WO1997034112A1 - Air conditioning and/or heating method and device with a high energy efficiency ratio for multiple-unit buildings - Google Patents

Abstract

An air conditioning and/or heating method and device with a high energy efficiency ratio for multiple-unit buildings (5), including at least one centralised apparatus (1) exposed to the outside of the building for generating heating or cooling energy, as well as a distribution network (3) for distributing a heat-transfer fluid conveying heating or cooling energy to internal terminals (4) and into the units (5) of the building. At least one terminal apparatus (4) is provided in each unit in the contiguous communal areas (6) but outside the rooms of the corresponding unit (5), and includes at least one array (7) for exchanging energy between said heat-transfer fluid and the ambient air (14), a fan (8), a control panel, an air distribution network (9) for distributing air (14) to the rooms of the units (5) in which heating or air conditioning are desired, and air outlets (10) arranged in each room and provided with adjustable flaps (11).

Description

 Method and device for energy efficient air conditioning and / or heating of buildings with multiple premises

The present invention relates to an energy-efficient method and device for air conditioning and / or heating of buildings with multiple premises.

The invention uses the properties of the thermodynamic cycle of a refrigerant to supply energy to the premises to be treated.

Currently heating / air conditioning devices using the properties of the thermodynamic cycle of a refrigerant can be classified into five distinct groups.

The energy production of these systems is ensured as follows. The refrigerant in gaseous state is compressed by a mechanical organ called a compressor. The fluid in the gaseous state is then brought back to an exchanger in contact with a cold source, under the effect of the lowering of the temperature, the pink point of the fluid is reached, the latter condenses and passes to the liquid state. The latent heat of condensation, that is to say the quantity of heat released by the passage of the fluid from the gaseous state to the liquid state is transferred to the atmosphere by the fluid. This amount of heat released into the ambient environment results in the temperature increase of the latter so there is production of heat. The heat exchanger capable of producing heat is commonly called a condenser.

The liquid is then transported by pipes to an exchanger in contact with a hot source and therefore returns to the gaseous state. The latent heat of evaporation of the fluid which is the quantity of energy necessary to pass from the liquid state to the gaseous state is provided by the atmosphere. This amount of heat supplied by the ambient environment results in a decrease in the temperature of the latter. This is why although cold is not a physical quantity we usually say that there is production of cold. The heat exchanger capable of producing cold is commonly called Evaporator. The use of the thermodynamic properties of a refrigerant therefore consists in carrying out an energy transfer between two units, one called a condenser capable of producing hot, the other called an evaporator capable of producing cold. In the context of the use of such a principle in the air conditioning and heating of a housing, it suffices to place one of the units in direct or indirect contact with the interior of the housing and the other in direct contact or indirect with the outside environment.

The needs for hot or cold varying according to the seasons, the hot / cold changeover is carried out by means of a four-way valve acting on the pipes and making it possible to reverse the direction of circulation of the refrigerant. The evaporator then becomes condenser and vice versa as required.

There are several ways of listing air conditioning / heating devices using a thermodynamic cycle depending on the one hand on the type of production, individual or centralized and on the other hand the way in which the energy exchange is carried out with the external environment.

The first type consists of air conditioning and heating the accommodation or premises individually by the use of equipment operating in a so-called “split” system. These systems require the installation of one or more external groups each composed of an exchanger with the outside air, a compressor, a fan and one or more internal blowing units, generally placed in each part to be treated and composed of an exchanger and a fan. These systems have the disadvantage of having as many outdoor units as premises or accommodation, which poses an aesthetic problem because it is often difficult to effectively camouflage these organs, but also and above all an acoustic problem linked to the fact that the multiplication of small noisy units can result in a significant sound result. This criterion is often very penalizing taking into account the housing regulations and especially at night when the emergence must not exceed 3 dba above the background noise. In addition maintenance of this type installation is very delicate and expensive because these devices which seem relatively reliable generally pose big problems if one frequently reverses the thermodynamic cycle. The compressor must often be replaced after a few seasons of use and this is all the more penalizing as there is one per room. As for the indoor blowing and exchange units, they have drawbacks noted in the third system evaluated below.

The second system is to use outdoor units with a water condenser. That is to say that the quantity of energy exchanged with the outside is no longer directly supplied by the outside air but by water circulating in the form of a loop between one or more external exchangers and each room or accommodation. In this case, the individual “outdoor” units of the previous type no longer need to be directly placed outside and can be placed in a cupboard inside the room or accommodation. The temperature of the loop is regulated outside the building by means of ventilation and / or additional energy production. This type of installation solves the aesthetic problem mentioned in the first system but does not solve the acoustic problem because the compressor is now placed inside and therefore may generate significant noise directly interior of the accommodation. In addition, the supply of energy to the water loop must be done using additional energy such as electricity, gas, fuel, etc., resulting in a significant additional cost in the case of gas or fuel, or poor financial performance in the case. electric heating. Inside the premises or accommodation the heating and the air conditioning are done either by a duct network or by units placed in each room. In both cases the cost of installation and the noise nuisance linked to the blowing of air are major drawbacks of the system.

The third system consists in centralizing production outside the building thanks to a large external group capable of satisfying the needs of all the premises or dwellings and then distributing the energy thanks to water piped in heat-insulated pipes up to fan coil units placed in each room of the room or accommodation. This system is very expensive given the large number of fan coil units required and the resulting hydraulic and electrical connections. In addition to the very high cost of this type of installation, there remains a significant nuisance related to the blowing noise that can generate the fans of the fan coil units. In fact at present there is no device of the fan coil type capable of satisfying the requirements of the regulations in terms of acoustic comfort linked to residential accommodation. In addition the size of these devices is relatively large and presents an aesthetic nuisance often relevant when one is faced with the problem of furniture. The maintenance of this type of installation remains very high given the large number of devices to be checked. The fourth system consists in directly blowing heated or cooled air from an external central unit to and into the premises or accommodation via a network of ducts ensuring the supply and return. The energy production is always done using the thermodynamic cycle and the fluid / air exchange is done through said air handling unit placed outside the building. In addition to the drawbacks linked to the noise caused by the passage of air at the level of the vents and the large size represented by the ducts which must be well insulated, the cost of this type of installation means that, although the appearance functional is not questioned, it is extremely rare to find this type of installation for collective housing. It should however be noted that the possibility of varying the blowing flow rate in each room requires the installation of extremely expensive regulation and individual adjustment members.

The fifth system was the subject of a patent application N ° FR 93/04160 by Mr. RIBO. It is a system of air conditioning and / or heating of housing which relies on the use of a heat pump in “split” individual system by housing or apartment, as in the first system mentioned above, but with only one indoor unit per dwelling. The air is then conveyed in the rooms via a false ceiling and the regulation at the level of the rooms to be treated is carried out as follows: the mouths of the rooms are equipped with adjustment shutters, the indoor unit operates at constant flow rate so well that when the shutters of the rooms close, the excess air goes into a main room and influences the room thermostat placed near the outlet. It should be noted, however, that the use of a false ceiling serving as a blowing plenum is common in installation using forced air and has also been widely used in constructions for public use. Furthermore, this fifth system has the following drawbacks: difficulty in integrating the outdoor units, acoustic problems linked to these outdoor units, thermal regulation of the rooms difficult to control and even impossible in certain cases, due in particular to the impossibility of heating and / or air conditioning a room without heating and / or air conditioning the main room, impossibility of heating and / or air conditioning a room more than this main room which can be the living room; then, the blowing in the rooms is directly linked to the temperature near the thermostat which is not necessarily representative of the temperature in the rooms, etc. All of the existing systems mentioned above, in addition to the drawbacks mentioned previously, all include a major drawback linked to the proper functioning of thermodynamic machines. To produce heat inside a dwelling, the thermodynamic cycle transfers energy drawn from the outside air to the room or the dwelling thanks to the physical properties mentioned at the beginning of the chapter which justifies the current designation of "heat pump", and this by consuming less energy in supply "paying" for the system than in "energy" brought to the room. However, the efficiency of a thermodynamic machine used in heat production and which is therefore necessarily greater than 1 to be interesting, is a function of the outside temperature: the colder the outside air and the poorer the efficiency; this independently of the use and the implementation of the system. When considering the operation of the installation at the regulatory outside temperature to be taken into account to size a heating installation, we see that the coefficient of performance of thermodynamic machines collapses and it is necessary to add an energy boost. This top-up is done either electrically for the installations listed above in the first systems, or with any energy in the case of centralized production. This characteristic has the consequence either of considerably penalizing the energy balance of the installation in terms of operating cost, or of appreciably increasing the investment cost linked to the need to install an additional energy production system. .

The present invention therefore provides an air conditioning / heating system with high energy efficiency suitable for collective or individual housing using the properties of the thermodynamic cycle of a refrigerant and providing a solution to the drawbacks mentioned above while maintaining a lower cost price. .

The invention consists of a method and a device for air conditioning and / or heating with high energy efficiency of buildings with multiple premises, using a unit of production of calorific or refrigerating energy, centralized and placed in contact with the exterior of the building, comprising at least one compressor, exchangers, ventilation members, members making it possible to carry out the thermodynamic cycle of a refrigerant, regulating members, with a hydraulic assembly containing at least one circulator, a buffer tank and the set of measuring and regulating organs necessary for the installation, as well as a distribution network of a heat transfer fluid conveying heat or cooling energy to terminal indoor units, as far as the premises of said building. According to said process:

- at least one terminal unit is placed per room, in adjoining common areas but outside the rooms of said room and comprising at least one heat energy exchange battery or refrigeration between said heat transfer fluid and the ambient air, a fan for circulating this air and a control plate,

the ambient air thus charged with the calories or frigories exchanged with the heat transfer fluid is distributed, by an air distribution network to the rooms of the room to be heated or air conditioned,

- blowing said air into said rooms to be heated or cooled by air outlets, all equipped with adjustable shutters.

In a preferred embodiment for buildings with multiple premises having a mechanical ventilation circuit (called VMC) sucking the air in the rooms of the premises to reject them towards the outside, one recovers all or part of the flow of air thus extracted from the premises and it is circulated on at least one exchanger of the centralized production unit, making it possible to improve the thermodynamic cycle of the refrigerant and thus recovering all or part of the respectively calorific or refrigerant energy contained in the air thus extracted by mechanical ventilation; in this case, two centralized external production units are preferably used, each comprising at least one refrigerant compressor and using either a heat transfer fluid different from the refrigerant, or that the heat transfer fluid is the same as the refrigerant then directly distributed in the terminal units, and the air extracted by said mechanical ventilation is discharged onto the exchanger of one of said central units.

According to a particular and complementary embodiment, the volume of the buffer tank of the centralized production unit is also increased in which a large amount of heat or cooling energy is produced and stored for given periods, such as those corresponding to low distribution tariffs for the supply energy of said production unit, and said quantity of stored heat or cooling energy is restored, in the premises during other given periods, in particular when said distribution tariffs are high .

Preferably also, a regulation system is installed making it possible to vary the temperature of each room in said premises, either by recovering the state of opening and closing of the corresponding flaps and action is therefore taken on the speed of the fan of the terminal unit, or by measuring the pressure inside the air distribution network towards said parts and we act accordingly on the ventilation speed of the corresponding terminal unit.

Finally and according to another preferred embodiment of the invention, an individual metering system is installed for the consumption of heat or cooling energy distributed in each room for the distribution of the loads, depending either on the recording of the electrical energy consumption of the fan associated with the exchanger of each corresponding terminal unit, that is to say the recording of the flow of the heat transfer liquid circulating in each exchange battery of the terminal unit, as well as the temperatures upstream and downstream of each of said corresponding batteries. The result is a new method and device for energy efficient heating and / or air conditioning of buildings with multiple premises which, in addition to providing a solution to the drawbacks mentioned in existing systems, provides advantages such as: '' use of a centralized production group placed outside the building in a location which presents no nuisance, both acoustically and aesthetically,

- the fact of bringing all or part of the air extracted from the accommodation via the V.M.C. either directly on the exchanger in contact with the outside air of the centralized production group or on an air / heat transfer fluid exchanger placed on the distribution network of this fluid; this in order to recover the energy contained in the extracted air and significantly improve the energy consumption balance of housing. This in both heating and cooling modes,

- the use of a heat-insulating network containing a heat-transfer fluid, therefore with smaller diameter pipes than if it were air, as in the fourth system mentioned previously, in order to transport the energy to housing, - the possibility of using only one terminal unit camouflaged in a false ceiling, per housing in order to transform the energy contained in the heat transfer fluid in the form of hot or cold air, without aesthetic nuisance since there is then there is no blowing unit visible in each room, nor acoustic, since the blowing noise is damped in the air distribution network in each dwelling and which can be well designed for this,

- the use of the terminal unit fan to transport hot or cold air to each room using a distribution network such as by duct or false ceiling created in the corridors and clearances,

- the servo-control of the ventilation of each terminal unit to an organ for controlling the interior temperature of each corresponding housing, - the possibility of varying the temperature of each room either automatically or manually, and this according to the desire of each user located in any room,

- the creation of an individual energy metering system allowing an equitable distribution of operating costs, - the use of the volume of the buffer tank to carry out load shedding according to the different pricing periods of the electricity supplier, and / or use an energy source other than electricity to allow the installation not to use electrical energy during periods classified as "peak periods" by the supplier and therefore benefit from an advantageous rate.

According to the invention, the air conditioning and heating of premises of a building or accommodation in a collective dwelling can thus be provided by a single centralized production group and a single terminal unit per accommodation. This type of installation offers a very low installation and maintenance cost while satisfying the following other points:

- the recovery of all or part of the energy contained in the air extracted from the accommodation makes it possible to achieve an energy yield hitherto never achieved with a thermodynamic machine. It is necessary know that taking into account the energy saving regulations, the dwellings are better and better insulated so that one of the main sources of energy expenditure consists in bringing fresh air outside, entering the dwellings under the effect of depression caused by VMC, at the interior temperature of the dwelling. The extracted air is already at the interior temperature of the housing therefore the fact of recovering all or part of the energy contained in this extracted air, either by means of an air / water exchanger placed on the water, either directly on the group's air exchanger, minimizes energy consumption and provides an efficient operating balance sheet;

- the use of a centralized group allows, thanks to effective protections to definitively settle the aesthetic and acoustic problems caused by the use of several small individual groups. In addition, the efficiency of thermodynamic machines of high power and often much higher than on machines of low power. Finally, maintenance is greatly simplified by the centralized nature of the device;

- the use of a single terminal unit per dwelling makes it possible to considerably reduce investment costs, and this being preferably placed in the common parts of the building above the landing door, this brings several other advantages:

* first of all, maintenance is greatly simplified given that the technician is no longer subject to making a prior appointment with the occupant of the accommodation but can organize an intervention on each of the units at the best of these times terminal. The maintenance agent is therefore completely autonomous and freed from all constraints linked to a private location of the energy transformers. In the context of a rental apartment, this clause is reinforced by the fact that the occupant cannot in any case have access to the terminal units and therefore therefore cannot act on its operation and cause disturbances; * the installation of the terminal unit in the common parts makes it possible to reduce the blowing noise of the device;

* and finally the available space of the false ceiling can be reduced given that the size of the device does not penalize us in terms of the dimension of the fallout of the interior false ceiling;

* However, without departing from the scope of the present invention, it may be necessary to have the terminal unit in the parts common to the rooms of the room, but inside the latter, as in a hall, when it is impossible to ensure the crossing of the veil above the landing door (case of certain rehabilitations). In addition, in certain premises or apartments with very large surfaces, the invention provides for installing two or more terminal units depending on the surface to be treated; - the volume of the buffer tank of the installation is dimensioned in such a way that the installation can have in stock, thanks to the thermal inertia represented by the large volume of water, a large amount of energy which will have been produced when the electricity supplier's tariffs are low and which will be returned when the tariffs are high. This operation will be done entirely automatically according to a regulation which can act on the various organs of the installation according to the messages sent by the supplier on the network specifying the changes in tariffs. This function will be particularly effective in heating mode when the building operating in the morning is put back into operation. The purpose of this load shedding function is to reduce the operating costs of heating and / or air conditioning;

- the possibility of separating on the one hand, the air circuits extracted in each room by the VMC to reject it outside, with recovery as indicated above, of all or part of its energy, and other hand, the fresh air supply circuits for renewal with passage over the terminal units before being blown into each of said parts, without there being return and resumption in closed loop contrary to what is shown in the examples described below: this application in all fresh air is of particular interest to hospital rooms so as not to recycle and / or mix, between the different rooms, the air which may be charged with contaminated particles. An additional energy source can make it possible to substitute the operation of the outdoor unit during periods classified as "peak periods" by the supplier of basic electrical energy. This energy source other than electricity will be necessary if the capacity of the storage tank is not sufficient to guarantee the operation of the installation for the duration of these peak periods. Such a device makes it possible to dispense with electrical energy at the time when the supplier of this energy has the most difficulty in producing it and consequently to benefit from a very advantageous tariff during all the other periods of the year. We could cite other advantages of the present invention, but those mentioned above already show enough to prove its novelty and interest.

The description and the figures below represent exemplary embodiments of the invention, but are in no way limiting: other embodiments are possible, within the scope and scope of this invention, in particular by changing the number of outdoor and / or terminal units, the layout of the rooms in the room to be treated and the partitioning devices of said room with its false ceiling.

Figure 1 is an overview of a device for carrying out the method according to the invention in a building comprising for example six independent premises.

FIG. 2 is a top view of a room comprising several parts to be treated from the same terminal unit according to FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a sectional view along III / III 'of the room according to FIG. 2.

The various constituents of the invention are characterized in the following manner, as shown in the figures: an energy-efficient heating and air conditioning device for buildings with multiple premises 5 comprises at least one production unit 1 centralized heat or cooling energy and placed in contact with the exterior 13 of the building; this production unit 1 is composed in a known manner, of one or more refrigerant compressors, of one or more direct expansion exchangers with air in contact with the outside air 13, of one or more exchangers with direct expansion with water in contact with water or other heat transfer fluid from the distribution network 3, of one or more helical or centrifugal ventilation units ensuring the circulation of outside air through the fins of the air exchanger, one or more refrigeration circuits composed of a pressure reducer, a dehydrator, a cycle reversing valve, an oil recuperator, a liquid anti-blow device, one or several control plates capable of managing the operation of group 1 and of defrosting the battery of the air exchanger by reversing the thermodynamic cycle; this production unit 1 also includes a hydraulic assembly containing at least one circulator, a buffer tank 2 and all of the measurement and regulation members necessary for the installation, as well as a distribution network 3 of a heat-transfer fluid , conveying heat or cooling energy to terminal indoor units 4 as far as the premises 5 of said building: this distribution network 3 consists of a set of steel pipes of predefined diameter and section, placed end to end in order to create a closed circuit of the heat transfer fluid between the centralized production group 1 and all of the premises or dwellings 5. This network is heat-insulated so as to reduce the loss of energy from the heat transfer fluid to the outside environment with a typical trademark material "Armaflex" or similar; special care is necessary to guarantee the effectiveness of the insulation and therefore avoid condensation. According to the invention, the heating and / or air conditioning device comprises at least one terminal unit 4 per room 5, placed in the common parts 6 continuous but external to the rooms of the corresponding room 5, and even preferably outside of this room 5, in the common parts 6 of the building itself; said terminal units 4, one per room or housing 5, each comprise at least one battery 7 for exchanging the heat or cooling energy between said heat transfer fluid which may be water, and the ambient air 14 of each corresponding room 5, a ventilation unit 8 allowing said ambient air 14 to pass through the battery 7, a condensate recovery tank, and a control plate; the fan 8 of said terminal unit 4 alone ensures the circulation of air 14 inside the entire room 5, from a recovery zone 16 where the air is sucked in bulk towards the 'terminal unit 4, by and through a return grid 17 located for example in hall 5] of room 5.

According to another embodiment not shown in the attached figures and in which one would like to ensure distribution in any new air such as for hospital environments, the air return zone 16 in each room or room 5 is in fact directly connected to the VMC circuit 12 shown in FIG. 1, and is therefore separated from the supply circuits of the terminal units 4; the air intake of this is then ensured by an independent circuit supplying fresh outside air. The air distribution network 9 to the rooms of the premises 5 to be heated or air-conditioned, from said terminal unit 4, can be produced by ducts or by a false ceiling as shown in FIG. 3, and in fact corresponding to the ceiling 15] of the corridors and openings 5 ^ as shown in FIG. 2. It is made of a material guaranteeing the watertightness of the structure and the acoustic damping of the noise of blowing and resumption of terminal unit 4; by way of example, it can be made up of “PLACOPLATRE” (registered trademark) type panels fixed on metal rails or wooden joists or removable “EUROCOUSTIC” registered acoustic plates fixed on metal consoles.

The air supply vents 10 in the rooms to be heated or air-conditioned are placed in contact with said false ceiling 9 to the right of the doors or partitions of said rooms 5 ₂ , 5 ₃ for example; they are of the high induction and double deflection type, they will be equipped with adjustable shutters 11 with a motorized or manual damper, capable of closing the passage section of the mouth 10 and of an adjustment system used for balancing the installation.

The circulation of the ambient air 14 of each room 5 is therefore done via said false ceiling 9 or any other system of circulation ducts and air outlets 10 under the action of the pressure delivered by the fan 8 of the terminal unit 4.

The air intake will be either above the doors according to the “DTU” linked to the door calibration in apartments equipped with centralized mechanical ventilation (VMC) as defined below, or by means of a grid transfer if the space available under the doors is not sufficient to guarantee a speed of passage that does not generate noise. According to the preferred use of the invention as shown in Figure 3, according to which the terminal unit 4 is located in the common parts 6 of the building at the right of the landing door of each room 5, recovery is carried out by a return grille 17 placed above the landing door and below the false ceiling 9 inside the premises. In this hypothesis, a sealed box 15 ₂ is added under the unit 4 making it possible to channel the air from the return outlet 17 to the rear of the exchange battery 7. In the case where the terminal unit 4 is placed inside the housing or local 5, the recovery will take place at the rear of the device in a part of the false ceiling 15 _x isolated from the part intended for blowing by a vertical partition. In the case where the terminal unit 4 is located in the common parts 6, as in FIG. 3, these will be fitted with another false ceiling 15 ₂ forming the sealed air intake box and camouflaging the devices 4 and the condensate network 21. Particular attention will be paid to the acoustic insulation of this false ceiling in order to avoid the noise present in the common parts from entering inside the room or accommodation through the holes intended for the blow and return. It could for example consist of panels 18 whose thickness and composition will meet the requirements for sound insulation and firebreak. A access hatch with key locking system will be installed under each appliance to allow maintenance or possibly replacement. The terminal units 4 are equipped with a condensate recovery network 21 connected to the wastewater network (EU) of the accommodation and equipped with a siphon. It may be made of PVC plastic tubes of predefined section.

The temperature regulation between each room in a room or accommodation 5 and the slaving of the ventilation speed of each terminal unit 4 will be done for example, according to one of the following three principles:

each terminal unit 4 is capable of recognizing the opening or closing of each of the registers of the air outlets 10 by recovering the state of a contact placed at the end of travel of each flap 11. The analysis of the opening state of the shutters 1 1 is made by a small regulator which acts on the ventilation speed 8 of the terminal unit 4 as follows: if all the shutters 11 are closed, then the fan 8 is not not supplied, if all the flaps 11 are open, the fan 8 is supplied with the maximum voltage and then the intermediate solutions generate predefined supply voltage levels for the fan 8 as a function of the desired blowing rate;

the terminal unit 4 is capable, thanks to a pressure sensor and a regulating member, of making the pressure inside the false ceiling 9 of blowing constant by acting on the supply voltage of the fan 8. In this way if one or more shutters 1 1 close, the sensor analyzes an increase in pressure and therefore the fan speed is reduced. A minimal pressure is maintained inside the false ceiling 9 when all the shutters 11 are closed so that the opening of a shutter 11 immediately triggers an increase in the speed of the fan 8; in the two above principles of regulation, if the registers are manual, the obtaining of the interior temperature set point is delivered by a thermostat placed near the return port 10 and in the case where the shutters are motorized , each piece is equipped with a thermostat acting on the register of the room in which it is placed and therefore it is not necessary to analyze the temperature of the return air;

each mouth 10 is governed by a regulator capable of controlling the state of opening and closing of the register, of acting on the opening and closing of the register as a function of the signal delivered by a temperature probe equipped with a offset potentiometer acting as thermostat placed in each room 5 [, 5 ₂ . Each regulator is connected to a central regulator by room or housing 5 capable of analyzing all of the parameters delivered by the regulators of each room and of controlling the pressure inside the false ceiling 9 thanks to a pressure sensor. This system offers the user all the possibilities of a Technical Building Management thanks to the easy interfacing of all the parameters and the time programming of each zone of the accommodation. Such a device provides unequaled comfort at a very low cost.

In all cases, the invention provides a system allowing the user to program his installation according to time slots and of course to stop his installation if the room or apartment 5 is unoccupied.

The individual metering of the energy consumed is an essential element of equity in the distribution of the air conditioning and / or heating consumptions of each room or dwelling 5. The present invention provides for several types of metering according to the degree of precision sought, namely :

- a record of the electrical consumption of the fan 8 of each terminal unit 4 which is directly linked to the use of heating and / or air conditioning in each room of the room or accommodation 5. This record will be made using a conventional electric meter low cost;

a simultaneous recording of the consumption of the fan 8 of each terminal unit 4 and of the temperature of the water or other coolant of the distribution network 3 just upstream of the battery 7 of the corresponding terminal unit 4. Analysis of the temperature and consumption gives additional precision to determine the energy consumed. This recording will be done using an electric meter equipped with a temperature recording function; a simultaneous recording of the water flow circulating inside the exchange battery 7 of each terminal unit 4 and of the temperatures upstream and downstream of said exchange battery 7. Analysis of the differences in temperatures and of the flow makes it possible by integration to very precisely determine the quantity of energy supplied to the room or accommodation 5. This recording will be done by one or two direct and / or centralized reading integrator connected to two temperature probes and one flow meter.

Buffer tank 2 must avoid operation during the installation cycle and the “load shedding” and “peak day erasure” functions defined above. The greater the volume of this balloon, the lower the number of starts of the compressor (s) of the outdoor central units l _t and 1, which has great consequences on the longevity of the equipment, but also greater. are the quantities of energy stored for the purpose of "load shedding" or "peak day erasure". This balloon consists of a sealed envelope, rigid enough not to deform on contact with the pressure of the heat transfer fluid and very well insulated to limit losses to a strict minimum. The possible additional energy in winter is made either by an electrical resistance immersed directly in the tank 3, or by an energy production using another energy source. The determination of the type of energy necessary to provide the energy supplement in winter will be made according to essentially economic criteria.

According to the representation of FIG. 1, a building with multiple premises 5 may have a centralized mechanical ventilation circuit 12, called "VMC", sucking air 14 into the rooms of the premises 5, to reject them to the outside 13 : such a system for recovering the extracted air constitutes an aeraulic structure manufactured so as to channel the air extracted by one or more extractors 19 into a single pipe which is then brought back, either directly to the external exchanger of a centralized production group l, or to an air / water exchanger (or other heat transfer liquid) placed on the distribution network 3. This structure may be heat-insulated in order to minimize losses especially on the parts of this structure in contact with the outside. The fans of the extractors 19 must be calculated to take into account the pressure losses generated by the recovery structure and the exchanger. The section of the exchanger will be calculated to allow maximum energy recovery. In the case of a direct exchange with the external exchanger of the centralized production group 1], the arrival of the extracted air 14 may take place in an expansion chamber upstream of the exchange battery of the group lj, this makes it possible to guarantee a nominal flow rate on the battery while guaranteeing the use of all of the extracted air, which is then discharged 20 into the ambient outside air 13.

According to the embodiment of Figure 1, there are two outdoor central units for producing heat or cooling energy \ _x and 1 ₂ , one l _j receiving entirely and only the extracted air 14 by mechanical ventilation 19 and the other 1 ₂ receiving only outside air 13 on its exchange batteries.

In another embodiment not shown here, a single outdoor group 1 can both receive the extracted air 14 and the outdoor air 13 which then mix in the exchange battery of this single centralized unit 1.

Claims

1. A method of heating and / or air conditioning with high energy efficiency of buildings with multiple premises (5), using a production unit (1) of heat or refrigeration energy, centralized and placed in contact with the outside (13) of the building, comprising at least one compressor, exchangers, ventilation members, members making it possible to carry out the thermodynamic cycle of a refrigerant, regulating members, with a hydraulic assembly containing at least one circulator, a buffer tank (2) and all of the measuring and regulating elements necessary for the installation, as well as a distribution network (3) of a heat transfer fluid conveying the heat or cooling energy to terminal indoor units (4) , up to the premises (5) of said building, characterized in that: - at least one terminal unit (4) is placed per room (5), in common parts (6) contiguous but external to the rooms of said room (5) and comprising at least one battery (7) for exchanging heat or cooling energy between said heat transfer fluid and the ambient air (14), a fan (8) for circulating this air and a plate regulation, the ambient air thus charged is distributed with the calories or refrigerant exchanged with the heat transfer fluid, by a distribution network (9) to the rooms in the room (5) to be heated or air conditioned, - blowing said air into said rooms to be heated or air-conditioned by air outlets (10), all equipped with adjustable shutters (11). 2. Heating and / or air conditioning method according to claim 1 for buildings with multiple premises (5) having a mechanical ventilation circuit (12) sucking air (14) into the rooms of the premises (5) for reject them to the outside (13), characterized in that all or part of the air flow thus extracted from the premises is recovered and it is circulated on at least one exchanger of the unit (1) of centralized production, to improve the cycle thermodynamics of the refrigerant and thus recovering all or part of the respectively heat or cooling energy contained in the air thus extracted by mechanical ventilation (12). 3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that two centralized external production units (11, 12) are used, each comprising at least one refrigerant compressor and using either a heat transfer fluid different from the refrigerant, or that the heat transfer fluid is the same as the refrigerant then distributed directly into the terminal units (4), and the air extracted by said mechanical ventilation (12) is discharged onto the exchanger of one (1 1) of said units power stations. 4. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that one places the terminal unit (4) of each room (5) inside a false ceiling (15) constituting said air distribution network (9) to the rooms of said room (5) and in which the recovery is carried out in an area (16) separated from that of blowing by partitions. 5. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the volume of the buffer tank (2) of the centralized production unit (1) is increased, in which a large quantity is produced and stored. of heat or refrigeration energy during given periods, such as those corresponding to low tariffs for distributing the supply energy of said production unit (1), and this quantity of stored heat or refrigeration energy is restored, on the premises (5) during other given periods, in particular when said distribution tariffs are high. 6. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a regulation system is installed making it possible to vary the temperature of each room of said premises (5) by recovering the open and closed state corresponding flaps (11) and action is therefore taken on the speed of the fan of the terminal unit (1). 7. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that a regulation system is installed making it possible to vary the temperature of each room in the room (5) by measuring the pressure inside the network ( 9) distributing the air to said parts and acting accordingly on the ventilation speed (8) of the corresponding terminal unit (4). 8. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that an individual metering system is installed for the consumption of heat or cooling energy distributed in each room (5) for load distribution, depending recording the electrical energy consumption of the fan (8) associated with the exchanger (7) of each corresponding terminal unit (4). 9. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that installed on said individual counting system of the heat or cooling energy consumption of each room (5) for the distribution of loads, a temperature recording means of the heat transfer fluid upstream of the exchange battery (7) of the corresponding terminal unit (4). 10. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that an individual metering system is installed for the consumption of heat or cooling energy of each room (8) for the distribution of loads as a function of recording the flow of the heat transfer liquid circulating in each exchange battery (7) of the terminal unit (4), as well as the temperatures upstream and downstream of each of said corresponding batteries. 11. Energy-efficient heating and / or air-conditioning device for buildings with multiple premises (5), comprising at least one production unit (1) for heat or cooling energy, centralized and placed in contact with the outside (13) of the building, comprising at least one compressor, exchangers, ventilation members, members making it possible to carry out the thermodynamic cycle of a refrigerant, regulating members, with a hydraulic assembly containing at least one circulator, a buffer tank (2) and all of the measurement and regulation members necessary for the installation, as well as a distribution network (3) of a heat transfer fluid conveying the heat or cooling energy to terminal indoor units (4), up to the premises (5) of said building, characterized in that it comprises at least one terminal unit (4) per room (5), placed in the common parts (6) contiguous but external to the rooms in the corresponding room (5) and comprising at least one battery (7) for exchanging heat or cooling energy between said heat transfer fluid and the ambient air (14), a fan (8 ), a regulating plate, a network (9) of air distribution (14) to the rooms of the premises (5) to be heated or air-conditioned, outlets (10) for blowing air into the rooms to be heated or air conditioned, all equipped with adjustable shutters (1 1). 12. Air conditioning and / or heating device according to claim 11, characterized in that it comprises a mechanical ventilation system (12) for extracting the ambient air (14) which is thus renewed and extracted, which air is conveyed in whole or in part to at least one exchanger of said centralized production unit (1). 13. Air conditioning and / or heating device according to claim 12, characterized in that it comprises at least two outdoor central units, of which the heat exchanger of one (l _j ) receives all the air (14) recovered by said extraction circuit (12) of the mechanical ventilation. 14. Air conditioning and / or heating device according to any one of claims l i 13, characterized in that it comprises any one of the equipment necessary for the processes according to any one of claims 5 to 10.