WO1996002750A9

WO1996002750A9 - Energy sources

Info

Publication number: WO1996002750A9
Application number: PCT/US1995/008872
Authority: WO
Filing date: 1995-07-14
Publication date: 1996-03-07
Anticipated expiration: 1997-01-15

Abstract

A mass, such as a portion of water in a tank (6) or a weight (10) is lifted when fluid in heat exchanger (2) is exposed to warm temperature, such as during the daytime. The fluid expands in response to the warm temperature and expands bladder (5) or pushes piston (8), thereby raising water to tank (10) or lifting weight (10). Once in tank (10), the water provides kinetic energy through influence of gravity to turbine (12) which produces useful electricity. Similarly, the weight (10) can produce useful mechanical power through chains (12) and gears (11).

Description

ENERGY SOURCES

These sources of energy are going to be cheap or with no price apart from the starting materials and their maintenance which is going to be very simple. The more important points about these sources of energy are that it is unlimited, permanent, efficient and 100% clean. The most important difference of these sources from the sources which humanity used before or still using nowadays (wood, coal, oil fuels, nuclear fuels, etc.) is that all these materials needed to be burned or reacted to enable us to get energy out of it. These new sources of energy are based on transferring the energy from one place to another without burning or destroying anything.

The main objectives of this invention are using the differences in the temperatures between day and night, the differences in temperatures from one place to another, the differences in the temperatures between two baths (for example one bath is warmed by means of absorbing the sun radiation and the other bath is cooled by means of evaporation), or the difference in temperatures between deep underground water and the atmosphere temperatures. Generally speaking any two ranges of temperatures which can be found and between which we can work, can be used as a source of energy via the difference of the pressure of a suitable fluid at the two different temperatures.

From theoretical point of view we can use any substance which has different pressures at different temperatures. Practically it will be unwise to use any corrosive materials (such as acids, alkalis or any substances which may react with or damage the apparatus in use by this technique), any explosive materials, any extreme poisonous materials (such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN)). Any other materials which have a vital effect on the life of the people or the environment in case of an accident or leak in the apparatus. Apart from that all the materials which are suitable as a pressure source can be used as long as they are used by the right and well prepared skills. THEORY NUMBER ONE

The difference in the vapour pressures of a fluid (gas, liquid, solution, solvent, etc.) at two different temperatures is the driving force, which is going to supply our needs of energy.

The main purpose of the next models, examples and techniques is to explain how we can make the vapour pressure of fluids a useful tool. All the specifications of the materials and apparatus are going to be set and at the right time using the best available skills and technology, to achieve the best efficiency with the highest safety possible.

MODEL NUMBER ONE

Figure-1 theory-1 (page 32) shows a schematic diagram for a vertical power supply unit using the vapour pressure of fluid.

1- Injecting vapour pressure source. 2- Pressure gauge.

3- Vapour pressure source traps (Heat 4- Flexible pressure tube. exchanger).

5- Elastic or rubber bag. 6- Pressure reservoir.

7- Grid. 8- Pressure tube.

9- One way valve. 10- Reservoir A.

11- Flow controller. 12- Turbines Area.

13- Reservoir B. 14- One way valve.

If we presume that we are going to build a power supply unit in a city called X, using the vapour pressure phenomena of the fluids. The most important factor in our project is the temperature. From the meteorological history of the X city, the average day temperatures is 25 °C (298 K), and the average night temperatures is 15 °C (288 K). For the sake of the experiment we also assume that this city is nearby hills with different heights.

The power supply unit consists of a large pressure water reservoir 6 (main reservoir), with the capability of standing the pressure, which is going to be under from the vapour pressure source and the water column 8 that is coming from reservoirs A 10 and B 13, and with a capacity that capable of continuing running the system in the period of what I call, the Breathing in Period (when the water column between the main reservoir 6 and reservoir B 13 has a pressure higher than the pressure of the vapour pressure source). The pressure reservoir 6 is fitted with an elastic or a rubber bag 5 which can expand easily to replace the water, when the system is in the period of what I call, the Breathing Out Period (when the vapour pressure source has a pressure higher than the pressure of the water column between reservoir A 10 and the main reservoir 6). The rubber bag 5 in the main reservoir 6 is connected via a flexible pressure tube 4 to a group of traps 3 (the traps are different in their size and number, depending on the kind and the quantity of the vapour pressure source (fluid)). The main purposes of the traps 3 (heat exchangers) are to work as a reservoir for the vapour pressure source in the breathing in period, and to enable the vapour pressure source from exchanging the temperature with the surrounding bath in a suitable time. The vapour pressure traps are fitted with a valve 1 (for injecting in and taking out the vapour pressure source safely and easily), and with a gauge 2 or more to monitor the pressure inside the system.

The main reservoir 6 is connected to reservoirs A 10 and B 13 via a pressure tube 8 (main tube), which is capable of standing the pressure when it is full of water, and with suitable diameter to let the water flow up and down freely and easily as a function of the pressure, which the main reservoir 6 is going to be under. The pressure tube 8 is fitted with two one way valves 14,9. The first valve 14 is fitted to the connection between the main tube 8 and reservoir B 13 (this valve 14 permits the fluid (water) to flow only from reservoir B 13 to the main reservoir 6). The second valve 9 is fitted to the main tube 8 in the level between reservoirs A 10 and B 13. (this valve 9 permits the fluid to flow up only, from the main reservoir 6 to reservoir A 10). In the area of the pressure tube (between the main reservoir 6 and reservoir B 13) the fluid can flow in both directions.

Reservoirs A 10 and B 13 each has at least twice the volume or capacity of the main reservoir.

On the nearest point on the top of reservoir B 13, the unit will equipped with turbine(s) 12 or any suitable apparatus, that is capable of transferring the potential energy of the water (fluid), which is coming down from reservoir A 10, to a useful work (e.g. generating electricity).

For the sake of the experiment we presume that we have all the facilities and the specific details we need to build the power unit as outlined in figure-1 theory-1.

From the meteorological history and geographical position of the X city, I am going to suggest the use of carbon dioxide as a vapour pressure source.

From the available information about carbon dioxide vapour pressure as a function of temperatures (Table-1b theory-1), we see that at a temperature of 15 °C (288 K), we need a column of water with a height of about 518 metre, to balance the carbon dioxide vapour pressure. Also at a temperature of 25 °C (298 K), we need a column of water with a height of about 656 metre, to balance carbon dioxide vapour pressure.

Now we have all the basic information we need about the positions of the reservoirs (the main reservoir 6, reservoir A 10 and reservoir B 13).

Near the hills we set or build the main reservoir. On a place higher than the main reservoir 6 with about 544 metre we set or build reservoir B 13. On the nearest position close to reservoir B 13, and on place higher than the main reservoir 6 with about 626 meter we set or build reservoir A 10. For the sake of the explanation, we presume that the power unit have been built in a similar manner as in figure-1 theory-1. The main reservoir 6, the pressure tube 8 and half of reservoir B 13, all are filled with water (we have to make sure that no air is left in the main reservoir 6 or in the pressure tube 8 which is connecting the main reservoir 6 with reservoirs A 10 and B 13).

Now everything is in place and from a simple calculations, or from available tables we presume that for every 500 litre of water we need to push from the main reservoir 6 to reservoir A 10 we need between 60 - 80 Kg carbon dioxide.

We are at the last stage, where we are ready to start injecting carbon dioxide. Before injecting the pressure source (here carbon dioxide), we thoroughly evacuate the vapour pressure traps 3, the flexible pressure tube 4 and the connection between carbon dioxide main injecting source and the injecting vapour pressure source valve 1. In this practical example, it will be a good idea to inject carbon dioxide during the day and when the temperature is 25°C or higher. We have to make sure that the inside surface of the rubber bag 5 temperature inside the main reservoir 6 is similar or higher than the temperature outside to avoid pressure failure.

Now we start injecting carbon dioxide slowly, and may be on stages, and on more than one day, to make sure that all the volume occupied by our vapour pressure source have a homogenous temperature similar to the vapour pressure source traps 3 and its bath (here the bath is the atmosphere). We continue injecting carbon dioxide until about 2/3 of the water in the main reservoir 6 gets transferred to reservoir A 10 (The grid 7 was made to protect the rubber bag). Now everything is finished, where we are going to leave everything for nature (the differences in the temperatures between day and night) to play its role in driving our system between the two stages of Breathing Out Period during the day, where the carbon dioxide absorbs heat from the surrounding environment (here the atmosphere), and pushes the water up against the earth's gravity from the main reservoir 6 to reservoir A 10, and Breathing In Period during the night, where the surrounding environment absorbs some of the carbon dioxide's heat and as result of this the earth's gravity pulls the water down from reservoir B 13 to refill the main reservoir 6. On the next day the temperature rises again and the breathing out period gets restarted, the night comes and the temperature falls down and the breathing in period restarted again and so on.

The only thing still for us to do is to adjust (manually or automatically) the rate of the water flow 11 from reservoir A 10, and which is going to rotate turbine(s) 12, and come down into reservoir B 13, where it will be ready for the breathing in period.

So we have now a power supply mechanism, producing a free energy. The electricity which is going to be generated from this technique is unlimited (depends only on how big the unit is and on the number of units we are going to build).

MODEL NUMBER TWO

Figure-2 theory-1 (page 33) shows schematic diagram for a vertical power supply unit using the vapour pressure of fluid.

1- Injecting vapour pressure source. 2- Pressure gauge.

3- Vapour pressure source traps (Heat 4- Flexible pressure tube. exchanger).

5- Elastic or rubber bag. 6- Pressure reservoir.

7- Hydraulic cylinder. 8- Piston.

9- Piston rod. 10- Load.

11- Gears. 12- Chains moving up and down to rotate the gears. 13- Reservoir B. 14- One way valve.

To use a fluid with a high vapour pressure at the working temperatures such as carbon dioxide, I'm going to suggest another model as it is explained in fιgure-2 theory-1. This model is basically consists of :-

1- Vapour pressure traps 3 with suitable sizes and specifications and purposes similar to the model explained before.

2- A pressure reservoir 6 with a suitable capacity and has a robber bag 5 connected to the traps via a flexible pressure tube 4 as explained before.

3- A hydraulic cylinder 7 with a capacity of about 2/3 the capacity of the pressure fluid reservoir 6, which is connected to in a way similar to fιgure-2 theory-1. The hydraulic cylinder 7 is set in a vertical position and designed in a way such that, it becomes capable of transferring the mechanical force to an electric one (for example by means of rotating chains, gears, flying wheels etc.).

4- By doing simple calculations we can know how, much load 10 we need to balance the vapour pressure at its breathing in period. 5- If we presume that the power unit(s) is built and set in a similar manner to that shown in figure-2 theory-1, then we are ready to operate the system.

The unit we built has a hydraulic cylinder 7 with a capacity of 314.16 litre (20 cm in diameter and 1000 cm in height), a pressure reservoir 6 with a capacity of about 470 litre, a number of vapour pressure traps 3 capable of exchanging heat with the surrounding environment in a short time (say one hour) and a capacity of holding enough quantity of, say, butane (CH₃C₂H₄CH₃) which can give 1/4 more weight than that we need when our system is in the breathing out period (This is more than the quantity needed to reach the vapour pressure at the higher temperature).

For the sake of explanation we assume that we are still in X city. At 15 °C (288 K) we need about 1.8 Kg/cm² to balance the vapour pressure of butane (table-2 theory-1), and for more precautions we are going to put 628 Kg load 10 to push down against the vapour pressure of butane.

At temperature of 25 °C or higher we start injecting butane pushing up the piston 8 and its load 10 until the piston reaches its maximum height Now the system has been completed and we are going to leave it for nature (the differences between day and night temperatures) to operate like model number one, or we can make it working between two baths totally or partially created by us. This system has the ability to work under a wide range of temperatures using the same source of vapour pressure (just by adjusting the value of the load 10).

MODEL NUMBER THREE

Figure-3 theory-1 (page 34) shows schematic diagram for a horizontal power supply unit using the vapour pressure of fluid.

1- Injecting vapour pressure source 2- Pressure gauge,

valve.

3- Vapour pressure source traps (Heat 4- Flexible pressure tube.

exchanger).

5- Elastic or rubber bag. 6- Pressure reservoir.

7- Hydraulic fluid. 8- Two identical hydraulic cylinders.

9- Piston 10- Piston rod.

11- Flexible arms to rotate the chain in 12- Chain to rotate electric one direction. generators.

13- Base.

This model is almost identical to model number two except that it is built horizontally and instead of balancing the vapour pressure with a load, here we are going to build the power unit in similar manner to figure-3 theory-1 , where each hydraulic cylinder is balanced with another identical hydraulic cylinder. The two identical hydraulic cylinders 8 are both under the effect of two opposite forces having the same value at the same temperature (as a result of using the same quantity of the same vapour pressure source). This system starts working when the vapour pressure traps connected to the hydraulic cylinders are under different temperatures.

When this system is completed, we inject the same quantity of the same vapour pressure source (in a similar manner to model number two), in each side of the unit. We can't leave this system to operate under the effect of the nature alone, but it can be operated manually or automatically by making one half of the unit in the breathing in period, and at the same time the other half must be in the breathing out period. This can be done by creating one or two baths with each bath temperature is different from the other, and switching our vapour pressure traps between them alternatively.

As another example of endless vapour pressure sources, in model number three, I'm going to suggest using propane (C₃H₈) (Table-3 theory-1).

MODEL NUMBER FOUR

Figure-4 theory-1 (page 35) shows schematic diagram for a horizontal power supply unit using the vapour pressure of fluid.

1- Injecting vapour pressure valve. 2- Pressure gauge.

3- Vapour pressure source traps (Heat exchanger). 4- Flexible pressure tube.

5- Elastic or rubber bag. 6- Pressure reservoir.

7- Hydraulic fluid. 8- Turbines.

This model (figure-4 theory-1) works almost in the same way as model number three, except that here, the hydraulic cylinders are replaced by hydraulic motor(s) 8, which is operate by the flow of hydraulic fluid 7, that runs between two large pressure reservoirs 6. The two pressure reservoirs 6 are under the effect of two different vapour pressure forces, coming from using the same quantity of the same vapour pressure source. The difference between the two forces comes from the difference of the temperatures, which is the vapour pressure sources are going to be under. MODEL NUMBER FIVE

Figure-5a theory-1 (page 36) shows schematic diagram for a vertical power supply unit using the vapour pressure of water.

A Vapour pressure cells.

B A column of vapour pressure cells.

1 - Water inlet tube. 2- Starting cell (Base cell).

3- Vapour pressure pushing cell. 4- Receiving cell.

5- One way valve. 6- Carrying tube.

7- Building up cells. 8- Balancing atmospheric pressure.

9- Final Receiving Cell. 10- To receiving main Reservoir.

11- Air bleeding tap.

The basic unit of this model (figure 5.a) is built of a vertical column of vapour pressure cells. The unit consists of a starting cell 2 (base cell) and the build up cells 7. The build up cells consist of vapour pressure pushing ceils 3 and receiving cells 4, (the vapour pressure pushing ceils 3 are similar to the base cell 2 except that, each vapour pressure pushing cell 3 is receiving its water from a receiving cell 4 built on the top of it directly, while the base cell 2 receives its water from another source outside the unit 1).

For the sake of explanation again we presume that we build blocks of columns of vapour pressure cells B (figure 5. a), each block consists of columns which have cells with the same height (suitable for the vapour pressure source which we are going to use and the range of the available temperatures), and with suitable diameter(s) to achieve the highest efficiency possible.

a- If we are going to use the water itself as a source of the vapour pressure, then during the night (low temperature period), we connect the starting cell 2 to the water source (e.g. the main reservoir). By bleeding any air trapped inside the starting cell 2, this cell will be filled with water. When the next day comes and the temperature starts to rise, the water vapour pressure starts building up, but it can't push back to the water source as a result of the one way valve 5. The only chance for the pressure inside the starting cell 2 (base cell), to balance itself with the atmospheric pressure is by pushing the water up (via the carrying tube 6 connecting between near the bottom of the base cell 2 and near the top of the next receiving cell 4), to the next receiving cell 4. Next night (the low temperature period), the base cell 2 will be refilled with water from the main source, and after bleeding the air from the pushing cell 3 under the first receiving cell 4, the water comes down and fill the pushing cell 3 with water. Next day (the high temperature period), the pushing cell will be ready to repeat the same story with the base cell 2, by pushing its water up to the next receiving cell 4. This cycle is going to repeat itself and when the water reaches the height we need, it will end to a receiving reservoir 10 which collect the water from the rest of the columns and blocks, which will operate in a similar manner to the example unit The water which is collected going to be used as a force source in a similar manner to the water collected in reservoir A (figure- 1 theory-1) model number one and recollected into main reservoir (here the main reservoir is not pressure reservoir) for reuse.

Figure-5b theory-1 (page 37) shows schematic diagram for a vertical power supply unit using the vapour pressure of fluid.

1- Injecting vapour pressure valve. 2- Pressure gauge.

3- Vapour pressure source traps (Heat exchanger). 4- Elastic or rubber bag.

5- Water or fluid inlet tube. 6- One way valve.

7- Starting cell. 8- Receiving cell

9- Vapour pressure pushing cell. 10- Carrying tube.

11- Final Receiving Cell. 12- To receiving main Reservoir. 13- Air bleeding tap. b- If we are going to use another suitable vapour pressure source (e.g. ethanol, acetone, petroleum spirits, etc.), the only change we may need to do (apart from the rubber bags 4, which are going to be fitted to the top of each pushing cell, and contain or connected to the vapour pressure source -figure 5b-) is to use another cells with different heights suitable for the chosen vapour pressure source. Apart from that it will be in complete similarity, to the way and how the two designs (figures 5a and b) are operating.

MODEL NUMBER SIX

Figure-6a theory-1 (page 38) shows schematic diagram for a step power supply unit using the vapour pressure of water.

1- Water inlet tube. 2- Starting cell (Base cell).

3- Receiving cell. 4- Vapour pressure pushing cell.

5- Air bleeding tap. 6- Balancing atmospheric pressure.

7- To receiving main Reservoir.

Figure-6b theory-1 (page 39) shows schematic diagram for a step power supply unit using the vapour pressure of fluid. 1 - Water or fluid inlet tube. 2- Starting cell.

3- Vapour pressure source traps (Heat exchanger). 4- Injecting vapour pressure valve. 5- Pressure gauge. 6- Elastic or rubber bag.

7- One way valve. 8- Receiving ceil

9- To receiving main Reservoir. 10- Balancing atmospheric pressure.

This model is almost identical to model number five in using the water vapour pressure (figure 6a) or any other suitable vapour pressure (figure 6b) as a force to push the water up against the earth gravity. The only major difference of this model is that, here we use what I call step cells, where instead of one column (model number five), here (model number six) we use two columns sided to each other, and with different cells opposite to each other (each pushing ceil sided with a receiving cell except that, the starting cell is sided with a pushing cell). The main purpose of using this model is to reduce the pressure that is needed to push against (especially when, using the water itself as a vapour pressure source). In model number five we see that for our system to work, the water is needed to push up through four cells, while in model number six, the water is needed only three cells to push up through, in order to make this model working, and this will be very useful specially at low temperatures, where the water vapour pressure is very limited (Table-4 theory-1).

The only comment I'm going to make about the last two models is this :- If we succeed to build units (something like models 5 and 6, figures 5. a and 6.a), and based on using the differences of the water vapour pressure between day and night, as a driving force to push the water itself up against the earth's gravity, then this means we will get the ability to take an ocean of water up to the sky and let's imagine the benefit of that.

THEORY NUMBER TWO

The more suitable difference between the volume which is occupied by a suitable fluid (while its in the liquid phase) and the volume which is occupied by the same fluid (while its in the gas phase), below and above its critical temperature, is going to be the more efficient force that is going to satisfy our needs of energy.

As it has been explained in theory number one, the vapour pressure phenomena gave us unlimited, permanent and a clean source of energy and left us with three main disadvantages:

a- Restricted positions for the used reservoirs depending on the used vapour pressure source and the available temperatures in the area of building. b- Limited effective height depending on the used vapour pressure source and the available temperatures in the area of building.

c- Restricted heights for the used reservoirs depending on the used vapour pressure source and the available temperatures in the area of building.

The three mentioned disadvantages are going to have a great impact on the cost of building and the efficiency of the produced energy.

Using theory number two is going to keep all the advantages of theory number one and avoid all the disadvantages of the same theory. Figure-2 theory-2 (page 40) shows schematic diagram for a vertical power supply unit using the volumes differences of fluids below and above their critical temperatures

1- Pressure source traps (Heat exchangers). 2- Pressure reservoirs.

3- Pressure tube. 4- One way valve..

5- Reservoir(s) A 6- Flow controller.

7- Turbines Area. 8- Reservoir(s) B.

9- One way valve. 10- Total height

11- Critical height. 12- Effective height

13- Heights area. 14- Balancing outside pressure.

Via the theoretical study¹ to the relation between the height in metres, the produced energy in joules, and the quantity of the used water in kilograms, while using a certain and a fixed weight of a fluid, that is a suitable to the temperatures that available in the area of building (figure-1 theory-2). It has been concluded that it is so important to choose suitable positions for :- The pressure reservoir(s) 1, reservoir(s) A 5, and reservoirs) B 8 [figure -2 theory-2]. In this study when the effective height 12 (the space between reservoirs) A 5 and reservoir(s) B 8, or more precisely the height difference between the top level of the water in the reservoir(s) A 5 and the turbine(s) 7) was four metres, the energy (potential energy) that can be got is 588.35 joule, for every 15.009 Kg water used. And when the effective height was 1902 metres, the energy that can be get is 56142.48 joule, for only every 3.012 Kg water used.

And from this we find that, in the same time in which the energy was increased from 588.35 to 56142.48 joule, the water quantity was decreased from 15.009 to 3.012 Kg (20%).

________________________

¹The study was used as a general indicator only, where we presumed that the fluids behave as an ideal gas in the temperatures above, its critical temperature. Therefore, by choosing the suitable effective height 12, the energy was increased 95.42 times, while the water needed to achieve this was only 20% from the water used when the height was four metres. And as a result of this; the energy achieved by one litre of water was increased from 39.2 to 18639.6 joule (475.5 times). All this improvement in the energy efficiency was produced from using a certain and a fixed weight of the fluid.

Figures-3,4 theory-2 show the importance of knowing the fluids density² (pressure sources) while they are in the liquid phase, and their changes as a function of temperatures, which are going to be available in the area of building specially before reaching the critical temperature (or more correctly the critical points Ipressure, temperature and critical volume|).

Generally speaking by doing more accurate theoretical and experimental studies we will be able to get more accurate information about the design and the volume of the traps 1 (heat exchangers), quantity of the pressure sources (fluids) needed for the required energy and pointing the most reliable positions for the reservoirs, to achieve the best efficiency possible while using a certain and a fixed weight of the fluid(s) concerned.

________________________

²lt's very likely that the clear changes in the fluid density (the pressure source), near it's critical temperature is going to play a very important rule in forming the energy (as a result of pushing the water against the earth's gravity).

[Figure-4 Theory-2] The relation between height in metres, the used water [the water pushed by the fluid after its critical temperature + the water pushed by the fluid before its critical temperature as a result of the change in the fluid density as a function of temperature increasing (D)] in grams and the potential energy in joules, when a certain and a fixed weight of fluid has been used. APPENDIX A

SUPPORTING DISCUSSION

From the Vapour Pressure Theory (Theory No-1), and the work below and above the critical points of suitable fluids (Theory No-2). We are able to overcome many disadvantages, that are always combined with heat engines like:-

1- The limitation of the energy out put (the recovered energy).

This comes as a result of:- a- The energy consumed in the pumping systems,

b- The energy consumed in the heating and cooling systems.

If we look at figure-1 theory-1 and fιgure-2 theory-2 we see that:-

As a result of the water pressure, that is coming down from reservoirs B 13 and 8, and as a result of using the explained traps 3 and 1 (heat exchanger), with the right specifications and the right fluids (pressure sources), the heat will flow naturally from the fluid inside the traps to the surrounding, and the fluid will be liquefied, and by this, the job of the cooling and pumping systems will be achieved naturally during the low temperature period (Breathing In Period).

During the high temperature period (Breathing Out Period), the heat will flow naturally from the surrounding to the liquid fluid inside the traps, transferring it gradually to a less condensed state, and by this, the pressure will build up and the water in the main reservoirs 6 and 2 will be pushed up to a level with higher potential energy (reservoirs 10 and 5) and the job of heating (warming) systems will be achieved naturally.

2- The turbines limited driving force

To explain this, it will be more helpful if we refer to figure-1 D, which outlined a good simple example about this kind of existing energy sources.

The two main forces that the turbine(s) will be under (e.g. Ammonia is the fluid) are:- a- The force coming from the direction of the evaporator, where the ammonia vapour pressure, cannot exceed 147.74 psi (at 24.44°C), at its ideal conditions.

b- The force coming from the direction of the condenser, where the ammonia vapour pressure, cannot be less than 78.87 psi (at 5.56°C), at its ideal conditions.

And as a result of these two pressures, the turbine(s) driving force cannot exceed the force, that is coming from the net pressure of the two opposite mentioned pressures, which is 68.87 psi at its ideal conditions.

From theory-2 (figure-2), the turbine(s) 7 will be under only one driving force, that is coming from the effective height 12 (e.g. when the effective height 12 was 1902 metre, the net pressure will be about 2700 psi).

3- Camot Theorem Defect

It is a well known fact, via the famous Camot Theorem, that the efficiency of heat engines is The efficiency depends only on the two

temperatures (the higher temperature TH, and the lower temperature Tc) and not on the working substances(e.g. fluids). As a result of this famous theorem, the overall heat engines efficiency will be very limited (Table-1D)

By understanding the basic simple facts, the new invention built on, we will find that the famous Camot Theorem is not applicable in our case. How ?

The liquid fluid inside the smallest single unit (cell) which is the heat exchanger (traps) built from, (naturally is going to have the same temperature as its medium). So during the high temperature period (e.g. during day), it will start absorbing heat through its well conductive boundary, from the surrounding increased temperature, and because the right chosen fluid (in its confine volume and at the available temperatures) starts to build up a pressure higher than the pressure of the water column (8 and 3), which is coming from the pressure tube connecting between the main pressure reservoirs (6 and 2), and reservoirs A (10 and 5) (fιgure-1 theory-1 and figure-2 theory-2). So that the water will flow from the main reservoirs (6 and 2) to the reservoirs A (5 and 10), until all the liquid fluid gets transferred to a less condensed state with pressure and temperature in equilibrium with the pressure and temperature that is under.

During the low temperature period (e.g. during night), the pressure of the water column, coming from the pressure tube 3 connecting between reservoirs B 8, and the main pressure reservoirs 2, has a pressure higher than the critical pressure (critical height 11) (figure-2 theory-2) of the concerned fluid. So that the surrounding starts absorbing the extra heat, from the heat exchanger increased temperature, until all the fluid with less condensed state gets transferred to a liquid with a pressure and temperature in equilibrium with the pressure and temperature that is under.

In another words this kind of heat exchangers, functioning naturally with 100% efficiency as long as they are under the conditions, they are designed for, and the overall efficiency will be calculated from the turbines efficiency only.

Claims

1. Energy source, comprising of producing economical, clean, permanent, unlimited and efficient energy.

2. A text, a meaning and a method oftheory number one, utilizing the vapour pressures offluids, as an energy source.

3. A text, a meaning and a method of theory number two, utilizing the pressures offluids, as energy source.

4. A text according to claim 2, comprising of:

5. A meaning according to claim 2, utilizing the vapour pressures offluids, to enable us getting over the earth's gravity, during the high temperature period, and utilizing the earth's gravity, to enable us getting overthe vapour pressures of fluids, during the low temperatures period, and utilizing the load raised, as a result of enabling the two mentioned forces to get over each other, between the high and the low temperatures periods, to generate a useful work.

6. A meaning according to claim 2, comprising of, balancing the vapour pressures offluids horizontally, and generating a useful work, by making one half of the unit in the breathing out period, while the other half of the same unit in the breathing in period.

7. A text according to claim 3, comprising of:

The more suitable difference, between the volume which is occupied by a suitable fluid (while its in the liquid phase), and the volume which is occupied by the same fluid (while its in the gas phase), below and above its critical temperature, is going to be, the more efficient force, that is going to satisfy our needs of energy.

8. A meaning according to claim 3, utilizing the pressures offluids, to enable us getting over the earth's gravity, during the high temperature period, and utilizing the earth's gravity, to enable us getting overthe vapour pressures of fluids, during the low temperatures period, and utilizing the load raised, as a result of enabling the two mentioned forces to get over each other, between the high and the low temperatures periods, to generate a useful work.

9. A meaning according to claim 3, for each fluid pushing against height, there is a certain height, where a certain and a fixed weight ofthe used fluid going to be more efficient in producing energy, by minimizing the amount of/ the used fluid, the pushed mass, the used area and the absorbed heat, and by maximizing the amount ofthe produced energy.

10. A meaning according to claim 3, utilizing the clear changes in fluids density (while they are in the liquid phase neartheir critical temperatures), to play a very important role in forming the energy from some ofthe utilized fluids, that have not passed their critical temperatures in the multiple power plants, which are designed to cover a wide range of the available temperatures in the area of building.

11. A method according to claims 2, 3, 5, 9 and 10 characterized further, in models 1, 2, 5a, 5b, 6a and 6b theory-1 and theory-2 (Vertical Vapour Pressure and Pressure Power Supply Units).

12. A method according to claims 2, 3 and 6 characterized further in, models 3 and 4 theory-1 and theory-2 (Horizontally Vapour Pressure and Pressure Power Supply Units)

13. Economical, clean, permanent, unlimited and efficient source of energy according to claim 1, characterized further by.

(a) The heat of combustion of one kilogram of acetylene substance is 49859.83 kJ/kg, in its ideal conditions.

(b) The potential energy of 3.012 kg ofwater pushed up against the earth's gravity using the same weight of acetylene is 56.14 kJ/day. (c) The average heat engines efficiency is 28%, this decreases the heat of combustion of one kilogram of acetylene to 13960.75 kJ.

(d) The efficiency of this invention is 100% (it's not controlled by the Camot Theorem). The overall efficiency will be identified only by the efficiency of the water dams (now it's more than 85%). So this decreases the potential energy of one kilogram of acetylene to 47.72 kJ/day.

14. Economical according to claims 1 and 13 characterized further by:

(a) The heat of combustion (the energy of burning) of one kilogram of acetylene (13960.75 kJ/kg) we can get once only.

(b) The energy we can get after 10 years from utilizing one kilogram of acetylene via this invention is 174178 kJ/kg (12.48 times the energy can be produced from burning the same weight of acetylene).

15. Clean according to claims 1 and 13 characterized further by:

(a) Burning or reacting our energy sources nowadays leading to many pollutants (e.g. CO₂, CO, RH, R, RO, RO₂, HO, HO₂, O₃, NOx, SO₂, CI, Br, HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃, etc. and α, γ, β Radiation)

(b) Via this invention producing energy will be 100% clean from all mentioned pollutants.

16. Permanent according to claims 1 and 13 characterized further by:

(a) Most of our existing energy sources nowadays we can use once and once only (e.g. burning one kilogram of acetylene).

(b) Our energy sources via this invention (Theories No.1 and 2), we can utilize and reutilize them, as long as we are able to Keep them (10, 100, 1000 years etc.).

17. Unlimited according to claims, 1 and 13 characterized further by:

(a) Most of our existing energy sources reserves are decreasing with time.

(b) Via this invention and through utilizing the physical properties of used fluids (fixed weight and stable energy sources), the amount of the produced energy is going to be identified only by how big and the numberof power plants we are going to build.

18. Efficient source of energy according to claims 1 and 13 characterized further by:

(a) In ten years we will be able to get 12.48 times the energy we can get from the same weight of our energy source, ifwe use it via a heat engine (most of our existing energy sources nowadays depending on this kind ofthe energy sources).

(b) 12.48 times is based on utilizing the natural occurring temperatures (working between the day and night temperatures). Ifwe utilize other naturally occurring or man made two ranges oftemperatures, like:

(i) working between the deep underground water and the atmosphere temperatures.

(ii) working between the deep ocean water and the top ocean water orthe atmosphere temperatures.

(iii) working between two water baths (one wanned up by absorbing the sun radiation and the other cooled down by sort of evaporation), orworking between one of the two mentioned baths and the atmosphere.

(c) working between any two suitable ofthe mentioned temperatures (i, ii, or iii) or any other two ranges of temperatures, going to magnify the number 12.48 to any other number depending on the number oftimes we are able to switch the power supply plants between the Breathing Out Periods and the Breathing In Periods.

19. A method of obtaining useful work, the method comprising utilising a first preselected mass of fluid, expanding and contracting the total volume of the fluid in response to a change in ambient temperature, whereby the expansion and contraction of the fluid imparts energy to a liquid, said energy being used to perform useful work.

20. A method according to claim 19, wherein the expansion of the fluid imparts potential energy to the liquid when the ambient temperature is at a first level and, when the ambient temperature is at a second, relatively lower level, the potential energy is

converted to perform useful work.

21. A method according to claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the liquid acts upon a load to impart potential energy to the load.

22. A method according to claim 19, further utilising a second preselected mass of fluid; and expanding and contracting the total volume of the second mass of fluid in response to a change in ambient

temperature, whereby the expansion and contraction of the second mass of fluid imparts energy to the liquid; placing the first fluid in surroundings where the ambient temperature is at the first level and placing the second fluid in surroundings where the ambient temperature is at the second level, simultaneously to expand the first fluid and contract the second fluid; then placing the first fluid in surroundings where the ambient temperature is at the second level and placing the second fluid in surroundings where the ambient temperature is at the first level, simultaneously to contract the first fluid and expand the second fluid, the simultaneous expansion and contraction of the first and second fluids imparting energy to the liquid.

23. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the first temperature level is above the

critical temperature for said fluid and the second temperature level is below the critical temperature for said fluid.

24. A method of obtaining useful work, the method comprising the steps of: utilising a vapour pressure generating means in communication with a chamber for holding a working fluid; exposing the vapour pressure generating means to first and second naturally occurring temperatures, the second temperature being lower than the first temperature, whereby the working fluid is expelled from the chamber when the generating means is exposed to the first temperature and the chamber is replenished with fluid when the generating means is exposed to the second temperature, thereby imparting energy to the working fluid; and utilising the energy of the working fluid to perform useful work.

25. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein said second temperature is the atmospheric temperature at night and said first temperature is the atmospheric temperature during daytime.

26. A power source comprising a chamber for holding a working fluid and having means for conducting fluid out of the chamber and for replenishing the chamber with fluid, a vapour pressure generating means disposed for exposure to upper and lower naturally occurring temperatures for exerting differing vapour pressures, the generating means being in communication with the chamber for fluid to be expelled from the chamber when the generating means is exposed to the upper temperature, and for the chamber to be replenished with fluid when the generating means is exposed to the lower temperature thereby imparting energy to the working fluid, and means for receiving working fluid from the chamber and utilising the energy of said fluid to perform useful work.

27. A power source according to claim 26, wherein the vapour from said vapour pressure generating means is isolated from direct contact with the working fluid.

28. A power source according to claim 27, wherein a flexible container isolates the vapour from direct contact with the working fluid.

29. A power source according to any of claims 26 to 28, wherein the means for utilising the energy of the working fluid comprises a water wheel.

30. A power source according to any of claims 26 to 28, wherein the means for utilising the energy of the working fluid comprises a turbine.

31. A power source according to any of claims 26 to 28, wherein the means for utilising the energy of the working fluid comprises a load raised against gravity.

32. A power source according to any of claims 26 to 30, wherein exposure of the vapour pressure

generating means to the upper temperature and the energy imparted to the working fluid thereby forces the fluid to rise against gravity.

33. A power source according to claim 26, additionally comprising a further chamber for holding working fluid and having means for conducting fluid out of the further chamber and for replenishing the further chamber with fluid, a further vapour pressure generating means disposed for exposure to upper and lower naturally occurring temperatures for exerting differing vapour pressures, the further generating means being in

communication with the further chamber for fluid to be expelled from the further chamber when the further generating means is exposed to the upper temperature, and for the further chamber to be replenished with fluid when the further generating means is exposed to the lower temperature thereby imparting energy to the working fluid, the said chamber and said further chamber being connected by the means for utilising the energy of the fluid to perform useful work.

34. A power source according to claim 33, wherein the said vapour pressure generating means is at said upper temperature when said further vapour pressure generating means is at said lower temperature and the said vapour pressure generating means is at said lower temperature when said further vapour pressure generating means is at said upper temperature.

35. A power source according to claim 33 or claim 34, wherein said power generating means comprises a first hydraulic cylinder connected to said chamber and a second hydraulic cylinder connected to said further chamber, said cylinders having a common piston rod.

36. A power source according to claim 33 or claim 34, wherein said power generating means comprises at least one hydraulic motor.

37. A power source substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.