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WO1999023710A1 - Battery having heat deflective packaging - Google Patents

Battery having heat deflective packaging Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999023710A1
WO1999023710A1 PCT/US1998/023036 US9823036W WO9923710A1 WO 1999023710 A1 WO1999023710 A1 WO 1999023710A1 US 9823036 W US9823036 W US 9823036W WO 9923710 A1 WO9923710 A1 WO 9923710A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
heat
packaging
battery pack
electronic device
energy storage
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US1998/023036
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Michael P. Dooley
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Motorola Solutions Inc
Original Assignee
Motorola Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Motorola Inc filed Critical Motorola Inc
Publication of WO1999023710A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999023710A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
    • H01M10/613—Cooling or keeping cold
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
    • H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
    • H01M50/209—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for prismatic or rectangular cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
    • H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
    • H01M10/658—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by thermal insulation or shielding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
    • H01M50/233—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by physical properties of casings or racks, e.g. dimensions
    • H01M50/24—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders characterised by physical properties of casings or racks, e.g. dimensions adapted for protecting batteries from their environment, e.g. from corrosion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • This invention relates in general to batteries, and more specifically to batteries exposed to high temperatures.
  • FIG. 1 is a top view of a battery pack including heat deflective packaging in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a top view of an electronic device in which the battery of FIG. 1 can be used in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIGs. 3 and 4 are side views of battery packs having packaging that includes heat deflective material in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a battery cell having heat deflective packaging in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a battery cell having a heat deflective label in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 a top view of an energy storage device, such as a battery pack 100, a capacitor, or another electrochemical cell, is depicted.
  • the battery pack 100 includes at least one battery cell 105 around which packaging 110 is assembled.
  • electrical contacts for the battery pack 100 can be formed in a conventional manner, such as by extending tabs (not shown) from cell terminals through the packaging 110.
  • Energy storage devices such as the battery pack 100
  • lightweight, portable devices e.g., cellular telephones, radio communicators, and laptop computers.
  • Such electronic devices can be used in high temperature environments, for example, within closed automobiles, and can also include components, such as microprocessors and the battery pack 100 itself, that generate heat within the devices.
  • the battery pack 100 and thus the included battery cells, can be exposed to high temperatures that may degrade performance.
  • the packaging 110 of the battery pack 100 of the present invention preferably incorporates or comprises a heat deflective material that preferably at least partially surrounds a battery cell or cells 105 within the pack 100.
  • the heat deflective material has the ability to transfer heat away from the battery cells 105 while, at the same time, deflecting heat from outside the packaging 110 away from the battery cells 105.
  • the heat deflective material can be metallized, e.g., aluminized, polyester or polyethylene. It will be appreciated, however, that any other material that has the heat deflective properties described herein can be utilized as well.
  • FIG. 2 is a top view of an electronic device 200 that includes the battery pack 100.
  • the battery pack 100 can power the electronic device 200 or can be used merely for backup purposes.
  • the electronic device 200 may also include one or more heat generating components 210, such as power amplifiers or microprocessors, and a substrate 215, e.g., a printed circuit board, for providing electrical connections and mechanically supporting device components.
  • the heat generated by the component 210, and by any other components (not shown), is advantageously deflected by the packaging 110, a portion thereof, or a deflective material affixed thereto, so that the cell or cells 105 are not overheated and the performance is not degraded. This heat deflection also occurs when the device 200 is operated in a high temperature environment. As mentioned, heat generated by the cells 105 themselves is not held within the packaging 110, but is instead transferred outside the battery pack 100.
  • the packaging 110 can be formed entirely from the heat deflecting material.
  • the packaging 110 could include a first portion formed from a conventional material, such as a foil laminate, that does not deflect heat and a second portion formed from heat deflective material, such as an aluminized polymer.
  • the heat deflective material need not even be an integral part of the packaging 110.
  • another battery pack component could include heat deflective material, or the heat deflective material could be included as an extra component that does not necessarily provide a dual function and that is affixed to the interior or the exterior of the packaging 110. Such assemblies are described in greater detail below.
  • the battery pack 100 includes a conventional packaging portion 220 for surrounding regions of the cell or cells 105 that are not directly exposed to the heat generated by the heat generating component 210. Portions of the packaging that are directly exposed to the generated heat are formed from or incorporate the heat deflective material 225.
  • the non-deflecting material 220 and the heat deflective material 225 can be assembled together using conventional methods, such as by sealing the two portions with an adhesive or other sealant. In this manner, heat generated by the heat generating component 210 is conveniently deflected from the battery pack 100 and the cells 105 therein by a heat deflector 225 without having to form the entire package using heat deflective material.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention in which the battery pack 100 is entirely packaged with conventional material 220'.
  • a heat deflective portion 225' is affixed to the interior or the exterior of the conventional packaging 220' to deflect heat away from regions of the cells 105 that are directly exposed to the heat generated by the component 210.
  • use of a smaller amount of the heat deflective material 225' may be suitable for situations in which the battery pack 100 is exposed to heat coming from a small number of easily identified directions.
  • the heat deflective material 225' can be located only at specified areas of the battery pack 100 to deflect heat at reduced expense, as illustrated in FIG. 5.
  • FIG. 5 it can be seen that the heat deflective material 225' is wrapped around the periphery of the battery pack 100.
  • the heat deflective material can shield an individual cell 105 in addition to, or instead of, the battery pack 100.
  • a battery cell 105 such as a prismatic rechargeable cell, can be wrapped in heat deflective material 255.
  • the heat deflective material 255 can be a part of the cell packaging itself or can be wrapped around a previously packaged cell 105.
  • the heat deflective material 255 could be used to replace a conventional heat shrink material that might typically surround the cell 105 or a plurality of cells 105.
  • FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of a cell 105 that is packaged in a conventional manner.
  • the cell label 275 is formed from a heat deflective material.
  • the label 275 can be as large, or as small, as needed to deflect heat to which the cell 105 is exposed. Furthermore, a larger label 275 could adhere to more than a single surface of the cell 105, or multiple heat deflective labels could be applied.
  • a heat deflective label could be wound about the entire cell circumference, and it will be recognized that battery packs as well as cells could be labeled with heat deflective material.
  • heat deflective material can, as described above, be used in battery applications to deflect heat away from battery cells and thereby avoid degradation of performance that is caused by excess heat.
  • the heat deflective material can be formed as all or a part of the battery or cell packaging or as a label.
  • heat deflective material could comprise an additional component that is affixed to a complete cell or battery pack.
  • heat deflective material is beneficial for any type of energy storage device that is adversely affected by heat.
  • lithium ion, lithium polymer, nickel metal hydride, and nickel cadmium cells to name but a few, experience performance degradation when exposed to excess heat. Therefore, use of the invention described above can provide advantages for such devices.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Battery Mounting, Suspending (AREA)

Abstract

A battery pack (100) for use in an electronic device (200) includes at least one battery cell (105) that is at least partially surrounded by a heat deflective material (110). The battery pack (100) is positioned within the electronic device (200) such that heat generated by other device components (210) is deflected by the heat deflective material (110) of the battery pack (100).

Description

BATTERY HAVING HEAT DEFLECTIVE PACKAGING
Technical Field
This invention relates in general to batteries, and more specifically to batteries exposed to high temperatures.
Background
Electrical components, such as microprocessors and power amplifiers, often generate heat that can be difficult to dissipate within enclosed electronic devices, such as computers, telephones, pagers, etc. Management of such generated heat is a necessity, however, since high temperatures can cause failure or degradation in the performance of some components, such as batteries that also generate heat, particularly during recharging of battery cells. As portable electronic devices become smaller and lighter in weight, management of internally generated heat becomes more difficult because there is less space to arrange placement of heat generating components or to mount additional components, such as heat exchangers and fans. Thus, improved ways of managing heat within electronic devices are needed.
Brief Description of the Drawings
FIG. 1 is a top view of a battery pack including heat deflective packaging in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a top view of an electronic device in which the battery of FIG. 1 can be used in accordance with the present invention. FIGs. 3 and 4 are side views of battery packs having packaging that includes heat deflective material in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a battery cell having heat deflective packaging in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a battery cell having a heat deflective label in accordance with the present invention.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment
While the specification concludes with claims defining the features of the invention that are regarded as novel, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from a consideration of the following description in conjunction with the drawing figures, in which like reference numerals are carried forward. Referring now to FIG. 1, a top view of an energy storage device, such as a battery pack 100, a capacitor, or another electrochemical cell, is depicted. The battery pack 100 includes at least one battery cell 105 around which packaging 110 is assembled. Although not shown, it will be appreciated that electrical contacts for the battery pack 100 can be formed in a conventional manner, such as by extending tabs (not shown) from cell terminals through the packaging 110.
Energy storage devices, such as the battery pack 100, are often used to power lightweight, portable devices, e.g., cellular telephones, radio communicators, and laptop computers. Such electronic devices can be used in high temperature environments, for example, within closed automobiles, and can also include components, such as microprocessors and the battery pack 100 itself, that generate heat within the devices. As a result, the battery pack 100, and thus the included battery cells, can be exposed to high temperatures that may degrade performance.
Therefore, the packaging 110 of the battery pack 100 of the present invention preferably incorporates or comprises a heat deflective material that preferably at least partially surrounds a battery cell or cells 105 within the pack 100. The heat deflective material has the ability to transfer heat away from the battery cells 105 while, at the same time, deflecting heat from outside the packaging 110 away from the battery cells 105. By way of example, the heat deflective material can be metallized, e.g., aluminized, polyester or polyethylene. It will be appreciated, however, that any other material that has the heat deflective properties described herein can be utilized as well.
FIG. 2 is a top view of an electronic device 200 that includes the battery pack 100. The battery pack 100 can power the electronic device 200 or can be used merely for backup purposes. The electronic device 200 may also include one or more heat generating components 210, such as power amplifiers or microprocessors, and a substrate 215, e.g., a printed circuit board, for providing electrical connections and mechanically supporting device components. The heat generated by the component 210, and by any other components (not shown), is advantageously deflected by the packaging 110, a portion thereof, or a deflective material affixed thereto, so that the cell or cells 105 are not overheated and the performance is not degraded. This heat deflection also occurs when the device 200 is operated in a high temperature environment. As mentioned, heat generated by the cells 105 themselves is not held within the packaging 110, but is instead transferred outside the battery pack 100.
The packaging 110 can be formed entirely from the heat deflecting material. Alternatively, the packaging 110 could include a first portion formed from a conventional material, such as a foil laminate, that does not deflect heat and a second portion formed from heat deflective material, such as an aluminized polymer. The heat deflective material need not even be an integral part of the packaging 110. Instead, another battery pack component could include heat deflective material, or the heat deflective material could be included as an extra component that does not necessarily provide a dual function and that is affixed to the interior or the exterior of the packaging 110. Such assemblies are described in greater detail below.
Referring next to FIG. 3, a side view of the battery pack 100 is shown. According to this embodiment of the present invention, the battery pack 100 includes a conventional packaging portion 220 for surrounding regions of the cell or cells 105 that are not directly exposed to the heat generated by the heat generating component 210. Portions of the packaging that are directly exposed to the generated heat are formed from or incorporate the heat deflective material 225. The non-deflecting material 220 and the heat deflective material 225 can be assembled together using conventional methods, such as by sealing the two portions with an adhesive or other sealant. In this manner, heat generated by the heat generating component 210 is conveniently deflected from the battery pack 100 and the cells 105 therein by a heat deflector 225 without having to form the entire package using heat deflective material.
FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention in which the battery pack 100 is entirely packaged with conventional material 220'. A heat deflective portion 225' is affixed to the interior or the exterior of the conventional packaging 220' to deflect heat away from regions of the cells 105 that are directly exposed to the heat generated by the component 210. Although enveloping the battery pack 100 entirely with heat deflective material is preferred for many high temperature applications, use of a smaller amount of the heat deflective material 225' may be suitable for situations in which the battery pack 100 is exposed to heat coming from a small number of easily identified directions. In such a case, the heat deflective material 225' can be located only at specified areas of the battery pack 100 to deflect heat at reduced expense, as illustrated in FIG. 5. For the example illustrated in FIG. 5, it can be seen that the heat deflective material 225' is wrapped around the periphery of the battery pack 100.
As depicted in FIG. 6, the heat deflective material can shield an individual cell 105 in addition to, or instead of, the battery pack 100. As shown, a battery cell 105, such as a prismatic rechargeable cell, can be wrapped in heat deflective material 255. The heat deflective material 255 can be a part of the cell packaging itself or can be wrapped around a previously packaged cell 105. For example, the heat deflective material 255 could be used to replace a conventional heat shrink material that might typically surround the cell 105 or a plurality of cells 105.
FIG. 7 shows a perspective view of a cell 105 that is packaged in a conventional manner. In accordance with this embodiment, the cell label 275 is formed from a heat deflective material. The label 275 can be as large, or as small, as needed to deflect heat to which the cell 105 is exposed. Furthermore, a larger label 275 could adhere to more than a single surface of the cell 105, or multiple heat deflective labels could be applied. In the case of a cylindrical cell, a heat deflective label could be wound about the entire cell circumference, and it will be recognized that battery packs as well as cells could be labeled with heat deflective material. In summary, heat deflective material can, as described above, be used in battery applications to deflect heat away from battery cells and thereby avoid degradation of performance that is caused by excess heat. The heat deflective material can be formed as all or a part of the battery or cell packaging or as a label. Alternatively, heat deflective material could comprise an additional component that is affixed to a complete cell or battery pack.
Use of the heat deflective material according to the present invention is beneficial for any type of energy storage device that is adversely affected by heat. For instance, lithium ion, lithium polymer, nickel metal hydride, and nickel cadmium cells, to name but a few, experience performance degradation when exposed to excess heat. Therefore, use of the invention described above can provide advantages for such devices.
What is claimed is:

Claims

Claims
1. An energy storage device, comprising: a cell; and heat deflective material at least partially surrounding the cell.
2. The energy storage device of claim 1, wherein the heat deflective material is incorporated into packaging of the energy storage device.
3. The energy storage device of claim 1, wherein the heat deflective material comprises packaging of the cell.
4. The energy storage device of claim 1, wherein the heat deflective material comprises a label affixed to the energy storage device.
5. The energy storage device of claim 1, wherein the heat deflective material comprises a label affixed to the cell.
6. The energy storage device of claim 1, further comprising: packaging that encloses the energy storage device and that includes the heat deflective material.
7. The energy storage device of claim 1, further comprising: packaging that encloses the energy storage device, wherein the heat deflective material is affixed to the packaging.
8. The energy storage device of claim 1, further comprising: packaging that encloses the energy storage device, the packaging comprising a first portion formed from a material that does not deflect heat and a second portion formed from the heat deflective material.
9. The energy storage device of claim 1, wherein the heat deflective material comprises a metallized polymer.
10. The energy storage device of claim 1, wherein the energy storage device comprises a battery pack, and the cell comprises a battery cell.
11. An electronic device, comprising: a battery pack for powering the electronic device, the battery pack including: a battery cell; and heat deflective material at least partially surrounding the battery cell.
12. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the heat deflective material comprises packaging of the battery pack.
13. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the heat deflective material comprises packaging of the battery cell.
14. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the heat deflective material comprises a label affixed to the battery pack.
15. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the heat deflective material comprises a label affixed to the battery cell.
16. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the battery pack further includes: packaging that encloses the battery pack and that includes the heat deflective material.
17. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the battery pack further includes: packaging that encloses the battery pack, wherein the heat deflective material is affixed to the packaging.
18. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the battery pack further includes: packaging that encloses the battery pack, the packaging comprising a first portion formed from a material that does not deflect heat and a second portion formed from the heat deflective material.
19. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the heat deflective material comprises a metallized polymer.
20. The electronic device of claim 11, wherein the electronic device comprises a computer.
21. The electronic device of claim 11, further comprising: a heat generating component.
22. The electronic device of claim 21, wherein the heat generating component and the battery pack are mounted within the electronic device so that heat generated by the heat generating component is deflected by the heat deflective material of the battery pack.
23. An electronic device, comprising: a battery pack for powering the electronic device, the battery pack including a battery cell and heat deflective material at least partially surrounding the battery cell; and a heat generating component, heat generated by which is deflected by the heat deflecting material of the battery pack.
PCT/US1998/023036 1997-10-31 1998-10-30 Battery having heat deflective packaging Ceased WO1999023710A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US96331797A 1997-10-31 1997-10-31
US08/963,317 1997-10-31

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999023710A1 true WO1999023710A1 (en) 1999-05-14

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Family Applications (1)

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PCT/US1998/023036 Ceased WO1999023710A1 (en) 1997-10-31 1998-10-30 Battery having heat deflective packaging

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20150280190A1 (en) * 2014-03-31 2015-10-01 Gs Yuasa International Ltd. Energy storage apparatus

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2707721A (en) * 1953-11-06 1955-05-03 Wyman M Anderson Heat insulating jacket for storage batteries
US3146132A (en) * 1961-12-07 1964-08-25 Nathan Sanford Battery climatizer cover
US4054730A (en) * 1976-07-19 1977-10-18 Salvatore Crifasi Winter power saver
US4314008A (en) * 1980-08-22 1982-02-02 General Electric Company Thermoelectric temperature stabilized battery system
US4830937A (en) * 1987-06-12 1989-05-16 Industrie Magneti Marelli S.R.L. Electrical accumulators and batteries of accumulators provided with coverings which reflect infra-red radiation
US4873159A (en) * 1989-01-09 1989-10-10 Albert Ciriello Battery blanket device
US5338624A (en) * 1993-02-08 1994-08-16 Globe-Union Inc. Thermal management of rechargeable batteries
US5534366A (en) * 1995-11-22 1996-07-09 Motorola, Inc. Modular battery pack
US5567542A (en) * 1993-12-21 1996-10-22 Hyundai Motor Company Holder of rechargeable battery cells and retainer thereof for use in an electric vehicle
US5578393A (en) * 1995-03-10 1996-11-26 United States Advanced Battery Consortium Thermal contact sheet for high temperature batteries

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2707721A (en) * 1953-11-06 1955-05-03 Wyman M Anderson Heat insulating jacket for storage batteries
US3146132A (en) * 1961-12-07 1964-08-25 Nathan Sanford Battery climatizer cover
US4054730A (en) * 1976-07-19 1977-10-18 Salvatore Crifasi Winter power saver
US4314008A (en) * 1980-08-22 1982-02-02 General Electric Company Thermoelectric temperature stabilized battery system
US4830937A (en) * 1987-06-12 1989-05-16 Industrie Magneti Marelli S.R.L. Electrical accumulators and batteries of accumulators provided with coverings which reflect infra-red radiation
US4873159A (en) * 1989-01-09 1989-10-10 Albert Ciriello Battery blanket device
US5338624A (en) * 1993-02-08 1994-08-16 Globe-Union Inc. Thermal management of rechargeable batteries
US5567542A (en) * 1993-12-21 1996-10-22 Hyundai Motor Company Holder of rechargeable battery cells and retainer thereof for use in an electric vehicle
US5578393A (en) * 1995-03-10 1996-11-26 United States Advanced Battery Consortium Thermal contact sheet for high temperature batteries
US5534366A (en) * 1995-11-22 1996-07-09 Motorola, Inc. Modular battery pack

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20150280190A1 (en) * 2014-03-31 2015-10-01 Gs Yuasa International Ltd. Energy storage apparatus

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