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WO1994020013A1 - Sonde de controle d'un support fluide - Google Patents

Sonde de controle d'un support fluide Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1994020013A1
WO1994020013A1 PCT/US1994/002355 US9402355W WO9420013A1 WO 1994020013 A1 WO1994020013 A1 WO 1994020013A1 US 9402355 W US9402355 W US 9402355W WO 9420013 A1 WO9420013 A1 WO 9420013A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
probe
window
reflector
diaphragm
base
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US1994/002355
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Armen N. Sahagen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/027,189 external-priority patent/US5526112A/en
Priority claimed from US08/026,987 external-priority patent/US5510895A/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to EP94916501A priority Critical patent/EP0702524A4/fr
Priority to JP6520192A priority patent/JPH08510829A/ja
Publication of WO1994020013A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994020013A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
    • A61B5/6846—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive
    • A61B5/6847—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive mounted on an invasive device
    • A61B5/6848—Needles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
    • A61B5/0082—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence adapted for particular medical purposes
    • A61B5/0084—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence adapted for particular medical purposes for introduction into the body, e.g. by catheters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L19/00—Details of, or accessories for, apparatus for measuring steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluent medium insofar as such details or accessories are not special to particular types of pressure gauges
    • G01L19/0092—Pressure sensor associated with other sensors, e.g. for measuring acceleration or temperature
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L9/00—Measuring steady of quasi-steady pressure of fluid or fluent solid material by electric or magnetic pressure-sensitive elements; Transmitting or indicating the displacement of mechanical pressure-sensitive elements, used to measure the steady or quasi-steady pressure of a fluid or fluent solid material, by electric or magnetic means
    • G01L9/0041—Transmitting or indicating the displacement of flexible diaphragms
    • G01L9/0051—Transmitting or indicating the displacement of flexible diaphragms using variations in ohmic resistance
    • G01L9/0052—Transmitting or indicating the displacement of flexible diaphragms using variations in ohmic resistance of piezoresistive elements
    • G01L9/0055—Transmitting or indicating the displacement of flexible diaphragms using variations in ohmic resistance of piezoresistive elements bonded on a diaphragm
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
    • G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
    • G01N21/0303—Optical path conditioning in cuvettes, e.g. windows; adapted optical elements or systems; path modifying or adjustment
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
    • G01N21/85—Investigating moving fluids or granular solids
    • G01N21/8507—Probe photometers, i.e. with optical measuring part dipped into fluid sample
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
    • A61B5/0075—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence by spectroscopy, i.e. measuring spectra, e.g. Raman spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
    • G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
    • G01N21/031—Multipass arrangements
    • G01N2021/0314—Double pass, autocollimated path
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
    • G01N2021/6484—Optical fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
    • G01N21/49—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid
    • G01N21/53—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection within a body or fluid within a flowing fluid, e.g. smoke
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
    • G01N21/85—Investigating moving fluids or granular solids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
    • G01N2201/08—Optical fibres; light guides
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/36—Mechanical coupling means
    • G02B6/3616—Holders, macro size fixtures for mechanically holding or positioning fibres, e.g. on an optical bench
    • G02B6/3624—Fibre head, e.g. fibre probe termination

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a probe for monitoring a fluid medium. More specifically, the invention relates to a probe for monitoring a fluid medium employing at least one electromagnetic wave 10 reflector and at least one fiber optic for analysis of the fluid medium.
  • Such piezoresistive pressure transducers employ a pressure force collector diaphragm having one or more piezoresistive elements mounted thereon.
  • the diaphragm with the piezoresistive elements is typically placed in a pressure cell base which maintains a low pressure or vacuum on one side of the diaphragm. External fluid medium under pressure contacts the other side of the diaphragm.
  • a voltage is placed across the piezoresistive element(s) and as the diaphragm flexes in response to a pressure changes, a resistance change in the piezoresistive element(s) results in a change in the current flowing through the piezoresistive element(s) .
  • composition of the polymer melts are not known on a real time basis at high temperatures and pressures.
  • the pressure and temperature of such polymer melts can reach up to 15,000 psi and to 800°F and above.
  • the temperature may go up to 1500°F or
  • the polymer melt will be a slurry viscous fluid having corrosive 5 and abrasive properties which readily abrade and degrade conventional steel alloys and stainless steel posing additional obstacles to monitoring the polymer.
  • composition of the polymer melt is typically analyzed on a regular basis by extracting a sample of the polymer melt from the process for laboratory analysis. After analysis, a decision is made.
  • a large-scale polymer melt processing plant can generate in excess of $100,000 worth of j polymer per hour.
  • effective on-line monitoring of a high temperature and pressure polymer melt can result in large cost savings by
  • One technique for treatment of cancer in an internal organ involves irradiating the patient's body. Eradicating such cancerous growth can require irradiating both the affected organ and the surrounding tissue with high dosages of radiation. This is because the radiation must penetrate surrounding tissue, bodily fluids and perhaps other organs. This can have an adverse effect on the patient receiving the dosage, which in turn drastically limits the amount and corresponding effectiveness of the dosage.
  • the present invention provides a probe suitable for use in determining the pressure, temperature and composition simultaneously or individually of corrosive and abrasive materials or other fluid mediums in a wide variety of other extreme environments.
  • the present invention further provides a probe for monitoring a fluid medium, including a base having a hole, a window covering the hole of the base, the window being capable of transmitting electromagnetic waves, and a electromagnetic reflector, spaced apart from the window, disposed to reflect at least part of the electromagnetic waves toward the window.
  • the present invention provides means to transmit electromagnetic waves into a fluid medium and collect the waves reflected or dispersed from the fluid medium.
  • fluid medium may be extremely corrosive, abrasive, at high temperatures and high pressures, either simultaneously or separately.
  • the present invention provides means for emitting electromagnetic waves into the fluid medium, where the electromagnetic waves bounce back after penetration into the fluid medium through dispersion and/or reflection from a electromagnetic reflector placed in the path of the fluid medium.
  • the present invention collects dispersed or reflected electromagnetic waves through a fiber optic placed behind a window to a fluid medium and transmits the waves to a spectrometer operably connected to a computer which analyzes the fluid composition on a real time on-line basis.
  • the present invention provides means for analyzing the composition and monitoring the pressure and temperature of the fluid medium either simultaneously or individually.
  • Pressure and temperature sensing elements are placed on areas of a force collector diaphragm of, for example, a thin crystalline or amorphous refractory or semiconductor materials.
  • the elements are place on the diaphragm so as to leave a portion of the diaphragm open for the transmission and collection of electromagnetic waves.
  • the present invention provides a window transparent to certain electromagnetic waves therefore allowing certain wavelength bands such as in the infrared spectrum, near-infrared, medium infrared, to be filtered by the window.
  • the present invention provides a probe having means for electromagnetic waves to be transmitted into the fluid medium and reflected back to the means by a reflector facing the means. The electromagnetic waves are collected through a fiber optic placed behind the means. Such means make the probe suitable for fluid mediums which are extremely corrosive, abrasive, and at high temperatures and high pressures.
  • the reflector surface is non-adhesive to the fluid medium and maintains the integrity and reflectivity of the reflector.
  • the present invention further provides a force collector diaphragm which acts as a window to isolate the high pressure, high temperature fluid medium from the outside world and as a lens to collect reflected or scattered waves more efficiently.
  • the present invention also provides means to monitor or measure the concentration of known element(s) , compound(s), compound additive(s) or mixtures in a fluid medium individually or collectively. This is accomplished through having access to a plurality of individual electromagnetic wave windows, wherein waves within a narrow bandwidth are transmitted or collected in order to identify and measure the concentration(s) .
  • the present invention further provides means wherein fiber optics are kept under compression against the window therefore compensating for any difference in the thermal expansion or contraction of the fiber optic and overall assembly due to temperature variation.
  • the present invention further provides means for transmitting a concentrated dosage of electromagnetic radiation to a local region in a manner which renders the radiation effective and promotes local disintegration, eradication and treatment of cancerous growth.
  • the present invention further provides means for simultaneously applying the radiation and monitoring the results such that it is possible to administer larger doses of radiation at more frequent intervals.
  • the present invention provides a combination probe capable of monitoring and eradicating cells in the human body by providing means for monitoring radiation on a real-time on-line basis by collecting luminescence, reflected or scattered waves after interaction and irradiation of the cells.
  • the present invention further provides an improved fiber optic capable of transmitting and collecting electromagnetic waves of a broader wavelength range than provided by conventional fiber optics.
  • Figure 1 is a cross-section through an embodiment of the probe of the present invention.
  • Figure IA is a view of the probe of Figure 1 taken along line A-A.
  • Figure IB is a sectional end view of the probe of Figure 1 taken from the fluid medium side along line B-B.
  • Figure 2A is a cross-section of an embodiment of the electromagnetic wave reflector.
  • Figure 2B is a cross-section of an embodiment of a electromagnetic wave reflector where material transparent to electromagnetic waves protects an embedded reflector surface from the fluid medium.
  • Figure 3 illustrates an arrangement of contact pads, connecting arms, piezoresistive elements in a Wheatstone bridge and temperature sensing elements on the cavity side of the diaphragm.
  • Figure 4 is an absorption curve.
  • Figure 5 illustrates an arrangement of contact pads, connecting arms and an arrangement of the piezoresistive elements in a Wheatstone bridge and of the temperature sensing elements on the cavity side of the diaphragm.
  • Figure 6 is a cross-section of an electromagnetic window embodiment of the probe permitting individual or simultaneous analysis of elements, compounds and/or mixtures.
  • Figure 6A is an end view of the probe taken from the fluid medium side along line A-A of Figure 6.
  • Figure 6B is close up view of an alternative embodiment of a fiber optic pair and a temperature sensitive element taken from the fluid medium side at section B of Figure 6.
  • Figure 7 illustrates the location of the fiber optics within the probe.
  • Figure 7A is a close up of the probe taken at section A of Figure 7. It illustrates fiber optics making contact with the diaphragm, the threads of the probe generating stress on the diaphragm and an isolation slot to reduce the stress.
  • Figure 8 illustrates the overall assembly of the probe and a location of the fluid medium slot.
  • Figure 9 illustrates the probe in the fluid medium, an isolation slot and an electromagnetic reflector.
  • Figure 10 illustrates an embodiment having a double isolation slot to reduce residual stress of the diaphragm.
  • Figure 11 illustrates an embodiment of the probe where at least one fiber optic is housed in a hypodermic-like housing for medical applications.
  • Figure 11A illustrates the details of the hypodermic needle taken at section A of Figure 11.
  • Figure 11B illustrates the details taken at section B of Figure 11 where one end of a fiber optic tube opposite the hypodermic needle end is sealed by a window to form a vacuum or gas filled chamber.
  • Figure 12 illustrates the construction of a fiber optic tube making broad electromagnetic wavelength range transmission possible.
  • FIG. 1 of the drawings is a cross-section through a embodiment of the probe 60 of the present invention.
  • the probe 60 includes a window 1 capable of transmitting electromagnetic waves.
  • the window 1 functions as a force collector diaphragm as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,994,781 and 5,088,329 to Sahagen. These patents are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the window will be referred to as a force collector diaphragm 1.
  • the diaphragm 1 can be made of crystalline or amorphous refractory material, semiconductor material, intermetallics or metal.
  • the diaphragm 1 is hexagonal, but may be circular, square, triangular or any other shape lending itself to ease of manufacture.
  • the diaphragm 1 can be a thin deflectable single or polycrystalline sapphire of 0.003 to 0.070 inches thick.
  • single crystalline sapphire slices of 0.320 inch diameter and of 0.013 to 0.050 inches thickness may be used.
  • the sapphire is preferably grown through the
  • diaphragm 1 Some other materials for diaphragm 1 are diamond, quartz and ceramic compounds such as A1 2 0 3 , better known as alumina; BeO beryllium oxide, better known as brylia; silicon nitride; silicon carbide compounds; BeO and A1 2 0 3 , brylia and alumina, better known as chrysoberyl; MgO and A1 2 0 3 , compounds, better known as spinel; zirconium oxide and alumina oxide systems, better known as zirconia alumina; Si0 2 and alumina compounds, better known as andalusite or silliminite; silicon nitrate and aluminum oxide compounds; and any other metal oxide compound or compound suitable for ceramic processing having a temperature coefficient of expansion of about 1 x 10" 3 to 1 x 10 "7 /°F
  • the diaphragm 1 is bonded by a bonding layer 21 to a pressure cell base 2 of amorphous or crystalline metal oxides, semiconductor material, metal, metal alloys or a combination thereof.
  • the temperature coefficient of expansion of the base 2 should closely match that of the bonding layer 21 and of the diaphragm 1 to permit operation under high temperatures of up to 1500°F and above and pressures of up to 50,000 psi and above.
  • the base 2 electrically isolates the electrical connectors (not shown) threaded through holes 3.
  • Alumina is a suitable material for the base 2.
  • the base 2 can be other materials having the following properties: improved heat conductivity to minimize temperature response time, high dielectric constant; non-porous; good adhesion properties for glass ceramic and brazing sealing; and corrosion and abrasion endurance against corrosive environments and abrasive compounds which might be encountered in polymer, plastic, food and other industries.
  • base 2 Some other materials for base 2 are diamond, quartz, and ceramics such as BeO beryllium oxide, better known as brylia; silicon nitride; silicon carbide compounds; BeO and A1 2 0 3 , brylia and alumina.
  • BeO beryllium oxide better known as brylia
  • silicon nitride silicon nitride
  • silicon carbide compounds silicon carbide compounds
  • BeO and A1 2 0 3 brylia and alumina.
  • any other metal oxide compound or compound suitable for ceramics processing having a temperature coefficient of expansion of about 1 x IO" 3 to 1 x 10" 7 /°F, high electrical insulation properties and an optimized thermal conductivity of from 0.020 to 0.700 cal/cm 2 /cm/sec/°C.
  • Favorable results can be achieved when the temperature coefficient of expansion of the diaphragm 1 and base 2 substantially match.
  • the bonding layer 21 is preferably a ceramic glass with a working temperature of 1500°F or higher.
  • the bonding layer 21 can have temperature coefficient of expansion range of from 1 x 10" 3 to 1 x 10" 7 /°F.
  • the ceramic glass also known as devitrifying glass can be used for bonding layer 21.
  • Vitrifying or devitrifying glass can be applied to diaphragm 1 and base 2 on appropriate areas through conventional techniques such as silk screening or doctor blading.
  • Some glass devitrifying compounds are commercially available from Corning Glass and other sources.
  • Corning Glass No. 7578 is One example.
  • the ceramic glass After applying ceramic glass to diaphragm 1 and base 2 and a drying cycle, the ceramic glass will typically bond and seal the diaphragm 1 and base 2 at temperatures between 350°C and 900°C depending on the ceramic glass selected. At this temperature range, the ceramic glass goes through a nucleation and transformation stage and becomes a solid substance that, unlike glass, will not become plastic as temperature increases and will not melt at temperatures of up to 1200°C. Through selection of appropriate materials for the bonding layer 21, different temperature coefficients of expansion can be obtained to match that of diaphragm 1 and base 2.
  • the base 2 is cylindrical in shape. However, it also may be hexagonal, square, triangular or another shape lending itself to ease of manufacture. As shown in Figure 1, the base 2 has an upper surface 62, a lower surface 64 and a hole 68 extending from the upper surface 62 to the lower surface 64. A cavity 66 is located along the upper surface 62.
  • Fiber optics 4 and 5 reside in an inner liner 6 which in turn resides in hole 68.
  • the liner 6 is preferably of KOVAR.
  • Fiber optics 4 and 5 are fixed together with the liner 6 by polyamide or another suitable high temperature material able to withstand the operating temperature of the probe 60.
  • the resulting assembly facilitates the handling, housing, forming and polishing of the otherwise fragile fiber optics ends.
  • the assembly permits the fiber optics 4 and 5 to slide in the hole 68 to compensate for temperature change when necessary as described below.
  • the sleeve 9 is preferably made of KOVAR and fastens to the outside of base 2. Silver copper brazing, for example, can fasten sleeve 9 to base 2. The sleeve 9 strengthens base 2 which might be otherwise fragile and provides hermeticity. Additional housings and assemblies can be attached to sleeve 9 as necessary.
  • Figure 1 illustrates that sleeve 9 extends beyond the diaphragm l and partially encloses an electromagnetic reflector 8.
  • the reflector 8 is opposite fiber optics 4 and 5 ends at distance R.
  • Beer's law and Lambert's law express the relation of the intensity of the absorption to changes in concentration and sample thickness and can be used to calculate the appropriate path length from the reflector 8 to the end of the collecting fiber optic. Beer's law provides that the concentration of the fluid medium, its absorptivity and path length will equal a constant for a given transmittance.
  • A.D. Cross, Practical Infra-Red Spectroscopy at 36 (1964) describes Beer's law and Lambert's law in more detail.
  • fiber optic 4 emits electromagnetic waves into the fluid medium.
  • the electromagnetic reflector 8 reflects some of the waves to the collecting fiber optic 5.
  • Favorable results are achieved with a concave spherical shaped reflector 8. With this shape and an appropriate path length, the waves will converge at or near the end of collecting fiber optic 5.
  • the reflector 8 may be concave, parabolic, a plane, cone-shaped, or even convex or any other shape reflecting electromagnetic waves to collecting fiber optic 5.
  • Figure IA is a view of the probe 60 of Figure 1 taken along line A-A.
  • Sleeve 9 includes two slots 10 opposite to each other and between the diaphragm 1 and the reflector 8. This arrangement permits the fluid to pass through a chamber 7 for monitoring and analysis ( Figure 1) .
  • An electromagnetic wave source (not shown) sends electromagnetic waves into an end of fiber optic 4 which are transmitted and emitted from the opposite end of fiber optic 4 then through the diaphragm 1.
  • the waves emitted from the diaphragm 1 enter the fluid medium in chamber 7 and impinge on the reflector 8.
  • the waves are reflected back to the diaphragm l and enter collecting fiber optic 5.
  • the collected waves are then transmitted through the fiber optic 5 and sent to the external world for analysis by a spectrometer or other analytical test equipment.
  • a fluid medium e.g. gas or liquid
  • the electromagnetic waves collected at the various wavelengths can be analyzed by a spectrometer.
  • the spectrometer can generate an absorption curve depicting electromagnetic wave absorbance and reflectance curve having peaks and valleys as illustrated in Figure 4. Any element. mixture, or compound will generate a different signature, that is, a transmission/absorption curve having peaks and valleys at certain characteristic wavelengths.
  • the location of the peak will indicate the type of and the magnitude of the peak will indicate the concentration of the elements, compounds or mixture in the fluid medium.
  • Figure IB is the sectional end view of probe 60 of Figure 1 taken along section B-B.
  • Figure IB shows the relative locations of fiber optics 4 and
  • diaphragm 1 and base 2 diaphragm 1 and base 2 and holes 3.
  • the holes 3 provide access to piezoresistive and temperature sensitive elements described below.
  • Figure 2A illustrates an embodiment of the electromagnetic reflector 8.
  • the diaphragm 1 (Figure 1) should be transparent to certain electromagnetic wavelengths of the spectrum. That is, the diaphragm 1 should not appreciably affect the absorption curve at those wavelengths.
  • the reflector surface 70 should have high reflectivity with respect to absorption so that sufficient waves can be collected for analysis by a spectrometer.
  • the fiber optics 4 and 5 ( Figure 1) should transmit substantially all of the electromagnetic waves. Otherwise, the detected amount of waves will be inaccurate.
  • One arrangement for analyzing electromagnetic waves in the near- infrared to medium-infrared range, and more particularly, from 0.9 microns to 4 microns, provides that the fiber optics 4 and 5 be from about 200 angstroms to about 1000 angstroms in diameter and be constructed of sapphire or another suitable material.
  • reflector 8 is made of stainless steel and has a concave spherical reflector surface 70.
  • Surface 70 is covered with aluminum, gold or silver of anywhere from about 50 angstroms to about 50,000 angstroms thickness.
  • the layer can be of another reflective material and/or thicker than this range if desired.
  • the embodiment can achieve an overall transmission efficiency of over 90%.
  • abrasive and corrosive materials can be encountered. Thus, there is a need to protect the surface 70 from exposure to such materials. Without such protection the surface 70 may degrade from abrasion and corrosion of the polymer or adhesion of the degraded polymer to the surface.
  • Certain refractory materials, semiconductors and other suitably hard compounds can provide protective coatings for the reflector surface 70.
  • diamond provides a protective coating. Crystalline, amorphous diamond or diamond like layer can be also deposited on the surface of the reflector surface 70 by conventional growth techniques including plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) . Diamond's extreme hardness and abrasion resistance make it an excellent protective coating. Diamond is also transparent to a broad wavelength range of electromagnetic waves.
  • Sapphire, silicon carbide, carbon nitride and titanium nitride, and other compounds provide other suitable protective coatings.
  • the thickness of the protective coating is from about 0.01 microns to about 5 microns.
  • the thickness of the coating can be greater than this range if it is desired.
  • Hard materials such as a diamond or diamond like layer, or a sapphire layer which can be mixed with other elements or compounds so that the surface of the layer will act as an electromagnetic wave reflector yet retain its imperviousness to corrosion and abrasion and other desirable properties.
  • other additives or alloys that can be used are as follows:
  • the reflector surface 70 includes a plurality of materials for deposited layers.
  • a diamond or diamond like layer can be deposited as the first layer on the concave surface of the reflector 8 of Figure 2A.
  • an electromagnetic reflecting layer of alumina, silver, chrome, gold, rhodium, titanium nitride and other materials can be deposited on the first layer then an additional diamond layer can be deposited on top of the second layer.
  • a first diamond layer from about 0.1 to about 1 microns in thickness is deposited on the concave surface 70 of a reflector 8 made of stainless steel 304.
  • a reflective layer from about 500 to 60,000 angstrom in thickness is deposited on the first diamond layer.
  • a second diamond layer from about 0.1 to about 1 micron is deposited on the reflective layer.
  • Electromagnetic transmission range 0.15 micron to 110 microns; and 3. An efficiency ratio of 70% or higher.
  • suitable materials selected from any crystalline or amorphous metal oxide, semiconductor, intermetallics materials with transmission bandwidth in the electromagnetic wavelength range with good interlayer adhesion and corrosion properties can also produce desired results.
  • Figure 2B illustrates a reflector assembly 72 designed to protect the reflector surface 14.
  • the reflector assembly 72 includes a body 74 made of either refractory metal oxides, semiconductors or combinations of thereof such as those used for diaphragm 1 or base 2. These materials are transparent to certain electromagnetic wavelength range and resistant to the abrasion and adhesion of the fluid medium.
  • Body 74 is a cylindrical shape. However, other shapes can be employed.
  • the body 74 has an electromagnetic reflector 14 disposed on the non- exposed side (i.e., backside) of body 74.
  • the reflector 14 can be made of silver, gold, rhodium or another reflective material.
  • the reflector 14 is disposed between body 74 and a plate 15.
  • the plate 15 is made of metal or the same material used for body 74.
  • the front surface (i.e., opposite the backside) of body 74 faces the fluid medium.
  • the ends of plate 15 extend beyond the ends of body 74 to allow fastening the reflector assembly 72 to
  • the emitted electromagnetic waves transmit through body 74 and impinge on reflector 14 where the waves are reflected back to the diaphragm 1 ( Figure 1) and enter collecting fiber optic 5.
  • Figure 3 shows an end view of probe 60.
  • Probe 60 includes a force collecting diaphragm 1, an electromagnetically transparent window 13, piezoresistive elements 12 and temperature sensitive elements 11.
  • Piezoresistive elements 12 and temperature sensitive elements 11 are deposited on diaphragm 1 through epitaxial deposition, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering or some other conventional technique.
  • the temperature sensitive elements 11 and the piezoresistive elements 12 are preferably epitaxially grown or otherwise deposited on a single crystal or polycrystalline sapphire diaphragm.
  • the piezoresistive elements 12 are grown on an unsupported part near the supported part of a first major surface 80 ( Figure 1) of the diaphragm 1 which faces toward a cavity 66 ( Figure 1) to form a single integral crystal structure with the sapphire diaphragm 1.
  • the piezoresistive elements 12 can be located anywhere on the unsupported part of diaphragm 1.
  • the piezoresistive elements 12 are from 500 angstroms to 60,000 angstroms thick and preferably from 500 to 7,000 angstroms thick.
  • One piezoresistive material is silicon doped with boron atoms in the range of from 5 x IO 17 atoms/cm 3 to 2 x io 21 atoms/cm 3 . In another embodiment, silicon from
  • 8000 to 10,000 angstroms thick can be deposited on the diaphragm 1 and doped with a P-type dopant such as boron atoms in the range of from about 1 x 10 17 to about 5 x 10 21 atom/cm 3 concentration.
  • a P-type dopant such as boron atoms in the range of from about 1 x 10 17 to about 5 x 10 21 atom/cm 3 concentration.
  • the silicon can be doped with boron atoms in the range of from 9 x IO 17 to 5 x IO 21 atoms/cm 3 and preferably from 3 x IO 18 to 2 x IO 19 atoms/cm 3 .
  • the doping can be accomplished with standard semiconductor diffusion or ion implantation techniques. Diffusion temperatures in the range of from 1000°C to 1200°C can be used when the specified boron concentration is targeted. This provides the piezoresistive elements with a desirable small temperature coefficient of resistance and a relatively large gauge factor.
  • piezoresistive materials include various ⁇ ilicites, nichrome and various cermet materials.
  • the deposited piezoresistive elements are arranged
  • Nickel/chromium alloys of 20 to 80% chromium and other ratios
  • Nickel/copper alloys better known as constantan alloys
  • Piezoresistive elements 12 are arranged in a Wheatstone bridge on the first major surface 80 ( Figure 1) of diaphragm 1 so that they face toward cavity 66.
  • the fluid medium exerts pressure on a second major surface 82 of diaphragm 1 causing the diaphragm 1 to flex toward the cavity 66.
  • the voltage across the Wheatstone bridge is held constant, the flexing of the diaphragm 1 generates an electrical signal or change in-the electrical current.
  • the electrical signal is conducted through resistive connecting arms 76 to contact pads 78.
  • the pads 78 are welded to leads
  • the leads carry the electrical signal to the outside world.
  • the temperature sensitive elements 11 are located on a supported part of the diaphragm 1. That is where the pressure exerted on the diaphragm 1 results in essentially no flexing.
  • thermosensitive elements 11 can be disposed at any other part of the first major surface 80 ( Figure 1) of the diaphragm 1.
  • Figure 3 illustrates an embodiment where an electromagnetically transparent window 13 is located in the center of the diaphragm 1.
  • the window 13 can be located at another part of the diaphragm 1 or opposite a hole 3 ( Figure 1) capable of containing at least one fiber optic.
  • an electromagnetic wave source (not shown) can transmit waves through at least one electromagnetic wave source (not shown)
  • 500 angstrom diameter sapphire fiber optic then through a sapphire diaphragm 1.
  • the waves transmitted into the fluid medium, reflected through a reflector assembly 72 with silver coating on the reflector surface 14 as shown in Figure 2B and collected through a sapphire fiber optic of 500 angstrom diameter will provide the following: 1. An electromagnetic bandwidth of 0.15 microns to 5 microns; 2. Pressure measurement capability of 50,000 psi;
  • Figure 5 illustrates a force collecting diaphragm 1 without the presence of fiber optics when only pressure and temperature measurements are desired.
  • the piezoresistive elements 12 are arranged in a Wheatstone bridge and located inside the cavity on an unsupported area of the first major surface 80 ( Figure 1) of the diaphragm 1 as illustrated.
  • the piezoresistive elements 12 are arranged anywhere on the first major surface 80 ( Figure 1) of diaphragm 1.
  • the temperature sensitive elements 19 and 20 are arranged in a Wheatstone bridge on a supported area of the first major surface 80 ( Figure l) of diaphragm 1 as illustrated.
  • An alternative arrangement arranges the temperature sensitive elements 19 and 20 anywhere on the first major surface 80 ( Figure 1) of diaphragm 1.
  • temperature sensitive elements 19 and 20 are disposed anywhere on the first major surface 80, it is preferred to dispose temperature sensitive elements 19 and 20 where there is essentially no flexing of diaphragm 1. In this arrangement, the temperature sensitive elements 19 and 20 will be virtually insensitive to the pressure being exerted on diaphragm 1. Even at this location, residual stresses may still affect the accuracy of the temperature sensitive elements of probe 60.
  • Figure 3 illustrates an arrangement for the temperature elements 11 wherein residual stress can be reduced or eliminated by arranging temperature sensitive elements 11 along a 45° angle with respect to the 110 crystallographic axes of silicon.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative arrangement to minimize any residual pressure sensitivity of the temperature sensitive elements 19 and 20.
  • Temperature sensitive elements 19 and 20 are arranged in series and perpendicular to each other in a 100 crystallographic plane along the 110 axes on an unsupported area of diaphragm 1.
  • Figure 6 illustrates an electromagnetic window arrangement.
  • a plurality of the holes 3 extend from the upper surface 62 to the lower surface 64 of base 2.
  • each hole 3 holds at least one fiber optic pair 31 and 32.
  • the fiber optic pair 31 and 32 can perform independent monitoring and analysis of the fluid medium through electromagnetic waves.
  • Diaphragm 1 e.g., of sapphire
  • the diaphragm 1 provides a plurality of electromagnetic wave windows to seal the holes 3.
  • the windows seal off the upper surface 62 of base 2.
  • One end of the fiber optic pair 31 and 32 makes intimate contact with diaphragm 1. Electromagnetic waves incident in the fluid medium in intimate contact with second major surface 82 of diaphragm 1 are reflected by reflector 8 and collected as before by a collecting fiber optic 32 for analytical and other purposes.
  • the embodiment shown in Figure 6 provides means for targeting independent wave bands for specific elements, compounds or mixtures in the fluid medium so that the composition and/or concentration in the fluid medium can be determined.
  • This embodiment has special application as a cost effective compact pollution detector, for example, for use in the automotive industry.
  • the embodiment would have numerous other applications wherever the quantitative and qualitative analysis of elements, compounds or mixtures is required.
  • bandpass filters 102 can be installed or depositing bandpass filters 102 inside each hole 3 of base 2 between the ends of fiber optic 31 and 32 and diaphragm 1 or at any other convenient location.
  • the bandpass filter(s) 102 can be placed anywhere between the electromagnetic source and the fluid medium being monitored. Such bandpass filters will help to identify the absorption/transmission curve at the select bandwidths.
  • Figure 6A is an end view of the probe of Figure 6 viewed from the fluid medium side taken on line A-
  • Figure 6A also illustrates additional electromagnetic windows located opposite and aligned with holes, wherein the source and collector fiber optics are used to measure temperature of the fluid medium.
  • the present invention also provides an embodiment to collect reflected or scattered electromagnetic waves which are focused on a temperature sensitive element 104 on the first major surface 80 of the diaphragm 1.
  • the electromagnetic waves, particularly those in the infrared range, incident on temperature sensitive elements 104 will release additional free electrons which will change the resistance in proportion to the intensity of the incident waves which in turn will detect certain characteristics of the fluid medium such as the composition or identify specific elements, compounds and/or mixtures of the fluid medium.
  • Figure 7 illustrates an approach to maintaining the ends of the fiber optics 33 and the diaphragm 1 (Figure 7A) in intimate contact with each other.
  • the ends 84 of the fiber optics 33 make intimate contact with the first major surface 80 of diaphragm 1.
  • Opposite ends 86 of the fiber optics 33 attach to connectors 38.
  • the fiber optics 33 have slack and are resilient. Because of their resiliency, they are held in compression in the probe 60.
  • any thermal expansion of the overall package of the probe 60 will cause the resilient fiber optics 33 to extend to the new expanded length of the probe 60 such that they maintain intimate contact with the diaphragm 1.
  • any thermal contraction of the probe 60 will cause the fiber optics 33 to be compressed.
  • the fiber optics 33 are maintained in intimate contact with diaphragm 1. This approach eliminates the separation of the diaphragm 1 from the ends 84 of fiber optics 33 from either temperature change or flexing of the diaphragm 1. This is important because analysis cannot be reliable unless the ends 84 of fiber optics 33 and diaphragm 1 maintain intimate contact or stay a fixed distance apart.
  • Figure 8 illustrates the overall package of the probe 60 of the present invention.
  • the probe 60 includes a fluid medium slots 10, a external sleeve
  • a hollow ring 34 a body 36, an upper housing 37, connectors 38 and a cable 39.
  • Figure 9 illustrates an embodiment of the probe 60 which isolates the diaphragm 1 from any stress which would prevent obtaining reliable data.
  • FIG 9 illustrates the probe 60 includes a reflector 8 attached to a sleeve 9 having slots 10 and defining a fluid chamber 7, a sealing tip 35 and an isolation slot 56.
  • the sealing tip 35 seals probe 60 from the fluid medium.
  • a body 36 has threads and exerts a longitudinal force when the tip 35 makes contact with the female portion of the housing 100. The compressive longitudinal force exerted on the tip 35 to seal off the probe 60 from the fluid medium produces residual stress on the diaphragm 1.
  • Isolation slot 56 reduces or eliminates this type of stress from being transferred to the diaphragm 1.
  • Figure 10 is another embodiment of the probe 60 employing a double isolation slot.
  • An isolation slot 40 coupled with isolation slot 41 further reduces the transfer of residual stress to diaphragm 1. Additional isolation slots (not shown) can be employed if desired to further reduce residual stress.
  • Figure 11 illustrates still another embodiment of a miniature probe 60 having medical applications and at least one fiber optic housed in a sleeve forming a hypodermic needle.
  • the probe 60 includes fiber optics 4 and 5 housed in a liner 6 which is in turn housed in a sleeve 204.
  • One side of the sleeve 204 and a reflector 8 form a hypodermic needle for in- vivo application.
  • the sleeve 204 also strengthens the probe 60.
  • the other side of reflector 8 defines one wall of slots 10 and includes a concave reflector surface 70 for reflecting emitted waves from fiber optic 4 into a fluid medium chamber 7.
  • Fiber optic 5 collects the reflected waves and transmits them to the external world for analysis.
  • the medical probe 60 can be of similar material and construction as the probe 60 of Figure 1 as long as it is not deleterious to the patient.
  • the probe 60 may find use in real-time on-line monitoring of blood, bioreactors, abnormal cell growth and other medical applications.
  • Figure 11B is a close up of section B of Figure 11 showing a connection for a fiber optic tube 200.
  • the tube 200 exits probe 60 through connector 38 and is sealed by window 206 to form a vacuum or gas filled chamber.
  • Figure 12 illustrates a fiber optic tube 200 capable of transmitting a broad electromagnetic wavelength range.
  • Crystalline or amorphous refractory, metal oxides, semiconductor material, intermetallics, plastics such as teflon or nylon, or another suitable material can be used to make fiber optic tube 200.
  • Favorable results can be achieved when the tube 200 inner diameter is about 500 microns and the outer diameter is about 600 microns.
  • the ends of tube 200 can be left open to the surroundings or can be sealed with windows 202.
  • the windows 202 can assume a variety of shapes.
  • the windows 202 shown in Figure 12 is a cone shape derived from a cut across the end of the window such that when it is installed in the tube 200 the end of the window makes an angle of about 20° with respect to a plane perpendicular with the fiber optic axis.
  • This modification will increase the collection efficiency of a fiber optic pair or of a multifiber optic arrangement in that the acceptance cones and corresponding grazing field will increase.
  • the tube 200 can be filled with an inert gas or preferably placed under a vacuum.
  • the ends of the tube 200 can be left open and the tube 200 can form a chamber under a vacuum sealed by diaphragm 1 and window 206.
  • the tube walls can be made of sapphire, quartz, glass, plastics or any other material suitable for reflecting the electromagnetic waves and having refractive index greater than 1.00.
  • the tube 200 is capable of transmitting electromagnetic waves covering virtually the entire wavelength range from gamma waves, x-rays, infrared, ultra-violet and other wavelengths. In the embodiment using a vacuum, the only apparent limit to a broad wavelength transmission range is the material being used for the windows 202.
  • the tube 200 transmits a broad electromagnetic wavelength range of transmission not believed possible with conventional fiber materials which limit the transmission bandwidth.
  • conventional fiber optics 4 and 5 can be used to emit and collect waves to monitor cancer cells in the human body, but will not be suitable to transmit x-rays.
  • the tube 200 with its broad transmission range may be used to transmit x-ray or other suitable waves for eradication.
  • the tube 200 illustrated in Figure 12 may be particularly suitable for the transmission of x-rays, gamma rays or other suitable radiation capable of eradicating undesirable cells.
  • the embodiment described in Figure 12 provides an added advantage that, unlike hollow metal tubes, the curving of the long fiber optics produced with the present invention will no longer drastically limit the transmission efficiency of the fiber optic.
  • a metal tube with polished inner walls and plated with gold, silver, platinum, rhodium, aluminum, nickel or another suitable material with greater than 70% reflectivity efficiency can be used.
  • a great deal of transmission efficiency will be lost due to the incompatibility of the refractive index, because the slightest curve in the tube will substantially curtail or stop any electromagnetic wave transmission.

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  • Light Guides In General And Applications Therefor (AREA)
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  • Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)
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Abstract

Sonde (60) de contrôle d'un support fluide, utilisant au moins un réflecteur d'ondes électromagnétiques (8) et au moins une fibre optique (4 et 5) pour l'analyse du support fluide. La sonde utilise un socle (2) avec un trou (68) et une fenêtre (1) couvrant ledit trou du socle; cette sonde est conçue de telle sorte que la fenêtre transmet des ondes électromagnétiques et que le réflecteur d'ondes, disposé à l'écart de la fenêtre, reflète vers celle-ci au moins une partie des ondes électromagnétiques. La sonde capte les ondes réfléchies grâce à une ou plusieurs fibres optiques placées derrière la fenêtre permettant de voir le support fluide et transmet les ondes à un spectromètre relié à un ordinateur qui analyse le support fluide en ligne directe et en temps réel. Des éléments piézorésistifs à palpage pyrométrique sont déposés sur la fenêtre qui fait aussi fonction de diaphragme capteur de forces constitué d'un matériau mince réfractaire ou d'un matériau semiconducteur. Les éléments piézorésistifs sont placés sur la partie sans support du diaphragme, et au moins une partie du diaphragme est transparente aux ondes électromagnétiques.
PCT/US1994/002355 1993-03-05 1994-03-04 Sonde de controle d'un support fluide Ceased WO1994020013A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP94916501A EP0702524A4 (fr) 1993-03-05 1994-03-04 Sonde de controle d'un support fluide
JP6520192A JPH08510829A (ja) 1993-03-05 1994-03-04 流動媒体をモニタするプローブ

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/027,189 1993-03-05
US08/026,987 1993-03-05
US08/027,189 US5526112A (en) 1993-03-05 1993-03-05 Probe for monitoring a fluid medium
US08/026,987 US5510895A (en) 1993-03-05 1993-03-05 Probe for monitoring a fluid medium

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WO1994020013A1 true WO1994020013A1 (fr) 1994-09-15

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PCT/US1994/002376 Ceased WO1994020014A1 (fr) 1993-03-05 1994-03-04 Sonde de controle d'un milieu fluide
PCT/US1994/002355 Ceased WO1994020013A1 (fr) 1993-03-05 1994-03-04 Sonde de controle d'un support fluide

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WO1996037794A1 (fr) * 1995-05-25 1996-11-28 Eastman Chemical Company Sonde optique spectroscopique robuste
US5657404A (en) * 1995-05-25 1997-08-12 Eastman Chemical Company Robust spectroscopic optical probe
US5678751A (en) * 1995-05-25 1997-10-21 Eastman Chemical Company Robust spectroscoptic optical probe
WO2001020294A3 (fr) * 1999-09-15 2001-09-27 Holger Mueller Procede et dispositif pour l'analyse de gaz quantitative
US6903823B1 (en) 1999-09-15 2005-06-07 Mueller Holger Method and device for the quantitative gas analysis
WO2001026543A1 (fr) * 1999-10-13 2001-04-19 C.R. Bard, Inc. Connecteur destine a un dispositif de localisation de tissu a fibre optique
US6393312B1 (en) 1999-10-13 2002-05-21 C. R. Bard, Inc. Connector for coupling an optical fiber tissue localization device to a light source
GB2371360B (en) * 2000-09-07 2005-02-16 Optomed As Multi-parameter fiber optic probes
GB2371360A (en) * 2000-09-07 2002-07-24 Optomed As Multiple parameter fiber optic probe
US7003184B2 (en) 2000-09-07 2006-02-21 Optomed. As Fiber optic probes
WO2003044503A1 (fr) * 2001-11-21 2003-05-30 Elan Vital (Uk) Ltd Systemes analyseurs de fluides
US7578972B2 (en) 2001-11-21 2009-08-25 Elan Vital (Uk) Ltd Fluid analyser systems
US8003054B2 (en) 2001-11-21 2011-08-23 Elan Vital (Uk) Ltd Fluid analyser systems
US9651475B2 (en) 2012-11-30 2017-05-16 Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. Optical sensor apparatus and method of producing optical element used in optical sensor apparatus
CN110307825A (zh) * 2019-08-06 2019-10-08 李立学 一种架空输电线路弧垂在线监测系统
CN118392253A (zh) * 2024-06-27 2024-07-26 张家港江苏科技大学产业技术研究院 一种高精度复合测量装置和方法

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EP0692948A1 (fr) 1996-01-24
EP0692948A4 (fr) 1998-12-30
EP0702524A4 (fr) 1998-12-30
JPH08510830A (ja) 1996-11-12
WO1994020014A1 (fr) 1994-09-15
EP0702524A1 (fr) 1996-03-27
JPH08510829A (ja) 1996-11-12

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