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WO1998017082A1 - Dispositif de chauffage plat a element plat multicouche, de preference transparent, et procede permettant de faire fonctionner ce dispositif - Google Patents

Dispositif de chauffage plat a element plat multicouche, de preference transparent, et procede permettant de faire fonctionner ce dispositif Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998017082A1
WO1998017082A1 PCT/AT1997/000218 AT9700218W WO9817082A1 WO 1998017082 A1 WO1998017082 A1 WO 1998017082A1 AT 9700218 W AT9700218 W AT 9700218W WO 9817082 A1 WO9817082 A1 WO 9817082A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
heating device
layer
current
energy
surface heating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/AT1997/000218
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Christian Karl Niederleitner
Alfred Pesek
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
NK KARL NIEDERLEITNER GmbH
Original Assignee
NK KARL NIEDERLEITNER GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by NK KARL NIEDERLEITNER GmbH filed Critical NK KARL NIEDERLEITNER GmbH
Priority to EP97942701A priority Critical patent/EP0934680A1/fr
Priority to AU44447/97A priority patent/AU4444797A/en
Publication of WO1998017082A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998017082A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/84—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/66—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together
    • E06B3/67—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together characterised by additional arrangements or devices for heat or sound insulation or for controlled passage of light
    • E06B3/6715—Units comprising two or more parallel glass or like panes permanently secured together characterised by additional arrangements or devices for heat or sound insulation or for controlled passage of light specially adapted for increased thermal insulation or for controlled passage of light
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a surface heating device for structural systems, in particular for wall parts delimiting interiors, as described in the preambles of claims 1 to 4.
  • an exothermic-transparent body e.g. a window pane, a windshield or the like, known from DE 34 18 612 A1, which contains an electrically conductive, transparent film layer which is uniformly formed on at least one surface of a transparent substrate of a body. At least one pair of metal electrodes are located on the electrically conductive film layer along the two opposite sides of the layer. With their help, electrical power is fed into the electrically conductive, transparent film layer, so that the surface of the exothermic-transparent body is heated, whereby fogging of the surface of the body is prevented.
  • the film layer consists of at least one of the elements consisting of tin dioxide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide and gold.
  • the layer thickness of the film layer is 1500 angstroms, the sheet resistance of the film is preferably less than 100 ohms / unit area.
  • a disadvantage of this surface heating device is the use of tin dioxide, titanium dioxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide and gold, which have a relatively high specific resistance, as a result of which the current heat required to heat a surface of a transparent substrate can only be increased by increasing the line cross section (by increasing the layer thickness of the Heating layer) or by increasing the current or voltage.
  • this large layer thickness has negative effects on the optical properties (in particular on the transparency).
  • an electrically heated car glass pane made of laminated glass which has a multilayer located between two panes, which consists of a zinc oxide layer arranged on the inside of the first glass pane, an electrically conductive layer arranged on the latter consists of silver, an anti-reflective covering layer made of zinc oxide arranged thereon and an adhesion-improving layer made of a metal or metal oxide arranged thereon.
  • the invention is based on the object of providing a surface heating device with which a heat loss from thermal energy generated by fossil fuels of a structural system, a vehicle and other interior parts delimiting wall parts is reduced and, in particular when using transparent surface elements, good optical properties, such as transmission capacity, Absorbance and reflectivity are retained. Furthermore, a uniform surface temperature of the wall parts should be achieved.
  • the current conducting layer should have the lowest possible resistance and the current heat generated should be increased.
  • the object of the invention is achieved by the features reproduced in the characterizing part of claim 1.
  • the surprising advantage here is that the heat loss in an edge zone of a wall part, which is larger than that of a core zone, is compensated, which can produce a uniform surface temperature.
  • the object of the invention is also achieved in the characterizing part of claim 2 reproduced characteristics solved.
  • the surprising advantage here is that the current-conducting layer is formed by series-connected resistors in the form of layer strips, whereby an overall resistance is reduced, an amperage and thus the current heat generated is increased without increasing the layer thickness of the current-conducting layer. In particular, this also preserves the good optical properties of the surface element.
  • the object of the invention is also achieved by the features reproduced in the characterizing part of claim 3.
  • the surprising advantage here is that a thermal energy located in an interior cannot pass through the surface element, which improves the energy balance.
  • the object of the invention is also achieved by the features reproduced in the characterizing part of claim 4.
  • the surprising advantage here is that the preferred use of a silane-metal oxide compound, which has a lower specific resistance compared to conventional transparent, conductive coatings, allows the required cross section of the heating layer to be reduced by reducing the layer thickness, without thereby to bring about an undesirable reduction in the heat of electricity. This allows the contradictory, electrical and optical properties of the heating layer to be optimally agreed.
  • the required line cross section of the current-conducting layer can be reduced by reducing the layer thickness, without this resulting in an undesired reduction in the current heat.
  • a further development according to claim 8 is advantageous, whereby the optical properties of the current conducting layer are improved.
  • An embodiment variant according to claim 9 has the advantage that the surface temperature of an inside facing an interior is increased, whereby the heat flow of an energy inside the base element is reduced and thus a heat loss from thermal energy generated by fossil fuels is avoided and thus also a pollutant emission the environment is reduced.
  • a possible advantageous development is described in claim 10, whereby an automatic loosening of the layer structure, for example by UV radiation, is avoided and thus an undesired, rapid aging of the connection areas of two layers is avoided.
  • An embodiment according to claim 11 is favorable, as a result of which an electrical resistance is further reduced and thus the current intensity or the current heat can be increased.
  • a development according to claim 12 makes it possible to facilitate the installation of a base element or the surface heating device in structural systems, in particular wall parts delimiting interiors, and to reduce assembly costs.
  • a further development according to claim 13 is advantageous, as a result of which the surface heating device can be designed as a window, which in itself enables an undesirably high heat transfer, and thus a substitution of a heat loss by fossil heat energy by a heat loss of heat generated by solar energy takes place in window areas and moreover the heat transfer in the frame area is reduced.
  • the thermal effect which is achieved by avoiding heat losses as far as possible, it also fulfills static functions that increase the stability of the frame and frame parts and, in many cases, eliminate the need for particularly heat-conducting stiffeners due to metal profiles.
  • An embodiment variant according to claim 14 is advantageous, as a result of which outer surfaces which are exposed to intensive solar radiation can be used to generate electricity, in particular to operate the surface heating device.
  • a development according to claim 15 has the advantage that the solar cells can be manufactured in a simple manner with good efficiency, thereby reducing operating costs.
  • a further development according to claim 16 ensures that a spectral part of the light, in particular in the infrared range, is reflected, as a result of which, for example, radiant heat in the area of the surface heating device cannot escape from an interior space and, furthermore, a further spectral part of the incident light is filtered or reflected, thereby darkening takes place in the interior and there is no undesired heating of the interior in the event of intense sunshine.
  • a further development according to claim 17 is advantageous, as a result of which the current conducting layer cannot be damaged by external mechanical influences, for example when cleaning windows.
  • An embodiment according to claim 20 is also possible, as a result of which a simple and therefore inexpensive construction for such a surface element is achieved.
  • the invention further relates to an electricity generation or supply device as described in the preamble of claim 21.
  • an electricity generation or supply device in particular a system for using the radiation impinging on structures, in particular solar radiation, by detecting and converting the radiation into electrical energy by means of solar cells is already known. These serve to supply electricity to a plurality of consumers and are arranged in areas on the outer surfaces of a building. The excess energy generated by the solar cells can be fed into regional power grids, which reduces the proportion of energy generated by burning fossil fuels and thus minimizes carbon dioxide pollution in the environment.
  • this system does not have a computer designed as an energy balance controller, which means that there is no need-based distribution of the generated solar power, as e.g. for heating devices at different outside temperatures is required.
  • the invention is based on the object of supplying heating devices by means of solar power so that the thermal energy generated with them can be adapted to various parameters, in particular the outside temperature or inside temperature in the building, so as to reduce the heat loss from thermal energy generated by fossil fuels.
  • the object of the invention is achieved by the features described in the characterizing part of claim 21.
  • the surprising advantage here is that the consumers are supplied with computer support, that is to say with solar power as required, and in particular wall elements are heated which would cause a great heat loss without heating.
  • a further development according to claim 22 is advantageous, as a result of which the energy generated can be distributed to a wide variety of consumers in a simple manner.
  • a further development according to claim 23 is advantageous, as a result of which the consumers are fed in accordance with automatically determined and processed parameters, thereby reducing operating effort.
  • Claim 25 describes in an advantageous manner a sensor that is resistant to mechanical wear.
  • the invention further relates to a method for operating a heating device, as described in the preamble of claim 26.
  • a disadvantage of these methods is that the actual temperature is usually reduced centrally in the room of a building or on an inner wall of the building, as a result of which heating, in particular on heating devices arranged thereon, does not take place corresponding to the loss of energy through external walls or external elements of buildings.
  • This has the effect that the temperature on the inner surfaces of the outer walls or outer elements is lower than the room temperature to such an extent that an undesirable heat flow from the Interior takes place in the inner surface of the outer wall parts or outer wall elements, whereby the energy loss mostly generated by fossil fuels thermal energy is unnecessarily large.
  • An embodiment variant according to claim 27 is advantageous, as a result of which the unnecessary, i.e. Solar energy that is not to be supplied to the panel heating device can be used for other uses.
  • An embodiment variant according to claim 29 is furthermore favorable, in which the surface heating device is supplied by externally supplied current, e.g. from the public network.
  • An embodiment variant according to claim 33 is advantageous, by means of which regulation or control of the interior temperature takes place, which can be increased by means of a reusable heat exchanger that is operated with solar power.
  • a training option according to claim 34 is advantageous, through which, in the case of a higher outside temperature, the possibility of switching on air conditioning units in summer times, which are operated by solar power, is achieved.
  • a further development according to claim 35 is advantageous, in which the surface heating device is activated when a heat loss from thermal energy generated by fossil fuels exceeds a certain level or becomes too high.
  • a further development according to claim 36 has the advantage that the energy required for distribution to several consumers can be distributed according to an individual priority.
  • a training variant according to claim 37 is possible, in which the distribution of the feed to different consumers, which is determined according to individual priorities, can be adapted in accordance with the external weather conditions, although adaptation to other parameters, for example the internal temperature, is also possible.
  • FIG. 1 shows a surface heating device according to the invention, in a side view
  • Figure 2 shows the surface heating device according to the invention, sectioned, along the lines II-II in Fig. 1.
  • FIG. 3 shows a further surface heating device according to the invention, in a side view
  • FIG. 5 shows a partial area of another surface heating device according to the invention, in section, in the end view
  • FIG. 6 shows a partial area of a further surface heating device according to the invention, in section, in the end view
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a power generation and supply device according to the invention.
  • Fig. 8 shows a temperature profile of the heat transfer on a surface element.
  • a surface heating device 1 for, for example, structural systems, vehicles, containers, etc.
  • This serves especially for the Use on or as interior spaces 2 wall parts 3 and has a multilayer, preferably transparent, surface element 4, which consists of at least one base element 5 and at least one layer 6 arranged thereon.
  • the base element 5 is formed, for example, from glass, plastic or concrete and at least one layer 6 is designed as a current-conducting layer 7.
  • the current-conducting layer 7 is arranged on an inside 8 of the base element 5 facing the interior 2 and preferably consists of a homogeneous, conductive and preferably transparent silane-metal oxide compound.
  • it can also consist, for example, of gold, silver, platinum, cadmium, tin, indium or of oxides and / or adequate elements of the periodic table of the chemical elements or their compounds and oxides.
  • the current conducting layer 7 is applied on the inside 8 of the base element 5 so as to form a molecular connection in a transition zone 9.
  • This transition zone 9 can also consist of a thermoplastic intermediate layer, for example of polyvinyl butyral, and / or a thin layer of titanium, nickel, chromium, tantalum or an oxide and / or a compound of these metals.
  • the adhesion of the current conducting layer 7 to the base element 5 is thus improved.
  • the current-conducting layer 7 is delimited by a transition surface 10 which faces the inside 8 or the transition zone 9.
  • the current conducting layer 7 can also be formed in the form of a scratch-resistant, organic / inorganic nanocomposite.
  • the surface element 4, for example the base element 5, is delimited by at least one frame 11, which is formed, for example, from wood, metal or plastic.
  • the frame 11 can be designed as a window frame 12 which has hollow profiles 13.
  • a hollow profile 13 has at least one cavity 14 in which a core 15 made of foamed plastic is arranged.
  • a plurality of photovoltaic elements 17 are preferably arranged, which serve to absorb solar radiation and thus take over the power supply of the current conducting layer 7 or other consumers.
  • the photovoltaic elements 17 can consist of a solar cell arrangement 18 made of polycrystalline-amorphous solar cells. These have an efficiency of more than 10%.
  • the window frame 12 is bounded, for example, by a lintel 19 and this, for example, by a window covering 20 anchored in wall elements.
  • the photovoltaic elements 17 can also be on the interior 2 be facing away from the lintel 19 and / or the window covering 20. However, it is also possible to arrange the photovoltaic elements 17 directly on the surface element 4 or at any point, for example a building, a vehicle or a container.
  • the current-conducting layer 7 consists of a core layer 21 and an edge layer 22, which at least in some areas delimits it, which delimits the current-conducting layer 7 in the direction of the frame 11, in particular the window frame 12.
  • the boundary layer 22 is delimited in the direction of the interior 2 by an interior boundary surface 23, which is spaced from the transition surface 10 of the current-conducting layer 7 in the direction of the interior 2 by an edge layer thickness 24 measured at right angles to the transition surface 10.
  • the core layer 21 is delimited in the direction of the interior 2 by a core layer inner surface 25 which is spaced from the transition surface 10 in the direction of the interior 2 by a core layer thickness 26 measured at right angles to the transition surface 10. This is less than the edge layer thickness 24.
  • the edge layer thickness 24 and the core layer thickness 26 are approximately 10 5 mm to 10 7 mm.
  • the base element 5, which is designed, for example, as a glass pane 27, is delimited opposite to the interior 2 by an outside 28 running parallel to the inside 8, which extends from the inside 8 by one
  • Thickness 29 is spaced opposite to the interior 2.
  • the inside 8 and the outside 28 of the base element 5, in particular the glass pane 27, are covered by an end face which is preferably at right angles to the inside 8
  • this area Since the heat loss in this circumferential area is now increased due to the radiation area increased by the end face area 30, this area must be exposed to a greater supply of heat in order to avoid cold spots, for example, or to achieve a uniform surface temperature of the inside 8 of the base element 5. This takes place through the edge layer 22, since a greater current can flow through the edge layer thickness 24, which is greater than the core layer thickness 26, and thus greater current heat is generated in this area, which compensates for the increased heat loss in the edge area in relation to the core area .
  • a further surface heating device 1 is shown in the jointly described FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • This has at least one base element 5, which is formed, for example, from plastic or concrete or as a glass pane 27. This is by an inner side 8 facing an inner side 8 and a parallel to this, the inner space 2 facing away from the outside 28, which are spaced apart by a thickness 29.
  • At least one layer 6 is arranged on the inside 8 and / or outside 28, at least one layer 6 being designed as a current-conducting layer 7.
  • the base element 5 and the layer 6 form a surface element 4 which is delimited by a width 31 and a length 32 measured at right angles to this.
  • the current conducting layer 7 is formed by a plurality of layer strips 33, which consist of longitudinal layer strips 34 running parallel to the length 32 and transverse layer strips 35 running parallel to the width 31.
  • the layer strips 33, in particular the longitudinal layer strips 34, are separated by spaces 36 running parallel to the length 32, for example. These can be produced in such a way that a homogeneous current-conducting layer 7 is formed, in which the intermediate spaces 36 are produced, for example, by milling, grinding, etching.
  • two adjacent longitudinal layer strips 34 are connected to the line via a transverse layer strip 35.
  • the cross-layer strips 35 each run adjacent to an upper side 37 or a lower side 38, which are spaced apart from one another by the length 32.
  • the current-conducting layer 7 has a meandering course, an intermediate space 36 running from the upper side 37 towards the lower side 38 and an intermediate space 36 adjacent to this intermediate space 36 extending from the lower side 38 towards the upper side 37.
  • the current conducting layer 7 can be connected to the inside 8 of the base element 5 via a molecular connection or via a transition zone 9 arranged between a transition surface 10 of the current conducting layer 7.
  • the current conducting layer 7 is delimited in the direction of the interior 2 by an inner layer surface 39 which is spaced apart from the transition surface 10 by a layer thickness 40.
  • the longitudinal layer strips 34 have a longitudinal strip width 41 measured parallel to the width 31 and a longitudinal strip length 42 measured at right angles to this, which corresponds to the length 32.
  • the gaps 36 have a gap width 43 measured parallel to the longitudinal strip width 41, which is preferably smaller than the longitudinal strip width 41.
  • the transverse layer strips 35 have a transverse strip width 44 measured at right angles to the longitudinal strip width 41, which corresponds, for example, to the longitudinal strip width 41.
  • the current conducting layer 7 is integrated into a circuit via contacting electrodes 45.
  • a contacting electrode 45 is arranged at least in regions over the longitudinal strip width 41 or the longitudinal strip length 42 and likewise the second contacting electrode 45, which is arranged on the longitudinal layer strip 34 which is the most distant from the longitudinal layer strip 34 of the first contacting electrode 45.
  • the transition region of the contacting electrode 45 to the current-conducting layer 7 can, for example, be applied by applying an electrically conductive thin film or an electrically conductive one Paste be formed so that an increase in the electrical resistance between the contacting electrodes 45 and the current conducting layer 7 is reduced.
  • This configuration of the current-conducting layer 7 ensures that it is formed by layer strips 33 connected in series, the total resistance of the current-conducting layer 7 being formed from the reciprocal of the reciprocal values of the individual resistances of the individual layer strips 33, as a result of which the total resistance is compared to that of a full-surface layer Stromleit GmbH 7 can be kept low. As a result, a current intensity and thus a current heat generated is increased, whereby the heating power of such a current conducting layer 7 is increased.
  • FIG. 5 shows a partial area of another surface heating device 1 according to the invention.
  • This in turn consists of a multilayer, preferably transparent surface element 4 which is delimited by a frame 11, for example a window frame 12.
  • a frame 11 for example a window frame 12.
  • This consists of a hollow profile 13, for example made of plastic or metal, with or without intermediate webs and delimits a cavity 14 in which a core 15, preferably made of foamed plastic, is arranged.
  • the frame 11 has, for example, two indentations 46 for holding sealing elements 47, which are preferably made of rubber.
  • the surface element 4 consists of two base elements 5 spaced 48 apart from one another, which are designed, for example, as glass panes 27.
  • the glass pane 27 arranged adjacent to an interior space 2 is delimited in the direction of the interior space 2 by a flat inner surface 8 on which at least one current conducting layer 7, preferably made of a homogeneous, conductive and transparent silane-metal oxide compound, is arranged. This is firmly attached to the base element 5 to form a molecular compound which is arranged in a transition zone 9.
  • the current conducting layer 7 is delimited in the direction of the interior 2 by a layer inside 39 running parallel to the inside 8, which is spaced from a transition surface 10 of the current conducting layer 7 facing the inside 8 by a layer thickness 40 measured at right angles to this in the direction of the interior 2, which is 10 mm to 10 mm, preferably 10 mm.
  • the current conducting layer 7 is formed in the form of a scratch-resistant, organic / inorganic nanocomposite.
  • a further layer 6, in particular a reflection layer 49, is arranged on the inner layer surface 39 of the current-conducting layer 7 in the direction of the interior 2. This serves to reflect a thermal energy present in the interior 2, which is preferably directed in the form of infrared radiation - arrow 50 - from the interior 2 opposite to it, onto a Reflecting surface 51 running parallel to the inner surface 39 of the current-conducting layer 7 strikes and is deflected or reflected by the latter in the direction of the interior 2.
  • the glass pane 27 has a thickness 29 which is delimited by the inside 8 and the outside 28.
  • the reflection layer 49 has a layer thickness 52 which is delimited by the reflection surface 51 and a contact surface 53 facing away from it and running parallel to it.
  • the surface element 4 can also be designed such that the distance 48 corresponds to the layer thickness 52 of the reflection layer 49, so that the reflection surface 51 of a reflection layer 49 arranged on a glass pane 27 bears against the outside 28 of another glass pane 27.
  • the contact surface 53 can be embodied as a reflection surface 51 or the reflection surface 51 as a contact surface 53.
  • the reflection layer 49, which is further away from the interior 2 has the effect that the heat energy, preferably in the form of infrared radiation - arrow 50 - directed by an exterior region 54, which is separated from the interior 2 by the surface element 4, through the glass pane 27 passes and is deflected and reflected on the contact surface 53 or the reflection surface 51 in the opposite direction to the interior 2.
  • a non-reflected portion of the infrared radiation can pass through the reflection layer 49 removed from the interior 2 and is deflected on the contact surface 53 or reflection surface 51 of the reflection layer 49 facing the interior 2 in the opposite direction to the interior 2 and in the direction of the reflection layer distant from the interior 2 49 directed, from which the infrared radiation can in turn be deflected towards the interior 2.
  • an inner region 55 of the surface element 4, which is delimited by the outside 28 of the glass pane 27 arranged adjacent to the interior 2 and the reflection surface 51 of the reflection layer 49 which is more distant from the interior 2 can be heated or heated.
  • FIG. 6 shows a partial area of a further surface heating device 1 according to the invention in cross section. This consists of a surface element 4, which is bordered by a frame 11, in particular a window frame 12, in the form of a hollow profile 13.
  • the hollow profile 13 preferably has a plurality of cavities 14 separated from one another by intermediate webs 59.
  • the hollow profile 13 has indentations 46 in which sealing elements 47 are arranged.
  • the surface element 4 is in turn multilayered, preferably transparent, and has two base elements 5, for example glass panes 27, which are arranged parallel to one another at a distance 48 from one another.
  • the glass pane 27 arranged adjacent to the interior 2 is delimited in the direction of the interior 2 by the inside 8, on which a current conducting layer 7 with a transition surface 10 or through a transition zone 9 is arranged.
  • the glass pane 27 has a thickness 29 which distances the inside 8 from an outside 28 facing away from the interior 2.
  • the current-conducting layer 7 has a layer thickness 40 which distances an inner layer surface 39 facing the interior 2 from the transition surface 10 in the direction of the interior 2.
  • a protective layer 60 is located on the inner layer surface 39, which is arranged so as to adhere firmly to the inner layer surface 39 and protrudes by a layer thickness 61 in the direction of the interior 2. This separates an inner layer side 62 of the protective layer 60, which faces the interior 2, from an outer layer side 63, which bears against the inner layer surface 39 of the current conducting layer 7 and via which the protective layer 60 is arranged on the current conducting layer 7.
  • the protective layer 60 can, however, also be arranged on the inside 8 and / or on the outside 28 of the base element 5.
  • a metal layer 64 can be arranged on an outer side 28 of the base element 5, which is more distant from the interior 2.
  • the electricity generation and supply device 65 serves to supply a plurality of consumers 66 with current obtained from photovoltaic elements 17, in particular solar cell arrangement 18. These are arranged in areas on the outer surfaces 67 of a building 68, for example on wall parts, roof elements, balconies or also on a surface element 4 of a surface heating device 1.
  • the electricity generation and supply device 65 has a control and regulating device 69, which is connected to the surface heating device 1 forming a consumer 66 via one or more lines 70.
  • the control and regulating device 69 is also via at least one line 71 to the photovoltaic elements 17 via at least one line 72 to a public energy network 73 via at least one Line 74 is connected to an energy store 75, which is designed, for example, as a rechargeable battery, and to at least one line 76 with a reusable heat exchanger 77 designed as a consumer 66. This is connected to a heating device 79 via hydraulic lines 78.
  • the reusable heat exchanger 77 which is fed by means of the solar power, heats up a heat transfer medium, for example water, present in the heating device 79 and in the hydraulic lines 78.
  • the surface heating device 1 consists, as already described, of a multilayer, preferably transparent surface element 4, which consists of one or more base elements 5, for example made of glass, plastic or concrete, and one or more layers 6 arranged thereon. At least one of these layers 6 is designed as a current-conducting layer 7, which is arranged on an inner side 8 of the base element 5 and projects beyond it in the direction of an interior 2 of the building 68.
  • the current conducting layer 7 is made, for example, of a homogeneous, conductive and preferably transparent silane-metal oxide compound f. formed fertilizer and has a layer thickness 40 of 10 to 10 " mm, preferably 10 " mm.
  • a reflection layer 49 is arranged, for example, on an outer side 28 of the base element 5 facing away from the interior 2.
  • At least one surface temperature sensor 80 is arranged on the inside 8 of the base element 5 or an inner layer surface 39 of the current-conducting layer 7 and is connected to the control and regulating device 69 via a line 81.
  • an outside temperature sensor 82 is arranged on the outer surface 67 of the building 68 and a heat recording and control device 84 and / or time recording and control device 85 is arranged on an inner surface 83 of the building 68 facing away from the outer surface 67 and facing the interior 2.
  • the outside temperature sensor 82 is connected via a line 86 and the heat detection and control device 84 and / or time recording and control device 85 via at least one line 87 to the control and regulating device 69.
  • the control and regulating device 69 consists of an energy balance controller 88 and a branching switching device 90 connected to it via a line 89.
  • the branching switching device 90 is, for example, a power switching part via connections with at least one surface heating device 1 and / or an energy store 75 and / or a reusable heat exchanger 77 and / or the energy network 73 and connected to the solar cell arrangement 18 at at least one connection.
  • the energy balance controller 88 which is designed as a control part, for example in the form of a computer, or the branching switching device 90 has inputs at which the lines 81, 86 and 87 are arranged as control lines.
  • the energy balance controller 88 is connected to the line with at least one heat recording and control device 84 and / or a time recording and control device 85 and / or an outside temperature sensor 82 and / or a surface temperature sensor 80.
  • the surface temperature sensor 80 can be designed as a radiation temperature sensor 91. However, in addition to the surface temperature sensor 80, it is also possible to provide a separate radiation temperature sensor 91 which is connected to the energy balance controller 88 by a line. However, the radiation temperature sensor 91 can also be formed in the solar cell arrangement 18 and by a bimetallic piezo switching element.
  • a temperature curve 92 is formed in the area of the surface heating device 1, which is shown in broken lines for the steady state in which no energy is supplied to the current-conducting layer 7.
  • the surface heating device 1, in particular the surface element 4, in turn consists of a base element 5 in the form of a glass pane 27 and a current conducting layer 7 arranged thereon.
  • the surface element 4 separates an interior 2 from an outer region 54, the current conducting layer 7 facing the interior 2 is.
  • the surface element 4 forms a heat-conducting zone 96, in which a temperature drop from the actual surface temperature 95 to an actual outside temperature 97 of an outside 28 of the glass pane 27, which faces the outside area 54, takes place.
  • a second heat transfer zone 98 extends from the outside 28 in the opposite direction to the interior 2, in which a temperature drop from the actual outside temperature 97 to an actual outside temperature 99 takes place.
  • a heat flow is formed from the interior 2 to the outer area 54, which is composed of a first partial heat flow in the first heat transfer zone 94 and the partial heat flow in the heat transfer zone 96 and the partial heat flow in the second heat transfer zone 98 , as shown schematically by an arrow symbol.
  • the first partial heat flow in the first heat transfer zone 94 is in part caused by a heat flow from the Increasing the surface temperature results, replaced, as is also shown schematically by an arrow representing this heat flow. This has the effect that heat energy stored in the interior 2, which is usually generated by conventional heating and thus combustion of fossil fuels, is not lost to the extent of heat loss.
  • the surface temperature in the range of the actual differential value 100 can optionally be controlled in conjunction with the control and regulating device 69, it being found that economical operation is achieved when the surface temperature is somewhat is below the actual room temperature 93.
  • a target room temperature is now specified, for example in the heat detection and control device 84 or in the control and regulating device 69 designed as a computer, for example in the energy balance controller 88 designed as a computer.
  • This is compared with an actual room temperature 93, which is measured, for example, in the heat detection and control device 84. If the actual room temperature 93 is now greater than the target room temperature, the energy balance controller 88 sends a switch-on signal to a consumer 66, for example an air-conditioning device, and a control signal to the branching switching device 90, in which the solar power either directly from the photovoltaic elements 17 or is forwarded from the energy storage device 75 to the air conditioners for their power supply.
  • control and regulating device 69 there is also a comparison of the actual room temperature 93 with the actual surface temperature 95 obtained via the surface temperature sensor 80.
  • the actual difference value 100 is formed from the difference between these two temperatures and with one in the control, for example - and control device 69 or in the heat detection and control device 84 predetermined difference value compared. If the actual difference value 100 exceeds the difference value, the energy balance controller 88 of the control and regulating device 69 is activated and an energy supply in the form of electrical energy into the surface heating device 1 is carried out until the actual difference value 100 reaches the difference value.
  • the solar power that is still produced is controlled by the control and regulating device 69, in particular by the energy balance controller 88 and / or the branching switching device 90, in order to supplement the energy drawn from the energy store 75 until it reaches a fixed upper capacity limit and / or a reusable heat exchanger 77 a water heater of the heating device 79 or excess energy via lines 72 and possibly an energy measuring device fed to the public energy network 73.
  • An energy supply of excess energy from the solar cell arrangement 18 via the energy balance controller 88 and / or the branch switching device device 90 to the energy store 95 and / or the reusable heat exchanger 77 and / or the energy network 73 also takes place, for example, when an actual surface temperature 95 of the surface heating device 1 is greater than the actual room temperature 93 minus the difference value.
  • the actual room temperature 93 is less than the target room temperature and / or the target room temperature is less than the actual outside temperature 99, which is determined, for example, by the outside temperature sensor 82 and processed in the control and regulating device 69, then a switch-on signal occurs from the energy balance controller 88 to the heating device 79, for example to the reusable heat exchanger 77 or to an oil burner or to the panel heating device 1. At the same time there is a switching signal from the energy balance controller 88 to the branching switching device 90, by means of which the current connection from the photovoltaic elements 17 to the heating device 79 is established .
  • a switch-on signal is sent from the energy balance controller 88 to the panel heating device 1 Furthermore, there is a switching signal from the energy balance controller 88 to the branching switching device 90, as a result of which the current connection between the surface heating device 1 and the photovoltaic elements 17 and / or the energy store 75 is established.
  • a priority circuit can be provided in the energy balance controller 88, in which the branching switching device 90 provides a power line between the photovoltaic elements 17 and the energy store 75 and / or the surface heating device 1.
  • the branching switching device 90 provides a power line between the photovoltaic elements 17 and the energy store 75 and / or the surface heating device 1.
  • This can e.g. be designed such that when an actual outside temperature 99 is greater than a desired outside temperature, for example specified in the energy balance controller 88, a branching device 90 establishes a power line between the photovoltaic elements 17 and the energy store 75. However, if the actual outside temperature 99 is lower than the target outside temperature, then a power line can be established between the photovoltaic elements 17 and the surface heating device 1 via the branching switching device 90.
  • the base element 5 can also be coated with a coating 101 on the outer surface 28, e.g. an insulating and / or a photochromatic layer, be provided and / or be formed from thermo glass.
  • the current conducting layer 7 can be supplied with direct current or alternating current and has a specific resistance which is constant in a temperature range from 15 ° to 30 °.
  • a medium 103 identified by lines, e.g. a gas or gas mixture.
  • a gas mixture is used for the medium 103 according to the invention, with which the radiation passage differs depending on the frequency range.
  • a gas mixture e.g. the passage of the infrared heat having an infrared range, as it is present in an interior, is largely prevented by absorption and reflection, on the other hand an almost unhindered passage of the light rays incident in the frequency range of visible light from the outside (“sunlight”) is made possible.
  • the infrared reflection of the heat radiation from below from the gas mixture is also advantageous in summer.
  • gases are e.g. CO2, CH., D and partially halogenated hydrogens or mixtures thereof.
  • the separating lines drawn between the base element 5 and the current-conducting layer 7 in the various figures for the sake of simplicity, in particular when they are formed as a silane-metal oxide connection, are only a hypothetical dividing line, since they form Molecular connection - as already described in FIGS. 1 and 2 - the transition zone 9 is formed.

Landscapes

  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des dispositifs de chauffage plats pour des installations dans des bâtiments, un dispositif générateur d'électricité et d'alimentation électrique, ainsi qu'un procédé permettant de faire fonctionner au moins un dispositif générateur d'électricité et d'alimentation électrique avec au moins un dispositif de chauffage. Le dispositif de chauffage plat (1) est conçu pour l'utilisation dans des installations dans des bâtiments, en particulier pour des éléments de paroi (3) délimitant des locaux (2), et est constitué par un élément plat (14) comprenant un ou plusieurs éléments de base (5) formés, par exemple, en verre, en matière plastique ou en des matériaux de construction inorganiques non métalliques, et une ou plusieurs couches (6) disposées sur ceux-ci, au moins une couche (6) étant réalisée sous la forme d'une couche électroconductrice (7). Cette dernière comprend une couche centrale (21) et une couche marginale (22) entourant au moins localement ladite couche centrale, la couche marginale (22) étant d'une épaisseur (24) supérieure à une épaisseur (26) de la couche centrale (21).
PCT/AT1997/000218 1996-10-14 1997-10-14 Dispositif de chauffage plat a element plat multicouche, de preference transparent, et procede permettant de faire fonctionner ce dispositif Ceased WO1998017082A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP97942701A EP0934680A1 (fr) 1996-10-14 1997-10-14 Dispositif de chauffage plat a element plat multicouche, de preference transparent, et procede permettant de faire fonctionner ce dispositif
AU44447/97A AU4444797A (en) 1996-10-14 1997-10-14 Plane heating device with a multilayer, preferably transparent plane element and method of operation

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ATA1802/96 1996-10-14
AT0180296A AT407324B (de) 1996-10-14 1996-10-14 Flächenheizeinrichtung mit einem mehrschichtigen, bevorzugt transparenten, flächenelement und verfahren zum betrieb

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1998017082A1 true WO1998017082A1 (fr) 1998-04-23

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Family Applications (1)

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PCT/AT1997/000218 Ceased WO1998017082A1 (fr) 1996-10-14 1997-10-14 Dispositif de chauffage plat a element plat multicouche, de preference transparent, et procede permettant de faire fonctionner ce dispositif

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0934680A1 (fr)
AT (1) AT407324B (fr)
AU (1) AU4444797A (fr)
WO (1) WO1998017082A1 (fr)

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2513993A (en) * 1946-07-13 1950-07-04 Budd Co Panel heating
FR1366605A (fr) * 1963-08-26 1964-07-10 Heraeus Gmbh W C Plaque transparente en particulier pour véhicules
DE2149589A1 (de) * 1970-10-08 1972-04-20 Ppg Industries Inc Elektrisch geheiztes,vielfach verglastes Fenster
FR2293405A1 (fr) * 1972-11-29 1976-07-02 Triplex Safety Glass Co Articles, notamment pare-brise, a substrat non conducteur muni d'une couche d'oxyde metallique transparente et electriquement conductrice
DE2936398A1 (de) * 1979-09-08 1981-03-26 Ver Glaswerke Gmbh Elektrisch beheizbare glasscheibe
US4459470A (en) * 1982-01-26 1984-07-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Glass heating panels and method for preparing the same from architectural reflective glass
EP0137923A1 (fr) * 1983-09-07 1985-04-24 Sierracin Corporation Système de films électro-conducteurs pour fenêtres d'avion
US4976503A (en) * 1989-07-27 1990-12-11 Monsanto Company Optical element for a vehicle windshield

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS59214183A (ja) * 1983-05-19 1984-12-04 豊田合成株式会社 発熱性透明体
DE3801090A1 (de) * 1988-01-16 1988-06-01 Brauneisen Heinrich Dipl Ing F System zur nutzung der auf baukoerper (daecher, waende, wege und sonstige befestigte flaechen) auftreffenden strahlung
DE3940748A1 (de) * 1989-12-09 1991-06-13 Ver Glaswerke Gmbh Elektrisch beheizbare autoglasscheibe aus verbundglas

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2513993A (en) * 1946-07-13 1950-07-04 Budd Co Panel heating
FR1366605A (fr) * 1963-08-26 1964-07-10 Heraeus Gmbh W C Plaque transparente en particulier pour véhicules
DE2149589A1 (de) * 1970-10-08 1972-04-20 Ppg Industries Inc Elektrisch geheiztes,vielfach verglastes Fenster
FR2293405A1 (fr) * 1972-11-29 1976-07-02 Triplex Safety Glass Co Articles, notamment pare-brise, a substrat non conducteur muni d'une couche d'oxyde metallique transparente et electriquement conductrice
DE2936398A1 (de) * 1979-09-08 1981-03-26 Ver Glaswerke Gmbh Elektrisch beheizbare glasscheibe
US4459470A (en) * 1982-01-26 1984-07-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Glass heating panels and method for preparing the same from architectural reflective glass
EP0137923A1 (fr) * 1983-09-07 1985-04-24 Sierracin Corporation Système de films électro-conducteurs pour fenêtres d'avion
US4976503A (en) * 1989-07-27 1990-12-11 Monsanto Company Optical element for a vehicle windshield

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0934680A1 (fr) 1999-08-11
AU4444797A (en) 1998-05-11
ATA180296A (de) 2000-06-15
AT407324B (de) 2001-02-26

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