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WO1998040860A1 - Procede et dispositif pour relier des unites fonctionnelles d'un systeme de signalisation - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif pour relier des unites fonctionnelles d'un systeme de signalisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998040860A1
WO1998040860A1 PCT/DE1998/000721 DE9800721W WO9840860A1 WO 1998040860 A1 WO1998040860 A1 WO 1998040860A1 DE 9800721 W DE9800721 W DE 9800721W WO 9840860 A1 WO9840860 A1 WO 9840860A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
control center
functional unit
functional units
radio
functional
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/DE1998/000721
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Christian Gremse
Horst Löser
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG, Siemens Corp filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of WO1998040860A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998040860A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
    • G08B25/01—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium
    • G08B25/10—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium using wireless transmission systems

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for connecting functional units of a reporting system, in particular a hazard reporting system for preventing burglaries, theft, sabotage and protection against fire and the like, and a device for carrying out the method.
  • Various hazard detection systems are known, in which the object to be secured, for example a building, is connected to a control center via a wired line network with detection sensors, in particular with motion, glass breakage and smoke detectors.
  • detection sensors in particular with motion, glass breakage and smoke detectors.
  • this involves a considerable cost-intensive wiring effort.
  • the signaling system is susceptible to malfunction and sabotage due to the wiring, so that safe and reliable operation of the signaling system is not guaranteed.
  • hazard detection systems are known in which various sensor elements, such as motion, glass breakage and fire detectors and the like functional units having the same, are each wirelessly connected to a control center, for example by means of infrared or radio connections.
  • the transmission range is limited, among other things, so that the control center can only be arranged decentrally to a limited extent from the object to be secured.
  • the use of radio connections between the functional units and the control center of a signaling system allows a decentralized arrangement of the control center in the previously known signaling systems, but is due to the radio transmission channels, which are only available to a limited extent, with regard to the use of a signaling system for several different objects to be secured, which in turn are provided with several, possibly different functional units and are arranged decentrally from one another.
  • Another disadvantage of the previously known signaling systems is that the transmission units and the frequency required for the respective radio connection must be permanently maintained on the part of the functional units or on the part of the control center. A fault in the connection between the functional unit and the control center or the functional unit itself cannot be ascertained or can only be determined by a failure of the radio connection. Attempts to tamper with the functional unit or with the entire signaling system cannot be reliably identified in the previously known signaling systems.
  • the present invention is based on the object of specifying a method for connecting functional units of a signaling system to a control center, which enables a fast and secure connection between the individual functional units and the control center with simultaneous decentralized arrangement of the control center, and is extremely changeable can be expanded as required and provides an extended radio range.
  • a method for connecting functional units of a signaling system to a control center, which is characterized in that a radio connection is established between the functional unit and the control center at least by a change in state of a functional unit, the change in state corresponding to the change in state Data telegram is transmitted from the functional unit to the control center.
  • the functional units can have different types of sensor elements, such as motion, fire or glass break detectors and the like, which experience or trigger a change in state in the event of damage such as break-ins, fires, damage and the like. Because the radio connection between a functional unit and the control center is only established when a change in state of the corresponding functional unit occurs, almost any number of functional units can be connected to a control center via a radio connection, since the available radio transmission channels are used by the functional units only through a change in state and a simultaneous change of state in all functional units of the objects to be secured is statistically highly unlikely. A notification system operated according to the invention can thus be expanded almost as desired.
  • the data telegram Due to the formation of the data telegram corresponding to the change in state, an extremely fast and secure transmission between the Functional unit and the control center.
  • the data telegram can advantageously be adapted to the available transmission channel and the transmission conditions of the radio link between the functional units and the control center, so that extremely rapid processing of a message is achieved and waiting times during processing and processing are avoided.
  • an alarm system operated according to the method is extremely changeable, since the individual functional units can be positioned in other areas at any time in or on an object to be secured due to the radio connection, that is to say, for example, without corresponding wiring outlay and the like.
  • the radio connection between the individual functional units and the control center is advantageously checked. In this way, malfunctions in the transmission can be determined, for example, by failure of the functional unit and by attempts at sabotage and the like, and appropriate countermeasures can be initiated.
  • the radio connection between the individual functional units and the control center can be checked cyclically or acyclically.
  • the check is advantageously carried out automatically, for example program-controlled. As a result, the signaling system can monitor itself independently and thus recognize faults and the like independently.
  • the individual functional units are assigned a priority for checking the radio connection. This creates the possibility of specifying a weighting for various objects to be monitored when checking the radio connection, which weighting corresponds to the importance of the object or object area to be secured.
  • the time available for checking the radio connection between the individual functional units and the control center depends on the number of functional units present in the signaling system. The priority of the individual functional units ensures that their radio connection is checked correspondingly more frequently.
  • each functional unit can independently, ie automatically, report to the control center with a corresponding data telegram within a reporting time which can be determined according to the respective priority.
  • the control center records when which functional unit has to report. Does not enter a meet ⁇ de message in the respective reporting period, the control center lost an alarm. If a functional unit receives a new priority or a new time is assigned to a priority, a suitable data telegram is sent to all other functional units that are also affected, by which the new reporting time is automatically set. This data telegram can, for example, be transmitted from the control center to all the functional units concerned.
  • the reporting time is thus advantageously adjustable from the control center.
  • the control center advantageously assigns a frequency to the functional unit for transmission. This ensures that not several functional units use the same frequency for transmission and thus interfere with each other.
  • the control center can determine which function unit has been assigned to which frequency, for example for service purposes. For this purpose, for example, a corresponding frequency allocation protocol can be output on a monitor, a printer or the like in the control center.
  • the frequency assignment is also advantageously carried out automatically, for example program-controlled. As a result, the time for selecting a frequency suitable for transmission is considerably reduced, so that the radio connection is established quickly.
  • the frequency for transmission is changed in the event of interference with the radio connection.
  • the frequency change is advantageously carried out automatically and is preferably recorded in a corresponding frequency allocation protocol.
  • the preferably automatic frequency change in the event of interference with the radio connection ensures an even faster and more secure connection of the individual functional units to the control center.
  • Basic settings for the frequency assignment can be parameterized in the radio itself, for example with a service operator terminal and the like. For example, a certain se number of frequencies stored in the radio, so that if one frequency fails, the next stored in the device is used automatically.
  • the operational readiness of the functional units is advantageously checked from the control center.
  • the functional readiness of the individual functional units can be checked in parallel or sequentially.
  • a trunked radio network is advantageously used to establish the radio connection between the individual functional units and the control center.
  • the radio frequencies available in the sector of mobile radio technology can be used extremely effectively.
  • the entire reporting system is also extremely economical due to the shared use of an infrastructure, e.g. switching systems, fixed systems and administration, and provides an extremely cost-effective reporting system, particularly in conurbations with high traffic density, with which large, closed economic areas, e.g. Region or a large city, covered by radio technology.
  • a data telegram is transmitted from the control center to the individual functional units for status queries, a corresponding data telegram being transmitted from the individual functional units to the control center depending on the respective status.
  • the data telegrams to be transmitted from the functional units to the control center are formed by the respective functional units.
  • Data telegrams corresponding to the respective changes in state can be stored in the functional unit.
  • corresponding data telegrams which have different data blocks and around one of the information items, can be stored in the functional units for the data telegram types that occur in each case, that is to say, for example, for the radio connection check, a spontaneous change in status on the part of the functional unit or a response to a status query on the part of the control center corresponding usage date of the respective telegram, which is also a date tenblock can be added.
  • This can reduce the effort required to create the respective data telegrams and thus accelerate the entire reporting system.
  • the data telegrams to be transmitted are matched to one another in such a way that only the information required in each case is transmitted and the data volume is thus considerably reduced.
  • the data telegrams to be transmitted from the control center to the functional units are advantageously formed in the same manner in the control center, or are stored or supplemented therein.
  • the connection between the functional units and the control center of the reporting system can be established much more quickly and securely.
  • the simple structure of the individual data telegrams and their automatic transmission is advantageous. Due to the particularly simple structure of the data telegrams, radio transmission channels can be saved, in particular when using trunked radio networks or existing mobile radio systems, and the respective connection and data exchange can be processed more quickly.
  • the use of existing mobile radio systems allows - as already explained - particularly in metropolitan areas, an extremely simple and inexpensive construction of corresponding reporting systems for property protection and the like.
  • connection between the functional units and the control center of a signaling system is wireless, there is also the possibility of being able to include objects that are not to be secured in a stationary manner, such as motor vehicles and the like, in a corresponding signaling system.
  • an anti-theft system can be provided with which a stolen motor vehicle automatically reports its theft and, for example, reports its current location using satellite navigation systems such as GPS or the like.
  • the data telegrams are advantageously provided with at least one check date, which is formed, for example, by a consecutive number to be transmitted. For example, if the next sequential number to be expected is skipped by the control center, it can be determined that a data telegram has been lost. Appropriate measures can then be initiated on the part of the control center, for example the alarming of service and maintenance personnel or a corresponding alarm.
  • a signaling system for carrying out the method, which is characterized in that it comprises at least one functional unit having a radio modem for alarm detection, a radio system and a control center for controlling and monitoring the functional unit and the radio system.
  • the connection between the functional unit and the control center takes place via a radio transmission link by means of the radio system.
  • the control center is wired to the radio system, for example unidirectionally via an interface using a data bus, for example RS 232 and the like.
  • the control center advantageously has a computer system which, for controlling and monitoring the at least one functional unit, comprises input and display devices, for example an operator terminal, monitors, printers and the like. Changes in the status of the functional unit, malfunctions of the radio connection, the functional readiness of the functional unit and the like can thus be displayed or acoustically reported and appropriate, possibly necessary measures can be initiated by the control center via the operator terminal.
  • all data generated in the reporting system can be saved in the computer system so that, for example, a corresponding reporting protocol can be created at any time.
  • the radio system is a trunked radio network, as is known in particular in the field of mobile radio technology.
  • the connection between the functional unit and the control center can be manufactured extremely easily and quickly.
  • the range of the reporting system can also be increased considerably, since a transition to other radio systems is possible, in particular, due to the cellular structure of the trunked radio network.
  • the functional unit also has a microprocessor unit for controlling and monitoring all functions of the functional unit and for forming data telegrams, an energy supply device and at least one interface for alarm detectors, such as movement, glass breakage, fire detectors and the like.
  • the functional unit additionally has an interface for service and / or diagnostic devices, to which, for example, a hand-held terminal for checking the functional unit and for setting and configuration work can be connected.
  • the operator terminal is advantageously multilingual and has an operator interface.
  • the languages are stored in an EPROM, for example. The language required in each case can be activated, for example, via jump settings.
  • the operator terminal can also display Cyrillic characters, for example for Russian, Greek and the like.
  • the functional unit has a memory for data telegrams, so that these, for example, only have to be selected by the microprocessor unit or have to be supplemented by a corresponding usage date.
  • the memory can also be present in the microprocessor unit.
  • the functional unit has an interface for connecting additional functional units. These additional functional units advantageously also have at least one interface for alarm detectors, an energy supply device and an interface for connection to the functional unit.
  • the functional unit can be expanded very easily with the additional functional units.
  • the radio modem and the microprocessor unit used to control and monitor the functions of the functional unit can advantageously be dispensed with.
  • the energy supply can take place via conventional mains connections for 220 volts and the like or via an external direct voltage supply, for example of 12 volts.
  • the energy may be sorgungsaku additionally provided with a rechargeable battery that is charged via external power lines and in the case of a power failure it maintains an uninterrupted power supply to the functional unit holds ⁇ .
  • a corresponding power failure can likewise as a state Sande ⁇ tion of the functional unit detected and the control center will be reported accordingly.
  • FIG. 1 shows an overview of an alarm system according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows a functional unit according to the invention corresponding to FIG. 1;
  • Fig. 3 shows a supplementary functional unit
  • FIG. 1 shows the basic structure of a signaling system, consisting of several functional units 1 each having a radio modem 4 as a transmitting / receiving unit, a radio system 2 and a control center 3 which is connected to the radio system 2 by means of an interface via a bus line 31 .
  • the functional units 1 are either arranged stationary in banks, public facilities, houses, apartments and the like, or mobile in motor vehicles or the like and can connect to the control center 3 by means of a radio connection via the radio system 2.
  • 2 shows a corresponding functional unit 1 in detail.
  • the functional unit 1 also has a microprocessor unit 5 for controlling and monitoring all functions of the functional unit 1, an interface 6 for connecting alarm alarms, an interface 7 for connecting additional functional units, and an energy supply device 8.
  • the microprocessor unit 5, the radio modem 4 and the interface 6 for the alarm detectors are connected to the power supply device 8 via power supply lines 9 and 10.
  • the power supply lines 9 and 10 each provide DC voltage of different sizes, for example 5 volts and 12 volts.
  • the microprocessor unit 5 is further connected to the interfaces 6 and 7 via a data connection 11, for example a data bus.
  • the microprocessor unit 5 is connected to the radio modem 4 by means of a corresponding connection 12.
  • the interfaces 6 and 7 each have a plurality of connecting lines 13 and 14 for alarm detectors or additional functional units and the like.
  • the energy supply device 8 has supply connections 15 and 16 for an external energy supply, for example for AC or DC voltage.
  • the energy supply device 8 can have, among other things, rectifiers and inverters, filters and the like, which decouple the consumer, that is to say the functional unit, from the external energy supply and thus protect, for example, from voltage fluctuations, voltage peaks, interference voltages and the like.
  • the energy supply device 8 also has an accumulator 17, which guarantees an uninterrupted power supply to the functional unit in the event of a failure of the external energy supply and is charged by the energy supply device via the external supply connections 1 5 or 1 6 during normal operation.
  • the expansion functional unit 18 also has an interface 6 for alarm detectors and the like, an interface 19 for connection to the functional unit 1 and an energy supply device 8 together with an accumulator 17.
  • the interfaces 6 and 19 are connected to the energy supply device 8 via the supply lines 9 and 10. Like the energy supply device 8 of the functional unit 1, this also builds and has supply connections 15 and 16 for direct and alternating voltage.
  • the interface 6 for the alarm detectors and the interface 19 for connecting the expansion functional unit 18 to the functional unit 1 are likewise connected to one another via a data connection 11.
  • the interface 6 has a plurality of connections 13 for connecting alarm detectors, not shown here, for example motion, glass breakage, fire detectors and the like.
  • the interface 19 has a connection 20 for connecting the functional unit 18 to the functional unit 1.
  • the connections 14 of the interface 7 of the functional unit 1 are connected to the connection 20 of the interface 19 of the functional unit 18 via suitable lines (not shown here).
  • the microprocessor unit 5 of the functional unit 1 can control and monitor the alarm detectors and the like connected to the interface 6 of the expansion function unit 18 by means of the data connection 11 of the interface 7 via corresponding lines, the interface 19 of the expansion function unit 18 and their data connection 11 and for these form, for example, corresponding data telegrams.
  • FIG. 4 shows the basic connection of a number of expansion functional units 18 to a functional unit 1.
  • Various alarm detectors 21, shown here as examples, are connected to the functional units 1 and 18 by means of connecting lines and belong to the respective functional unit 1, 18 and can also be arranged with the latter in a housing.
  • the functional units 18 are each connected via the connection 20 of the interface 19 shown in FIG. 3 to the connections 14 of the interface 7 of the functional unit 1 shown in FIG. 2.
  • the microprocessor unit 5 of the functional unit 1 shown in FIG. 2 thus takes over all monitoring, control and protocol tasks of both the functional unit 1 and the expansion functional units 18. With the expansion functional units 18 it is therefore possible to use the functional unit 1 almost arbitrarily, that is to say depending on it to expand the management options of the microprocessor unit 5.
  • the distance between the functional unit 1 and an expansion functional unit 18 can be several meters, for example over 100 meters.
  • the radio system 2 shown in FIG. 1 comprises a switching matrix 24 which is connected to a transmitter control 26 via a plurality of transceiver systems.
  • the transmitter control 26 also has an additional terminal 27 for operation.
  • the control center 3 shown in FIG. 1 consists of a computer system comprising a server 28, a central printer 29 for printing out all messages, such as operational readiness, status changes and the like, and a terminal 30 for operating the control center.
  • the server 28 is connected to the radio system 2 by means of an interface via a bus line 31.
  • the radio system 2 can also be operated via the terminal 30.
  • the connection between the individual functional units 1 and the control center 3 is established via the radio system 2.
  • the radio system 2 In addition to all standard frequencies and systems, in particular those from the field of mobile radio technology can also be used.
  • the functional unit 1 logs into the radio system 2 and thus establishes a connection to the control center 3.
  • the control center 3 In the event that the control center 3 is busy, that is busy with the processing or processing of messages, the corresponding functional unit 1 is kept in a waiting loop by the radio system 2 and immediately connected to the control center when it becomes free, so that no corresponding messages can be lost in the event of a large number of status changes occurring simultaneously.
  • the transmitter control 26 of the radio system 2 is directly connected to the server via a suitable interface, not shown here
  • Radio system 2 given that enables bidirectional data traffic.
  • the serial coupling avoids or reduces so-called otherwise idle times between the data telegrams, so that in principle data telegram can be transmitted to data telegram.
  • This enables very high data transmission rates to be achieved, so that the detection, processing and processing of alarm messages and the like can be carried out extremely quickly. Furthermore, otherwise necessary rest times between processing different messages can be saved, so that a fast processing is given.
  • the use of suitable data telegrams tailored to the reporting system provides an extremely fast and secure connection between the functional units and the control center. Since the functional unit reports to the control center in most cases, for example in about 99% of the cases, the radio network is used almost constantly.
  • the advantage here is that the individual reporting times for the individual functional units shift depending on the individual commissioning of the functional units and are thus stochastically distributed and also enable constant utilization of the radio network.
  • the control center only reports to the functional units when the entire system is restarted (initialization) or when changing the reporting times. This reporting process also means that there is no need for a common time base on the part of the control center and the functional units, as would be required, for example, when the control center polled the functional units.
  • the number of data telegrams to be used can be reduced.
  • a functional unit sends within it according to it
  • Priority assigned notification time automatically a telegram to the control center.
  • This telegram includes a user data rich, which can be, for example, 3 bytes and can look like this:
  • the first byte contains, for example, a telegram number so that it can be recognized what type of telegram it is.
  • the second byte has a consecutive number so that the control center or the functional unit can determine whether a telegram has been lost. Based on the bit assignment in byte 3, the control center recognizes whether the network connection between the corresponding functional unit and the control center is still present (network available 0, network failure 1).
  • control center can initiate a suitable, immediate measure.
  • Example 2 Setting the reporting time of a functional unit
  • the control center sends a telegram which comprises a user data area in which the reporting time to be set is determined.
  • the telegram can, for example, have a user data area of 2 bytes and be structured as follows: Byte 1 telegram number
  • This message is used to set the reporting time in the relevant functional units from the control center. Since the change in the reporting time is a change in the status of the
  • the control center sends another data telegram with a useful data area, for example of one byte, to the desired station.
  • the content of the user data area contains a corresponding identifier that stops the functional unit from sending a corresponding data telegram back to the control center about its current status.
  • An example of a data telegram sent back by the functional units is given in Example 4.
  • a functional unit receives a data telegram from the control center in accordance with Example 3, the functional unit sends a corresponding data telegram back to the control center about its current status.
  • This can be structured as follows:
  • the content of the individual bytes of this data telegram can be structured as follows:
  • a functional unit reports each change in status to the control center as soon as this change in status occurs.
  • a change in state can be a corresponding signal given by the alarm detector, but also a failure of the power supply, a malfunction within the functional unit, sabotage on the functional unit or the alarm detector and the like. These are recorded by the microprocessor unit and a corresponding data telegram is automatically sent to the control center.
  • the content of the user data depends on the location of the status change, that is to say whether the status change occurs in the functional unit, in the expansion functional unit or in the alarm detector.
  • a corresponding data telegram can be structured as follows:
  • the content of the current status is structured according to the content in the file telegram according to example 4, according to the respective source of the status change.
  • the sequence number for the data telegrams is incremented by the functional units and the control center so that the control center can recognize the next time a data telegram is received whether a data telegram has been lost.
  • the method according to the invention provides an extremely secure and reliable measuring system. Since only the required data is transmitted, there is also an extremely fast connection between the individual functional units and the control center of the reporting system.
  • a data telegram for status request according to example 3 is sent to all registered functional units in order to get the current status of the respective functional unit.
  • Each functional unit automatically reports a change of state to the control center with a data telegram in accordance with example 5 if there is no change in status within the set reporting time on the part of the functional units, the functional unit automatically sends a data telegram in accordance with example 1 to the control center.
  • the reporting time of the functional unit is activated again.
  • the control center monitors the reporting time for each functional unit in which one of the data telegrams which can be transmitted by the functional unit must be received in accordance with Example 1, Example 4 or Example 5.
  • the control center activates a corresponding alarm. If a data telegram sent by the control center is not responded to in accordance with Example 2 or 3, the control center also issues an alarm message. After the control center has issued an alarm message for a functional unit, the corresponding functional unit is not automatically addressed again by the control center. This can prevent processing time from being used for functional units that are no longer in operation or for which suitable immediate measures have already been initiated.
  • a functional unit that has dropped out of monitoring on the part of the control center can, for example, by sending a data telegram in accordance with game 1 or 5 are included in the monitoring.
  • a corresponding data telegram can be activated, for example, by manual request from the functional unit, for example via a service terminal. If the control center receives such a data telegram, it then automatically sends a data telegram for the status query according to example 3 to the corresponding functional unit for updating the data. If the control center receives a data telegram with an incorrect sequential number, the control center also automatically sends a data telegram for status queries according to example 3 to the functional unit and the response, ie the data telegram according to example 4, is monitored.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Alarm Systems (AREA)

Abstract

Pour relier des unités fonctionnelles (1, 18) d'un système de signalisation à un central de commande (3) et, à cet effet, pour permettre une liaison rapide et sûre entre les diverses unités fonctionnelles (1, 18) et le central de commande (3), tout en ayant une diposition décentralisée du central de commande (3), il est proposé, selon l'invention, un procédé permettant de relier des unités fonctionnelles (1, 18) d'un système de signalisation à un central de commande (3), qui se caractérise en ce qu'une liaison radio entre une unité fonctionnelle (1, 18) et le central de commande (3) est établie par suite d'au moins un changement d'état d'une unité fonctionnelle (1, 18), un message de données correspondant au changement d'état étant transmis de l'unité fonctionnelle (1) au central de commande par suite dudit changement d'état. Pour ce qui est du dispositif, l'invention concerne un système de signalisation caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte au moins une unité fonctionnelle (1) présentant un modem radio, pour la détection d'une alarme, une installation radio (2) et un central de commande (3) pour commander et surveiller l'unité fonctionnelle (1, 18) et l'installation radio (2).
PCT/DE1998/000721 1997-03-12 1998-03-11 Procede et dispositif pour relier des unites fonctionnelles d'un systeme de signalisation Ceased WO1998040860A1 (fr)

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DE1997110011 DE19710011A1 (de) 1997-03-12 1997-03-12 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Verbinden von Funktionseinheiten eines Meldesystems
DE19710011.2 1997-03-12

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DE102010032369B4 (de) * 2010-07-27 2013-02-21 Lotfi Makadmini Anmeldeverfahren für Funkkommunikationssysteme

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