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WO1997042690A1 - Ensemble de nettoyage d'une conduite et/ou d'insertion d'un cable de traction dans une conduite et procede correspondant - Google Patents

Ensemble de nettoyage d'une conduite et/ou d'insertion d'un cable de traction dans une conduite et procede correspondant Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1997042690A1
WO1997042690A1 PCT/AU1997/000269 AU9700269W WO9742690A1 WO 1997042690 A1 WO1997042690 A1 WO 1997042690A1 AU 9700269 W AU9700269 W AU 9700269W WO 9742690 A1 WO9742690 A1 WO 9742690A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
conduit
air
sealing apparatus
draw line
manifold
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/AU1997/000269
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
David Casella
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Pneumatic Systems International Pty Ltd
Original Assignee
Pneumatic Systems International Pty Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pneumatic Systems International Pty Ltd filed Critical Pneumatic Systems International Pty Ltd
Priority to NZ333216A priority Critical patent/NZ333216A/en
Priority to AU23759/97A priority patent/AU738260B2/en
Priority to BR9710707-7A priority patent/BR9710707A/pt
Priority to JP9539345A priority patent/JP2000509596A/ja
Priority to EP97919201A priority patent/EP0990288A4/fr
Priority to TW086116553A priority patent/TW396671B/zh
Publication of WO1997042690A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997042690A1/fr
Priority to FI982384A priority patent/FI982384A7/fi
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
    • H02G1/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for installing, maintaining, repairing or dismantling electric cables or lines
    • H02G1/06—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for installing, maintaining, repairing or dismantling electric cables or lines for laying cables, e.g. laying apparatus on vehicle
    • H02G1/08—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for installing, maintaining, repairing or dismantling electric cables or lines for laying cables, e.g. laying apparatus on vehicle through tubing or conduit, e.g. rod or draw wire for pushing or pulling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02G—INSTALLATION OF ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES, OR OF COMBINED OPTICAL AND ELECTRIC CABLES OR LINES
    • H02G1/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for installing, maintaining, repairing or dismantling electric cables or lines
    • H02G1/06—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for installing, maintaining, repairing or dismantling electric cables or lines for laying cables, e.g. laying apparatus on vehicle
    • H02G1/08—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for installing, maintaining, repairing or dismantling electric cables or lines for laying cables, e.g. laying apparatus on vehicle through tubing or conduit, e.g. rod or draw wire for pushing or pulling
    • H02G1/086—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for installing, maintaining, repairing or dismantling electric cables or lines for laying cables, e.g. laying apparatus on vehicle through tubing or conduit, e.g. rod or draw wire for pushing or pulling using fluid as pulling means, e.g. liquid, pressurised gas or suction means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and assembly capable of cleaning the inside of a conduit and/or inserting a draw line through a length of conduit and also relates to a convenient and efficient method of sealing an end of a conduit to facilitate said insertion of said draw line whose leading end is advanced through the conduit by an air assisted shuttle connected to said end.
  • Telecommunications cables are nowadays generally laid underground in specially constructed trenches.
  • communications cables are laid inside plastic (usually polyvinylchloride (PVC)) conduits.
  • PVC polyvinylchloride
  • Draw lines may be inserted and simply left lying in a conduit awaiting later insertion of a cable. This is helpful to the cable installer as in this case the draw line is already placed in the conduit in advance ofthe cable installation enabling the draw line to be readily attached to the leading end ofthe cable which is then pulled through by the draw line.
  • One existing method for insertion of a draw line in a conduit includes the use of a crude parachute to which a draw line is connected. The parachute is inserted via an entry end into the conduit.
  • Pressurised air is then delivered to the parachute causing it to inflate following which it exits the pipe taking the draw line with it
  • the entry end ofthe conduit must be sealed to prevent escape of air. This is presently effected in a crude manner by the insertion in the entry end ofthe conduit of rags and the like which must be manually held in position whilst positive pressure is delivered to the inside ofthe pipe. Positive pressure is introduced into the conduit via a copper tube which is connected to a source of pressurised air
  • the rags and other packing surround the copper tube
  • the draw line must be loose enough to travel through or around the packing resulting in a compromise to the integrity ofthe seal resulting in pressure loss in the conduit via the entry end.
  • the presently used parachute essentially comprises a sheet of textile or analogous material to which is connected at peripherally located points one end of each of multiple lengths of string each of which terminate at their other end at a junction which also receives the leading end ofthe draw line.
  • the parachute is prone to collapsing within the conduit particularly if the air is collected asymmetrically in the parachute allowing greater air by pass around one edge compared to symmetric by pass and proper chute balance in normal operation
  • This imbalance can cause the parachute to rotate, tangling the connecting strings in which case the string can capture the air collecting the textile material ofthe parachute
  • the tangled parachute has to be 'fished' out ofthe conduit and the process recommenced increasing the time and labour involved in drag line insertion.
  • push rods may be inserted from either end of a conduit until they meet in the middle whereupon the conduit is cut and joined creating a further join and thus another place through which unwanted water can penetrate later on
  • the push rods may be inserted from either end up to 100m
  • the push rod approach is cumbersome and has resulted in damage to cables within the conduit particularly where the rod engages the throat of a V formed if the cables cross over in the conduit
  • the present invention provides a method and assembly capable of cleaning the inside of a conduit and which also provides trouble free insertion of a draw line inside a conduit suitable for carrying cables such as communications cables
  • the invention also relates to an efficient method of sealing an end of a conduit whether occupied or empty to facilitate insertion ofthe draw line into the conduit
  • the assembly includes an air assisted shuttle which draws the draw line through the pipe responsive to positive air pressure
  • the shuttle has been made the subject of a co-pending application by the present applicant
  • an assembly for cleaning and/or insertion of a draw line in a conduit including an apparatus which seals an end ofthe conduit into which a draw line is to be placed, and which facilitates the delivery of a leading end ofthe draw line through the conduit upon delivery of pressurised air into the conduit between said apparatus and a shuttle responsive to said pressured air such that the shuttle is urged along the conduit until it exits the conduit pulling the draw line with it
  • the present invention comprises an assembly for air assisted insertion of a draw line inside and along a conduit from an entry end of said conduit to an exit end, the assembly comprising, a source of pressurised air, an apparatus for sealing an end of said conduit and which allows the delivery of pressurised air from said air source, into said conduit through or about said sealing apparatus, a through passage in or on said sealing apparatus which receives a draw line such that when said sealing apparatus engages the entry end of said conduit the draw line is capable of entering the apparatus external or internal ofthe conduit and exits the
  • the air source is connected directly or indirectly to the sealing apparatus and the assembly includes a manifold including means to receive at least one air hose in communication with said pressurised air source and associated with said manifold and the sealing apparatus comprises an inflatable air envelope responsive to said pressurised air such that said envelope expands under said air pressure to seal an end of said conduit
  • the air envelope is disposed at the leading end of said sealing apparatus about a generally elongate tube like member wherein the membrane is fixed at both ends to said member and is disposed concentrically thereabout wherein a cavity is formed between the inside of said membrane and said tube like member, which cavity receives pressurised air causing the membrane to expand and engage the inner surface ofthe conduit
  • the manifold preferably comprises at least one air inlet, an air outlet and a control valve for controlling air flow expelling air According to the broadest form of method aspect ofthe invention there is provided a method for insertion of a draw line into a conduit comprising the steps of.
  • the present invention comprises a source of pressurised air, an apparatus for sealing an end of said conduit and which allows the delivery of pressurised air from said air source into said conduit through or about said sealing apparatus, a through passage in or on said sealing apparatus which receives a draw line such that when said sealing apparatus engages the entry end of said conduit the draw line is capable of entering the apparatus external or internal ofthe conduit and exits the sealing apparatus inside the conduit, means connected to a leading end of the draw line responsive to delivery of air from said pressurised air source and which urges the draw line along the conduit until it exits the conduit via said exit end; the method comprising the steps of a) feeding a free end ofthe draw line through a passage or opening in the sealing apparatus capable of sealing one end of said conduit, b) securing the free end ofthe draw line to a shuttle and inserting the shuttle into the conduit via an entry end, c) sealing the end ofthe conduit with the sealing apparatus d) introducing pressurised air about said sealing apparatus and into said conduit downstream of
  • the present invention comprises a method for insertion of a draw line in a conduit using an assembly comprising, a source of pressurised air, a sealing apparatus for sealing one end of the conduit and which is in direct or indirect contact with the pressurised air source, a shuttle connected to the draw line and which is responsive to pressurised air, the method comprising the steps of, a) feeding a free end of the draw line through an opening in the sealing apparatus, b) securing the shuttle to said free end of the draw line and inserting the shuttle into the conduit via an entry end, c) inserting the sealing apparatus into said entry end after it has been connected to a manifold which controls flow of air into the sealing apparatus and pipe, d) sealing the end ofthe conduit by adjusting a control valve on the manifold to inflate an envelope on said sealing apparatus, e) adjusting the control valve to allow pressurised air to enter the conduit thereby energising the shuttle until the shuttle exists the pipe taking the draw line with it
  • the method comprises the additional step of adjusting the control valve after the shuttle exits the pipe so as to release the sealing apparatus from the pipe
  • the sealing apparatus includes a manifold which controls the delivery of air to the conduit and to a sealing apparatus connected to a leading end ofthe manifold
  • the present invention comprises an assembly for cleaning the inside of a conduit using a cleaning element such as a pellet; the assembly comprising an assembly which seals an end ofthe conduit and allows delivery of pressurised air into said conduit, said pressurised air urging said pellet through said conduit urging water and/or debris before it.
  • a cleaning element such as a pellet
  • Figure 1 shows an exploded view of a draw line insertion assembly according to a preferred embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 2 shows a side elevation of a manifold similar to that shown in figure 1 which controls air delivery to both the inside ofthe conduit and to the sealing apparatus according to a preferred embodiment
  • Figure 3 shows a sealing apparatus according to a preferred embodiment
  • FIG. 1 there is shown according to a preferred embodiment an assembly 1 for placing a draw line in a conduit 2.
  • This assembly may also be used in the removal of water and/or debris from the inside of a conduit
  • Assembly 1 includes a manifold 3 including a sealing apparatus 4, a source of pressurised air, a shuttle 6 and a draw line 6a.
  • Sealing apparatus 4 is preferably detachably fixed to manifold 3 so that sealing apparatuses of different sizes can be substituted according to the size ofthe conduit to be sealed.
  • FIG 1 shows sealing apparatus 4 inserted into conduit 2 with draw line 6a fed therethrough and connected via leading end to shuttle 6
  • manifold 3 comprises a manifold body 3a having at one end a station 5 which receives a coupling 5a connected to air supply hose 7 (see figure 1) which is in turn connected to an air source which may for instance be a conventional air compressor 8
  • manifold body 3 a also includes a station 9 which receives coupling 10 connected to air supply hose 1 1 (see figure 1 ) which is also connected directly or indirectly to air compressor 8
  • hose 1 1 delivers pressurised air via station 9 to sealing apparatus 4
  • the air supply to sealing apparatus 4 is regulated by means of valve 12 which is manually actuated by an operator to deliver air to the envelope surrounding space 13 (see also figure 3) formed inside flexible membrane 14 which expands radially until it frictionally engages the inside surface 15 of conduit 2
  • Sealing apparatus 4 acts like a plug to seal end 16 of conduit 2 and is detachably fixed to manifold body 3 a by means of coupling 17 Sealing apparatus 4 is selected according to the size ofthe conduit into which draw line 6a is to be placed and therefore comes in a range of sizes
  • FIG. 3 shows a part cross sectional view of a typical sealing apparatus 4
  • Sealing apparatus 4 is a generally tube like member including an air envelope formed by flexible membrane 14 which surrounds cylindrical inner tube 18 thereby forming between the membrane 14 and tube 18 a cavity or space 13
  • Membrane 14 is preferably a rubberised material and is anchored at two ends by means of clamps 19 and 20 Clamping ofthe two ends of membrane 14 ensures that cavity or space 13 is air tight
  • Membrane 14 has sufficient elasticity to allow it to be radially displaced in response to pressurisation of cavity 13 with pressurised air from air source 8 thereby enabling tight interfitting between membrane 14 and inner surface 15 of conduit 2 as a consequence of which the end 16 of conduit 2 is sealed such that pressurised air introduced into conduit 2 can only escape via the opposite end ofthe conduit according to the arrangement shown in figure 1
  • air introduced into cavity 13 is delivered from hose 1 1 via valve 12 following which the air travels via a narrow orifice or orifices 21 and 22 into cavity 13 to inflate the envelope formed by membrane 14 to the desired pressure
  • the operator chooses the required pressure in accordance with the sealing requirements taking into account the diametric size ofthe sealing apparatus and the radial distance membrane 14 must travel to effect sealing against the inside surface 15 of conduit 2
  • Typical air pressures which may be used to effect adequate sealing are within the range 25 to 150 psi
  • the pressure can be monitored by means of pressure gauge 23 Once cavity 13 is pressurised to the required degree, in order to maintain that pressure whilst inserting the draw line 6a, valve 12 is adjusted to trap the pressurised air in order to maintain frictional engagement between membrane 14 and inner surface 15 of conduit 2
  • the assembly is adapted for use in the following way described with particular reference to the arrangement shown in figure 1
  • An operator selects conduit 2 for insertion therein ofthe draw line 6a
  • conduit 2 for insertion therein ofthe draw line 6a
  • a pellet 23 can be used in place of shuttle 6 as this will push water and dirt before it as it travels through the conduit
  • Shuttle 6 can be used when the conduit into which a draw line is to be placed is partially filled with cables or empty Shuttle 6 may to a certain extent displace some debris but vanes or air collectors 24 on shuttle 6 tend to conform under air pressure to the internal contours of the conduit and are generally not stiff enough to push debris ahead ofthe shuttle
  • the conduit already has some cables laid inside the cross section may be uneven and in this case the air collectors can ride over the uneven contours
  • the operator may choose either pellet 23 or shuttle 6 for insertion of a draw line
  • the draw line is attached to it via end 6b
  • the first step is to feed a leading end of draw line 6a through an opening 3b in manifold body 3a
  • Leading end 6b is then connected to a shuttle 6 or pellet 23 which is then fed a short distance into conduit 2.
  • manifold 3 is fixed to the end of the conduit whilst the draw line is back fed through the manifold to remove unwanted slack in draw line 6a
  • sealing apparatus 4 penetrates conduit 2 following which it is inflated whereupon sealing of conduit 2 occurs in the manner hereinbefore described
  • valve 12 is closed the manifold is held securely in position
  • Pressured air is then delivered to the conduit by further adjustment of valve 12 whereupon the pellet 23 or shuttle 6 is driven along the conduit until it exits the conduit dragging draw line 6a with it
  • the sealing apparatus 4 is then released by opening valve 12 whereupon pressured air escapes from the inside of membrane 14
  • the trailing end of draw line 6a is then pulled out of manifold 3 in readiness to be tied to a cable to be pulled through the conduit
  • the assembly described may also be used to deliver a draw line from a device known as a launcher which includes a spool of line to be fed into a conduit

Landscapes

  • Electric Cable Installation (AREA)
  • Pipe Accessories (AREA)
  • Cleaning In General (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)
  • Portable Nailing Machines And Staplers (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un ensemble (1) pneumatique d'insertion d'un câble de traction (6a) dans et le long d'une conduite (2) depuis l'entrée de ladite conduite jusqu'à sa sortie. L'ensemble comprend: une source (8) d'air comprimé; un appareil (4) fermant l'une des extrémités (16) de ladite conduite (2) à travers ou autour dudit appareil; un passage traversant ledit appareil de fermeture et recevant un câble de traction (6a) de manière à ce que lorsque l'appareil de fermeture (4) est engagé dans l'entrée (16) de ladite conduite, le câble de traction puisse pénétrer dans l'appareil (4) à l'intérieur de la conduite; une navette (6, 23) reliée à la tête du câble de traction (6a) et réagissant à l'air fourni par ladite source d'air comprimé (8) et qui tire le câble de traction (6a) dans la conduite (2) jusqu'à ce qu'il en sorte par la sortie.
PCT/AU1997/000269 1996-05-03 1997-05-02 Ensemble de nettoyage d'une conduite et/ou d'insertion d'un cable de traction dans une conduite et procede correspondant Ceased WO1997042690A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NZ333216A NZ333216A (en) 1996-05-03 1997-05-02 Apparatus for inserting draw line inside conduit using shuttle and inflatable sealing envelope
AU23759/97A AU738260B2 (en) 1996-05-03 1997-05-02 Method and assembly for cleaning and/or insertion of a draw line in a conduit
BR9710707-7A BR9710707A (pt) 1996-05-03 1997-05-02 Processo e conjunto para limpeza e/ou inserção de uma linha de tração em um conduto.
JP9539345A JP2000509596A (ja) 1996-05-03 1997-05-02 導管の引出しひもの清掃及び／又は導管への引出しひもの挿入の方法及びアセンブリ
EP97919201A EP0990288A4 (fr) 1996-05-03 1997-05-02 Ensemble de nettoyage d'une conduite et/ou d'insertion d'un cable de traction dans une conduite et procede correspondant
TW086116553A TW396671B (en) 1997-05-02 1997-11-06 Method and assembly for cleaning and/or insertion of a draw line in a conduit
FI982384A FI982384A7 (fi) 1996-05-03 1998-11-03 Menetelmä ja laite sähk¦putken puhdistamiseksi ja/tai vetojohtimen asettamiseksi sen sisään

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPN9667 1996-05-03
AUPN9667A AUPN966796A0 (en) 1996-05-03 1996-05-03 Method and assembly for cleaning and/or insertion of a draw line in a conduit

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1997042690A1 true WO1997042690A1 (fr) 1997-11-13

Family

ID=3793980

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/AU1997/000269 Ceased WO1997042690A1 (fr) 1996-05-03 1997-05-02 Ensemble de nettoyage d'une conduite et/ou d'insertion d'un cable de traction dans une conduite et procede correspondant

Country Status (13)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0990288A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP2000509596A (fr)
KR (1) KR20000010719A (fr)
CN (1) CN1221522A (fr)
AU (1) AUPN966796A0 (fr)
BR (1) BR9710707A (fr)
CA (1) CA2253507A1 (fr)
CZ (1) CZ351598A3 (fr)
FI (1) FI982384A7 (fr)
NZ (1) NZ333216A (fr)
PL (1) PL329874A1 (fr)
TR (1) TR199802212T2 (fr)
WO (1) WO1997042690A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002009249A1 (fr) * 2000-07-25 2002-01-31 France Telecom Dispositif de pose dans une conduite par air comprime d'un filin muni d'un furet et procede correspondant
CN105743024A (zh) * 2016-03-05 2016-07-06 张冬 一种管内穿线的方法

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20030035729A (ko) * 2001-12-22 2003-05-09 강춘수 통신관로의 내관 견인기구
KR101230635B1 (ko) * 2011-07-01 2013-02-06 이종봉 방제액의 초미립분사용 방제장치
CN105798026B (zh) * 2014-12-30 2018-05-18 中核武汉核电运行技术股份有限公司 一种乏燃料贮存套管内壁清洗工具
CN111156409B (zh) * 2018-11-08 2021-11-02 中国石油化工股份有限公司 储存液体和清除残液的系统
CN111285058B (zh) * 2018-12-10 2021-05-07 焦作科瑞森重装股份有限公司 大角度管带机用尾料提升装置及方法
CN112620512A (zh) * 2020-11-30 2021-04-09 南京宝色股份公司 一种液压胀管器断后取出装置以及取出方法

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2064703A (en) * 1979-11-22 1981-06-17 Madden P J Unblocking and repairing conduits
CA1156211A (fr) * 1980-05-19 1983-11-01 James C. Hamrick Dispositif et methode de tirage de conducteurs dans une canalisation
FR2655782A1 (fr) * 1989-12-12 1991-06-14 Beaumanoir Yvon Dispositif de guidage d'un cable ou d'un filin de traction a section variable pour installation pneumatique dans une conduite.
DE4312332A1 (de) * 1993-04-15 1994-10-20 Baer Brigitte Vorrichtung für den Einsatz in einem Rohr, insbesondere Kabelschutzrohr

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2191314B1 (fr) * 1972-07-05 1976-10-29 Morel Ets Atel Lectrome
FR2577724B1 (fr) * 1985-02-14 1987-03-06 Lignes Telegraph Telephon Procede de mise en place pneumatique d'un filin dans un fourreau et dispositif de mise en oeuvre
US4840352A (en) * 1988-02-01 1989-06-20 Ellis Roy J Blow plug

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2064703A (en) * 1979-11-22 1981-06-17 Madden P J Unblocking and repairing conduits
CA1156211A (fr) * 1980-05-19 1983-11-01 James C. Hamrick Dispositif et methode de tirage de conducteurs dans une canalisation
FR2655782A1 (fr) * 1989-12-12 1991-06-14 Beaumanoir Yvon Dispositif de guidage d'un cable ou d'un filin de traction a section variable pour installation pneumatique dans une conduite.
DE4312332A1 (de) * 1993-04-15 1994-10-20 Baer Brigitte Vorrichtung für den Einsatz in einem Rohr, insbesondere Kabelschutzrohr

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of EP0990288A4 *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002009249A1 (fr) * 2000-07-25 2002-01-31 France Telecom Dispositif de pose dans une conduite par air comprime d'un filin muni d'un furet et procede correspondant
FR2812463A1 (fr) * 2000-07-25 2002-02-01 France Telecom Dispositif de pose dans une conduite par air comprime d'un filin muni d'un furet
CN105743024A (zh) * 2016-03-05 2016-07-06 张冬 一种管内穿线的方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AUPN966796A0 (en) 1996-05-30
CN1221522A (zh) 1999-06-30
CA2253507A1 (fr) 1997-11-13
KR20000010719A (ko) 2000-02-25
FI982384A7 (fi) 1999-01-04
NZ333216A (en) 2001-06-29
PL329874A1 (en) 1999-04-12
BR9710707A (pt) 2000-01-11
EP0990288A1 (fr) 2000-04-05
TR199802212T2 (xx) 1999-02-22
JP2000509596A (ja) 2000-07-25
FI982384A0 (fi) 1998-11-03
CZ351598A3 (cs) 1999-07-14
EP0990288A4 (fr) 2001-05-16

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