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WO1994027145A1 - Procede et appareil de detection d'explosifs ayant une meilleure sensibilite - Google Patents

Procede et appareil de detection d'explosifs ayant une meilleure sensibilite Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1994027145A1
WO1994027145A1 PCT/US1993/004374 US9304374W WO9427145A1 WO 1994027145 A1 WO1994027145 A1 WO 1994027145A1 US 9304374 W US9304374 W US 9304374W WO 9427145 A1 WO9427145 A1 WO 9427145A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
dust
explosive detection
portable
vacuum
wand
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US1993/004374
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English (en)
Inventor
Lawrence V. Haley
Martin J. H. Corrigan
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to PCT/US1993/004374 priority Critical patent/WO1994027145A1/fr
Publication of WO1994027145A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994027145A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
    • G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
    • G01N1/2202—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling
    • G01N1/2214—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling by sorption
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
    • G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
    • G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
    • G01N33/0036—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector specially adapted to detect a particular component
    • G01N33/0057—Warfare agents or explosives
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
    • G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
    • G01N1/24—Suction devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
    • G01N2001/022—Devices for withdrawing samples sampling for security purposes, e.g. contraband, warfare agents
    • G01N2001/024—Devices for withdrawing samples sampling for security purposes, e.g. contraband, warfare agents passengers or luggage
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
    • G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
    • G01N1/2202—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state involving separation of sample components during sampling
    • G01N2001/222—Other features
    • G01N2001/2223—Other features aerosol sampling devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
    • G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
    • G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
    • G01N2001/2285—Details of probe structures
    • G01N2001/2291—Movable probes, e.g. swivelling, swinging
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/02—Column chromatography
    • G01N2030/022—Column chromatography characterised by the kind of separation mechanism
    • G01N2030/025—Gas chromatography
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
    • G01N30/02—Column chromatography
    • G01N30/62—Detectors specially adapted therefor
    • G01N30/64—Electrical detectors
    • G01N30/70—Electron capture detectors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters

Definitions

  • This invention relates to improvements in the field of detecting explosives by analysis of vapor or vaporized particles. Specifically, the present invention relates to dusting method and apparatus used with a detection device which greatly enhances the ability of the detection device to detect plastic explosives .
  • Non-vapor detection is only useable where living organisms are not exposed. This is because non- vapor detection uses such processes as X-ray detection, gamma-ray detection, neutron activation detection and nuclear magnetic resonance detection. All of these methods are dangerous to living tissue and thus are limited to use on such things as baggage and inanimate containers.
  • Vapor detection methods on the other hand are useful in detecting explosives even on living subjects because no threat is posed to living organisms by the vapor detection apparatus and method.
  • Vapor detection methods include electron capture detection, gas chromatography detection, mass spectroscopy detection, bio-sensor detection and laser photocaustic detection. 1 Each of these can be used to detect vapor phase particles of the explosives itself from the residue left behind on hands or clothes of those who have handled the substances . 5
  • plastic explosive materials such as Semtex, C4 and D -12 even more sensitive detection devices and methods have become necessary. Plastic explosive materials have very low vapor pressures which means that very few vapors are released
  • the same is heat-vaporized in a smaller environment so as to concentrate the substance being measured.
  • the collection/concentration step may then optionally be repeated in an even smaller environment so 5 even extremely small amounts of plastic explosive particles on a suspect surface can be detected effectively.
  • the present invention is directed to increasing the reliability and sensitivity of explosive material detection devices.
  • the method and apparatus comprise spraying dust particles over a surface suspected of having been contaminated with compounds associated with plastic explosive materials. The dust particles are then removed by a vacuum collection device and analyzed.
  • the present inventors have discovered that by spraying the dust particles on to the suspect surface before vacuum collection, the results of the detection analysis are significantly improved. To this end the present inventors have also built a spray device adapted to easily and effectively disperse the desired dust particles onto a suspect surface such as an individual or baggage in an airport or at a crime scene or in a suspect's abode or workplace.
  • the dusting apparatus has been designed to be used with explosive detection screening systems of the type comprising a sampling means, sample collection and concentration means, analysis means and data processing systems which provide the operator with positive or negative feedback.
  • the dust spraying device comprises a dust canister with inlet and outlet orifices through which a compressed gas, which acts as a propulsion medium for dust from the dust canister, is pumped.
  • the pressurized gas is pumped via a compressor and a gas supply conduit into the dust canister and forces dust particles to be fluidized and ejected from the dust canister into the application tube whereafter the fluidized dust particles being mixed with the pressurized gas are sprayed onto a suspect surface through a discharge outlet at the end of the application tube.
  • the pressurized gas could also be from a gas canister.
  • Figure 1 is a side view of a hand-held vacuum wand and dusting device constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a plan or top view of a hand-held vacuum wand and dusting device constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a side view of the vacuum head with perforated cover fully open and illustrating configuration of top section and side section of perforated cover.
  • Figure 3a is a top view of the vacuum head.
  • Figure 4a is an illustration of the vacuum head used with the present invention with a perforated cover fully open.
  • Figure 4b is an illustration of the vacuum head used with the present invention with a perforated cover but partly open.
  • Figure 4c is an illustration of the vacuum head used with the present invention with a perforated cover but fully closed.
  • Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of the vacuum head.
  • Figure 6 is an enlarged view of the splined shaft of the vacuum head.
  • Figure 7 is a diagrammatic representation of the automated baggage/parcel sampling chamber of the present invention.
  • Figure 8 is a diagrammatic representation of the automated baggage/parcel sampling chamber and first automated sampling head of the present invention.
  • Figure 9 is a diagrammatic representation of the automated baggage/parcel sampling chamber and second automated sampling head of the present invention.
  • Figure 10 is a diagrammatic representation of the automated baggage/parcel sampling chamber and third and fourth automated sampling heads of the present invention.
  • Figure 11 is a diagrammatic representation of the first sample collection and analysis subsystem of the present invention.
  • Figure 12 is a diagrammatic representation of the filter element configuration utilized in the first sample collection and analysis subsystem of the present invention.
  • Figure 13 is a cross-section of the dust canister with dust particles in a resting state.
  • Figure 14 is a cross-section of the dust canister with the dust particles in a fluidized state.
  • Figure 15 is a flow chart illustrating the overall process control.
  • the dust particle spraying device of the present invention is designed to enhance the detectability of plastic explosive residue by spraying a dust particle material on to a suspect surface immediately prior to collection and analysis.
  • the enhancement of the method does not significantly reduce the speediness of detection processes.
  • the dust sprayed has an affinity for the residue of plastic explosives such as Semtex, C4 and DM-12, among others.
  • the dust allows the operator of an explosive detection device to obtain an accurate result with even less residue than necessary for the detection devices to pick up without the use of the dust particles. Amounts as small as parts per trillion of residue in the entrained airstream can be detected reliably and in a speedy and non- invasive manner.
  • the dust spraying device of the present invention is to be used with a vacuum-type explosive detection device.
  • a vacuum-type explosive detection device Notable are systems which utilize brushes and vacuum apparatus on a conveyor belt for luggage and other containers and hand-held wand-type vacuum detection devices. Both of these types of devices are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,109,691 and U.S.S.N. 859,509 filed June 8, 1992 which were issued to and applied for by inventors Colin Corrigan and Lawrence Haley.
  • the entire disclosures of the above-identified U.S. Patent and Application are incorporated herein by reference thereto. it is important to note that some of the various plastic explosives or materials of interest leave "sticky residues" or "sticky particulates” on the individuals or objects that come in contact with these materials. They do not naturally vaporize or dislodge easily, and in order to remove them, it is necessary to physically sweep them from the individual or object.
  • the "sticky particulates” are from a particular class of target materials; namely, plastic explosives such as the military high explosive C4, DM- 12, and Semtex. It is important that the particulates of these materials be collected because they exhibit extremely low vapor pressures, and are therefor not detectable with vapor detectors. Typically, these explosives have vapor pressures of 10,000 to 1,000,000 times lower than conventional explosives. Therefore, if the particulates themselves are not collected, it is virtually impossible to detect the presence of these explosives. These particular explosives cannot be handled without the sticky residue remaining on whatever comes in contact with the explosives. A complete description of this phenomenon is given in the Analysis section. However, it should be noted at this point that it is because of the sticky nature of the particulates that the wood dust is able to enhance the collection process .
  • the hand-held wand of the present invention is a device for gathering a sample volume of air from a specific area on an individual or object such as an article of luggage and for removing particulate matter from the individual or object and introducing the particulate matter into the sample volume of air while preventing undue contamination of the sample volume of air from the ambient environment. Removal of residue of the particulate matter is enhanced by spraying the suspect surface with a fine dust prior to sampling and detection.
  • the hand-held wand gathers a concentrated sample volume of air containing vapors and particulate matter from a specific area on the individual or object.
  • a gas supply 1 which can be an air or other gas compressor or a source of pressurized gaseous fluid is connected via a gas supply conduit 2 which can be constructed of metal, rubber, plastic or numerous other materials to a dust canister 4 through the intermediary of an inlet orifice 3 located in the dust canister.
  • the gas supply conduit 2 is preferably fixed on the dust canister 4 at the inlet orifice 3 by a fitting 3a, preferably a nipple type fitting, by being pressed onto said fitting.
  • a fluidizer tube 9 Extending from the inlet orifice is a fluidizer tube 9 which extends into the dust canister.
  • the fluidizer tube 9 extends substantially into the dust canister and most preferably the fluidizer tube 9 extends about 90% of the total length of the dust canister 4.
  • the inlet orifice 3 and inlet nipple fitting 3a are located at the top of the dust canister such that the fluidizer tube 9 extends toward the bottom of the canister.
  • the compressor is energized by a momentary switch located on the control panel 248.
  • the air compressor 1 begins to pump air into the dust canister 4.
  • Air compressor 1 is set to develop 5-10 psi in the dust canister with 5 psi being preferable.
  • a momentary switch is used since the ramp up of pressure from 0 to 5 psi provides a desired and controllable level of dusting. The ramp effect provides enough pressure inside the dust canister 4 to fluidize the dust therein and allow an appropriate and controlled amount to be applied to the target surface.
  • outlet orifice 5 is located atop the dust canister.
  • An exit tube 6 is provided which is fixedly attached to an outlet fitting 5a atop the outlet orifice. Fitting 5a is preferably a nipple fitting onto which the exit tube 6 may be pressed.
  • Exit tube 6 is connected at its other end to an application tube 7 which is preferably constructed of metal but may be constructed of other suitable materials.
  • the application tube 7 is telescopic in at least one place along the length thereof such that the position of the discharge outlet may be positioned closer to or further from the dust canister at the will of the operator. Because the application tube is telescopic, the inventors have placed, in the most preferred embodiment, a collar 11 about the discharge outlet. The collar 11 is fixedly attached thereto and prevents the extendible telescopic 7a portion of the application tube 7 from being lost inside the larger telescopic portion 7b when the application tube 7 is retracted.
  • the lid of the dust canister can be of any type capable of withstanding the pressure created inside the dust canister by the influx of pressurized gas from the gas supply conduit 2. Possible examples are a screw-on type lid, a latch-on type lid or a pop-on type lid. Since gas pressure is only on the order of 5-10 psi, the lid type is not critical.
  • the dust utilized in the present invention can be of a variety of types, within the parameters of 5-50 microns as above named, with wood powder being preferred. Wood powder has an affinity for the compounds left behind in the residue of plastic explosives left on hands, clothing and surfaces by one who has handled the explosive material. Because of this affinity, the particles of plastic explosive residing on any of the above-mentioned surfaces adhere to the wood powder dust and so can be more easily vacuumed up with a vacuum collection device explosive detection system.
  • the most preferred embodiment of the present invention utilizes oak powder particles since oak emphatically evinces a greater affinity than other particles for the compounds sought.
  • the above described apparatus can be used in connection with a vacuum collection and detection device, most efficiently by mounting the dust spraying apparatus on the vacuum head of the vacuum collection and detection device. This facilitates the use of the present invention by eliminating the need to switch units in the operators hands.
  • brackets 31, 32 are used, which are diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 1. It should be noted that the embodiment of Figure 1 is illustrative and the dusting apparatus could be mounted in many different ways and positions. In the preferred embodiment with the dust spraying apparatus underneath the vacuum nozzle and mounted there, it is easy for the operator to first spray dust on the suspect surface and then vacuum that dust and the iPod residue adhered to it.
  • the sampling nozzle on the hand-held wand 19 is shown in three stages of operation.
  • the nozzle may be used as a vacuum head 28 alone or as a vacuum head 28 with a rotating brush 14.
  • This dual ability is achieved through the use of an operable perforated cover 26 made up of four pieces.
  • the operation of the preferred cover 26 is best understood simply by viewing drawing Figures 4a, 4b and 4c. These figures show the preferred cover moving from the fully open position ( Figure 4a) to a partially open (Figure 4b) to fully closed (Figure 4c).
  • the cover is moved by sliding the gliding sleeve 18 forward or away from suction end 27 of the vacuum head 28. Moving the sliding sleeve 18 toward the suction end 27 closes the perforated cover 26; reversing the direction of movement reverses the process.
  • the cover has six pivot points which work in concert upon movement of the sliding sleeve 18 to produce the desired function. Anchoring pins 23 are fixed or wand 19 relative to the sampling nozzle orifice 27. These are the only two pivot points on the perforated cover which do not change position and thus are responsible for the cover responding to the movement of sliding sleeve 18.
  • Pivot point 24a joins one side of the top section 21 of cover 26 to the corresponding side section 20 of cover 26.
  • Pivot point 25a joins side section 20 of cover 26 to slide sleeve 18.
  • Sections 21 meet the midline after they have moved through 90° of an arc.
  • a cross- sectional view of the vacuum head 28 is provided. This figure illustrates a very important aspect of the vacuum head.
  • the rotating brush 14 is important to the functionality of the detector system since it brushes the target surfaces as it rotates and thereby tends to loosen particulate matter which has adhered to the target surface.
  • the brush 14 is spring mounted on a splined shaft 15.
  • the shaft is extendable and retractable into a splined receptacle 16 which is driven by turbine 13.
  • the brush 14 is normally spring biased into contact with the target surface. However, if excessive force is placed upon the brush 14, the spring bias will be overcome and the brush will retract into the vacuum head.
  • the brush illustrated in Figure 5 is composed of toothbrush like bristles.
  • the bristles while naturally having a point or rounded head, are forced into a splayed formation by a wedge which is driven into the center of the shaft on which the bristles are mounted.
  • the bristles can be made of numerous materials but preferably are made of plastic.
  • the air turbine 13 is located in the vacuum head 28 and is driven by the flow of air over the turbine blades of the turbine 13.
  • the air flow which drives the turbine 13 is caused by a suction fan located in the sample collection and analytical subsystem. This suction fan is utilized to draw the sample volume of air during a sampling period. A complete description of the sampling procedure is given in detail in subsequent sections. The effect of the sweeping action and the drawing of the sample volume of air combines to create a sample volume of air containing both vapors and particulate matter.
  • the suction fan utilized to draw the sample volume of air is capable of developing a flow rate of 70 to 85 CFM. This flow rate translates into a vacuum capable of raising 115 to 140 inches of water when the hand-held wand is sealed against the side of a piece of luggage, and a vacuum capable of raising 33 to 40 inches of water when the hand-held wand is opened to the ambient environment through a one inch orifice.
  • the vacuum head 28 is connected to the handle 240 through a conduit 224.
  • the conduit 224 connects the hand-held wand to the sample collection and analytical subsystems and acts to transport the sample volume of air collected to these subsystems for concentration and vaporization.
  • the handle 240 is mounted on pipe 224. There is also a grip section 244 onto which a user will hold.
  • a control cable 246 runs through the grip section 244 and carries all the control and signal display wires from the control and data processing system, to be discussed subsequently, to the controls and displays of the hand-held wand 200.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a side view of the hand-held wand 200 and shows the control panel 248 and the display panel 250 while Figure 2 illustrates a plan or top view.
  • the controls and displays may be utilized to operate the detection screening system from a remote location.
  • the control panel 248 comprises control switches used to actuate a single cycle function, a continuous cycle function, a pause function and the reset function of the detection, screening system and activation of the pressurized gaseous fluid supply 1.
  • the single cycle, continuous cycle, and pause functions are associated with the collection of the target materials.
  • the reset function is utilized to reinitialize the system after an alarm condition.
  • the display panel 250 comprises an alarm display area and a numeric display area.
  • the alarm display area is used to indicate whether a target material has been detected by the sample collection and analysis subsystem. Additionally, the alarm display comprises an audio alarm which indicates to the system user that a target compound has been detected.
  • the numeric display area is normally used to display an identification number associated with the sample being taken, but may also be used to display the identification number of the sample which triggered the alarm.
  • the automated baggage/parcel sampling chamber is a device for gathering a sample volume of air surrounding an object and for dusting and removing particulate matter from all exposed surfaces of the object and introducing the particulate matter into the sample volume of air.
  • the automated baggage/parcel sampling chamber spray the luggage with a fine dust and then gathers a concentrated sample volume of air containing vapors and particulate matter.
  • the automated baggage/parcel sampling chamber has means for gathering the sample volume of air directly from the object.
  • the automated baggage/parcel sampling chamber 300 is a rectangular open ended tunnel structure.
  • the size of the chamber 300 may vary, however, for convenience the size of the chamber 300 is chosen to match that of a baggage scanning x-ray device of the kind presently used in airports.
  • the automated baggage/parcel sampling chamber 300 is approximately six feet in length, 38 inches in width and 32 inches in height.
  • the automated baggage/parcel sampling chamber 300 is fitted over a conveyor belt 350 which is utilized to carry the baggage or parcels through the chamber 300 at a rate of speed that would enable the baggage or parcels to be sampled for a duration ranging between approximately three to seven seconds although the range may be extended if desired.
  • At least one and preferably several dust discharge nozzles 371-374 are located at the entrance of the sampling chamber 300; the nozzles are fed by a manifold 375.
  • the manifold 375 provides for dust to be applied on the top and the sides of the chamber so baggage is fully coated. It will be understood that one or more nozzles can be used, all of which being fed by the manifold shown in Figure 7. These spray the fine wood dust on to the target surfaces of luggage passing therethrough which is then collected by the sampling heads discussed hereunder.
  • an additional four air nozzles 381, 382, 383 and 384 are also illustrated.
  • the air nozzels are fed with high pressure air and serve to agitate and dislodge the dust particles and adhered particulate prior to collection and analysis.
  • the automated baggage/parcel sampling chamber 300 also comprises at least four automated sampling heads 310, 320, 330, and 340 which are utilized to gather the sample volume of air.
  • the first automated sampling head 310 is located at the entrance of the chamber 300 immediately before the conveyor belt 350 as shown in Figure 8.
  • the inlet of the first automated sampling head 310 extends the entire width of the chamber 300 and is set so that the rotating brush gently sweeps and draws vapors, dust and particulates from the bottom of the baggage or parcel 302 as it is pushed onto the conveyor belt 350.
  • the various materials of interest leave a "sticky residue" on the objects they come in contact with, which attracts and holds the dust.
  • the first automated sampling head 310 is valve connected to a common plenum (not shown) through a pipe or conduit 312.
  • the second automated sampling head 320 is hingedly connected to the roof of the sampling chamber 300 inside the entrance of the chamber 300.
  • a representation example of a typical sampling head 320 is shown in Figure 9.
  • the inlet of the second automated sampling head 320 extends the entire width of the sampling chamber 300, and as the baggage or parcel 302 moves through the sampling chamber 300, the second sampling head 320 sweeps and draws vapors from the top portions of the baggage or parcel 302.
  • the second automated sampling head 320 is connected to the roof of the sampling chamber 300 by two pairs of paralever arms 321 and 323.
  • First and second offset springs 325 and 327 are attached between each set of paralever arms 321 and 323 in order to bias the sampling head into the path of the luggage, and provide tension between the sampling head 320 and the baggage or parcel 302 as it travels through the chamber.
  • the offset springs 325 and 327 maintain the second automated sampling head 320 in firm contact with the baggage or parcel 302 as the paralever arms 321 and 323 are forced upward.
  • the second automated sampling head 320 is valve connected to the common plenum through a pipe or conduit 322.
  • the third and fourth automated sampling heads 330 and 340 are hinged connected on opposite sides of the sampling chamber 300 so as to not interfere with the second automated sampling head 320.
  • the third and fourth sampling heads 330 and 340 automatically adjust to the width of the baggage or parcel 302, by spring loading or by the use of sensors and servos (not shown), in a manner such that the sides of the baggage or parcel 302 are gently swept by the sampling heads.
  • the third and fourth sampling heads 330 and 340 are valve connected to the common manifold through pipes or conduits 332 and 342.
  • the sampling of a piece of baggage or parcel preferably involves three sampling procedures. First, the baggage or parcel 302 moves into the entrance to the sampling chamber 300 and is treated with dust from nozzles 371-374; second, the baggage parcel 302 moves across the first automated sampling head 310 located several inches within the entrance of the sampling chamber 300. During this process, the suction and air flow generated by the suction fan located in the sample collection and analytical subsystem is totally dedicated to this sampling head 320.
  • the explosion detection system (not shown) at this sampling step provides for particulate collection and vaporization and vapor adsorption and concentration, while the detection means include both gas chromatography and IMS detection.
  • the side automated sampling head 330 is activated.
  • the second sampling head 320 When the baggage or parcel reaches a set point in the sampling chamber 300, the second sampling head 320 is activated by its sensor. The air flow and suction from the second automated sampling head 330 is directed to a particulate collection and vaporization (PCAD) unit with an IMS detector. Simultaneously, the third sampling head 340 is also activated. Air samples from sampling head 340 are also directed to a particulate collection and vaporization (PCAD) unit with an IMS detector.
  • PCAD particulate collection and vaporization
  • the vacuum fan utilized to draw the sample vapors, dust and particulates in the sample volume of air is capable of developing a flow rate of 70 to 85 CFM at each sampling head, which enable the sampling heads to draw vapors through the seams and closure joints of the baggage. It will also draw vapors through cloth and vinyl suitcases as well as through the plastic material used to conceal explosives. The determination of whether a meaningful sample of vapors has been gathered depends upon the concentration of the initial sample and the porosity of the particular container.
  • the manifolds are connected to the first, second and third sample collection and analytical subsystems.
  • the sample volume of air collected by each automated sampling head 310, 320, 330, and 340 may be directly sent to a single sample collection and analytical subsystem.
  • the PCAD 400 is the particulate collector and detector, hereinafter the PCAD system. It is located in line directly after the sampling means, which may be the hand-held wand, or the automated baggage/parcel sampling chamber.
  • the PCAD 400 is comprised of the sample collector and vaporizer 410 (hereinafter the SCAV) , which adsorbs vapors and particles and then vaporizes the sample and a chemical analyzer 460 which may be either a gas chromatograph/ electron capture detector(s), GC/ECD, or an ion mobility spectrometer, IMS or both.
  • SCAV sample collector and vaporizer 410
  • the PCAD 400 is used to collect and analyze particulates in a sample volume of air collected in one of the two sampling means for the chemical compounds of interest.
  • SCAV sample collector and vaporizer
  • the SCAV 410 is located in line between either of the two sampling means and analyzer 460.
  • the SCAV 410 is used to collect and vaporize particulate samples from an air stream as it moves from one of the two sampling means to the analyzer 460.
  • the SCAV 410 is supplied with the air stream by a pipe 224 which extends and connects to either of the two sampling means.
  • a high suction fan 404 draws the sample volume of air from one of the two sampling means thereby causing the air stream to flow into the SCAV 410.
  • the suction fan 404 is connected to pipe 402 on the suction side, and the discharge of the fan 404 is connected to a vent or exhaust system to the ambient environment.
  • a second concentrating subsystem may also be provided to further concentrate vapor emissions from the SCAV.
  • the SCAV 410 comprises a rotating circular plate 412, a collection chamber 414, a vaporization chamber 416, and a cleaning chamber 418.
  • the collection, vaporization and cleaning chambers 414, 416, and 418 are formed from the union of first and second fixed SCAV plates 420 and 422.
  • the first and second fixed SCAV plates 420 and 422 each comprise approximately one half of the volume of each of the three chambers 414, 416, and 418. As illustrated in Figure 12, the first and second fixed SCAV plates 420 and 422 are aligned such that the collection chamber 414, the vaporization chamber 416 and the cleaning chamber 418 are configured 120 degrees apart from each other.
  • the rotating circular plate 412 is disposed between the first and second fixed plates 420 and 422 and is mounted for rotation therebetween.
  • the rotating circular plate 412 has three circular holes 412a, b and c equally spaced 120 degrees apart and covered with three mesh filter elements 426a, b and c.
  • the configuration of the three filter elements 426a, b and c on the rotating circular plate 412 is shown in Figure 12.
  • the rotating circular plate 412 is rotated by a motor 428, through 120 degrees of rotation during every sampling period so that each of the mesh filter elements 426a, b, and c occupies one of the collection chamber 414, the vaporization chamber 416 or the cleaning chamber 418 during any given sampling period.
  • the motor 428 utilized to rotate the rotating circular plate 412 is a gear head motor which is controlled by the PCAD actuator unit which is part of the control and data processing system.
  • a stepper motor can also be utilized.
  • a lever mechanism 432 which is actuated by a solenoid 430, pulls the first and second fixed SCAV plates 420 and 422 together so that each of the three filter elements 426a, b, and c are sealed in either of the three chambers 414, 416, and 418 during a particular sampling period.
  • the solenoid 430 and the lever mechanism 432 are controlled by the PCAD actuator unit.
  • the three filter elements 426a, b, and c are completely sealed, in an air tight fashion, in each of the three chambers 414, 416, and 418.
  • the air tight seal is accomplished by O-ring seals which surround each of the three chambers 414, 416, and 418.
  • the O-ring seals are placed around the perimeter of the chambers, or more accurately, around each of the half chambers in each of the first and second fixed SCAV plates 420 and 422. To completely illustrate the design and operation of the SCAV 410, a complete 360 degree rotation of the rotating circular plate 412 is described.
  • a rotatable plate with three removable filter elements is illustrated.
  • the adsorbent material used in the insertion may be selected from a vast group of materials commonly used for vapor sampling including tenax and carbotrap. Other adsorbent material may be used depending on the particular materials that are to be detected and isolated.
  • the filter elements are inserted into the edge of rotating plate 412 with the hole in the filter element aligned with the hole of the filter unit as illustrated. Entrance to each filter cavity is from the circumference of the rotating circular plate 412.
  • Each of the sample filter elements 426a, b, or c is uniquely designed to facilitate electrical current conduction, and as well as a gas tight fit while still providing for easy insertion and removal.
  • filter element 426a is inside the collection chamber 414
  • filter element 426b is inside the vaporization chamber 416
  • filter element 426c is inside the cleaning chamber 418 at the system start-up time.
  • the filter element 426a and hole 412a are directly in line with pipe 402 and thus filter element 426a is capable of selectively collecting, or more precisely, physically trapping dust and target particulates which are drawn from either of the two sampling means during a sampling period.
  • the particulate matter drawn in is physically trapped or adsorbed on filter element 426a.
  • Vapors collected by either of the two sampling means pass through the filter element 426a and may be preferentially retained by the filter element 426 as will be hereinafter explained in greater detail.
  • the filter elements 426a b, and c can be varied in mesh size so as to be able to collect specific size particulates and still allow the air to pass easily therethrough.
  • the gear head motor 428 is engaged by the PCAD actuator unit of the control and data processing system and rotates the circular plate 412 120 degrees, placing filter element 426a, with trapped particulates and vapor, inside the vaporization chamber 416 while filter element 426b is placed inside the cleaning chamber 418 and filter element 426c is placed inside the collection chamber 414.
  • the vaporization chamber 416 is a sealed chamber which contains a pair of electrical terminals 413 which connect to filter element 426a when that particular filter element occupies the vaporization chamber 416.
  • the pair of electrical terminals 413 provide a computer controlled current directly to the filter element 426a in order to generate a specific amount of ohmic heat energy to effectively vaporize the collected particulate matter and desorb any vapors retained by the coating on the screen.
  • the current is controlled by the control and data processing system.
  • a flash heat of 50-200 millisecond duration with 75 to 100 milliseconds preferred, vaporizes the targeted materials and creates an instantaneous increase in gas pressure within the vaporization chamber 416 of very short duration which acts to aid in the vaporization and injection of a controlled volume of the sample into the chemical analyzer 460.
  • a small quantity of carrier gas from gas supply means 434 is continuously fed into the vaporization chamber 416 via gas line 436.
  • the gas flow is used to sweep or carry the molecules from the vaporized particulates into the chemical analyzer 460.
  • the gas utilized is an inert gas; however, other non-reactive gases can be utilized.
  • the vaporization chamber 416 is connected directly to the chemical analyzer 460 and the carrier gas sweeps the vaporized material or first sample volume directly into the chemical analyzer 460, and in a second embodiment, a three-way valve 438 is utilized as an interface between the vaporization chamber 416 and the chemical analyzer 460.
  • Pipe 437 carries the sample volume from the vaporization chamber 416 to the chemical analyzer 460 either directly or through the three way valve 438.
  • a six-port valve may be added as an interface between the vaporization chamber 416 and the chemical analyzer 460.
  • a suitable six-port valve is described in U.S. Patent 5,109,691.
  • the vaporization process is identical to that previously described; however, the carrier gas sweeps the vaporized material into the six- port valve instead of directly to the chemical analyzer 460 or through the three-way valve 438.
  • the six-port valve is used to separate more volatile and less volatile vapors from the vaporized sample, and to preferentially retain the vapor sample of interest for separation by the GC. This venting of unwanted vapors is desirable to avoid clogging the GC, or unduly extending the cycle time.
  • the analysis of the purified target material consists of identifying the materials and determining the amounts present. Because the original concentrations are low with respect to many other common ambient materials it is possible for there to be, even under the best of purification and concentration systems, some remaining impurities of materials with similar characteristics to the target materials. Thus the analysis system must be capable of separating the target material response from the response due to interfering materials.
  • the first particle collection and analysis subsystem 400 utilizes an ion mobility spectrometer, a gas chromatograph/electron capture detector, or both.
  • the final detector for the gas chromatograph is usually an electron capture detector, however the ion mobility spectrometer can also be used as the second detector if desired.
  • a photo ionization detector or a nitrogen-phosphorus detector or some other detector may be also used following the gas chromatograph.
  • the gas chromatograph may be of the "packed column” type or the capillary column type. If both a gas chromatograph/ electron capture detector and ion mobility spectrometer are utilized, they can be used separately or in a combined fashion.
  • a valve can be utilized to direct the collected and purified sample to either or both of the analyzers .
  • an ion mobility spectrometer is the analyzer 460.
  • the particulate collection and analyzer 400 is used to collect particulates and vaporize these particulates for chemical analysis.
  • the particulates of interest are associated with Bentone explosives such as C4, DM-12, and Semtex.
  • Ben explosives have extremely low vapor pressures ranging from 10,000 to 1,000,000 times less than that of conventional explosives such as dynamite, nitroglycerin, and trinitrotoluene.
  • the analysis of these particulates is based upon the detection of certain signature molecules.
  • these signature molecules are cyclotrimethyienetrinitramine, RDX, or pentaerythritol tetranitrate, PETN.
  • the ion mobility spectrometer is set to detect these signature molecules by creating a sample window for each of them. A window is utilized as opposed to trying to develop a direct match because one cannot expect a pure sample of the signature molecule. If a particular compound analyzed fits into one of the above windows, the sample sampled is deemed to have been in contact with a Ben explosive.
  • the analysis must be completed in a time that is short enough that the free flow of people, luggage and baggage is not unduly inhibited. This also implies that the time for the concentration and purification process is short as well.
  • all the valves in the system are motor driven or solenoid driven valves, the flow directions timings and magnitude may be controlled and varied. The time and temperature parameters are controlled and variable. Thus the physical characteristics of the complete system may be adjusted to detect a wide range of target materials and the sensitivities may be adjusted to accommodate a wide range of threats as perceived by the authorities using the system.
  • the systems described herein are greatly enhanced by the addition of a method and device utilizing wood dust as a pretreatment to vacuum detection.
  • the wood dust acts as a carrier material having an affinity for plastic explosive compounds. Therefore, the wood dust acts as a carrier material helping to bring particulate matter from the target orifice into the detection system.
  • Each air sample was taken by inserting the sampling hose of a vacuum detection device called an Explosives Detection Security System general purpose scanner through a sealed orifice into the closed container above specified. In each case the analysis of the samples taken did not detect the presence of any of the plastic explosives' compounds.
  • the container was then treated by spraying wood dust in an air jet stream into the container. The boxes were then agitated and further vacuuming samples, identical to the above, except for the latter presence of wood dust, were taken.
  • the inventors simulated a baggage conveyor system similar to that illustrated in Figures 7 through 9.
  • the baggage had fingerprints thereon which contained traces of Semtex, C4 and DM-12.
  • the baggage was moved through a chamber on a conveyor belt at a rate of twelve inches per second and an EDSSTM general purpose scanner was used to take samples of the surrounding environment to detect the presence of compounds associated with iPod.
  • Test results revealed only sporadic detection whereas the same type test performed after the baggage had been treated with wood dust achieved 100% accuracy.
  • the primary requirement for the control and data processing system of the screening system is that is reports the presence of, and if required, the level of specified substances. This means that the equipment must be configured and controlled to make the required measurement and it also means that the result must be presented to the user in a usable form.
  • the subject or target materials may be present in varying amounts in the environment of the system and therefore, the system must be capable of distinguishing between this background level and an alarm level. It may also be a requirement to report on this background level.
  • Figure 15 is a flow chart 800 showing the overall process control as accomplished by the control and data processing system and run by a digital computer in the detection system. A complete description of the operation of the process control is provided in U.S.S.N. 859,509, filed June 8, 1992.
  • Block 802 of the flow chart 800 is simply the starting point or entry into the entire software process.
  • the Run Diagnostics block 804 represents the block of software that is responsible for self diagnostic and self calibration. Basically, this block of software runs various programs for exercising various aspects of the detection and analysis routines.
  • the Sample Air and Enable Camera block 806 represents the block of software that causes the air sample to be drawn from the hand-held wand or the automated baggage/parcel sampling chamber, and drawn into the sample collection and analytical subsystems .
  • the Sample Air and Enable Camera block 806 also represents the block of software responsible for enabling a camera to capture an image of an object or individual being sampled. The captured image is then correlated to the chemical analysis data associated with the sample drawn from the individual or object and is then saved in memory for an archival record to be used as an identification means. After the Sample Air and Enable Camera block
  • the flow chart 800 steps to the rotate PCAD Filters block 808, which represents the block of software that is responsible for the rotation of the rotating circular plate and the union and separation of the first and second fixed plates.
  • the Heat Collected Particulate Matter block 810 represents the block of software that is responsible for the controlling of the vaporization process. This block of software controls the flash heating process as well as the gas flows utilized to inject the vaporized sample into the chemical analyzer.
  • the Acquire Data block 812 represents the block of software that is responsible for the acquisition of data from the chemical analyzer(s) and the subsequent analysis and preparation for display of the resultant data.
  • this block of software correlates the collected data with an index representation of the image of the individual or objects captured by the camera means.
  • the Display Data/Camera Picture block 822 represents the block 822 represents the block of software that is responsible for formatting the acquired chemical analysis data in a format that is readily displayed on a standard CRT and is easily understood.
  • the captured image or picture can also be displayed utilizing standard display techniques.
  • the entire software structure indicated in Figure 15 is a cyclic process and following the step of block 822, returns to the Sample Air and Enable Camera block 806 and continues until stopped.
  • the software further enables the system to run in a single cycle mode, a continuous cycle mode or a pause mode.
  • the software routine is modularized and therefore can be easily changed, updated, removed or added on to.

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Abstract

Système de détection portable d'explosifs à sensiblité améliorée destiné à des explosifs non volatils au plastique, comprenant un dispositif d'empoussièrage portable, un appareil d'échantillonage sous vide, un appareil (410) d'adsorption/désorption et un sous-système (460) d'analyse. Le système de détection fonctionne en recueillant des échantillons sous vide sur les surfaces suspectes. La tête (28) à vide est utilisable suivant deux modes. Dans le premier mode un couvercle (26) perforé est ouvert de sorte qu'une brosse (14) rotative sortant de la tête (28) à vide est exposée; dans le deuxième mode le couvercle (28) perforé est fermé de sorte que la brosse (14) rotative n'est pas exposée. Les deux modes permettent d'utiliser sans risque la tête (28) à vide sur différents types de surfaces et de vêtements. Le système recueille à la fois des vapeurs et des particules laissées préalablement sur une surface suspecte. A l'aide du dispositif d'empoussièrage mentionné ci-avant, des particules (10) de poussière de bois sont appliquées sur la surface sur laquelle on pulvérise, avant de commencer la collecte d'échantillons. La poussière (10) de bois présente une affinité pour les matières particulaires recherchées qui augmente la quantité de particules recueillies et accroît par conséquent la sensibilité du système. Les échantillons recueillis sont adsorbés sur un substrat spécial (426) puis évaporés par recuit pour vaporiser et désorber immédiatement toutes les matières qui s'y trouvent. Un analyseur (460) teste ensuite les vapeurs pour détecter la présence de molécules de signature.
PCT/US1993/004374 1993-05-07 1993-05-07 Procede et appareil de detection d'explosifs ayant une meilleure sensibilite Ceased WO1994027145A1 (fr)

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WO2004048934A3 (fr) * 2002-11-21 2004-08-05 Ada Technologies Inc Procede de desorption, a l'aide d'un stroboscope, de materiaux a haut point d'ebullition
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RU2293303C1 (ru) * 2005-08-05 2007-02-10 Закрытое Акционерное Общество "Сибел" Устройство для контроля следов взрывчатых веществ на документах
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US8377711B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2013-02-19 Ada Technologies, Inc. Stroboscopic liberation and methods of use
EP2657676A3 (fr) * 2012-04-23 2016-12-21 STEAG Powitec GmbH Dispositif de mesure de poussière dans un gaz de fumée
CN116793429A (zh) * 2023-07-27 2023-09-22 北京华铠安全防护技术有限公司 一种集成爆炸物毒品检测与危险液体检测的危险品探测仪

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US8377711B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2013-02-19 Ada Technologies, Inc. Stroboscopic liberation and methods of use
RU2293303C1 (ru) * 2005-08-05 2007-02-10 Закрытое Акционерное Общество "Сибел" Устройство для контроля следов взрывчатых веществ на документах
EP2657676A3 (fr) * 2012-04-23 2016-12-21 STEAG Powitec GmbH Dispositif de mesure de poussière dans un gaz de fumée
CN116793429A (zh) * 2023-07-27 2023-09-22 北京华铠安全防护技术有限公司 一种集成爆炸物毒品检测与危险液体检测的危险品探测仪
CN116793429B (zh) * 2023-07-27 2023-11-14 北京华铠安全防护技术有限公司 一种集成爆炸物毒品检测与危险液体检测的危险品探测仪

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