WO1996001362A1 - Low-temperature heat engine - Google Patents

Abstract

Conventional internal-combustion engines suffer from a series of drawbacks which are due to the principles of design of such engines and are therefore difficult to remedy. These drawbacks include its cyclic method of operation, oscillating parts, vibration and noise, mediocre efficiency and toxic exhaust emissions. The motor proposed is therefore designed in accordance with completely different principles and is also non-polluting. The invention concerns a low-temperature engine which obtains, operating at a low temperature, mechanical energy from thermal energy. It can be designed as a compact unit or composed of different components. A liquefied gas is delivered under high pressure by a pump (1) in a closed circuit into an evaporator (4) where it is evaporated by the supply of heat (e.g. waste heat or heat from the surroundings). The vapour thus formed is passed into an expansion device (8) where the large pressure drop causes it to be supercooled and liquefied. The fields of application of the engine are comparable with those of existing internal-combustion engines (vehicle propulsion, stationary drive units and power generation). A further application is the use of the low-temperature engine as a refrigerating machine.

Description

 description

1.1) Low-temperature heat engine, low-temperature engine NTM or low-temperature engine

(Refrigeration engine)

1.2) The operation of gasoline and diesel reciprocating engines, rotary engines (Wankel), sterling engines, steam engines, gas turbines, refrigeration machines and solar systems is known.

1.3.1) The object of this invention is to largely eliminate the disadvantages of the known motors.

For reciprocating engines: oscillating parts, vibration, noise, clocked working principle, difficult influencing and control of discontinuous combustion, exhaust gas pollutant problems, high weight, large number of components, high peak pressures, low mean pressures and, for the Wankel engine, also: large combustion chamber surface. With the Sterling engine: cumbersome mechanics and sluggish controllability.

The common disadvantage of the known engines is also the necessary high temperature level during combustion and the uneven temperature load on the components. Gas turbine: Economical only for larger outputs; high speeds and temperatures, material sets limits.

With the previous combustion engines in the performance class up to a few 100 KW, more fuel is converted into heat than into mechanical work. The exhaust gases require special and usually expensive aftertreatment and even "clean" exhaust gases damage the climate of our planet simply because of their quantity (greenhouse effect). Because of their low performance and high costs, solar systems remain of little importance as gap fillers.

1.3.2) We are looking for an engine that is so environmentally friendly that it effectively relieves the earth of the harmful effects of burning fossil fuels. Both in traffic and in the stationary area.

That means fewer emissions and harmful emissions, less impact on the greenhouse climate, less noise, high economic efficiency and universal applicability for the purpose of quick introduction and distribution. 1.4.1) The solution is a low-temperature heat engine, a low-temperature engine (NTM) or low-temperature engine (TTM), which can also be referred to as a refrigeration engine, as described in the claims, which not only increases the thermal energy to the usual high, but also can implement at a low temperature level so that usable mechanical energy is obtained.

A liquid gas is pumped to a higher pressure level in a closed circuit with a pump 1, then evaporated in an evaporator 4, relaxed in a relaxation machine 8 that delivers useful power, thereby cooled, liquefied in the relaxation machine 8 or in a subsequent expansion device 24 and kept ready in a liquid collector 10 for recirculation.

Assuming that the gas used has a liquid to gaseous volume ratio of 1: 400, the pump 1 only has to deliver one hundredth of the volume that passes through the expansion machine 8 to the high pressure side. The volume ratio is reduced in accordance with the set back pressure and the useful power of the expansion machine 8 is also reduced by the efficiency and the drive power for the pump 1. The gas (boiling or condensation temperature and pressure) and the pressure and pressure drop on the relaxation machine 8 and the temperature level are related and must be matched to the vapor pressure curve.

The pump 1 (in Fig.l) is driven by a separate motor 14. Alternatively, the pump 1 can also take place mechanically via a gear transmission or an enveloping drive (drive 15) or directly from the motor shaft 16.

In the liquid collector 10 on the low pressure side, liquid gas must be present at a pressure which is so low that the pressure drop required for the liquefaction results. The low pressure results from a low temperature corresponding to the vapor pressure of the gas.

The pump 1 pumps a liquid gas from the suction line 11 on the low-pressure side into the kHD line 2 on the high-pressure side and into the high-pressure heat exchanger 29 or into the evaporator 4. The pressure valve 3 prevents the pressure drop on the high pressure side when the machine is stopped and the pump itself cannot maintain the pressure (ZB flow machine). The pressure valve 3 can also be omitted if the pump (eg positive displacement pump) keeps this pressure at a standstill.

Sufficient heat energy 5 is supplied to the evaporator that the gas evaporates under this increased pressure. The necessary heat of vaporization is absorbed by the evaporator 4 from the environment, from the air, water or other gases, liquids or solids (e.g. earth or latent heat storage). Combustion heat from a heat source 12 is not necessary, but can be used via a heat exchanger. The performance of the air heat exchanger can be reduced to a minimum with insulated outer sides and closed and also insulated flaps or blinds. The devices for limiting the temperature of the evaporator 4 are controlled by the heat sensor 21 directly or via a central control.

The vaporized gas flows through the pipeline 6 through the throttle element 7 into the expansion machine 8. With the throttle element 7, the gas flow in the warm HP line 6 can be reduced and also shut off.

In the expansion machine 8, the pressure energy in the gas is reduced to the necessary counter pressure and converted into mechanical energy. The relaxation machine 8 is set in motion and delivers usable power to the shaft 16. The gas is liquefied and supercooled by the high pressure drop. Liquefaction can be facilitated by the back pressure.

At a condensation point (pressure / temp.) Below the ambient temperature, the resulting heat cannot be released to the environment via a heat exchanger (in contrast to the steam engine), since the environment is warmer. For the reliquefaction to work, at least as much gas must be expanded and subcooled that the heat energy that is extracted by the expansion or the cold that is obtained at least is at least is sufficient to compensate for the amount of heat generated by the condensation and which the liquid gas absorbs through heat conduction via components, heat radiation, or otherwise, also through thermal insulation.

In order to increase the cooling capacity of the machine (for example with a lower mechanical output) and thus to keep the vapor pressure on the low pressure side low by means of a low temperature and to enable a sufficiently high pressure drop in the expansion machine 8, a bypass line 25 can be used between the warm high pressure line 6 and the low pressure line 9 with a bypass valve 26 additional gas can be released. The bypass valve 26 opens when the pressure or the temperature in the LP line 9 rises by being controlled by the LP monitor 20 via a control line 28 or by the cold sensor 22 directly or via a central control unit or by increasing the pressure in the LP line 9 is just opened by this pressure, which can be supplied through line 27.

This function is also possible when the machine is at a standstill as long as the pressure in the wHD line 6, in the evaporator 4 or in the pressure vessel 18 is high enough. In addition, the bypass valve 26 can also function as a maximum pressure relief valve.

In order to maintain self-cooling and thus operational readiness, pump 1 must maintain a minimum pressure in wHD line 6 that is matched to the gas. For this purpose, the pump 1 can be switched on by the HD monitor 19 directly or via a central control unit if the pressure in the wHD line 6 is too low.

The relaxation can take place in one stage in the relaxation machine 8 or in multiple stages, that is to say additionally in a previously arranged throttle element 7 or relaxation element 24 arranged subsequently. With the expansion member 24, the back pressure can be adjusted so that the Ver liquefaction not in the expansion machine 8, but in the expansion member 24th takes place.

The liquid gas flows through the LP line 9 to the liquid collector 10 and from there through the suction line 11 to the pump 1.

The liquid gas can be heated close to or completely up to the boiling point in the case of severe subcooling in an additional HP heat exchanger 29 after the pump 1, in order to thus still have excess cooling capacity, e.g. to use for cooling purposes.

The engine can be supplemented by a central control unit which, according to the temperature, pressure and speed data from the HD monitor 19, the LP monitor 20, the heat sensor 21, the cold sensor 22 and the speed sensor 23, the power of the evaporator 4, the heat source 5, the heat generator 12 and the throttle element 7 and thus torque, speed and the power of the relaxation machine 8 controls.

The backflow preventer 17 and the pressure vessel 18 can additionally be installed in the pressure line. The pressure vessel 18 functions as an energy store and can cover short load peaks and facilitate self-starting. The heat sensor 21 or alternatively the HD monitor 19 can throttle the heat source, e.g. by operating cover flaps or blinds above the evaporator 4.

Evacuated and filled with the gas, the machine can be compared to a refrigeration machine via a connection to the pipeline or directly to the collector 10 or to the expansion machine 8. The pump 1 and the expansion machine 8 can be constructed according to the principles known from fluid and refrigeration technology (displacer or flow machine).

In principle, evaporators and heat exchangers are also sufficiently well known from refrigeration technology. However, special attention must be paid to the high pressure level. 3.) Commercial application

Low-temperature motor for driving land, air, water and underwater vehicles, work machines and aggregates of all kinds, i.e. for all areas of application of conventional internal combustion engines. Partly also in the area of use of electric motors.

There are new aspects in the area of energy supply. An environmentally friendly generator that supplies one or more houses can enforce the decentralized power supply. The heating can also be done electrically instead of gas or oil. Electric heating instead of hot water makes house installation easier and cheaper.

The energy dependency on a particular country or region is eliminated. The nuclear hazard and harmful and disruptive high-voltage energy routes as well.

Another area of application is the use of the NTM as a chiller.

List for naming the positions in Fig.l, 2 and 3

1 = pump

2 = kHD line (cold high pressure line)

3 = pressure valve (for pump)

4 = evaporator

5 = heat source

6 = wHD line (warm high pressure line)

7 = throttle element (in front of the turbine)

8 = relaxation machine

9 = LP line (low pressure line)

10 = liquid collector

11 = suction line

12 = heat generator

13 = LP heat exchanger

14 = motor (for pump 1)

15 = drive (for pump, envelope drive)

16 = shaft (from relaxation machine)

17 = non-return valve (check valve)

18 = pressure vessel

19 = HD monitoring

20 = ND monitoring

21 = heat sensor

22 = cold sensor

23 = ^• speed sensor

24 = relaxation organ

25 = bypass line

26 = bypass valve

27 = pipeline

28 = control line

29 = HP heat exchanger

30 = work machine (e.g. power generator)

31 = room

32 = overflow channels

33 = housing

34 = lid

35 = warehouse

36 = partition

37 = flow control device

38 = valve body

39 = spring element

40 = gear

41 = flange

42 = shaft coupling 4) Advantages

In this new NTM, the advantages of fluid technology, such as high power density and optional component or block design, the chillers and heat pumps, the gasoline and diesel engines and the gas turbines are combined and their disadvantages largely eliminated.

The advantages are a closed cycle of the energy source (refrigerant, gas), more uniform mechanical stress on the components and more favorable noise behavior - less noise and no combustion. If combustion is still necessary in certain cases, it takes place continuously (gas turbine, steam engine, Sterling engine) and can thus be controlled more easily and the pollutant emissions can be reduced without time-consuming after-treatment.

More uniform temperature stress on the components. Low temperature level (heat p., Chiller). Lower thermal stress on the components

High pressure level, less pulsating pressure. Closed compression space between pump and motor. Component and compact design (refrigeration machine, fluid technology)

The efficiency is significantly better when compared to conventional heat engines when operated with additional combustion 12 and infinitely large if the free energy from the sun, air, water or waste heat 5 is not calculated (useful output without primary energy such as gas, gasoline, diesel, etc.) .

Low temperature heat engine Low temperature engine (NTM), refrigeration engine

Claim 1) Low-temperature motor that can gain mechanical energy from thermal energy at a low temperature level.

1.1) NTM according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the NTM, comparable to a refrigerator or a hydraulic drive, is constructed from individual components, according to Fig.l.

1.1.1) consisting of a pump 1

1.1.2) with a motor 14 as the drive,

1.1.3) an evaporator 4,

1.1.4) a relaxation machine 8

1.1.5) a liquid collector 10,

1.1.6) the cold high pressure line 2, (kHD line)

1.1.7) of the warm high pressure line 6, (wHD line)

1.1.8) of the low pressure line 9, (LP line)

1.1.9) of the suction line 11 and

1.1.10) a fluid or gas or

1.1.11) a gas mixture as an energy source and

1.1.12) characterized in that this energy source circulates in a closed cycle.

1.2) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that a pump 1

1.2.1) liquid gas

1.2.2) from a liquid collector 10

1.2.3) or

1.2.4) that this gas through a pre-pressure

1.2.5) flows to the pump 1,

1.2.6) that the pump 1 the liquid gas

1.2.7) pumps to a higher pressure level,

1.2.8) that the gas is pumped into an evaporator 4,

1.2.9) that the gas is evaporated in the evaporator 4,

Claims

1.2.10) that the gas in a relaxation machine 8 1.2.11) is relaxed and 1.2.12) that the relaxation machine delivers useful power, 1.2.13) that the gas is at a lower pressure level and 1.2.14) at a lower temperature level 1.2.15) is liquefied again and 1.2.16) flows in the LP line 9 to the liquid collector 10, 1.2.17) that the liquid gas in the liquid collector 10 1.2.18) is collected and 1.2.19) that it is for a renewed and 1.2.20) closed circuit is available. 1.3) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the optimal energy source in contrast to the refrigerator or heat pump 1.3.1) the lowest possible heat of vaporization, 1.3.2) the largest possible ratio of vapor volume to liquid volume and 1.3.3) has the greatest possible pressure difference between the low pressure side and the high pressure side. 1.4) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that, in contrast to the refrigerator or heat pump 1.4.1) the evaporation on the high pressure side HD and the 1.4.2) liquefaction takes place on the low pressure side ND, 1.4.3) that the pressure in the LP side at the temperature reached is still high enough for liquefaction and 1.4.4) that - in contrast to the steam engine, the condensation heat is not released to the outside or cooled away, but 1.4.5) that the gas is completely liquefied by a correspondingly high pressure drop and the resulting cold, 1.4.6) that the heat of condensation is at least equalized, 1.4.7) that the inflow of heat by radiation or by heat conduction into the cold areas of the machine is balanced and 1.4.8) that the reliquefaction process and thus the gas cycle is maintained. 1.5) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that, as an alternative to claim 1.1.2, the pump 1 mechanically via a gear drive, 1.5.1) a worm gear 1.5.2) or a drive 15 1.5.3) is driven by the shaft 16 or 1.5.4) that the pump 1 directly on the shaft 16 or 1.5.5) is on the extended axis of the shaft 16 and 1.5.6) via a clutch or 1.5.7) is driven via a shaft-hub connection and 1.5.8), characterized in that at least after a pump 1 as a flow machine, a pressure valve 3 at the outlet of the pump 1 or 1.5.9) in the kHD line 2. 1.6) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the pump 1 is a pressure booster pump, 1.6.1) that this pump is operated or operated by the vaporous gas from the WHD line 6 and 1.6.2) that this gas is expanded into the low pressure side, 1.6.3) that the relaxation in the LP line 9 or 1.6.4) takes place directly in the liquid collector 10. 1.7) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the evaporator 4 can be regulated in the heat absorption 1.7.1) by throttling the flow, 1.7.2) by speed control or 1.7.3) by switching on or off 1.7.4) a fan 1.7.5) or - in the case of liquid heat exchangers - a pump, 1.7.6) by partial or 1.7.7) by covering it completely with suitable devices such as 1.7.8) by means of flaps 1.7.9) or blinds, 1.7.10) by adding or removing heat exchangers, 1.7.11) the parallel or 1.7.12) are connected in series and 1.7.13) characterized in that the evaporation temperature can be so low that thermal energy from the heat sources 5 such as 1.7.14) solar heat, 1.7.15) low temperature waste heat and 1.7.16) heat from the ambient air without preheating, 1.7.17) geothermal energy, 1.7.18) groundwater and 1.7.19) surface water for the evaporation of the gas in the evaporator 4 is usable and 1.7.20) that especially in the case of low-boiling gases for the generation of the evaporation temperature required for operation 1.7.21) no heat of combustion from a heat generator 12 is necessary, 1.7.22) that no liquid or solid or gaseous fuels are necessary, 1.7.23) that alternatively also combustion heat via a heat exchanger or evaporator entirely or only 1.7.24) can be used in addition to the other energy sources. 1.8) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the vaporized gas flows from the evaporator 4 through the HP line 6 into a throttle element 7, 1.8.1) that the inflow of gas is regulated with the throttle element 7 or 1.8.2) can be blocked entirely, 1.8.3) that the throttle element 7 is alternatively integrated in the expansion machine 8, 1.8.4) that the relaxation machine 8 runs at least at low power, 1.8.5) that the low temperature necessary for liquefaction is obtained, 1.8.6) that auxiliary units such as power generator and 1.8.7) any consumer such as lighting 1.8.8) or air conditioning are supplied with energy, 1.8.9) that the NTM as the drive motor is always ready for a power request, 1.8.10) that a starter battery can be dispensed with and 1.8.11) that the electrical system or 1.8.12) also electric motors in vehicles 1.8.13) optionally on direct current, 1.8.14) on alternating current or 1.8.15) on three-phase current 1.8.16) are designed with protective voltage. 1.9) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that a usable cooling capacity is obtained in the gas circuit, 1.9.1) that there is an additional high-pressure heat exchanger 29 for taking off cold after pump 1, 1.9.2) that there is an LP heat exchanger 13 after the expansion machine 8, 1.9.3) that in the ND line 9 or 1.9.4) is arranged in a bypass line parallel to the LP line 9 and 1.9.5) that excess cooling capacity can be removed, 1.9.6) that the cooling capacity can be used for other known and customary cooling purposes and 1.9.7) characterized in that when operating with a very low-boiling gas such low temperatures are possible that the cooling capacity can also be used for technical applications and 1.9.8) that one of these technical applications is the liquefaction of gases and 1.9.9) that operation with a correspondingly low-boiling gas cools down to the area of electrical superconductivity. 1.10) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the gas 1.10.1) depending on the operating state 1.10.2) single stage or 1.10.3) is relaxed in several stages, 1.10.4) that it is partially in the throttle body 7 and 1.10.5) is relaxed in the relaxation machine 8, 1.10.6) that it is also expanded and liquefied in the relaxation element 24, 1.10.7) that the expansion element 24 in the LP line 9 U at the exit of the relaxation machine 8 or 1.10.8) anywhere in the LP line 9 or 1.10.9) is installed at the inlet of the liquid collector 10. 1.11) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that after the evaporator 4, a backflow preventer 17 (check valve) and 1.11.1) is a pressure vessel 18 in the wHD line 6. 1.11.2) that a bypass line 25 leads from the high-pressure line 6 to the low-pressure line 9, 1.11.3) that there is a bypass valve 26 in the bypass line 25, 1.11.4) that the bypass valve 26 protects the HP line 6 like a maximum pressure valve, 1.11.5) that it is also connected to a control connection via a pipe 27 to the LP line 9 or 1.11.6) via a control line 28 with the LP monitor 20 or with the cold sensor 22 and 1.11.7) that this bypass valve 26 at too high a pressure 1.11.8) or too high a temperature in the LP line 9 is opened automatically, 1.11.9) that the expansion of gas maintains the low temperature necessary for liquefaction and 1.11.10) that the gas in the bypass valve 26 1.11.11) from inlet pressure to 1.11.12) to the outlet pressure 1.11.13) defined and 1.11.14) is relaxed in a controlled manner. 1.12) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that there is an HD monitor 19 and a heat sensor 21 in the wHD line 6, 1.12.1) that an LP monitor 20 in the LP line 9, 1.12.2) a cold sensor 22 and 1.12.3) is a speed sensor 23 on the shaft 16, 1.12.4) connected to a controller that 1.12.5) the performance of pump 1, 1.12.6) the performance of the evaporator 4, 1.12.7) the heat source 5, 1.12.8) of the heat generator 12 and 1.12.9) regulates the throttle element 7 and 1.12.10) can control the bypass valve 26 and 1.12.11), characterized in that the motor 14, for example an electric motor, is also regulated, 1.12.12) that the motor 14 at too high a pressure in the 1.12.13) wHD line 6 or HD monitoring 19 switched off and 1.12.14) is switched on if the pressure is too low. 1.13) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the pipelines and components are thermally insulated and have a temperature difference from the environment which is disadvantageous for the function, 1.13.1) that at least the ND side with 1.13.2) the liquid collector 10, 1.13.3) the cold parts of the relaxation machine 8 and 1.13.4) of pump 1, 1.13.5) of the LP line 9 and 1.13.6) of the suction line 11 and 1.13.7) the fittings between the relaxation machine 8 and the pump 1 are thermally insulated and 1.13.8) characterized in that there is a housing around the NTM, 1.13.9) that the housing is thermally insulated and 1.13.10) that only the components protrude from the housing, 1.13.11) those for the exchange of energy outside the housing, 1.13.12) to take the engine power 1.13.13) or the cooling capacity and 1.13.14) are necessary for control. 1.14) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that there can also be a working machine 30 in the housing, 1.14.1) that the working machine 30 is cooled by the NTM, 1.14.2) that the temperature of the working machine 30 is approximately low, like the temperature of the NTM, 1.14.3) that due to the good cooling, the efficiency of electrical machines with a suitable gas is of the order of magnitude that is possible in the field of superconductivity and 1.14.4) that the driven machine 30 is, for example, a generator for generating electricity. 1.15) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the NTM motors are divided into power levels comparable to the electric motors 1.15.1) and that sizes and 1.15.2) Connection dimensions 1.15.3) graded and 1.15.4) are standardized and characterized in that the NTM engines 1.15.5) a complete drive machine 1.15.6) as a drive motor for land vehicles, 1.15.7) watercraft, 1.15.8) aircraft and 1.15.9) are working machines and are characterized in that the NTM engines are of type 1.15.10) and divided according to usage types 1.15.11) and are characterized, 1.15.12) by the name of the gas used, 1.15.13) the pressure level e.g. in middle and 1.15.14) in high pressure engine or 1.15.15) by the temperature level e.g. in low temperature 1.15.16) and low-temperature motor (= refrigeration engine) 2) Low temperature engine (NTM). NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the NTM according to Fig. 2 and 3 in a compact block construction 2.1) with horizontal shaft (e.g. Fig. 2) and 2.1.1) with a vertical shaft (e.g. Fig. 3) of the relaxation machine 8 and 2.1.2) that the turbine impeller is radial (e.g. in Fig. 2) 2.1.3) or axially (e.g. in Fig. 3) 2.1.4) from a nozzle or 2.1.5) the gas flows from several nozzles. 2.2) NTM according to the preceding claims, according to Fig. 2 and 3, characterized in that the shaft 16 in bearings 35, 2.2.1) the rolling bearings (e.g. in Fig. 2) or 2.2.2) are plain bearings (e.g. in Fig. 3), is supported, 2.2.3) that between the expansion machine 3 and the gear 40 is an extended flange 41 (Fig.3) and 2.2.4) that the shaft 16 optionally 2.2.5) with a sliding shaft seal, 2.2.6) with a mechanical seal or 2.2.7) is sealed with a magnetic coupling and 2.2.8) that the connecting flange is a DIN / SAE standard flange. 2.3) NTM according to the preceding claims, according to Fig. 2 and 3, characterized in that the throttle element 7, 2.3.1) the relaxation machine 8 and 2.3.2) the liquid collector 10 are in a common housing, 2.3.3) that in the common housing 33 also the pump 1 (Fig.2) is 2.3.4) that in bores, channels and rooms heat or cold insulating sleeves, 2.3.5) are shells or linings. 2.4) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that internal lines are designed as channels or bores in the housing, 2.4.1) that components are integrated in these lines, such as 2.4.2) Control and monitoring bodies for speed, 2.4.3) Printing and 2.4.4) temperature and 2.4.5) that the throttle body 7 (Fig.2 and 3) and 2.4.6) the bypass valve 26 is integrated in these bores and channels, 2.4.7) that the bypass valve 26 (FIG. 2) functions as a secondary nozzle, 2.4.8) that it is in the room 31 behind the expansion machine 8 (Fig.2), or that the bypass valve 26 and 2.4.9) a relaxation organ 24 2.4.10) open into the liquid collector 10. 2.5) NTM according to the preceding claims, according to Fig.2, characterized in that from one side 2.5.1) or mutually 2.5.2) two round or 2.5.3) are non-circular spaces in the form of bores or holes in the housing 33, 2.5.4) that these rooms alternatively pass entirely through the housing 33 and 2.5.5) then sealed pressure-tight with cover or components are , 2.5.6) that the relaxation machine 8 is in room 31, 2.5.7) that the liquid collector 10 is in the second room, 2.5.8) that the gas flows in vapor or liquid form from the space 31 into one or more overflow channels 32, 2.5.9) that the overflow occurs by gravity or 2.5.10) is supported by a pressure difference, 2.5.11) that a 2.5.12) or several expansion elements 24 generate a pressure difference between the space 31 and the liquid collector 10. 2.6) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the space for the liquid collector 10 is closed pressure-tight with a cover 34, 2.6.1) that the connection for the suction line 11 to the inlet side of the pump 1 is in the cover 34, 2.6.2) that the pump housing is also the cover or 2.6.3) that the pump 1 is mounted on the cover 34. 2.7) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that in the housing 33 or 2.7.1) in the covers 34 2.7.2) are heat exchanger surfaces, 2.7.3) from bores, 2.7.4) from channels, 2.7.5) from ribs, 2.7.5) from grooves or 2.7.7) consist of other surface-enlarging designs. 2.8) NTM according to the preceding claims, according to Figure 3, characterized in that the housing 33 is constructed in a tubular manner, 2.8.1) that the liquid collector 10 is in the form of a pot 2.8.2) or a pressure vessel or a pressure gas cylinder, 2.8.3) that it is arranged under the relaxation machine 8 2.8.4) and that the gas is expanded directly into the liquid collector 10. 2.9) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that a partition 36 is between the space 31 and the liquid collector 10, 2.9.1) that the partition 36 one or more Overflow channels 32, 2.9.2) that there is a flow guiding device 37 above each overflow channel 32, 2.9.3) that the overflow channels 32 are in the form 2.9.4) in size 2.9.5) and number are selected so 2.9.6) that there is a predetermined pressure difference. 2.10) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that 32 expansion members 24 are arranged on the overflow channels and 2.10.1) that a spring element 39 the valve body 38 2.10.2) in plate 2.10.3) spherical or 2.10.4) cone-like shape 2.10.5) presses into the sealing seat with a preset force, 2.11) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the partition 36 is an intermediate flange 2.11.1) and that the relaxation members 24 can be actuated or adjusted from the outside. 2.12) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that a gear 40 is on the axis of the shaft 16, 2.12.1) that it is a planetary gear, 2.12.2) that the gear 40 is part of the pressure-resistant housing and 2.12.3) that there is a shaft coupling 42 between the shaft 16 and the gear 40, 2.12.4) that the output shaft or a working machine 30 is above the transmission 40, 2.12.5) that at the second shaft end of the working machine 30 2.12.6) the pump 1 is driven. 3) Low temperature engine (NTM). NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the NTM is a drive machine for a power generator, 3.1) that the evaporator 4 (according to Fig.l) or 3.1.1) is an additional heat exchanger around the housing of the Generator is arranged around or 3.1.2) lies in the cooling air flow of the generator, so 3.1.3) that the waste heat of the generator for heating 3.1.4) or is used to vaporize the gas and 3.1.5) that the evaporator 4 or the additional heat exchanger cools the generator. 3.2) Electricity generator with NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that a current generator 3.2.1) is in a pressure-resistant housing, 3.2.2) that this housing is tightly connected to the NTM, 3.2.3) that it is designed for the pressure of the LP side, 3.2.4) that the housing with a pressure compensation line 3.2.5) is connected to the low pressure side, 3.2.6) that a partial flow of the gas or 3.2.7) that the entire gas flow 3.2.8) in a tube or 3.2.9) channel-shaped heat exchanger flows through this pressure-resistant housing, 3.2.10) so that the stationary parts of the generator are cooled. 3.3) Power generator with NTM, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that means and devices are built into the fixed parts of the generator itself, 3.3.1) which lead the gas through the fixed parts of the generator and 3.3.2) that these means and devices are bores, 3.3.3) channels or also 3.3.4) pipes or 3.3.5) are columns, see above 3.3.6) that this enables intensive cooling of the generator. 3.4) Power generator with NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the housing is designed for the pressure of the HD side, 3.4.1) that the housing of the generator is also this pressure-resistant housing, 3.4.2) that a partial flow of gas 3.4.3) with a nozzle 3.4.4) dosed 3.5.5) into the housing in which the generator is located, or 3.4.6) that the entire gas flow flows through this pressure-resistant housing, so 3.4.7) that the generator flows around the outside of the gas and 3.4.8) is flowed through and cooled inside. 3.5) Power generator with NTM, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the pressure-resistant housing with a 3.5.1) flange screw connection is connected to the NTM and 3.5.2) that the lines are pressure-tight through the pressure housing or 3.5.3) that the connection is made with a socket screw connection, 3.5.4) that the cables are routed through the inner part of the screw connection that is fixed to the NTM. 3.6) Power generator with NTM, according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the power generator is on the axis of the shaft 16 (Fig.2), 3.6.1) that it runs at the same speed or 3.6.2) that it alternatively on an offset axis and 3.6.3) runs at a reduced speed and 3.6.4) that a spur gear reduces the speed. 3.7) Generators with NTM, according to the preceding claims,. characterized in that it is ready for use in a frame 3.7.1) or a container is installed, 3.7.2) the simultaneously transport and stacking frame and 3.7.3) machine housings are 3.7.4) that the size of the frames corresponds to the standard dimensions of the transport and stacking pallets, or 3.7.5) a smaller one or 3.7.6) correspond to the larger standard dimensions of these transport and stacking racks, 3.7.7) up to container size and 3.7.8) that the power generators are designed for the frequency 100 Hz in addition to the usual voltages and frequencies of 50 Hz and 60 Hz. 4) vehicles with a low temperature according to the preceding claims, as an engine and drive for 4.1) land vehicles, 4.1.1) aircraft, 4.1.2) Water and 4.1.3) underwater vehicles and 4.1.4) movable and 4.1.5) stationary 4.1.6) working machines and 4.1.7) Devices, characterized in that they are equipped with a low-temperature motor (NTM) or low-temperature motor. 4.2) vehicles, work machines and equipment according to the preceding claims, characterized in that they are equipped with heat exchangers, 4.2.1) that of air or 4.2.2) are flowed through by water and so 4.2.3) the drive energy for the main drive and 4.2.4) for the auxiliary units 4.2.5) whole or 4.2.6) partly through these heat exchangers 4.2.7) obtained from the environment and 4.3) vehicles, work machines and equipment according to the preceding claims, characterized in that 4.3.1) that these heat exchangers inside the outer wall or 4.3.2) are outside or 4.3.3) that heat exchanger in the outer wall or 4.3.4) in components of the frame 4.3.5) fuselage or 4.3.6) of the deck or 4.3.7) the wings are integrated. 4.4) Vehicles with NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that with an all-wheel drive 4.4.1) the relaxation machines or alternatively 4.4.2) the complete engines to an all-wheel drive 4.4.3) different axes can be set. 4.5) Vehicles with NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that one motor drives one axle half, so 4.5.1) that a differential gear is unnecessary. 5) Low-temperature engine (NTM) as a refrigeration machine, characterized in that the NTM as a refrigeration engine is primarily designed for refrigeration output instead of mechanical output. 5.1) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the supercooling of the relaxed, liquid and supercooled gas 5.1.1) existing cold is used in a closed circuit in a heat exchanger for cooling and 5.1.2) that gases can also be liquefied. 5.2) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the supercooling in one 5.2.1) semi-open circuit is used for gas liquefaction, so 5.2.2) that part of the liquid gas 5.2.3) from a liquid gas container 5.2.4) with a pump 5.2.5) with high pressure 5.2.6) is pumped into a heat exchanger, 5.2.7) that the gas is evaporated, 5.2.8) that the gas in a relaxation machine 5.2.9) is relaxed with useful power, 5.2.10) that the expanded gas is cooled and becomes liquid, 5.2.11) that gaseous gas is additionally cooled and liquid, 5.2.12) that gaseous gas from a storage container into the 5.2.13) The steam area of the liquid gas tank flows in or 5.2.14) that there is pressure in the container with liquefied petroleum gas 5.2.15) in the steam area or 5.2.16) is promoted in the liquid area and 5.2.17) is continuously liquefied, 5.2.18) that part of the liquid gas flows out of the liquid gas container back into the circuit to the high pressure pump. 5.3) NTM according to the preceding claims, characterized in that the vaporized gas instead of a relaxation machine according to claim 5.2.8 5.3.1) with one valve 5.3.2) is expanded directly into the liquid gas container 5.3.3) and that only a relatively low pump output has to be used.