WO1997017994A1 - Tratamiento de la diabetes con un gen de glucoquinasa - Google Patents
Tratamiento de la diabetes con un gen de glucoquinasa Download PDFInfo
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- WO1997017994A1 WO1997017994A1 PCT/ES1996/000216 ES9600216W WO9717994A1 WO 1997017994 A1 WO1997017994 A1 WO 1997017994A1 ES 9600216 W ES9600216 W ES 9600216W WO 9717994 A1 WO9717994 A1 WO 9717994A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
- C12N9/12—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
- C12N9/1205—Phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor (2.7.1), e.g. protein kinases
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
- A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
- A61P3/12—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for electrolyte homeostasis
- A61P3/14—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for electrolyte homeostasis for calcium homeostasis
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2799/00—Uses of viruses
- C12N2799/02—Uses of viruses as vector
- C12N2799/021—Uses of viruses as vector for the expression of a heterologous nucleic acid
- C12N2799/027—Uses of viruses as vector for the expression of a heterologous nucleic acid where the vector is derived from a retrovirus
Definitions
- Hyperglycemia occurs in both insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia develops when sugar entering the bloodstream after a meal is not adequately removed by the liver and peripheral tissues sensitive to insulin, such as muscles and fats (Bennet, PH, In Diabetes Mellitus, compiled by Ellenberg, et to the., 408-414 (3rd ed., Medical Exammation Publishmg Co. 1983)).
- the liver collects the excess sugar from the circulation and stores it as glycogen.
- glucose-6-P0 4 When glucose enters the liver cells, it is phosphorylated by the enzyme glucoqumase to form glucose-6-P0 4 .
- Glucose-6-P0 4 constitutes the substrate for glycogen synthesis and glucose utilization. However, it is perceived that the storage of glucose in the liver responds only to a fraction of the glucose removed from the bloodstream (Flier, et al., N. Engl., J. Med. 327:
- One aspect of the invention relates to a procedure for treating a diabetic patient.
- the procedure includes the operation of administering to the patient a segment of DNA containing a glucoqumase gene and a promoter sequence, in which the promoter sequence is operatively linked to the glucokinase gene and is effective for the expression of a therapeutically effective amount. of glucoqumase in the diabetic patient. It was unexpected that glucokinase expression in a diabetic patient helped to normalize the glucose level of patients in the absence, or regardless of the level, of insulin.
- the term "therapeutically effective amount” means an amount of the expressed glucokinase that is sufficient to effect glucose uptake in cells, tissues or organs of the patient, and can be determined without undue experimentation.
- the glucoqumase coding sequence of the DNA segment may be the same, or substantially the same, as the endogenous glucokinase coding sequence, as long as it encodes functional glucoqumase proteins.
- the DNA segment can be the same, or substantially the same, as the glucoqumase gene of a non-human species, as long as it encodes a functional glucokinase protein.
- the transcription of the glucoqumase gene in the DNA segment is preferably under the control of a promoter sequence that is different from the promoter sequence that controls the transcription of the endogenous coding sequence, eg.
- a promoter sequence that remains activated or induced during the presentation of diabetic conditions in the patient, such as elevated levels of glucose, glucagon, t-glycerides, or free fatty acids.
- promoter sequences include the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxymamase promoter.
- PEPCK myosma light chain promoter
- the DNA segment is introduced into the diabetic patient into the cells, whereby the cells are treated to incorporate the DNA segment therein and, as a result, the cells express microbial in the diabetic patient a therapeutically effective amount of glucoqumase.
- the DNA segment can be introduced into the cells by a viral vector, eg, a retroviral vector.
- the cells can also express a glucose transporter, eg, GLUT-1, GLUT-2, GLUT-3, GLUT-4, or GLUT-5. Examples of cells expressing GLUT-2 are liver cells, kidney cells, intestinal cells, and cells transcribed to express GLUT-2.
- Examples of cells expressing GLUT-4 are muscle cells, fat cells, and cells transcribed to express GLUT-4.
- the cells can also be administered to the diabetic patient in an intact mass as a neo-organ. For example, see Mueckler, J. Diab. Comp. 7: 130-141 (1993).
- the DNA segment is introduced directly into the diabetic patient, eg, it is not contained within a cell.
- the DNA segment can be introduced into a vector.
- appropriate vectors include viral vectors (eg, retroviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral vectors, smdbis viral vectors, and viral herpes vectors), plasmids, cosmids, and artificial yeast chromosomes.
- the DNA segment can also be introduced as infectious particles, eg, DNA conjugates and a ligand, precipitated with calcium phosphate and liposomes.
- DNA segments described herein as well as vectors and cells containing such a DNA segment.
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the construction of a DNA vector that carries a glucoqumase gene for expression within liver cells.
- Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the construction of a DNA vector carrying a glucoqumase gene for expression within muscle cells.
- the therapeutic method of the invention allows overexpression (eg, at a higher level than pretreatment) of glucoqumase in a diabetic patient.
- Overexpression of glucoqumase in the diabetic patient results in the absorption of glucose in the cells that express the glucokinase DNA segment.
- DNA segment in the present context is any exogenous artificial entity (construct) of DNA, which includes a sequence encoding a functional glucochemase, and the glucoqumase is expressed by the cells within which it is Enter the segment of DNA.
- the DNA segment can be introduced both in the somatic cells such as germ cells or only in some of the patient's somatic cells, or cells that express the segment of DNA can be introduced ex vivo into the patient.
- the DNA segment therefore, may or may not be an integral part of the patient's chromosome, and if the DNA segment is integrated into a chromosome, it may or may not be located at the same site as its corresponding sequence of endogenous gene.
- the segment of DNA used to implement the therapeutic procedure includes a glucoqumase gene or its complementary DNA (“cDNA”), whose expression is driven by a promoter that is expressed during the presentation of diabetic conditions.
- suitable promoters include the general constitutively active promoters / mtensifiers, eg, the ⁇ -actma promoter (Kawamoto, et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 8: 267-272 (1988); Mo ⁇ shita, et al. , Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1090: 216-222 (1991)), cytomegalovirus ("CMV”) and SV40 promoters, (Okayama, et al., Mol. Cell Biol.
- tissue specific constitutive promoters eg, muscle-specific myosma light chain promoters (Lee, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267: 15875-15885 (1992); Greishammer, et al., Cell 69: 79-93 (1992) and the liver-specific albumin promoter (Heckel, et al., Cell 62: 447-456 (1991)).
- the promoter is composed of a cis-acting DNA sequence, which is capable of directing the transcription of a gene in the appropriate environment, tissue, context and in response to physiological regulators, e.g. hormones, glucose and biochemical metabolizers. intermediaries
- physiological regulators e.g. hormones, glucose and biochemical metabolizers.
- intermediaries The expression of a transgene (eg, a glucoqumase gene or its cDNA sequence) can be regulated.
- measurable promoters include the glucagon-inducible phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxyquinase promoter (Valera, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci.
- Examples of these include the glucoqumase DNA sequence in a human being (Koranyi, et al., Diabetes 41: 807-811 (1992); Nishi, et al., Diabetology 35: 743-747 (1992); Stoffel, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 7294-7297 (1991); and
- Examples of cells that serve as a target for glucokinase overexpression include hepatocytes from the liver (Peng, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 8146 (1988); Wolff, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 3344 (1987); and Wilson, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci.
- myoblasts and myocytes proceed ⁇ te of the muscles (Salmmer, et al., Human Gene Therapy 2: 15-26 (1991)), bone marrow stem cells (Bakx, et al., Human Gene Therapy 2: 301-306 (1991); Williams, et al., Nature 310: 476-480 (1984); Lim, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad.
- vectors can both be used viral as non-viral, eg, plasmids, cosmids, and artificial yeast chromosomes) and other available gene delivery systems, or for viral expression within cells used in ex vivo implantation or direct delivery of a glucoqumase gene to the cells or tissues of a patient.
- viral eg, plasmids, cosmids, and artificial yeast chromosomes
- Viral vectors can be used for the delivery of a glucoqumase gene.
- examples of viral vectors include recombinant retroviral vectors, recombinant adenoviral vectors, recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors, smdbis viral vectors, and recombinant herpes viral vectors.
- the genome of a recombinant retroviral vector consists of long terminal repeat sequences ("LTR") at both ends, which serve as a viral promoter / mtensifier, and a transcription initiation site as well as a Psi site that serves as a packaging signal for vi ⁇ ons and a selectable marker gene (eg, a neomicma resistance gene).
- LTR long terminal repeat sequences
- Psi site eg, a neomicma resistance gene.
- An example of such a vector is pZIP-NeoSV (Cepko, et al., Cell 53: 103-1062
- the glucoqumase gene can be cloned into an appropriate cloning site in the retroviral genome.
- the expression is under the control of transcription of retroviral LTR.
- the vector will drive the constitutive expression of glucoqumase in the appropriate cell type.
- the level of expression is dictated by the promoter force of the LTR. Tissue selectivity is determined both by the origin of the viral genome (eg, sarcoma virus, leukemia virus or tumor virus breast) and the cell lineage used to package the virus.
- the glucoqumase gene can also be cloned into the vector set to an internal promoter as an expression sequence (Crystal, R.G., Science 270: 404-410 (1995)).
- an internal promoter confers an additional level of control over gene expression (Lai, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 10006-10010 (1989) ; and Scharfmann, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4626-4630 (1991)).
- Examples of internal promoters are strong constitutive promoters, eg, the ⁇ -actin promoter (Kawamoto, et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 8: 267-272 (1988); Morishita, et al., Biochem. Biophys Acta 1090: 216-222 (1991); Lai, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 86-10006-10010 (1989)), the H-2k promoter (Schuh, et al. ., Nature 345: 757-760 (1990);
- the promoter may also be an adjustable-mducible promoter, eg, the mouse metallothionein promoter (Ka ⁇ n, et al., Pro. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 4040-4044 (1983)) , the tetracycline mducible promoter (Gossen, et al., Science 1766-1769 (1995); Efrat, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci.
- adjustable-mducible promoter eg, the mouse metallothionein promoter (Ka ⁇ n, et al., Pro. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 4040-4044 (1983)
- the tetracycline mducible promoter Gossen, et al., Science 1766-1769 (1995); Efrat, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci.
- tissue specific promoter / enhancer eg, the liver-specific mouse albumin promoter (Heckel, et al., Cell 62: 447-456 (1991)) and the PEPCK promoter (Valera, et al. ., FASEB J. 8: 440-447
- muscle-specific myosin light chain promoters (Lee, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267: 15875-15885 (1992); Shen, et al., Mol. Cell Biol 11: 1676-1685 (1991); Lee, et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 14: 1220- 1229 (1994); Grieshammer, et al., Cell 69: 79-93 (1992); and Donoghue, et al., Gene Dev. 2: 1779-1790 (1988)), the alpha-miosma heavy chain promoter (Molkentm, et al., J. Biol. Chem.
- Recombinant retroviruses capable of transducing the glucoqumase gene are produced by transfecting the recombinant retroviral genome (s) within an appropriate lineage of amphotropic packaging cells (free of helper viruses).
- virus packaging cell lineages include PA317 and Psi CRIP (Cornetta, et al., Human Gene Therapy 2: 5-14 (1991), Miller, et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 6: 2895-2902 (1986 ); Cone, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 6349-6353 (1984)).
- the lineage of transiected virus packaging cells will package and produce recombinant retroviruses, spilling them into tissue culture media.
- Retroviruses are collected and recovered from the culture media by centrifugation (Compere, et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 9: 6-14 (1989)). Viruses are resuspended in an appropriate buffer, eg, 10 mM HEPES, and stored at -70 ° C or in liquid nitrogen.
- an appropriate buffer eg, 10 mM HEPES
- Retroviral vectors can offer a wide range of hosts and a broad tropism for tissues through the appropriate choice of internal promoter and virus packaging cell lineage. Selective targeting is achieved by modifying the envelope protein produced by the lineage of packaging cells. For example, by generating a chimeric envelope protein with a single stranded variable fragment from a monoclonal antibody that Recognizing the human low-density lipoprotein receptor, it was possible to effectively target the infection of the cells expressing the receptor (Somia, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 7570-7574 ( nineteen ninety five)) .
- An adenovirus can be used as a vector to transduce a glucoqumase expression sequence.
- a number of adenoviral vectors have been developed for transduction of genes within cells (Berkner, et al., BioTechniques 6: 616-629 (1988)). A high level constitutive expression of the transduced gene products has been achieved. These vectors have the inherent advantage, in relation to retroviral vectors, of not requiring replicating cells for infection, making them appropriate vectors for somatic gene therapy (Mulligan, R.C., Science 260: 926-932 (1993)).
- Replication-defective adenoviruses have been developed, lacking the El region of the genome, which will accommodate an insertion of 7.5 kilobases of foreign DNA (Crystal, RG, Science 270: 404-410 (1995); Logan, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 3655-3659 (1994); Freidman, et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 6: 3791-3797 (1986); Levrero, et al., Gene 101: 195-202 (1991); and Imler, et al., Human Gene Therapy 6: 71-721 (1995)).
- replication-defective recombinant adenoviruses can be propagated by transfecting the genome within cells treated by genetic engineering to express the El genes (Jones, et al., Cell 16: 683 (1979); and Berkner, et al., BioTechniques, 6: 616-629 (1988)).
- This system allows the production of high-titre adenovirus particles (eg, up to 10 13 / ml), which greatly intensifies the efficiency of infection making possible a greater multiplicity of infection (Crystal, RG, Science 270: 404-410 (1995)).
- An expression sequence can be cloned into the plasmid of Adenovirus 5 containing a region of regulated tissue-specific promoter, eg, the PEPCK promoter (Valera, et al., PHASEB 8: 440-447 (1994)) linked to a DNA fragment encoding glucoqumase with 3 'ends and 5 'compatible (modified by appropriate linkers with crimpers and then subjected to proper digestion with restriction endonucleases as described in Maniatis, et al., Molecular Cloning-A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, 1989 )).
- tissue-specific promoter eg, the PEPCK promoter (Valera, et al., PHASEB 8: 440-447 (1994)
- the entire recombinant adenoviral genome is then generated by mixing the limealized Adenovirus 5-PEPCK-glucokinase plasmid with a subgenomic fragment of Adenovirus DNA representing the 3.85-100 map units (prepared by digesting the In340 viral genome with Clal or Xbal) (NE Biolabs, Beverly, MA)
- the adeno-associated virus can also be used as a vector to transduce a glucokinase expression sequence.
- the AAV offers the advantage that it has not been implicated in the etiology of any disease, and it has been shown that its specific integration of a site on human chromosome 19 does not interfere with host gene expression or promote gene overhauls (Kotin , et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 2211-2155 (1990); Samulski, et al., Euro. Mol. Biol. Org. J. 10: 3941-3950 (1991) ).
- AAV is capable of infecting post-mitotic cells, thereby becoming an appropriate vector for gene delivery to somatic cells.
- the AAV genome contains two genes, rep and cap, and inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences (Hermonat, et al., J. Virol. 51: 329-339 (1984)).
- Recombinant AAV vectors are constructed by replacing the rep gene, the cap gene, or both, with a glucoqumase gene expression sequence (Hermonat, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 6466 -6470 (1984)).
- the only one The sequence required for integration into the AAV vector is the ITR of the terminal base 145 (Muzyczka, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 158 (97): 97-129 (1992)).
- Such vectors are available in the form of a plasmid (Tratschin, et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 5: 3251-3260 (1985); Lebkowski, et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 8: 3988-3996 (1988) ; and McLaughlin, et al., J. Virol. 62: 1963-1973 (1988)).
- Recombinant AAV genomes can be packaged within AAV particles by co-transfection of the vector plasmid and a second packaging plasmid that carries the rep and cap genes into an adenovirus infected cell. It has been shown that such particles effectively transduce heterologous genes in a number of mammalian cell lineages (Tratschin, et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 5: 3251-3260 (1985); Lebkowski, et al., Mol. Cell Biol .8: 3988-3996 (1988); McLaughlin, et al., J. Virol. 62: 1963-1973 (1988); Flotte, et al., Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 7: 349 -356 (1992)).
- HSV vectors constitute a unique system for the delivery of genes to neuronal lineage cells (Anderson, et al., Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 13: 503-515 (1993)). HSV-derived vectors infect post-mitotic neurons and produce an established latent infection in some cell types, becoming an appropriate system for somatic gene therapy (Leib, et al., BioEssays 15: 547-554 (1993)).
- the glucoqumase expression sequence is cloned into a plasmid containing a portion of the HSV genome, such that at least 300 bp flank the 5 'and 3' ends of the sequence (Breakfield, et al., New Biol 3: 203-218 (1991); and Efstathiou, et al., Brit. Med. Bull. 51: 45-55 (1995)).
- the plasmid is transfected into permissive cells in the course of culture, together with the full length HSV DNA (Geller, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 8950-8954 (1990 )).
- Homologous recombination and DNA replication will result in the generation of recombinant HSV genomes, which are packaged into new virus particles by the cell. Throughout several rounds of bald purification, a recombinant virus that carries the glucoqumase expression sequence can be identified for large-scale production.
- HSV vectors have been used successfully to transfer exogenous genes to neurons in vitro and in vivo (Geller, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 1149-1153 (1990 ); Geller, et al., Science 241: 1667-1669 (1988); and Efstathiou, et al., Brit. Med. Bull. 51: 45-55 (1995)).
- a variety of constitutive promoters have been used, including lytic cycle HSV promoters, Rous sarcoma virus LTRs, human cytomegallovirus IE (HCMV) promoters and neurofilament and PGK promoters for transient expression.
- HCMV human cytomegallovirus IE
- Smdbis virus-based vectors are designed as self-amplifying systems to intensify the expression of exogenous genes in mammalian cells (Herweijer, et al., Human Gene Therapy 6: 1161-1167 (1995)).
- the subgenomic sequences encoding structural proteins are replaced by the transgene expression sequence, eg, glucoqumase (Huang, et al., Virus Genes 3: 85-91 (1989); and Bredenbeek, et al., J. Virol. 67: 6439-6446 (1993)).
- the recombinant syndbis virus is generated by placing the entire genome under the control of T7 or SP6 bacteriophage promoters in order to make transcription of the (+) stranded RNA possible.
- RNA genomes are then used to transfect target cells (Xiong, et al., Science 243: 1188-1191 (1989)). Infectious viruses are produced by infecting with a cooperating virus (Bredenbeek, et al., J. Virol. 67: 6439-6446 (1993)). Modifications of this design have been described using Rous sarcoma virus LTRs to direct transcription of non-structural genes (Herweijer, et al., Human Gene Therapy 6: 1161-1167 (1995)).
- the luciferase gene cloned into the singular Xbal site in the pSm-Lux vector (Herweijer, et al., Human Gene Therapy 6: 1161-1167 (1995)), is replaced by the glucoqumase cDNA or by an expression sequence encoding glucoqumase after appropriate modifications of the restriction endonucleases. See Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor
- the smdbis virus vectors have been used successfully to transduce foreign genes in 3T3 cells
- Viral vectors can be used to deliver the glucoqumase coding sequence to the cells, tissues and organs of diabetic patients through a live infection.
- the recombinant viral vector is administered to the organism in order to result in a general systemic infection or a specific infection for organs / tissues of the patient.
- an intravenous injection of a recombinant retrovirus or an aerosol administration of recombinant adenoviral vectors results in an infection of the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract (Rosenfield, et al., Science 252: 431-434 (1991) ; and Hsu, et al., J. Infectious Dis.
- Recombinant DNA expression sequences are prepared and purified, comprising regions of cellular promoters / mtensifiers and regulatory regions operatively linked to the glucoquase genes and cDNAs designed for expression in mammalian target tissues in the form of plasmids, lmealized DNA fragments, or viral DNA / RNA vectors, as described in Sambrook, et al. , Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual
- a DNA can be introduced into cells by a DNA-mediated transduction following one of the following methods: precipitation with calcium phosphate, DEAE-dextran method, electroporation (Ausudel, et al., Current Protocols m Molecular Biology
- the cultured cells are trypsed and plated on selection media at a density of 1/10.
- Clonal cell lineages which have inherited the selectable marker, are captured by cloning in rings, expanded in culture, and analyzed for the inheritance of the transfected gene of interest by PCR (Innis, et al., PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Academic Press, 1990)) and Southern blot analysis (Southern, J. Mol. Biol. 98: 503
- glucoqumase transfected gene is examined by Northern blot analysis (Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1989) of total RNA by immunoblot analysis with specific antisera for glucoqumasa and by analysis of glucoqumasa activity (Valera, et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 222: 533-539 (1994); Dav ⁇ dson, et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 253: 156-157 (1987 )).
- hepatocytes can be isolated from the liver (Ponder, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 1217-
- hepatocytes are collected and transplanted into a patient or by infusion of the cells in the portal vein (Wilson, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 6437-8441 (1990 )) or by intrasplenic introduction (Ponder, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 1217-1221 (1991)).
- mice In mice, it was shown that genetically modified hepatocytes, introduced mtraesplenically, replaced up to 80% of the diseased liver (Rhim, et al., Science 263: 1149-1152 (1994)). In dogs, a 5% replacement of the liver mass with hepatocytes transduced with the retrovirus expressing human ⁇ -antit ⁇ psin resulted in human peptide expression for up to 30 days (Kay, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 89-93 (1992)).
- hypercholesterolemias in inherited hyperlipidemic rabbits from Watanabe were transiently corrected by implantation of hepatocytes transduced with a retrovirus capable of directing the expression of a functional low-density lipoprotein ("LDL") receptor (Wilson, Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 8437-8441 (1990)).
- LDL low-density lipoprotein
- a specific internal liver promoter could intensify a sustained level of transgene expression.
- myoblasts can be isolated from muscle biopsies (Mendell, et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 832-838 (1995)), can be expanded in culture and genetically modified to express high levels of glucokinase by transfection with a DNA comprising the glucokinase gene under the control of the transcription of a specific promoter / intensifier of strong muscles or can be infected with a recombinant muscle-specific retrovirus (Ferrari, et al., Human Gene Therapy 6: 733-742
- Myoblasts that express glucokinase can then be transferred to a muscle by direct injection of the cells.
- Previous experience with murine myoblasts has shown that injected myoblasts will fuse to form preexisting multinucleated myofibrils (Dhawan, et al., Science 254: 1509-1512 (1991); and Barr, et al., Science 254: 1507-1509 (1991)).
- Differentiated muscle fibers will maintain a high level of transgene expression (Yao, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 3357-3361 (1992)).
- human fibroblasts can be modified by gene transfer, receptor-mediated or retrovirus-mediated (Veelken, et al., Human Gene Therapy 5: 1203-1210 (1994); and Chen, et al., Human Gene Therapy 6: 917-926 (1995)) to overexpress glucoquinase.
- the cells are then embedded in collagen-coated latexes of expanded poly (tetrafluoroethylene) fibers (Gore-Tex), as described above (Thompson, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 7928-7932 (1989); and Moullier, et al., Nature Genetics 4: 154-159 (1993)).
- neo-organs produced sustained expression of transgenes in mice (Salvetti, et al., Human Gene Therapy 6: 1153-1159 (1995)) and dogs (Moullier, et al., Nature Med. 1: 353- 357 (1995)).
- Such neo-organs which comprise fibroblasts or other types of cells that overexpress glucoqumase, can serve to normalize blood sugars in the msulinopenic state.
- Non-viral glucoqumase genes can also be targeted in vivo to specific tissues or organs, eg, the liver or muscles, in patients.
- delivery systems may include a receptor-mediated endocytotis, an encapsulation of liposomes or a direct insertion of non-viral expression vectors.
- the glucokinase gene can be delivered to specific cells, eg, hepatocytes in the liver (Wu, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266: 14338-14342 (1991); and Wilson , et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267: 963-967 (1992)).
- specific cells eg, hepatocytes in the liver
- Wilson et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267: 963-967 (1992)
- soluble glucokinase DNA complexed with this molecule, can be supplied to hepatocytes in the liver through an Asialoglycoprotein receptor binding, followed by endocytosis.
- the ligand and DNA complex is administered intravenously.
- liposome formulations for example, proteoliposomes containing viral envelope receptor proteins, i.e. virosomes
- virosomes effectively deliver genes to hepatocytes and renal cells after direct injection
- Nicolau et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 1068-1072 (1993); Kaneda, et al., Science 243: 375-378 (1989); Mannino, et al., Biotechmques 6: 682 (1988); and Tomita, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 186: 129-134 (1992)
- Nicolau et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 1068-1072 (1993); Kaneda, et al., Science 243: 375-378 (1989); Mannino, et al., Biotechmques 6: 682 (1988); and Tomita, et al., Biochem. Biophys
- glucokinase DNA expression vectors e.g., into a muscle or liver, either as a solution or as a precipitate with calcium phosphate (Wolff, et al., Science 247 : 1465-1468
- the micromjection of the glucoqumase DNA segment constitutes an approach to achieve a gene therapy of germ lineages (Hogan, et al., Manipulatmg the Mouse Embryo, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1986); Brmster, et al., Proc. Nati Acad. Sci. USA 82: 4438-4442 (1985)).
- Another method to achieve a gene therapy of germ lineages is to effect a transfection of a gene and a homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells (Thomas, et al., Cell 51: 503-512 (1987); and Capecchi, Science 244: 1288 -1292 (1989)).
- Example 1 Expression of glucokinase in the liver
- This chimeric gene was used as a liver expression vector to obtain regulated expression and stabilization of mRNA from cDNAs in transgenic mice.
- the strategy used to obtain the PEPCK / GK chimeric gene was started by sucking the BglII-Sphl fragment of the PEPCK / insulin chimeric gene, which includes the first exon (3'-Ins) and the gene translation initiation site of human insulin (5'-Ins), in the pSP72 polisher. To destroy the ATG translation initiation site, which was contained in a unique Ncol restriction site, this fragment of the insulin gene was digested with Ncol and treated with mung bean nuclease to remove single-chain pendant portions produced by the enzyme.
- a 4.5 kb Xbal-Sphl fragment containing the entire PEPCK / GK chimeric gene was micromjected into fertilized eggs removed by scanning from the oviducts of C57BL6 / HJL mice superovulated at 6-8 hours after ovulation.
- a schematic diagram of the chimeric gene is described in Figure 1. The expression of this chimeric gene leads to a 2.5 kb mRNA transcript when it is polyadenylated in the signal at the end of the glucochemase cDNA.
- the general procedures for micromjection of the chimeric gene were as described in Hogan, B., et al., Manipulatmg the Mouse Embryo - A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1986).
- the animals were tested for the presence of the transgene by Southern blotting of 10 ⁇ g of tail DNA, digested with EcoRI.
- the transfer spots were hybridized with a 2.3 kb EcoRI-EcoRI fragment containing all glucoqumase cDNA radiolabeled with [ ⁇ - 32 P] dCTP (3,000 Ci / mmol), Amersham Corp., Arlmgton Heights, IL) by random oligo-priming (Boehringer-Mannheim, Germany).
- the animals expressing the transgene were retained and then fed ad libi tum with a standardized diet (Panlab, Barcelona, Spain) and kept under a 12-hour light and dark cycle (lamps connected at 8:00 am).
- mice For the diabetic group, diabetes was induced by injection through the jugular vein at a dose of 2 mg of streptozotocma / 10 g of body weight on 2 consecutive days. Streptozotocma ("Stz”) (Sigma Chemical Co., Saint Louis, MO) was dissolved in a 10 mM sodium citrate buffer with 0.9% NaCl, pH 4.5, immediately before administration. Mice were used 7 days after streptozocin treatment. Diabetes was determined by measuring glycemic, glucosuric and ketone levels (ACCUTREND and GLUKETUR Test, Boehrmg Mannhem, Germany). The animals were sacrificed and samples were taken between 9 and 10 in the morning. Male mice with an age of 4 to 8 weeks were used.
- mice of generations Fl and F2 from two transgenic lineages, carried approximately 5 and 20 intact copies, respectively, of the PEPCK / GK chimeric gene, as analyzed by Southern blotting, and were used in further studies. Bait couplings were used as controls for the transgenic animals.
- RNA samples (30 ⁇ g) were electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel containing 2.2 M formaldehyde. Northern blots were hybridized. a cDNA probe labeled with 32 P and glucokinase probe labeled ⁇ -actma 32 P, corresponding to an EcoRI-EcoRI 1.3 kb fragment of the rabbit NCA, as indicated in Valera, A. , et al., FASEB J. 9: 1067-1078 (1995).
- Hepatocytes were isolated between 10 and 11 in the morning from normally fed mice and diabetic mice, as described in LeCam, A., et al., Exp. Cell Res. 98: 382-395 (1976). After removing non-parenchymal cells and debris, hepatocytes were resuspended in a Dulbecco-modified Eagle medium ("DMEM") (Gibco, Grand Island, NY) containing 0.2% albumin and 10% fetal calf serum (Boehrmger- Mannheim, Germany). 5.5 x 10 6 cells in 10 ml of this medium were plated on collagen-coated trays and kept at 37 ° C under a 5% C0 2 atmosphere.
- DMEM Dulbecco-modified Eagle medium
- hepatocytes were incubated in 10 ml of DMEM without glucose and supplemented with 16 mM lactate plus 4 mM pyruvate for a period of time up to 24 h. 100 ml aliquots of the medium were taken at different times and glucose and ⁇ -hydroxybutyrate concentrations were determined.
- liver samples were homogenized in an ice-cold buffer (pH 7.4) containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, 300 mM sucrose, 100 mM KCl, ethylenediamma-tetraacetic acid (“EDTA" ) 1 mM and ⁇ -mercaptoethanol 0.7 ⁇ l / ml.
- EDTA ethylenediamma-tetraacetic acid
- ⁇ -mercaptoethanol 0.7 ⁇ l / ml.
- EDTA ethylenediamma-tetraacetic acid
- the concentrations of insulin and serum glucose, glycogen, glucose-6-phosphate and lactate in liver, glucose and lactate extracts were measured in hepatocyte incubation media, as described in Valera, et al., PHASEB J. 9: 1067-1078 (1995).
- the glucose in 20 ml of blood was also determined using an ACCUTREND analyzer (Boehringer-Mannhein, Germany).
- the levels of ⁇ -hydroxybutyrate in serum and in hepatocyte incubation medium were measured by ⁇ -hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase technology (Boehringer-Mannheim, Germany). Serum triglycerides were determined. enzymatically (GPO-PAP, Boehrmger-Mannheim, Germany).
- Serum free fatty acids were measured by the acyl-CoA-smtase and acyl-CoA oxidase method (Wako Chemicals, Germany). Enzymatic activities and metabolite concentrations are expressed as the mean ⁇ the typical error of the mean (SEM).
- a 2.5 kb transcript was detected in the liver of control and transgenic mice, which resulted from the expression of both the endogenous glucoqumase gene and also the glucoqumase transgene.
- Glucoqumase mRNA transcripts were not detected in the liver of diabetic control mice, while Stz-treated transgenic mice retained a high level of glucoqumase mRNA expression.
- Glucoqumase activity in the liver of healthy transgenic mice was 2 times higher in both transgenic lineages and in controls. Enzymatic activity in diabetic control mice with Stz was extremely low.
- the glucochemase activities of Stz-treated mice in both lineages were similar to those observed in healthy control mice or greater than them.
- Glucose-6-P0 4 is a substrate for glycogen synthesis as well as an allosteric glycogen-smtase activator (Larner, J., Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 63: 173-231 (1990)) .
- the transgenic mice, which expressed the glucoqumase transgene accumulated more glycogen (approximately 2 times more) than the control mice.
- Example 2 Expression of glucokinase in a muscle
- a 0.8 kb fragment containing the small intron was introduced and the SV40 t antigen polyadenylation signal (t mtron / poly (A)) was introduced at the 3 'end of the Glucoqumase cDNA (Laimms, et al., Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. 79: 6453-6457 (1982)).
- t mtron / poly (A) the SV40 t antigen polyadenylation signal
- the resulting plasmid was designated as pMLCl / GK.
- a 5.5 kb Xhol-Notl fragment which contained the entire PEPCK / GK chimeric gene, was micromjected into fertilized eggs removed by scanning from the oviducts of C57BL6 / HKL mice superovulated at 6-8 hours after ovulation.
- a schematic diagram of the chimeric gene is described in Figure 2.
- the expression of this chimeric gene leads to a 2.5 kb mRNA transcript when polyadenylated in the signal located at the end of the glucoqumase cDNA.
- the general procedures for microm- Chimeric gene ejections were as described in Hogan, et al., Manipulating the Mouse Embryo - A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1986).
- mice were tested for the presence of the transgene by Southern blot of 10 ⁇ g of tail DNA digested with EcoRI.
- the transfer spots were hybridized with a 2.3 kb EcoRI-EcoRI fragment, which contained all the glucoqumase cDNA radiolabeled with [ ⁇ - 2 P] dCTP (3,000 Ci / mmol, Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, IL) by random oligocebado.
- the mice were fed ad libi tum with a standardized diet (Panlab, Barcelona, Spain) and were kept under a 12-hour light and dark cycle (the lamps are connected at 8:00 am). Male mice with an age of 4 to 8 weeks were used.
- Total skeletal muscle RNA was obtained by the guanidine isothiocyanate method (Chirgwin, et al., Biochemistry 18: 5294-5299 (1979)), and RNA samples (30 ⁇ g) were electrophoresed on a gel 1% agarose containing 2.2 M formaldehyde. Northern blotting spots were hybridized to a ⁇ 2 P-labeled glucoquase cDNA probe, as indicated in Valera, et al., FASEB J. 9: 1067 -1078 (1995). This probe was labeled using [ ⁇ - 32 P] dCTP, following the random oligo-priming method, as described by the manufacturer (Boeh ⁇ nger-Mannheim, Germany). The specific activity of the labeled DNA was approximately 10 9 cpm / ⁇ g of DNA. The membranes contacted Kodak XCAR-5 films.
- Glucoqumase activity was calculated as the difference between glucose phosphorylation capacity, with 100 and 5 mM glucose, and hexoqumase activity as glucose phosphorylating capacity, with 5 mM glucose.
- concentrations of insulin and serum glucose, glycogen, glucose-6-P0 4 and lactate in muscle extracts were measured as described in Valera, A., et al., PHASEB J. 9: 1067-1078 (1995) .
- Glucose was also determined in 20 ml of blood using an Accutrend ® (Boehringer-Mannheim) analyzer.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP96938224A EP0820773A1 (en) | 1995-11-16 | 1996-11-15 | Treatment of diabetes with a glucokinase gene |
| AU75726/96A AU7572696A (en) | 1995-11-16 | 1996-11-15 | Treatment of diabetes with a glucokinase gene |
| JP9518600A JPH10512762A (ja) | 1995-11-16 | 1996-11-15 | グルコキナーゼ遺伝子による糖尿病の治療方法 |
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|---|---|---|---|
| US55936895A | 1995-11-16 | 1995-11-16 | |
| US08/559,368 | 1995-11-16 |
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| PCT/ES1996/000216 Ceased WO1997017994A1 (es) | 1995-11-16 | 1996-11-15 | Tratamiento de la diabetes con un gen de glucoquinasa |
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| EP (1) | EP0820773A1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JPH10512762A (es) |
| AU (1) | AU7572696A (es) |
| CA (1) | CA2236332A1 (es) |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002049423A1 (es) * | 2000-12-20 | 2002-06-27 | Universitat Autonoma De Barcelona | Utilizacion conjunta del gen de la insulina y del gen de la glucoquinasa en el desarrollo de aproximaciones terapeuticas para la diabetes mellitus |
| WO2013117776A1 (es) * | 2012-02-08 | 2013-08-15 | Fundación Pública Andaluza Progreso Y Salud | Enzimas glucocinasas con actividad aumentada y su uso en el tratamiento y/o prevención de la diabetes mellitus |
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| JP4146095B2 (ja) | 2001-01-15 | 2008-09-03 | ユニチカ株式会社 | 耐熱性グルコキナーゼ遺伝子、それを含有する組換えベクター、その組換えベクターを含有する形質転換体及びその形質転換体を用いた耐熱性グルコキナーゼの製造方法 |
| US10494619B2 (en) | 2014-07-31 | 2019-12-03 | The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Oklahoma | High isomerohydrolase activity mutants of human RPE65 |
| WO2025059113A1 (en) | 2023-09-12 | 2025-03-20 | The Board Of Regents Of The University Of Oklahoma | Treatments for enhancing immune response to clostridioides difficile infections |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1993021343A1 (en) * | 1992-04-22 | 1993-10-28 | Arch Development Corporation | Detection of early-onset, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| WO1995000644A1 (en) * | 1993-06-28 | 1995-01-05 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Vectors for genetically engineered cells that produce insulin in response to glucose |
| WO1995025169A1 (es) * | 1994-03-14 | 1995-09-21 | Universitat Autonoma De Barcelona | Gen quimerico que utiliza el gen o cdna de la insulina, en especial para terapia genica de la diabetes |
| WO1995027512A2 (en) * | 1994-04-11 | 1995-10-19 | Baylor College Of Medicine | Compositions and methods for gene therapy to treat disease |
-
1996
- 1996-11-11 ZA ZA969435A patent/ZA969435B/xx unknown
- 1996-11-15 WO PCT/ES1996/000216 patent/WO1997017994A1/es not_active Ceased
- 1996-11-15 AU AU75726/96A patent/AU7572696A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-11-15 CA CA002236332A patent/CA2236332A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-11-15 JP JP9518600A patent/JPH10512762A/ja active Pending
- 1996-11-15 EP EP96938224A patent/EP0820773A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1993021343A1 (en) * | 1992-04-22 | 1993-10-28 | Arch Development Corporation | Detection of early-onset, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| WO1995000644A1 (en) * | 1993-06-28 | 1995-01-05 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Vectors for genetically engineered cells that produce insulin in response to glucose |
| WO1995025169A1 (es) * | 1994-03-14 | 1995-09-21 | Universitat Autonoma De Barcelona | Gen quimerico que utiliza el gen o cdna de la insulina, en especial para terapia genica de la diabetes |
| WO1995027512A2 (en) * | 1994-04-11 | 1995-10-19 | Baylor College Of Medicine | Compositions and methods for gene therapy to treat disease |
Non-Patent Citations (6)
| Title |
|---|
| LASZLO I. KORANYI ET AL.: "Human islet glucokinase gene. Isolation and sequence analysis of full-length cDNA", DIABETES, vol. 41, July 1992 (1992-07-01), pages 807 - 811, XP002025199 * |
| MARK A. MAGNUSON ET AL.: "An alternate promoter in the glucokinase gene is active in the pancreatic beta cell", JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 264, no. 27, 1989, MD US, pages 15936 - 15942, XP002025201 * |
| MARK A. MAGNUSON ET AL.: "Rat glucokinase gene: Structure and regulation by insulin", PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF USA, vol. 86, 1989, WASHINGTON US, pages 4838 - 4842, XP002025200 * |
| STEVEN D. HUGHES: "Expression of normal and novel glucokinase mRNAs in anterior pituitary and islet cells", JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 266, no. 7, 1991, MD US, pages 4521 - 4530, XP002025202 * |
| TURA FERRÉ ET AL.: "Correction of diabetic alterations by glucokinase", PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF USA, vol. 93, July 1996 (1996-07-01), WASHINGTON US, pages 7225 - 7230, XP002025198 * |
| YUKIO TANIZAWA ET AL.: "Human liver glucokinase gene: Cloning and sequence determination of two alternatively spliced cDNAs", PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF USA, vol. 88, 1991, WASHINGTON US, pages 7294 - 7297, XP002025203 * |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002049423A1 (es) * | 2000-12-20 | 2002-06-27 | Universitat Autonoma De Barcelona | Utilizacion conjunta del gen de la insulina y del gen de la glucoquinasa en el desarrollo de aproximaciones terapeuticas para la diabetes mellitus |
| ES2170720A1 (es) * | 2000-12-20 | 2002-08-01 | Univ Barcelona Autonoma | Utilizacion conjunta del gen de la insulina y del gen de la glucoquinasa en el desarrollo de aproximaciones terapeuticas para la diabetes mellitus. |
| WO2013117776A1 (es) * | 2012-02-08 | 2013-08-15 | Fundación Pública Andaluza Progreso Y Salud | Enzimas glucocinasas con actividad aumentada y su uso en el tratamiento y/o prevención de la diabetes mellitus |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| AU7572696A (en) | 1997-06-05 |
| JPH10512762A (ja) | 1998-12-08 |
| EP0820773A1 (en) | 1998-01-28 |
| ZA969435B (en) | 1997-06-02 |
| CA2236332A1 (en) | 1997-05-22 |
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