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WO1999051439A1 - Impression flexographique sur une feuille d'articles pour fumeurs - Google Patents

Impression flexographique sur une feuille d'articles pour fumeurs Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1999051439A1
WO1999051439A1 PCT/GB1999/001036 GB9901036W WO9951439A1 WO 1999051439 A1 WO1999051439 A1 WO 1999051439A1 GB 9901036 W GB9901036 W GB 9901036W WO 9951439 A1 WO9951439 A1 WO 9951439A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
smoking article
making machine
ink
machine according
rod making
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/GB1999/001036
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
David John Atkinson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
British American Tobacco Investments Ltd IFI
Original Assignee
British American Tobacco Investments Ltd IFI
British American Tobacco Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by British American Tobacco Investments Ltd IFI, British American Tobacco Co Ltd filed Critical British American Tobacco Investments Ltd IFI
Priority to AU33391/99A priority Critical patent/AU3339199A/en
Priority to GB0022396A priority patent/GB2351040B/en
Publication of WO1999051439A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999051439A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24C—MACHINES FOR MAKING CIGARS OR CIGARETTES
    • A24C5/00—Making cigarettes; Making tipping materials for, or attaching filters or mouthpieces to, cigars or cigarettes
    • A24C5/38—Machines combined with printing devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F5/00—Rotary letterpress machines
    • B41F5/24—Rotary letterpress machines for flexographic printing

Definitions

  • This invention relates to printing on smoking article wrapping material, such as tipping paper or cigarette paper.
  • a letterpress printing system typically uses an ink supply from ink ducts directed onto a rubber covered inking roller, which inking roller is contacted by one or more distribution rollers which increase the spread of the ink on the rubber inking roller across the surface of the roller and also smoothes out the ink on the surface of the inking roller.
  • the distribution roller (s) usually reciprocate (s) axially in order to spread the ink over the surface of the inking roller.
  • One of the distribution rollers then contacts a further rubber ink application roller which has ink applied across the full surface thereof in an even manner.
  • the ink is then applied to the raised indicia on the surface of a steel plate roller.
  • Adjacent to and in contact with the plate roller is a compression roller.
  • the web of material to be printed passes between the plate roller and the compression roller, and the raised ink indicia on the plate roller transfer ink onto the web material.
  • the ink used in these systems is a viscous oil based ink which requires a period of working by the distribution rollers in order for it to become evenly distributed and reach a stable viscosity for efficient transfer to paper. This means that there is wastage of product when the machine is running but producing unacceptable product. Since ink viscosity and flow is a function of temperature, which fluctuates with time, the ink transfer characteristics also change with time, demanding continuous operator attention to maintain print quality. Furthermore, the oil based ink only dries by absorption into the paper.
  • the fast moving environment of a cigarette making machine thus causes problems with oil -based inks in that the ink, when applied in excess, can transfer to other parts of the machine unintentionally and because it is slow drying there is enhanced propensity for contamination of a large amount of product.
  • the viscosity of the ink causes build up of ink on some components, which is detrimental to machine performance .
  • the speed of the production in current cigarette making machines also causes significant wearing down of machine parts and the steel etched plate rollers of letterpress systems are expensive to replace.
  • the sharpness of the steel indicia on the plate rollers can also penetrate the thin web material if the pressure between the plate roller and rubber impression roller is too great. This affects product performance drastically.
  • An alternative system for the plate roller surface is desirable to reduce running and replacement costs in this environment .
  • Flexographic printing is known as the printing system used for some newspapers where the speed of production is quite high and may be as fast as the speed required in the cigarette making industry, say 600m/min, but the printing press system and rollers thereof are about 2 metres wide. In contrast, label printers using the flexographic system run at less than or equal to about 200m/min. The print rollers of these systems are normally about 150mm-300mm wide.
  • This invention puts into practice a new printing system for smoking article processes associated with making, which machine overcomes a number of disadvantages of current printing systems, such as improved print quality, even at high speeds, reduced product contamination, use of preferred inks, and easier cleaning and maintenance of such systems.
  • the present invention provides a smoking article rod making machine, said machine further comprising a flexographic printing system arranged to print indicia onto cigarette wrapping material fed to said making machine .
  • the flexographic printing system comprises ink supply means mounted parallel with and adjacent to ink transfer means, the ink transfer means being mounted parallel with and adjacent to indicia forming means, bearing means being mounted parallel with and adjacent to the indicia forming means, and a web material path being provided between the bearing means and the indicia forming means.
  • the ink supply means is disposed within a water-based ink supply source.
  • the ink supply means is driven by an independent drive means or drive means common with the drive means of the ink transfer means and indicia forming means but being adapted to drive the ink supply means at a lower speed than the speed of the common drive means.
  • the speed of the ink supply means is in the range of 20-2000rpm, more advantageously is in the range of 500-1000rpm, and even more advantageously is at or about 750rpm.
  • the speed of the ink supply means is dependent on the gap setting between the ink transfer means and the ink supply means, and the speed of the machine.
  • the indicia forming means comprises a plate cylinder being a metal drum adapted to carry image forming means .
  • the image forming means is releasably securable image forming means .
  • the image forming means may comprise a spring steel backing strip to which is attached a thin plastic die strip having raised indicia markings, and the spring steel backing strip may be provided with releasable ends adapted for engagement with releasable securing means.
  • the releasable securing means may suitably be an eccentric knurled roller seated below the surface of the metal drum or, alternatively, double-sided adhesive tape sticky enough to withstand the centrifugal force exerted on the image forming means during rotation of the metal drum.
  • a plastic die strip may be used instead of the steel backing strip with attached plastic strip.
  • a further alternative is the use of an indicia or image forming means which may be secured in place by means of a removable sleeve system.
  • the plastic die strip is composed of relatively soft plastic material, such as rubber or a photopolymer.
  • the bearing means is a resilient bearing means comprising a rubber or rubber-surfaced roller, or a non-resilient bearing means, such as a metal roller.
  • the roller may additionally be spring-loaded.
  • the ink transfer means and the indicia forming means are driven by common drive means, which drive means is advantageously the drive means of the smoking article making machine.
  • the ink transfer means and the indicia forming means are driven at a speed within the range 100 to 4000rpm, more preferably 1500- 3000rpm, and even more preferably at about 2,500rpm.
  • the surface speed of these rollers should be substantially equivalent to the speed of the web material .
  • the ratio of the speeds of the drive means of the ink transfer means and of the ink supply means is in the range of 1:1 - 10:1, and preferably is in the range of 3:1 to 5:1.
  • the ink supply means and the ink transfer means are driven in counter-direction, although they may both be driven in the same direction.
  • web driving means for example, the web driving means suitably being a pair of driven nip rollers.
  • the ink supply source comprises ink inlet and outlet flow means for providing a constant level of ink in the ink supply source .
  • the ink supply source comprises an ink level monitoring device for providing a constant level of ink in the ink supply source .
  • excess ink removal means is a reverse angle doctor blade assembly, which may comprise a doctor blade, a holder therefor, a pivot and a biased sprung steel spring.
  • the end of the doctor blade adjacent the anilox roller may be metal or plastic.
  • Figure 1 shows in longitudinal cross-section a flexographic print system mounted on a smoking article making machine in accordance with the present invention
  • Figure 2 shows a digital reproduction of a photomicrograph of an image produced according to a prior art letterpress sytem
  • Figure 3 shows a digital reproduction of a photo- micrgraph of an image produced according to the invention.
  • Figure 1 of the diagrammatic drawings hereof show a flexographic printing system 1 which is mounted on part 20 of a smoking article making machine in accordance with the present invention.
  • the printing system comprises a non- resilient bearing means being an impression roller 2 having a metal surface.
  • the impression roller 2 is arranged to rotate in a first direction, anti-clockwise, for example, which direction is the direction of transport of cigarette wrapping material 3, which material in this instance is a paper web material .
  • the impression roller 2 serves as a bearing surface onto which the die for an indicia is pressed against the material 3.
  • Mounted parallel to the impression roller 2 and disposed adjacent the impression roller 2 is indicia forming means being a plate cylinder 4.
  • the plate cylinder 4 comprises a 19mm wide metal drum which is adapted to provide a clip-receiving area 5 into which can be inserted a releasable clip 6 of spring steel.
  • the releasable clip 6 forms a backing strip around the drum and is connected to a plastic die strip 7 to provide releasably securable image forming means which has on its surface one or more raised 10
  • plastic die strip 7 covers about 2/3 of the full width of the surface of the plate cylinder 4. The remaining end of the plastic die strip 7 is also retainable in ⁇ or close to the clip receiving area 5 of the plate cylinder 4 in order to releasably secure the plastic die strip 7 to the plate cylinder.
  • a plastic die strip 7 may be held within a locating groove by an industrial strength double-sided adhesive tape which is sticky enough to withstand the centrifugal force generated upon rotation.
  • the releasable die strip is ease of removal when the die indicia wear down because of speed of operation, reduced operating cost instead of using an etched metal plate cylinder.
  • the plastic die strip 7 is less aggressive in its action upon the web material than an etched steel die, which steel die can easily cut a thin, paper web material, for example.
  • the plate cylinder 4 rotates in the opposite direction to the impression roller, i.e. in a clockwise direction, for example, as shown by the arrow in Figure 1.
  • wrapper material drive means such as a pair of driven nip rollers 8 which draw the cigarette wrapping material between impression roller 2 and plate 11
  • Impression roller 2 is thus caused to rotate by the web material itself, in combination with nip rollers 8.
  • Anilox roller 9 is arranged to rotate in the same first direction as impression roller 2, i.e. anti-clockwise in the direction of the arrow.
  • Anilox roller 9 comprises a 40mm wide steel drum on which is coated a ceramic surface.
  • the ceramic surface has formed therein, by for example, laser treatment, small depressions or dimples on a ⁇ scale. The depressions are of the order of 5-40 ⁇ in size.
  • the dimpled surface of the anilox roller gives good holding and transfer of ink to the plate cylinder 4.
  • the size or surface volume of the dimples is selected in accordance with the amount of ink which is desired to be transferred to the plate cylinder and thence to the cigarette wrapping material 3, as well as the depth of colour required.
  • the amount of pigment in the ink can be controlled to darken the colour. It is important that there is good contact between the plastic die strip 7 of plate cylinder 4 and the anilox roller 9, so the gap between these two rollers is important, along with the amount of ink held in the dimples of the anilox roller 9. Furthermore, the hardness or softness of the plastic die strip 7 also determines the amount of ink transferred thereto.
  • Plate cylinder 4 and anilox roller 9 are driven by a common motor. The speed of rotation of each roller will depend on the size of each roller but each will have the same surface speed as 12
  • the drive means motor may be the motor of making machine 1 or a motor driven at the same speed as making machine 1.
  • Gearing means or clutch means may be provided to enable the anilox roller 9 to continue rolling during machine down time in order to prevent the ink from drying or setting on the roller 9.
  • ink supply means such as an ink application roller 10.
  • Ink application roller 10 is also mounted parallel to and adjacent anilox roller 9.
  • Ink application roller 10 is driven independently of anilox roller 9 and plate cylinder 4 and at a slower speed than those rollers.
  • the speed of anilox roller 9 and plate cylinder 4 is about 2,500rpm.
  • the speed of ink application roller 10 is about 750rpm.
  • the ink application roller 10 is disposed at least partly extending into an ink reservoir 11 containing a water-based liquid ink 12.
  • the speed of the motor driving ink application roller 10 should be just fast enough to provide an excess of ink to fill the dimples or cells of the anilox roller 9 and to fill the nip gap between the anilox roller 9 and the ink application roller 10.
  • the ink reservoir 11 may comprise an ink level monitoring device which may be linked to an ink supply source via a line (not shown) to the ink reservoir 11. Alternatively, ink is continually supplied to the ink reservoir 11 through inlet opening 18 and ink continually flows out of the ink reservoir 11 through outlet opening 19 to provide a constant level of ink 12.
  • a reverse angle doctor blade assembly 13 Located adjacent the anilox roller 9 is a reverse angle doctor blade assembly 13, one end of which assembly is disposed at a tangent to the surface of the anilox roller 9.
  • a doctor blade 14 is inclined at an acute angle to the roller surface which causes excess ink to be lifted off the anilox roller surface and dropped back into the ink 12 in the ink reservoir 11.
  • the second end of the doctor blade is a sprung steel spring 15 which lies against the side of the ink reservoir 11 under compression or tension between pivot point 16, the ink reservoir side wall and the anilox roller surface.
  • the end of doctor blade 14 against the surface of the anilox roller 9 is plastic to reduce wear on the surface of the anilox roller 9.
  • the doctor blade is held in a holder clamp 17, which clamp is also attached to spring steel spring 15.
  • the arrangement of the doctor blade assembly 13 also provides an ink containment region to reduce ink splashing and contamination.
  • roller dimples accepts and distributes the surplus ink at the nip across with width of the anilox roller 9. Any excess ink is removed by the reverse angle doctor blade and returned by gravity to the ink 12 in the ink reservoir 11.
  • the correct amount of ink is supplied from the dimples of the anilox roller 9 to the relief indicia of the plastic die strip 7, which ink is in turn transferred to the cigarette web material as the paper web 3 passes between the impression roller 2 and plate cylinder 4.
  • the flexographic based system on a smoking article making machine overcomes many of the problems previously experienced using letterpress technology.
  • the water-based ink which one can use with flexographic printers is quick to penetrate into the cigarette wrapping material, for example, so driers are not necessarily required and the clarity of the print margins are improved because of better absorbency of the ink.
  • There is reduced 'set off 1 of ink because the ink dries more quickly, even when the weight of ink pigment is increased to increase print intensity, unlike with oil based inks.
  • Cleaning of machinery is also easier, less messy and less problematical and there is no problem with disposal of solvent cleaning fluids, as with oil based inks.
  • the ink is distributed better across the whole image area because of the use of an anilox roller and low viscosity inks.
  • the ink on the image indicia is renewed on the anilox roller at every rotation of the plate cylinder, unlike the letterpress system where the inking roller is replenished inefficiently at high speeds.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Printing Methods (AREA)
  • Rotary Presses (AREA)
  • Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention se rapporte à l'amélioration de la qualité d'impression sur une machine (20) de fabrication de tiges d'articles pour fumeur grâce à l'utilisation d'un système d'impression flexographique (1). On obtient une meilleure qualité d'impression et des vitesses d'impressions plus élevées tout en utilisant avantageusement une encre à base d'eau (12) au lieu des encres actuelles à base d'huile.
PCT/GB1999/001036 1998-04-03 1999-04-01 Impression flexographique sur une feuille d'articles pour fumeurs Ceased WO1999051439A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU33391/99A AU3339199A (en) 1998-04-03 1999-04-01 Flexographic printing on smoking article web material
GB0022396A GB2351040B (en) 1998-04-03 1999-04-01 Flexographic printing on smoking article web material

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB9807091.5A GB9807091D0 (en) 1998-04-03 1998-04-03 Improvements relating to printing on smoking article web material
GB9807091.5 1998-04-03

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999051439A1 true WO1999051439A1 (fr) 1999-10-14

Family

ID=10829744

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1999/001036 Ceased WO1999051439A1 (fr) 1998-04-03 1999-04-01 Impression flexographique sur une feuille d'articles pour fumeurs

Country Status (4)

Country Link
CN (1) CN1191930C (fr)
AU (1) AU3339199A (fr)
GB (2) GB9807091D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO1999051439A1 (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1544263A1 (fr) 2003-12-16 2005-06-22 Sicpa Holding S.A. encre pour l'impression en relief
WO2009000499A2 (fr) 2007-06-27 2008-12-31 Hauni Maschinenbau Ag Groupe d'impression d'une machine utilisée dans l'industrie de traitement du tabac
WO2013057339A1 (fr) * 2011-10-17 2013-04-25 Miquel Y Costas & Miquel, S.A. Procédé d'impression monocouche de papier pour des articles à fumer
CN103302877A (zh) * 2013-05-30 2013-09-18 青岛理工大学 嵌入式共固化复合材料中带复杂图案阻尼薄膜的制作工艺
JP2014516558A (ja) * 2011-06-09 2014-07-17 ミカエル イ コスタス アンド ミカエル ソシエダット アノニマ 喫煙物品用巻紙のコーティング用組成物
CN104372719A (zh) * 2014-09-12 2015-02-25 青岛嘉泽包装有限公司 香甜味烟用接装纸的制作方法

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE202011050360U1 (de) 2011-06-06 2012-09-10 Gizeh Raucherbedarf Gmbh Zigarettenpapierbüchel
CN102896922A (zh) * 2011-07-25 2013-01-30 大亚科技股份有限公司 一种水性油墨接装纸生产方法
DE102011121320A1 (de) * 2011-12-16 2013-06-20 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Ag Flexodruckverfahren
CN106183384B (zh) * 2016-06-30 2018-11-23 九国春武汉包装科技有限公司 随机纹理防伪印刷的移印装置及移印系统

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB276077A (en) * 1926-05-19 1927-08-19 Walter Everett Molins Improvements in or relating to printing apparatus for use with cigarette machinery
DE3014904A1 (de) * 1980-04-18 1981-11-05 Hauni-Werke Körber & Co KG, 2050 Hamburg Verfahren und anordnung zum uebertragen von farbe aus einem handelsueblichen farbbehaelter auf einen zigarettenpapierstreifen
EP0118984A1 (fr) * 1983-01-31 1984-09-19 Gallaher Limited Enveloppe pour tige à fumer
GB2184064A (en) * 1985-12-11 1987-06-17 Molins Plc Printing on continuous webs
EP0253018A1 (fr) * 1986-07-10 1988-01-20 ICI Lacke Farben GmbH Papier de revêtement pour bouts de cigarettes
US5088407A (en) * 1990-04-25 1992-02-18 F. L. Smithe Machine Company, Inc. Rotary printer for an envelope machine
EP0523567A1 (fr) * 1991-07-11 1993-01-20 Michael Huber München Gmbh Encre d'impression de bronze couleur ou d'effet et procédé d'obtention d'une telle impression
US5249587A (en) * 1992-01-21 1993-10-05 Philip Morris Incorporated Gear transmission for printer die in cigarette making machine
US5413041A (en) * 1993-05-07 1995-05-09 Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S.P.A. High-speed web-fed flexographic printer
US5674571A (en) * 1995-04-19 1997-10-07 Focke & Co. (Gmbh & Co.) Method and apparatus for the coating of liquids onto film webs, particularly of color prints

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB276077A (en) * 1926-05-19 1927-08-19 Walter Everett Molins Improvements in or relating to printing apparatus for use with cigarette machinery
DE3014904A1 (de) * 1980-04-18 1981-11-05 Hauni-Werke Körber & Co KG, 2050 Hamburg Verfahren und anordnung zum uebertragen von farbe aus einem handelsueblichen farbbehaelter auf einen zigarettenpapierstreifen
EP0118984A1 (fr) * 1983-01-31 1984-09-19 Gallaher Limited Enveloppe pour tige à fumer
GB2184064A (en) * 1985-12-11 1987-06-17 Molins Plc Printing on continuous webs
EP0253018A1 (fr) * 1986-07-10 1988-01-20 ICI Lacke Farben GmbH Papier de revêtement pour bouts de cigarettes
US5088407A (en) * 1990-04-25 1992-02-18 F. L. Smithe Machine Company, Inc. Rotary printer for an envelope machine
EP0523567A1 (fr) * 1991-07-11 1993-01-20 Michael Huber München Gmbh Encre d'impression de bronze couleur ou d'effet et procédé d'obtention d'une telle impression
US5249587A (en) * 1992-01-21 1993-10-05 Philip Morris Incorporated Gear transmission for printer die in cigarette making machine
US5413041A (en) * 1993-05-07 1995-05-09 Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S.P.A. High-speed web-fed flexographic printer
US5674571A (en) * 1995-04-19 1997-10-07 Focke & Co. (Gmbh & Co.) Method and apparatus for the coating of liquids onto film webs, particularly of color prints

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1544263A1 (fr) 2003-12-16 2005-06-22 Sicpa Holding S.A. encre pour l'impression en relief
WO2009000499A2 (fr) 2007-06-27 2008-12-31 Hauni Maschinenbau Ag Groupe d'impression d'une machine utilisée dans l'industrie de traitement du tabac
WO2009000499A3 (fr) * 2007-06-27 2009-03-05 Hauni Maschinenbau Ag Groupe d'impression d'une machine utilisée dans l'industrie de traitement du tabac
JP2014516558A (ja) * 2011-06-09 2014-07-17 ミカエル イ コスタス アンド ミカエル ソシエダット アノニマ 喫煙物品用巻紙のコーティング用組成物
WO2013057339A1 (fr) * 2011-10-17 2013-04-25 Miquel Y Costas & Miquel, S.A. Procédé d'impression monocouche de papier pour des articles à fumer
ES2402151A1 (es) * 2011-10-17 2013-04-29 Miquel Y Costas & Miquel, S.A. Procedimiento de impresión monocapa de papel para artículos de fumar.
JP2015501145A (ja) * 2011-10-17 2015-01-15 ミカエル イ コスタス アンド ミカエル ソシエダット アノニマ 喫煙物品用ラップ紙の単層印刷方法
AU2012324737B2 (en) * 2011-10-17 2016-03-10 Miquel Y Costas & Miquel, S.A. Single-layer printing method of paper wrapper for smoking articles
RU2580276C2 (ru) * 2011-10-17 2016-04-10 Микель И Костас & Микель, С.А. Способ однослойной печати на бумажной обертке для курительных изделий
US9402417B2 (en) 2011-10-17 2016-08-02 Miquel Y Costas & Miquel, S.A. Single layer printing method of paper wrapper for smoking articles
KR101844810B1 (ko) * 2011-10-17 2018-04-03 미쿠엘 와이 코스타스 앤드 미쿠엘, 에스.에이. 흡연 제품용 페이퍼 랩퍼의 싱글-레이어 프린팅 방법
CN103302877A (zh) * 2013-05-30 2013-09-18 青岛理工大学 嵌入式共固化复合材料中带复杂图案阻尼薄膜的制作工艺
CN103302877B (zh) * 2013-05-30 2015-10-28 青岛理工大学 具有复杂图案阻尼薄膜嵌入的共固化复合材料构件制作工艺
CN104372719A (zh) * 2014-09-12 2015-02-25 青岛嘉泽包装有限公司 香甜味烟用接装纸的制作方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2351040B (en) 2002-06-19
GB0022396D0 (en) 2000-11-01
GB2351040A (en) 2000-12-20
CN1191930C (zh) 2005-03-09
GB9807091D0 (en) 1998-06-03
AU3339199A (en) 1999-10-25
CN1296444A (zh) 2001-05-23

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