface of the light-passing plate, or on the surface opposite to the light-emerging surface. The ring-shaped dots may be printed by a screen-printing method.
Brief Description of the Drawings
The above and other objects, advantages and features of the invention will be apparent from a preferred embodiment of the invention described with reference to the accompanying drawings briefly described below, wherein:
Figure la is a cross-sectional view of a surface illumination apparatus for backlight according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
Figure lb is a view showing ring-shaped dots of which each size becomes larger as the distance from the light source increases, in the surface illumination apparatus shown in Figure la; and
Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a surface illumination apparatus for backlight according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description for Preferred Embodiment
Hereinafter, a surface illumination apparatus for backlight according to embodiments of the present invention will be explained in detail with reference with the accompanying drawings. (Embodiment 1)
Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a surface illumination apparatus for backlight according to a first embodiment of the present invention. Referring to Figure 1, the surface illumination apparatus for backlight of the present invention includes a transparent light-passing plate (11) for propagating the incident light from side surfaces, a diffusing plate (13) installed on a surface (light-emerging surface) of the light-passing plate (11), a reflecting plate (15) installed on a back surface of the light-passing plate (11), and a pair of cold cathode-ray tubes (17a, 17b) disposed along both of the opposite sides of the light-passing plate (11).
The light-passing plate (11) is preferably made of a transparent resin such as acrylic resin. On the back surface of the light-passing plate on the side of the reflecting plate (15), ring-shaped dots (19) printed with semitransparent white ink are regularly arranged and formed as shown in Figure lb. These ring-shaped dots (19) change an angle of reflection of light in the light-passing plate.
In the surface illumination apparatus constructed so, the light emerging from the cold cathode -ray tubes (17a, 17b) at both sides is reflected and moves through the side surfaces of the light-passing plate (11) within the light-passing plate (11). Some of the light struck on the semitransparent white ink portion of the ring-shaped dots (19) is dispersed. Some of the dispersed light emerges from the light-passing plate (11) at an interface between the light-passing plate (11) and the air. The light moving toward the light-emerging surface emerges from the light-emerging surface, and the light moving toward the reflecting plate (15) is reflected from the reflecting plate (15) and then moves toward the light-emerging surface.
Consequently, at least some of the light, which is struck on the white ink portion and dispersed, is reflected directly or via the reflecting plate (15) and thus moves toward the light-emerging surface. At this time, the farther the ring-shaped dots are from the cold cathode-ray tubes (17a, 17b), the larger the size of each of the ring-shaped dots becomes, so that the light of which intensity is weakened during a number of reflection within the light-passing plate (11) is struck on the larger dots and thus much light emerges. This emerging light is diffused at the diffusing plate (13) to have a uniform level of illumination.
The ring-shaped dots constructed as such do not suffer the lowering of the intensity of light due to the semitransparent ink at the center of the dots unlike any dot of which the central portion is entirely filled with the semitransparent ink. (Embodiment 2) Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a surface illumination apparatus for backlight according to a second embodiment of the present invention. Referring to Figure 2, the surface illumination apparatus according to the second embodiment is identical with that of the first embodiment except that a surface of the light-passing plate (21) formed with ring-shaped dots (29) made of semitransparent white ink is used for a light-emerging surface and one cold cathode-ray tube (27) is employed. That is, referring to Figure 2, the surface illumination apparatus for backlight according to the second embodiment of the present invention includes a transparent light-passing plate (21) for propagating the incident light from side surfaces, a diffusing plate (23) installed on the side of a surface (light-emerging surface) of the light-passing plate (21), a reflecting plate (25) installed on the side of a back surface of the light-passing plate (21), and a cold cathode-ray tube (27) disposed along a side of the light-passing plate (21). The operation of such a surface illumination apparatus is identical with that of the surface illumination apparatus according to the first embodiment. In accordance with the above constitution of the present invention, some of the light which is struck on the white ink portion is dispersed, reflected directly or via the reflecting plate and moves toward the light-emerging surface. At this time, the farther the ring-shaped dots are from the cold cathode-ray tube, the larger the size of each of the ring-shaped dots becomes, so that the light of which intensity is weakened during a number of reflection within the light-passing plate is struck on the larger dots and thus much light emerges. This emerging light is diffused at the diffusing plate to have a uniform level of illumination.
At this time, the ring-shaped dots do not suffer the lowering of the intensity of light due to the semitransparent ink at the center of the dots unlike any dot of which the central portion is entirely filled with the semitransparent ink. Therefore, the surface illumination apparatus having a high level of illumination can be provided.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the above preferred embodiments, the present invention is not limited to them. It should be understood that any changes or modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention and that they will be within the scope of the present invention which is defined in the claims attached hereto.

Claims

Claims
1. An illumination apparatus for a backlight generating source of a liquid crystal display panel comprising: a light-passing plate having a light-emerging surface from which light emerges; and a line light source positioned on a side of said light-passing plate; wherein a plurality of semitransparent white ring-shaped dots are formed on one surface of said light-passing plate.
2. The illumination apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said plurality of the ring-shaped dots are arranged such that the size of each of said dots becomes gradually larger as the distance from said line light source increases.
3. The illumination apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, wherein said ring- shaped dots are formed on the side of said light-emerging surface of said light-passing plate.
4. The illumination apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, wherein said ring- shaped dots are formed on the side opposite to said light-emerging surface of said light-passing plate.
5. The illumination apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein a reflecting plate is installed on the side opposite to said light-emerging surface of said light-passing plate.
6. The illumination apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein a diffusing plate is installed on the side of said light-emerging surface of said light- passing plate.
PCT/KR2000/000269 1999-03-29 2000-03-28 Backlight generating apparatus for use in lcd panel Ceased WO2000058779A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU35748/00A AU3574800A (en) 1999-03-29 2000-03-28 Backlight generating apparatus for use in lcd panel

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1019990010865A KR100292333B1 (en) 1999-03-29 1999-03-29 Light source plate for Liguid crystal Display
KR1999/10865 1999-03-29

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2000058779A1 true WO2000058779A1 (en) 2000-10-05

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PCT/KR2000/000269 Ceased WO2000058779A1 (en) 1999-03-29 2000-03-28 Backlight generating apparatus for use in lcd panel

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KR (1) KR100292333B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1145837C (en)
AU (1) AU3574800A (en)
WO (1) WO2000058779A1 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7164581B2 (en) 2004-06-21 2007-01-16 Computer Network Technology Corp. Modular chassis divided along a midplane and cooling system therefor
CN100458525C (en) * 2002-06-25 2009-02-04 三星电子株式会社 Lamp assembly, backlight assembly and liquid crystal display with the backlight assembly

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1318865C (en) * 2002-12-20 2007-05-30 鸿富锦精密工业（深圳）有限公司 Light board and light source system
CN100501465C (en) * 2004-09-09 2009-06-17 南诺格特先进材料公司 Illumination device for uniformly backlighting a flat panel monitor
KR101290584B1 (en) 2006-06-29 2013-07-30 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 Direct type backlight unit and method for forming diffuser in the direct type backlight unit

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH05210014A (en) * 1991-07-15 1993-08-20 Daimon Seisakusho:Kk Light transmission plate for liquid crystal back light and mold for molding the same

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH06265886A (en) * 1993-03-10 1994-09-22 Hitachi Ltd Illumination device

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH05210014A (en) * 1991-07-15 1993-08-20 Daimon Seisakusho:Kk Light transmission plate for liquid crystal back light and mold for molding the same

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN100458525C (en) * 2002-06-25 2009-02-04 三星电子株式会社 Lamp assembly, backlight assembly and liquid crystal display with the backlight assembly
US7164581B2 (en) 2004-06-21 2007-01-16 Computer Network Technology Corp. Modular chassis divided along a midplane and cooling system therefor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1344380A (en) 2002-04-10
AU3574800A (en) 2000-10-16
KR19990083671A (en) 1999-12-06
KR100292333B1 (en) 2001-06-01
CN1145837C (en) 2004-04-14

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