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WO1996003780A1 - Plaques d'accumulateurs comportant des parties centrales legeres - Google Patents

Plaques d'accumulateurs comportant des parties centrales legeres Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996003780A1
WO1996003780A1 PCT/US1994/008054 US9408054W WO9603780A1 WO 1996003780 A1 WO1996003780 A1 WO 1996003780A1 US 9408054 W US9408054 W US 9408054W WO 9603780 A1 WO9603780 A1 WO 9603780A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
layer
core
battery
lead
positive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US1994/008054
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English (en)
Inventor
John J. Rowlette
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bipolar Power Corp
Original Assignee
Bipolar Power Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bipolar Power Corp filed Critical Bipolar Power Corp
Priority to PCT/US1994/008054 priority Critical patent/WO1996003780A1/fr
Priority to AU75135/94A priority patent/AU7513594A/en
Publication of WO1996003780A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996003780A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
    • H01M4/68—Selection of materials for use in lead-acid accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
    • H01M50/183—Sealing members
    • H01M50/19—Sealing members characterised by the material
    • H01M50/191—Inorganic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
    • H01M10/18—Lead-acid accumulators with bipolar electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
    • H01M50/183—Sealing members
    • H01M50/186—Sealing members characterised by the disposition of the sealing members
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of rechargeable electrical batteries, and, more specifically, to a novel plate construction for use in bipolar lead-acid batteries.
  • Conventional lead-acid batteries generally comprise a series of separate (monopolar) positive and negative electrodes, connected in a combined series and parallel arrangement to achieve the desired voltage and current.
  • Each electrode usually consists of a grid constructed of lead (Pb), or a lead alloy which is filled with and covered with an active electrode material.
  • Lead dioxide is used as the active electrical material for the positive electrode
  • sponge lead is used for the negative electrode in a fully charged battery.
  • the purpose of the grid is twofold: to contain the active material so that the electrodes may be suspended in the sulfuric acid electrolyte solution, and to collect and to conduct the electrical current generated by the active materials, so it can be transferred to the outside of the battery.
  • the grid is ordinarily constructed of lead metal for four reasons:
  • Lead is electrically conductive
  • Lead is resistant to corrosion in the sulfuric-acid electrolyte solution; 3.
  • the metal is relatively inexpensive, as compared to more resistant but unaffordable materials such as gold or platinum; and 4.
  • Lead has exceptionally high gassing over- voltages for both hydrogen and oxygen, which minimizes the electrolytic decomposition of water in the electrolyte, and maximizes the formation efficiency of the active electrode materials, lead and lead dioxide.
  • the batteries have insufficient life to be economical.
  • lead-acid batteries The excessive weight of lead-acid batteries is due to the extensive use of lead, one of the heaviest natural materials.
  • the power of lead-acid batteries is largely limited by the use of a grid design to collect and conduct the electrical current, which forces the current to travel along a high resistance path that limits the useful power from the battery.
  • Conventional versus Bipolar Lead-Acid Batteries Conventional versus Bipolar Lead-Acid Batteries
  • Figure 1 depicts a conventional lead-acid battery.
  • An external case CS and internal partitions PAR enclose cells which contain positive (+) and negative (-) plates deployed in a spatially parallel arrangement. These plates are grids that are characterized by a pattern of indentations or open spaces which are covered with an active material.
  • the positive plates are covered with a positive active material PAM, and the negative plates are covered with a negative active material NAM.
  • Figure 1 shows a pair of positive (+) and negative (-) grids in cross-section GCS bearing these active materials. Positive and negative grids are segregated within the partitions PAR by separators SEP.
  • the spaces around the plates that come into contact with the positive and negative active materials are filled with a sulfuric acid electrolyte EL.
  • the plates are connected to a pair of terminals T that reside on the outside of the case CS.
  • the bipolar battery shown in Figure 2 is fundamentally different from the conventional lead-acid battery portrayed in Figure 1.
  • a case CS having protruding terminals T encloses a group of plates that are arranged in a spatially parallel configuration, but the plates in the bipolar battery and the way they are connected are quite dissimilar from the conventional battery.
  • Each electrode in a bipolar battery comprises a separate grid containing either the positive or negative materials, and is suspended in a battery cell.
  • Bipolar battery construction utilizes a series of bipolar battery plates called "biplates" BP. These biplates BP are solid sheets of material that divide the battery into cells and provide electrical contact between the positive and negative electrode materials of adjacent cells.
  • a positive grid PG and negative grid NG are compared to a biplate BP in Figures 3 and 4.
  • the stack of biplates BP shown in Figure 2 is held together by endplates EP.
  • the positive side of each biplate BP is covered by a positive active material PAM, while the negative side of each biplate is covered by a negative active material NAM.
  • the spaces between the biplates BP contain separators SEP and electrolyte EL.
  • the areas ESA around the lateral surfaces of each biplate BP may be fitted with some type of edge seal.
  • the electrical current needs to pass only through the thin bipolar plates BP, which also serve as the physical partitions between the cells.
  • the electric current can, therefore, pass through the entire battery in a direction perpendicular to the plane of each biplate BP.
  • This arrangement presents a very large cross sectional area and very short distance for the current to pass between cells, compared to the small electrical cross section of the grid and long electrical path to the next cell which is encountered in ordinary batteries.
  • the electrical resistance in the bipolar battery is approximately one fifth of conventional batteries. With this reduction in internal resistance, a high power battery suitable for electrical automobile propulsion becomes possible, provided the battery does not have excessive weight, can be constructed at an affordable cost, and also has a sufficiently long life.
  • bipolar plate Unlike grids, however, the bipolar plate must simultaneously withstand a pair of positive and negative electrochemical reactions, oxidation and reduction. As a consequence, the first plates used to construct bipolar lead-acid batteries were made of solid lead, like their grid counterparts in conventional batteries. These bipolar plates were impractical for most applications, however, because of their heavy weight and the relentless corrosion. Eventually this corrosion results in a perforation of the biplate. The perforation causes an immediate electrical short between the cells, destroying cell integrity and degrading the battery.
  • bipolar lead-acid batteries One of the greatest challenges confronting developers of bipolar lead-acid batteries has been the construction of a bipolar plate which is light-weight, but which does not achieve the reduced weight by adding more cost or by compromising power capacity or useful lifetime.
  • the first lead battery plates, pictured in Figure 5 were soft and difficult to work with. Repeated charging and discharging first creates corrosion on the plate surface. This corrosion creates areas of high electrical resistance. Eventually, the plate becomes perforated and the battery fails.
  • a carbon-in-plastic plate C/P like the one shown in Figure 6, was developed. This hybrid plate fails quickly because the carbon oxidizes and forms acetic acid and carbon dioxide.
  • the carbon-in-plastic plate was improved by incorporating solid lead spheres in the plastic plate, as shown in Figure 7. This invention is described in my U.S. Patent No. 4,658,499. Later, the carbon-in-plastic plate was improved somewhat further by adding a second layer of plastic containing the same conductive glass fibers as used in the positive electrode material. This improvement is described in my U.S. Patent No. 4,507,372. The resulting combination plate is depicted in Figure 8. A more complex design, which is portrayed in Figure 9, adds a third layer of pure lead to the double plastic plate. Yet another attempt at providing a biplate for a high-power, bipolar battery is revealed by Figure 10.
  • This apparatus called a “quasi-bipolar plate”
  • a quadsi-bipolar plate includes a wrapping of lead that envelopes a plastic center, in which conduction is not through the plate as with a true biplate, but occurs around the folded edge.
  • a true biplate in which conduction is not through the plate as with a true biplate, but occurs around the folded edge.
  • none of these hybrid or composite biplates has proven to be as good an electrical conductor or as corrosion-resistant and reliable, or as inexpensive, as the original lead plate.
  • Figure 11 is an illustration of a Sealed Bipolar Multi-Cell Battery, which is described in my U.S. Patent No. 4,539,268.
  • This low maintenance battery LMB has a pair of terminals T and a resealable vent V protruding from a housing H.
  • the housing H encloses positive and negative plates PP and NP that are separated by fiberglass mats M.
  • Figure 12 provides an illustration of the stack configuration of the Lightweight Bipolar Storage Battery, which is described in my U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 07/516,439 filed on April 30, 1990.
  • the exploded view in Figure 12 shows a bipolar plate battery B which includes a top cover TC that protects an end plate EP, a current collector plate CC, and a current removing element CR.
  • the enclosure E at the bottom of the assembly includes two leads L protruding from it and is designed to hold a similar group of elements that includes another end plate EP, current collector plate
  • the Battery Plates with Lightweight Cores disclosed and claimed below solve the problems encountered by previous attempts to construct practical bipolar plates for lead-acid batteries.
  • the present invention utilizes a thin, lightweight, inexpensive metal core with very high thermal and electrical conductivity.
  • One side of the core is covered with a negative side protective layer which protects the core from an acidic environment.
  • the other side of the core is covered with a positive side protective layer which protects the core from a hostile oxidizing electrochemical environment.
  • the core is aluminum, the negative side protective layer is lead and the positive side protective layer is doped stannic oxide.
  • Intermediate layers of copper or nickel may be placed between the core and the negative and positive protective layers to promote adhesion.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional lead-acid battery.
  • Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a bipolar lead-acid battery.
  • Figures 3 and 4 compare the structures of grids and bipolar plates.
  • Figures 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 present a series of six illustrations of previous approaches to the construction of bipolar battery plates. None of the dimensions presented in Figures 5 through 10 are shown to scale.
  • Figure 11 is an illustration of a Sealed Bipolar Multi-Cell Battery, which is described in my U.S. Patent No. 4,539,268.
  • Figure 12 provides an illustration of the stack configuration of the Lightweight Bipolar Storage Battery as disclosed in one of my previous patent applications.
  • Figures 13 exhibits a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS 14, 15 and 16 portray alternative embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS 17, 18, and 19 illustrate edge seals that may be utilized with the various embodiments of the invention.
  • Figure 20 is a chart that depicts corrosion rates versus concentrations of sulfuric acid for various metals.
  • Figure 21 shows a basic embodiment of the invention without intermediate layers.
  • a Preferred Embodiment Figure 13 supplies a cross-sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • novel biplates are shown in cross-section without depicting positive or negative active material, electrolyte, or any of the structures or connections that might be employed to maintain the biplates within a complete battery.
  • the novel bipolar plate 10 includes a substrate or core 12 having an upper surface 12a and a lower surface 12b.
  • this core 12 comprises aluminum.
  • Other embodiments of the invention have cores fabricated from titanium, steel or steel alloys, magnesium, or zirconium.
  • the primary function of the core 12 is to provide stiffness, electrical conductivity, and mechanical support for the entire bipolar plate 10.
  • the core 12 should also possess an electrical conductivity of at least 1.0 ohm 'cm '.
  • Aluminum is widely available, inexpensive, lightweight, and has very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Any material that offers these beneficial characteristics may be employed to implement the invention.
  • the thickness of the core 12 ranges from about 0.005 inches to 0.025 inches.
  • intermediate layers 14a and 14b such as copper or nickel may be applied to either side of the substrate 12.
  • the preferred embodiment employs both layers 14a and 14b, the invention may be practiced using only one layer 14a or 14b, or using neither layer 14a or 14b.
  • These layers 14a and 14b function as wetting agents, and their thickness dimensions run from about ten to one thousand micro- inches.
  • An intermediate layer 14a that resides on the positive side 12a of the core 12 can promote the adhesion of a protective coating that is applied over it.
  • This intermediate layer 14a can also provide additional protection in the event a cell reversal occurs. This phenomenon occurs when the battery experiences abusive discharge conditions. In some embodiments of the invention, these intermediate layers 14a and 14b may be unnecessary.
  • Figure 21 shows a basic embodiment of the invention without intermediate layers. 6
  • a layer of lead 16 is securely deposited over the intermediate layer 14b that covers lower surface 12b.
  • the lead layer 16 serves as a negative protection layer that safeguards the core 12 from the hostile acidic environment which it faces.
  • the lead 16 on the negative side is an excellent interface for the negative electrode. This interface has an exceptionally high hydrogen over-voltage.
  • sponge lead is employed as the negative active material which is applied over the lead layer 16 when the battery is assembled. This selection results in a very strong, low resistance bond.
  • the protective coating on the negative side 16 of the substrate 12 can comprise any material that does not add significantly to the total weight of the final biplate 10.
  • the preferred thickness dimension of the negative side protection layer 16 is 0.001 to 0.002 inches.
  • the negative protective layer 16 should be able to withstand sulfuric acid in the electrical potential (-0.3 to -0.4V versus H 2 ) present on the negative side of the core 12.
  • the negative protective coating 16 should also have a high hydrogen over-voltage to prevent gassing.
  • Layer 16 should also have a sufficient electrical conductivity (at least 100 ohm ' cm ') and should be capable of being applied to the core 12 either alone or in conjunction with, the intermediate layer 14b.
  • the simplest, cheapest, and most effective negative protection material is lead.
  • the lead can be applied by a variety of methods including hot-dipping and electroplating, as is commonly done on metals, and also by vapor deposition which is done on materials which cannot be readily electroplated.
  • a "flash" coating (5 to 50 micro-inches thick) of metal such as nickel or copper can be applied prior to the lead plating to promote adhesion. Because lead is the ⁇ nodynamically stable on the negative side of the core 12, it does not corrode, and, therefore, the coating can be quite thin. In the preferred embodiment, a thickness of 0.002 inches is utilized. Many other metals and graphite could be used to coat the negative side of the core 12, but lead is preferred because of its relatively high hydrogen over-voltage. Lead also offers a tight mechanical and electrical interface with the sponge lead that is employed as the negative active material.
  • a positive protection layer of doped stannic oxide 18 is securely deposited over intermediate layer 14a.
  • the stannic oxide 18 is resistant to the positive potential (oxidizing) electrochemical environment with which it comes in contact.
  • the preferred thickness dimension for the positive side protection layer 18 is from 0.3 to 10 microns.
  • a positive active material PAM
  • the present invention may be implemented with positive active materials like lead dioxide that are well known to persons ordinarily skilled in the lead-acid battery arts.
  • the protective layer 18 on the positive side of the core 12 may be fabricated from any material which does not add significantly to the weight of the core 12 and which has reasonable corrosion resistance to the acid environment and electrical-potential (above 1.0V) on the positive side of the core 12.
  • the protective layer 18 should also have sufficient electrical conductivity (at least 0.01 ohm '1 cm “ '), and be capable of being applied to the core 12, either alone or in conjunction with an intermediate layer 14a.
  • the protective coating 18 on the positive side 12a of the core 12 should either be thermodynamically stable or degrade very slowly to yield a useful battery life.
  • the environment on the positive side 12a of the core 12 is highly destructive to most materials because of the highly corrosive and highly oxidizing conditions that are simultaneously present.
  • stannic oxide is doped with 0.5 to 5% fluorine to provide adequate electrical conductivity, and is known to persons ordinarily skilled in the art. Doped stannic oxide is thermodynamically stable in the battery environment as shown in Figure
  • Stannic oxide is an ideal material for positive side coating because lead ions from the lead-dioxide positive active material have been shown to penetrate about 20 Angstroms into the Sn0 2 surface, thus creating an ideal low-resistance interface.
  • SnO is thermodynamically stable at positive potentials, it will be chemically reduced during cell reversal and destroyed. Although this process requires several hours of abusive conditions, the insertion of an additional protective layer 14a between the Sn0 2 18 and the core 12 would tend to prevent an initial attack on the core 12 should this occur.
  • FIG 14 reveals a first alternative embodiment 20 of the invention.
  • the core layer 22 in this alternative embodiment is fabricated from titanium.
  • This core layer 22 has an upper side 22a and a lower side 22b.
  • the range of the thickness dimension is 0.010 to 0.020 inches.
  • a one micron layer of zirconium or molybdenum 24 is formed over the lower side 22b of the titanium core 22.
  • a negative side protection layer 26 resides next to the zirconium or molybdenum 24.
  • the lead 26 is approximately 0.001 to 0.002 inches thick.
  • a one to one hundred micron layer of copper or nickel 28 may be formed between the zirconium or molybdenum layer 24 and the lead layer 26 if needed.
  • a positive side protection layer 30 of doped stannic oxide is placed over the upper side 22a of the titanium layer 22. The stannic oxide is approximately one micron thick.
  • Figure 15 depicts a second alternative embodiment 32 that includes an aluminum core 34 having upper and lower sides 34a and 34b, a layer of copper or nickel 36, a negative side protective layer of lead 38, and a positive side protective layer of stannic oxide 40.
  • the core layer 34 of aluminum is 0.015 to 0.020 inches thick, and the copper or nickel 36 ranges from one to one hundred microns in depth.
  • the lead 38 is from 0.001 to 0.002 inches thick, while the stannic oxide 40 measures from one to five microns.
  • Figure 16 illustrates a third alternative embodiment 42 comprising an aluminum core 44 (0.015 to 0.025 inches) having an upper and a lower side 44a and 44b, two layers of zirconium 46 (1 to 10 microns) surrounding the core 44, a layer of copper or nickel 48 (1 to 100 microns), a negative protective layer of lead 50 (0.001 to
  • Figures 17, 18 and 19 exhibit leak resistant edge seals that may be utilized in combination with the embodiments described above.
  • Figure 17 is a top view 56 of any one of the four biplates 10, 20, 32 or 42 described above along with a positive side seal 58.
  • Figure 18 is a cross-sectional view 60 of a portion of a battery that includes the present invention.
  • a stack of cells 62 includes biplates 10, 20, 32 or 42 separated at their lateral edges by a spacer frame 64. The spaces on each side of the biplates are filled with an electrolyte 66.
  • the portions of the upper and lower surfaces of each biplate which are farthest from the center of each biplate are "edge" surfaces which are each covered by two different seals.
  • a positive side seal 58 comprising a layer of sealant material 70 and a layer of insulating material 72 resides on the edge surfaces of each biplate as shown in Figure 1 .
  • a negative side seal 68 which includes only one layer of sealant material, is used on the edge surfaces of the negative side of each biplate.
  • a leak inhibiting edge seal promotes long battery life because any leakage of electrolyte would short out the cells. Without insulating material 72, the seal material 70 would be exposed to the corrosive sulfuric acid electrolyte. In addition, the seal material 70 would be exposed to an oxidizing voltage potential wherever the seal material 70 directly contacts the conductive protective layer 18. Just as no metallic elements and few metallic oxides can withstand this environment for long, there are also very few seal materials which are resistant to this environment. Notable exceptions are TeflonTM and other fluorocarbons and fluoropolymers, which unfortunately, are also difficult to bond.
  • Common seal materials such as epoxies, urethanes, and elastomers are not thermodynamically stable and, when exposed to this environment, will all eventually oxidize, degrade, and leak.
  • an insulating material 72 around the edge of the plate 10, these common seal materials can be used successfully because they no longer are exposed to a destructive oxidizing electrical potential. In this situation, the seal material 70 that is selected need only tolerate long term exposure to the acidic electrolyte environment.
  • the insulating material 72 is an insulator having a conductivity of less than 10 '7 ohm cm 1 .
  • the insulating material 72 can be any substance which resists both the sulfuric acid electrolyte and the positive 1.75 volt oxidizing potential, and which is capable of being applied in a thin layer around the edge of the biplate 10 wherever the biplate is in contact with the edge seal material 70.
  • the insulating material 72 can be fabricated from a variety of ceramics, i.e., non-conductive metal oxides, including but not limited to undoped stannic oxide or aluminum oxide. It can be applied to the biplate using vapor deposition, e.g. , for stannic oxide. Plasma spraying or porcelainizing may also be employed.
  • the thickness of the insulating material can be as thin as one micron for vapor deposited coatings, or may be very thick, e.g., 0.030 inch, for fired porcelain edges.
  • the seal material 70 is undoped stannic oxide vapor that is deposited within the same equipment which is used to apply the doped stannic oxide layer 18 to the core 12.
  • the center of the core 12 is masked during the final deposition step of the insulating material 72.
  • the application can also be confined to the edges by either masking or edge dipping prior to firing. Whichever method is used to form the insulating material 72, and whatever the design of the accompanying edge seal (i.e.
  • biplate coating materials and ranges of thicknesses have been described above, the reader should recognize that the optimum biplate design will depend on the specific use for which the battery is designed. In some applications, such as electric automobiles, power and weight are more important than an application in an electric utility environment where life and cost may be the paramount considerations. For applications like emergency power storage, where the battery will not be cycled extensively and be on "float" charge, the stannic oxide coating can be omitted and the positive and negative side protective coatings can both be plain lead. The optimum combination of materials, coatings, and thickness must thus be selected for each application on an individual basis.
  • the construction of the biplates described in the present application is also applicable to the construction of each of the two end-plates in the stack of cells in a bipolar battery.
  • the construction methods can also be applied to the final plate at each end of the stack of cells, which will be either positive or negative.
  • the end-plate-and-current-collector design is described in detail in my U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 07/516,439 filed on April 30, 1990.
  • all the layers including the core, the intermediate layers, and the negative and positive side protective layers are bonded together to form secure joints or unions between dissimilar materials.
  • the implementation of the present invention may require the use of various chemical, mechanical or metallurgical techniques including, but not limited to, deposition, sputtering, spraying, plating, electroplating, hot-dipping, rolling, compression bonding, adhesive bonding or cladding. These fusing methods are employed to create substantially permanent connections between different surfaces.
  • the preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises an integral biplate 10 having a core 12 with two protective layers 16 & 18 that are firmly secured to the core 12 or to intermediate layers 14a & 14b that are also firmly secured to the core 12.
  • the present invention may be used to construct an extremely lightweight and highly powerful secondary storage battery that does not suffer from the problems that plague previous lead-acid batteries.
  • This invention not only surmounts the manufacturing impediments and corrosion difficulties explained above in the background section, but also provides an entirely new class of mobile power supplies that will revolutionize the transportation industry.
  • This innovative method and apparatus provide an enormously efficient storage battery that will enable auto, motorcycle and truck manufacturers to produce the first truly practical electric vehicles.
  • the present invention will also supply electric utilities with an extremely efficient load leveling battery that will benefit consumers around the world.

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  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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Abstract

La réalisation préférée de l'invention est une plaque d'accumulateur (10) qui comprend une partie centrale métallique (12), bon marché, légère, mince, à très haute conductivité thermique et électrique. Le côté inférieur ou négatif (12b) de la partie centrale (12) est recouvert d'une couche protectrice (16) côté négatif qui protège la partie centrale (12) d'un environnement acide. Le côté supérieur ou positif (12a) de la partie centrale (12) est recouvert d'une couche protectrice (18) côté positif qui protège la partie centrale (12) d'un environnement électrochimique, oxydant, agressif.
PCT/US1994/008054 1994-07-22 1994-07-22 Plaques d'accumulateurs comportant des parties centrales legeres Ceased WO1996003780A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

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PCT/US1994/008054 WO1996003780A1 (fr) 1994-07-22 1994-07-22 Plaques d'accumulateurs comportant des parties centrales legeres
AU75135/94A AU7513594A (en) 1994-07-22 1994-07-22 Battery plates with lightweight cores

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PCT/US1994/008054 WO1996003780A1 (fr) 1994-07-22 1994-07-22 Plaques d'accumulateurs comportant des parties centrales legeres

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0926751A3 (fr) * 1997-12-18 1999-12-08 Texas Instruments Incorporated Procédé de fabrication de matériaux plaqués avec des alliages au plomb et bandes composites fabriquées par un tel procédé

Citations (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4324848A (en) * 1981-01-26 1982-04-13 General Electric Company Positive electrode for lead acid battery
US4637970A (en) * 1984-12-21 1987-01-20 Allied Corporation Lead-titanium, bipolar electrode in a lead-acid battery
JPH02158057A (ja) * 1988-12-12 1990-06-18 Furukawa Battery Co Ltd:The バイポーラ型鉛蓄電池用電極基板
US5334464A (en) * 1991-07-22 1994-08-02 Bipolar Power Corporation Lightweight battery plates
US5348817A (en) * 1993-06-02 1994-09-20 Gnb Battery Technologies Inc. Bipolar lead-acid battery

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4324848A (en) * 1981-01-26 1982-04-13 General Electric Company Positive electrode for lead acid battery
US4637970A (en) * 1984-12-21 1987-01-20 Allied Corporation Lead-titanium, bipolar electrode in a lead-acid battery
JPH02158057A (ja) * 1988-12-12 1990-06-18 Furukawa Battery Co Ltd:The バイポーラ型鉛蓄電池用電極基板
US5334464A (en) * 1991-07-22 1994-08-02 Bipolar Power Corporation Lightweight battery plates
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