WO1994013297A1

WO1994013297A1 - Potassium channel activators and use thereof in therapy

Info

Publication number: WO1994013297A1
Application number: PCT/GB1993/002515
Authority: WO
Inventors: John Morris Evans; Kuok Keong Vong; Robert Nicholas Willette
Original assignee: SmithKline Beecham Ltd; SmithKline Beecham Corp
Current assignee: SmithKline Beecham Ltd; SmithKline Beecham Corp
Priority date: 1992-12-11
Filing date: 1993-12-08
Publication date: 1994-06-23
Anticipated expiration: 1995-06-11
Also published as: JPH08504433A; GB9225859D0; EP0674519A1

Abstract

A method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of anxiety, mania, depression, the effects associated with withdrawal from substances of abuse such as cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and benzodiazepines; disorders treatable and/or preventable with anti-convulsive agents, such as epilepsy; and in the treatment or prevention of cerebral ischaemia, disorders resulting from sub-arrachnoid haemorrhage, Parkinson's disease, migraine and/or psychosis, comprising administering to the sufferer in need thereof an effective or prophylactic amount of a potassium channel activator.

Description

POTASSIUM CHANNEL ACTIVATORS AND USE THEREOF IN THERAPY

This invention relates to a novel method of treatment and to novel compounds for use in such a method.

European Published Patent Application No. 0126311 discloses substituted benzopyran compounds having blood pressure lowering activity, including 6-acetyl- trans-4-(4-fluorobenzoylamino)-3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-3-ol.

Also EP-A-0 376524, EP-A-0205 292, EP-A-0250077, EP-A-0093 535, EP-A-0 150 202, EP-A-0076075 and WO/89/05808 (Beecham Group pic) describe certain benzopyran derivatives which possess anti-hypertensive activity.

EP-A-0 350 805 (Biersdorf), EP-A-0277 611, EP-A-0277612, EP-A-0337 179, and EP-A-0355 565 (Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft) EP-A-0415065 (E.Merck), EP-A-0-450415 (Squibb), EP-A-0-466 131 (Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd), EP-A- 0339562 (Yoshitomi Pharmaceuticals), EP-A-0 360621 (Ortho Pharmaceuticals), EP- A 0489 300 (Uriach), DE 3,831 ,697 (Hoechst), EP-A 0432 893 (Yamanouchi), DE 4,010,488 (Hoechst), EP-A-0482934, EP-A-0296975, JO-2004-791 and

WO\89\11477 and WO\89\07103 also describe certain compounds which are believed to possess anti-hypertensive activity.

EP-A-0430 621 and EP-A-0385 584 (Beecham Group pic) describe the resolution of certain intermediates useful in the preparation of the compounds described in the above mentioned patent applications.

EP-A-0 194 885 (E. Lilly) describes certain amino substituted benzopyran derivatives possessing anti-convulsant activity.

EP-A-0509-762 (E.R. Squibb) describes certain indole and dihydroquinoline substituted derivatives which as disclosed as possessing inter alia anti-hypertensive activity.

PCT/GB92/01045 (SmithKline Beecham pic; unpublished at the priority date), which describes certain fluorobenzoylamido benzopyrans, pyranopyridines and tetrahydronaphthylenes in which the 3 and 4 position substituents are trans to each other. These compounds are described as possessing inter alia anxiolytic and anti- convulsant activity.

It has now been surprisingly found that certain compounds of formula (I) possess anxiolytic and anti-convulsant activity, and are also believed to have utility in the treatment or prevention of mania, depression and the effects associated with withdrawal from substances of abuse and utility in the treatment or prevention of cerebral ischaemia, disorders resulting from sub-arrachnoid haemorrhage, Parkinson's Disease, migraine and/or psychosis.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of anxiety, mania, depression, the effects associated with withdrawal from substances of abuse such as cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and benzodiazepines; disorders treatable and/or preventable with anti-convulsive agents, such as epilepsy; and in the treatment or prevention of cerebral ischaemia, disorders resulting from sub- arrachnoid haemorrhage, Parkinson's Disease, migraine and/or psychosis, comprising administering to the sufferer in need thereof an effective or prophylactic amount of a compound of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

R⁷

I (l)

P wherein:

P is a ring system selected from the following:

and the other variables are as defined below: b)

in which either a and b together represent a bond or CH2 or a and b together represent a carbonyl group, a group C=NORF, CHOR^F or

O

II

C-O-C-R^F

where R-P is hydrogen or C_{1 -5} alkyl; or c)

in which either J is nitrogen and J^a is a lone pair of electrons, M is carbon and

M^a is R₅; or

J is carbon and M is nitrogen and J^a and M^a are hydrogen; or d)

in which Z is oxygen or CH₂;

e)

in which X is oxygen or NR in which R is hydrogen or C_1-4 alkyl; and; where:

either one of R₁ and R₂ is hydrogen and the other is selected from the class of hydrogen, C_3-8 cycloalkyl, C_{1 -6} alkyl optionally interrupted by oxygen or substituted by hydroxy, C_{1 -6} alkoxy or substituted aminocarbonyl, C_{1 -6} alkylcarbonyl, C_{1 -6} alkoxycarbonyl, C_{1 -6} alkylcarbonyloxy, C_{1 -6} alkoxy, nitro, cyano, halo,

trifluoromethyl, CF₃S, or a group CF₃-A-, where A is -CF₂-, -CO-, -CH₂-, CH(OH), SO₂, SO, CH₂-O, or CONH, or a group CF₂H-A'- where A' is oxygen, sulphur, SO, SO₂, CF₂ or CFH; trifluoromethoxy, C_{1 -6} alkylsulphinyl, perfluoro C_2-6

alkylsulphonyl, C_1-6 alkylsulphonyl, C_{1 -6} alkoxysulphinyl, C_{1 -6} alkoxysulphonyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroaiylcarbonyl, phosphono, arylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, arylsulphinyl, heteroarylsulphinyl, arylsulphonyl,

heteroarylsulphonyl in which any aromatic moiety is optionally substituted, C_{1 -6} alkylcarbonylamino, C_{1 -6} alkoxycarbonylamino, C_{1 -6} alkyl-thiocarbonyl, C_{1 -6} alkoxy-thiocarbonyl, C_{1 -6} alkyl-thiocarbonyloxy, 1-mercapto C_2-7 alkyl, formyl, or aminosulphinyl, aminosulphonyl or aminocarbonyl, any amino moiety being optionally substituted by one or two C_{1 -6} alkyl groups, or C_{1 -6} alkylsulphinylamino, C_{1 -6} alkylsulphonylamino,C_1-6 alkoxysulphinylamino or C_{1 -6}

alkoxysulphonylamino, or ethylenyl terminally substituted by C_{1 -6} alkylcarbonyl, nitro or cyano, or -C(C_{1 -6} alkyl)NOH or -C(C_{1 -6} alkyl)NNH₂, or one of R₁ and R₂ is nitro, cyano or C_{1 -3} alkylcarbonyl and the other is methoxy or amino optionally substituted by one or two C_1-6 alkyl or by C_2-7 alkanoyl; or where possible R₁ and R₂ when adjacent together are -(CH₂)₄- or -CH = CH-CH = CH-, or form an optionally substituted triazole or oxadiazole ring;

one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen or C_{1 -4} alkyl and the other is C_{1 -4} alkyl, CF3 or CH2 X^a where X^a is fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C_{1 -4} alkoxy, hydroxy, C_{1 -4}

alkylcarbonyloxy, -S-C_{1 -4} alkyl, nitro, amino optionally substituted by one or two C_{1 -4} alkyl groups; cyano or C_{1 -4} alkoxycarbonyl or R₃ and R₄ together are C_2-5 polymethylene optionally substituted by C_{1 -4} alkyl;

R₅ is C_1-6 alkylcarbonyloxy, benzoyloxy, ONO2, benzyloxy, phenyloxy or C_{1 -6} alkoxy and R₆ and R₉ are hydrogen or R₅ is hydroxy and R₆ is hydrogen or C_1-2 alkyl and R₉ is hydrogen;

in which R_{1 1} and R₁₂ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cyano, nitro, COR₁₃, CONHR₁₃, CONR₁₃R₁₄ or halo where R₁₃ and R₁₄ are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl or (cycloalkyl)-alkyl;

R₁₀ is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, O-R₁₅, cyano, nitro, CF3, halo, S-alkyl, COR₁₅, COOR₁₅, NR₁₅CO alkyl or OCO alkyl where R₁₅ is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl or (cycloalkyl)-alkyl; m is O or 1;

and

the R₇ group is cis or trans to the R₅ group.

All C_1-6 alkyl or C_{1 -4} alkyl or alkyl containing groups in formula (I) are preferably selected from methyl, ethyl, n - and iso -propyl, n -, iso -, sec - and tert-butyl.

Suitable C_3-8 cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl.

Suitable halo substituents include fluoro, chloro and bromo.

Aryl whenever mentioned herein includes but is not limited to phenyl and naphthyl.

Heteroaryl whenever mentioned herein includes a 5- or 6- membered monocyclic or 9- or 10- membered bicyclic of which 5- or 6- membered monocyclic heteroaryl is preferred. In addition, 5- or 6-membered monocyclic or 9- or

10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl preferably contains one, two or three heteroatoms which are selected from the class of oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur and which, in the case of there being more than one heteroatom, are the same or different. Examples of 5- or 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl containing one, two or three heteroatoms which are selected from the class of oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur include furyl, thienyl, pyrryl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl and thiadiazolyl, and pyridyl, pyridazyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazolyl and triazolyl. Preferred examples of such groups include furanyl, thienyl, pyrryl and pyridyl, in particular 2- and 3-furyl, 2- and

3-pyrryl, 2- and 3-thienyl, and 2-, 3- and 4-pyridyl. Examples of 9- or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaryl containing one, two or three heteroatoms which are selected from the class of oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur include benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, indolyl and indazolyl, quinolyl and isoquinolyl, and quinazolyl. Preferred examples of such groups include 2- and 3-benzofuryl, 2- and 3-benzothienyl, and 2- and 3-indolyl, and 2- and 3-quinolyl. Suitable examples of groups or atoms for optional substitution especially of aryl and heteroaryl include one, two or three substituents independently selected from C_{1 -4} alkyl, C_{1 -4} alkoxy, halo (such as fluoro, chloro, bromo), hydroxy, nitro amino optionally substituted once or twice by C_{1 -4} alkyl, cyano and SO_nH, where n=0 to 2.

Preferred variables are as those mentioned in the above mentioned patents which are incorporated herein by reference. Especially preferred variables are those mentioned in EP-0509762 which are incorporated herein by reference.

It should be appreciated that the compounds of formula (I) may have chiral carbon atoms at positions around the saturated portion of ring system P especially at the atoms attached to R₅ and the moiety R₇ and therefore may exist as enantiomers. The present invention extends to each enantiomer and to mixtures thereof including racemates.

It should also be appreciated that certain R₁ substituents also have chiral centres and therefore may exist as enantiomers. The present invention extends to each enantiomer and to mixtures thereof including racemates

It should be appreciated that the compound of formula (I) or a

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof also includes solvates of such compounds, such as for example the hydrate.

The administration to the mammal may be by way of oral or parenteral administration.

An amount effective to treat the disorders hereinbefore described depends on the usual factors such as the nature and severity of the disorders being treated and the weight of the mammal. However, a unit dose will normally contain 1 to 1000 mg, suitably 1 to 500 mg, for example an amount in the range of from 2 to 400 mg such as 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg of the active compound. Unit doses will normally be administered once or more than once per day, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 times a day, more usually 1 to 4 times a day, such that the total daily dose is normally in the range, for a 70 kg adult of 1 to 1000 mg, for example 1 to 500 mg, that is in the range of approximately 0.01 to 15 mg/kg/day, more usually 0.1 to 6 mg/kg/day, for example 1 to 6 mg/kg/day.

It is greatly preferred that the compound of formula (I) is administered in the form of a unit-dose composition, such as a unit dose oral, rectal, topical or parenteral (especially intravenous) composition.

Such compositions are prepared by admixture and are suitably adapted for oral or parenteral administration, and as such may be in the form of tablets, capsules, oral liquid preparations, powders, granules, lozenges, reconstitutable powders, injectable and infusable solutions or suspensions or suppositories. Orally administrable compositions are preferred, in particular shaped oral compositions, since they are more convenient for general use. Tablets and capsules for oral administration are usually presented in a unit dose, and contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, fillers, diluents, tabletting agents, lubricants, disintegrants, colourants, flavourings, and wetting agents. The tablets may be coated according to well known methods in the art.

Suitable fillers for use include cellulose, mannitol, lactose and other similar agents. Suitable disintegrants include starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone and starch derivatives such as sodium starch glycollate. Suitable lubricants include, for example, magnesium stearate. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable wetting agents include sodium lauryl sulphate.

These solid oral compositions may be prepared by conventional methods of blending, filling, tabletting or the like. Repeated blending operations may be used to distribute the active agent throughout those compositions employing large quantities of fillers. Such operations are, of course, conventional in the art.

Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups, or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, for example sorbitol, syrup, methyl cellulose, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose,

carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats, emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example, almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters such as esters of glycerine, propylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol; preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid, and if desired conventional flavouring or colouring agents.

Oral formulations also include conventional sustained release formulations, such as tablets or granules having an enteric coating.

For parenteral administration, fluid unit dose forms are prepared containing the compound and a sterile vehicle. The compound, depending on the vehicle and the concentration, can be either suspended or dissolved. Parenteral solutions are normally prepared by dissolving the compound in a vehicle and filter sterilising before filling into a suitable vial or ampoule and sealing. Advantageously, adjuvants such as a local anaesthetic, preservatives and buffering agents are also dissolved in the vehicle. To enhance the stability, the composition can be frozen after filling into the vial and the water removed under vacuum.

Parenteral suspensions are prepared in substantially the same manner except that the compound is suspended in the vehicle instead of being dissolved and sterilised by exposure to ethylene oxide before suspending in the sterile vehicle. Advantageously, a surfactant or wetting agent is included in the composition to facilitate uniform distribution of the compound of the invention. As is common practice, the compositions will usually be accompanied by written or printed directions for use in the medical treatment concerned.

The present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of anxiety, mania, depression, disorders associated with a subarachnoid haemorrhage, neural shock, the effects associated with withdrawal from substances of abuse such as cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and benzodiazepines; disorders treatable or preventable with anti-convulsive agents, such as epilepsy; Parkinson's disease, psychosis, migraine and/or cerebral ischaemia, which comprises a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In a further aspect the invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of anxiety, mania, depression and/or disorders associated with a subarachnoid haemorrhage, neural shock the effects associated with withdrawal from substances of abuse such as cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and benzodiazepines; disorders treatable or preventable with anti-convulsive agents, such as epilepsy; Parkinson's disease, psychosis, migraine and/or cerebral ischaemia.

Such compositions may be prepared in the manner as hereinbefore described. The invention also extends to novel compounds of formula (I) and

pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Generally, compounds of formula (I) which have trans isomerisation between the groups attached to the atom attached to the group R₇ and the group attached to the atom adjacent, on the right-hand side of the diagram as shown herein may be prepared by procedures generally described or analogous to those described in EP- 0126311, EP-0376524, EP-205292, EP-0250077, EP-0093535,

EP-0150202, EP-0076075, WO/89/05808, EP-0350805, EP-0277611,

EP-0277612, EP-0337179, EP-0355565, EP-A-0482934, EP-A-0296975, JO-2004- 791 WO\89\11477and WO\89\07103 EP-0466131, EP-A-0489300, DE 3,831,697, EP-A-0432893, DE 4,010,488 and EP-A-0509 762.

Generally, compounds of formula (I) which have cis isomeration between the groups attached to the atom attached to the group R₇ and the group attached to the atom adjacent on the right-hand side of the diagram as shown herein may be prepared according to the procedures generally described on or analogous to those described in EP-A-0139992.

Cis compound of formula (I) may also be prepared according to the procedures described by G. Burrell et al, Tet. Letters, 31, 3649-3652 (1996) or by the procedures described by U. Quast and E. Villhauer, Eur. J. Pharmacol, Molecular Pharmacology Section 245, 165-171 (1993). It should be appreciated that racemates for formula (I) may be resolved or enantiomerically purified compounds of formula (I) may be prepared using procedures conventional in the art and in particular using the procedures outlined in EP-0430631 and EP-0355584.

Where appropriate it should also be appreciated that it is preferred that the compounds of formula (I) may be prepared in the required enantiomeric form by forming a chirally pure epoxide using catalysts and conditions generally outlined in WO91\14694 or WO 93\17026 and thereafter converted to the required compound of formula (I) using procedures outlined herein.

Compounds of formula (I) may be prepared from readily available starting materials using the procedures outlined or analogous to those described in the above- mentioned patents.

Compounds of formula (I) in which R₅ is hydroxy, R₆ is C_1-2 alkyl and R₉ is hydrogen may be prepared according to the procedures outlined in

R. Gericke et al. J. Med. Chem. Vol.34, p3074(1991).

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising novel compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The invention also provides the use of novel compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a therapeutic agent, in particular in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of anxiety, mania, depression, the effects associated with withdrawal from substances of abuse such as cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and benzodiazepines; disorders treatable and/or preventable with anti-convulsive agents, such as epilepsy; cerebral ischaemia disorders resulting from subarachnoid haemorrhage, Parkinson's disease, migraine and/or psychosis.

Suitable examples of compounds of formula (I) include examples 1 to 4 in EP-A-0509762 which are incorporated herein by reference.

The following pharmacological test results illustrate the present invention:

PHARMACOLOGICAL DATA

The compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are tested for therapeutic utility using the procedure outlined as follows: 1. Rat Social Interaction Test

Potential anxiolytic properties are evaluated using the rat social interaction procedure based on that originally described by File (1980, J. Neurosci. Methods, 2, 219 - 238). In this model anxiolytic agents selectively increase social interaction independently of any effect on locomotor activity.

Method

Male Sprague - Dawley rats (Charles River, U.K., 250 - 300g) are singly housed for 3 days prior to testing. On the test day, the animals are then randomly assigned to groups of 8 - 16 and dosed orally at a dose volume of 1 ml/kg with various doses of compound (1 - 300 mg/kg) or vehicle. At φ min post dose the rats are placed with a weight - and treatment - matched pair male (encountered for the first time) in the social interaction box under high - light, unfamiliar conditions. The box is made of white perspex 54 x 37 x 26 cm with a transparent perspex front side. The floor is divided into 24 equal squares and is brightly lit (115 lux). Time spent (sees) in active social interaction (sniffing, grooming, following, mounting, climbing over or under, boxing, biting) is scored "blind" by remote monitoring as is the number of squares crossed (as an index of locomotion).

The mean and standard error for time spent in social interaction and number of squares crossed are then calculated for each particular treatment group and drug - induced changes are expressed as a percentage increase or decrease from control values. Statistical comparisons are made between vehicle - and drug - treated groups using Dunnett's multiple comparisons procedure following significant one way analysis of varience.

Drugs are suspended in 1% methyl cellulose.

2. MES TEST

The maximal electroshock seizure (MES) threshold test in rodents is particularly sensitive for detecting potential anticonvulsant properties¹. In this model, anticonvulsant agents elevate the threshold to electrically - induced seizures whilst proconvulsants lower the seizure threshold.

Method Mice (male, Charles River, U.K. CD - 1 strain, 25 - 30g) are randomly assigned to groups of 10 - 20 and dosed orally or intraperitoneally at a dose volume of 10 ml/kg with various doses of compound (0.3 - 300 mg/kg) or vehicle. Mice are then subjected at 30 or 60 min post dose to a single electroshock (0.1 sec, 50Hz, sine wave form) administered via corneal electrodes. The mean current and standard error required to induce a tonic seizure in 50% (CC₅₀) of the mice in a particular treatment group is determined by the 'up and down' method of Dixon and Mood (1948)².

Stastical comparisons between vehicle - and drug - treated groups are made using the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon (1949)³.

In control animals the CC₅₀ is usually 14 - 18 mA. Hence the first animal in the control group is subjected to a current of 16 mA. If a tonic seizure does not ensue, the current is increased for a subsequent mouse. If a tonic convulsion does occur, then the current is decreased, and so on until all the animals in the group have been tested.

The percentage increase or decrease in CC₅₀ for each group compared to the control is calculated.

Studies are carried out using a Hugo Sachs Electronik Constant Current Shock

Generator with totally variable control of shock level from 0 to 300 mA and steps of 2 mA are usually used.

Drugs are suspended in 1% methyl cellulose. References

1. Loscher, W. and Schmidt, D. (1988). Epilepsy Res., 2, 145 - 181

2. Dixon, W.J. and Mood, A.M. (1948). J. Amer. Stat. Assn., 43, 109 - 126

3. Litchfield, J.T. and Wilcoxon, F.(1949). J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther., 96, 99 -

113 Introduction

The X-maze test of anxiety (Handley and Mithani, 1984) examines the exploratory response of naive rats in an environment which offers both anxiogenic (open arms) and relatively non-anxiogenic (closed arms) areas. A selective increase in exploration of the open arms following drug pretreatment is therefore postulated to indicate anxiolytic effects. Method

The X-maze was raised 70cm above the floor and consisted of two enclosed arms 45cm (long) x 15cm (wide) x 10cm (high) and two open arms 45 x 10 x 1cm arranged such that the two arms of each type were opposite each other. Both arm types were marked into two equal sections. Rats were placed onto the centre of the X-maze and observed for a period of 10 minutes during which time the following parameters were recorded: 1) the number of entries onto, and the time spent on, (a) open arms, (b) closed arms, (c) end of open arms and (d) end of closed arms. 2) the number of sections crossed. The fear-drive evoked in the open arms exceeds that in the enclosed arms and rats typically show a clear preference for the enclosed arms.

Anxiolytic drugs increase the number of entries made onto, and the time spent on, the outer half of the open arms, and also the percentage of entries made onto, and the time spent on, the whole of the open arms. These four measures of anxiety, and also the total number of sections traversed, were calculated for each animal. Drugs are administered intraperitoneally or orally to groups of 6 to 12 rats 30 to 60 mins before testing. Statistical comparisons between vehicle- and drug-treated groups were made using a Mann- Whitney 'U' test (two tailed).

S.L. Handley and S. Mithani, Arch. Pharmacol., 1984 327 1-5

4. Mongrel Dog Delayed Cerebral Vasospasm

Twenty-five male mongrel dogs, weighing 9-12 kg, are used in these studies. The animals are housed and cared for in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals [DHEW (DHHS) publication No. (NIH) 85-23, revised 1985]. All procedures using laboratory animals are approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceutical. Each animal is anaesthetized with pentobarbital (35 mg/kg, iv) and placed on a heated operating table in the supine position. All animals are then tracheotomized, paralyzed (tubocurarine; 0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) and artificially ventilated with room air. End-tidal CO₂ (et CO₂) is monitored continuously and arterial blood gas analysis was performed periodically to assure stable and adequate ventilation throughout each experiment. Polyethylene cannulae are placed in the left external jugular vein and the right femoral artery and vein for drug administration, monitoring arterial blood pressure, and blood sampling, respectively. Transfemoral catheterization of the left vertebral artery is then performed via the left femoral artery using a 5 french Lehman dacron catheter ( Bard, Tewksbury MA). Anaesthesia is supplemented as needed with pentobarbital (5 mg/kg, i.v.) prior to the experimental period.

The effects of the compounds of this invention on acute cerebral vasospasm are evaluated in 15 dogs. In all animals a control digital subtraction angiogram of the anterior spinal artery and basilar artery is obtained following the intravertebral injection of radiocontrast material (Omnipaque 300). In each dog, 4 mis of cerebrospinal fluid is then removed from the dorsal cistern via needle puncture of the atlantooccipital membrane and 4 mis of autologous venous blood was injected. An angiogram is then repeated in each dog 30 minutes following the intracisternal administration of blood and an acute vasospasm of the basilar and anterior spinal arteries is identified and quantitated. The infusion of vehicle (10% polyethylene glycol 200) for 30 minutes has no effect on the acute vasospasm. The effect of a 30 minute infusion of test compounds on the reversal of acute vasospasm is observed in the basilar and anterior spinal arteries.

The effects of the compounds of this invention are also examined in the chronic canine model of delayed cerebral vasospasm (two haemorrhage model of cerebral vasospasm). In this model, a control vertebral angiogram is obtained and autologous blood is administered intracisternally on day 1 (as above). On day 3 the intracisternal administration of blood is repeated and the severe delayed vasospasm is quantitated angiographically on day 7 in all animals. The infusion of vehicle (10% polyethylene glycol 200) for 60 minutes has no effect on the delayed vasospasm observed in the basilar and anterior spinal arteries (n=5). The effect of an infusion of test compounds on the reversal of significantly delayed cerebral vasospasm is observed. 5. The compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are tested for therapeutic utility using the procedures outlined as follows: 1) Anti-Parkinsonian Activity

6- Hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model

The above test as described by Ungerstedt, U, 1971, Acta Physiol. Scand 367, 49 - 68, and/or

Ungerstedt, U, 1971, Acta Physiol Scand.367, 69-93, may be used to determine the anti-Parkinsonian activity of compounds of formula(I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

2) Anti-Psychotic Activity

Amphetamine-induced rat hyperlocomotion model

The above test as described by Kokkindis L, and Anisman, M, 1980, Psychological Bulletin, 88, 551-579, may be used to determine the anti-psychotic activity of compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

3) Anti-Migraine Activity

Cortical Spreading Depression and Migraine

The above test as described by Wahl et al, 1987, Brain Research, 411, 72-80 may be used to determine the anti-migraine activity of compounds of formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

4) Cerebral ischaemia

a) Mongolian Gerbil Test

The in vivo experiments are carried out on adult Mongolian gerbils (Tumblebrook Farm (MA), weighing 60-80 g. Transient forebrain ischemia is produced by bilateral carotid artery ligation under 2.5% isoflourane in 100% O₂ anesthesia, the animals being placed onto a heating pad to maintain body temperature at 37° C. The common carotid arteries are exposed and aneurism clips are placed on both arteries for a certain period of time indicated in the figure legends. PBN dissolved in saline was administered intraperitoneally as a bolus 30 min before occlusion (pretreatments) or immediately after and again at 6 h of reperfusion, followed by the same dose b.i.d. for 2 days (post- treatment). For quantification of CA1 neurons, animals are sacrificed at 7 days postischemia and perfused with buffered formalin.

Brains were removed, stored in formalin for 3 days, embedded in paraffin, cut at 7-μm-thick coronal sections (1.5-1.9 mm posterior to bregma^) and stained with thionin. The number of intact neurons over a 750-μm length of the CA1 layer on both hippocampal sides of 3 sections is counted for each animal. b) MCAO Method

Three strains of mature male rats (SHR) are obtained from commercial vendors (Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY; Charles River, Danvers,

MA; and Charles River, respectively) at 18 wk of age (250-300 g in weight) and are housed for 2 to 4 weeks prior to utilization in these studies. In order to verify that the strains of animals studied are indeed hypertensive and normotensive, groups of animals from each strain are anesthetized with 2% isoflourane (Anaquest, Madison, Wl) and chronically prepared under aseptic conditions for recording of blood pressure. The femoral artery is cannulated with polyethylene tubing (PE60; Clay Adams. Parsippany, NJ) extending just into the descending aorta. The tubing is lead subdermally from the artery and exteriorized between the scapula just below the back of the neck and cleared/filled with sterile isotonic saline. Incisions are closed using 2- 0 silk suture and treated with 5% lidocaine ointment (Astra

Pharmaceuticals, Westborough, M.A.) Animals recover from surgery/anesthesia within 5 min. Mean arterial blook pressures are recorded 4 to 5 h after surgery for 5 min/rat by connecting the exteriorized tubing in each rat to a Statham pressure transducer (P2.3Db; Statham Medical Instruments. Los Angeles, CA) with output to a polygraph (Model R711: Beckman Instruments, Inc.,

Fullerton.CA).

Focal Stroke Procedure

MCAO() or sham surgery is carried out in the SHR, SD rats under sodium pentobarbital (65 mg/kg, i.p. and supplemented as needed) anesthesia. All animals are allowed free access to food and water prior to and after surgery. Body temperature is maintained at 37°C using a heating pad throughout the surgical procedure. Surgery is conducted similar to that described previously (2.4). The right dorsal surface to the head and shaved and prepped with providone-iodine, and the rat placed in a stereotaxic device (David Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA) with the surgery (right) side of the head superior. A 1-2 cm incision was made between the orbit and the external auditory canal. The temporal muscle is dissected from the skull and retracted without damaging the zygomatic bond or mandibular nerve. Under an operating microscope and with saline irrigation, a 2-3 mm craniotomy is made just rostral to the zygomatic-squamosal skull suture. The dura is opened over the artery using the modified tip of a 30-gauge needle. For permanent right MCAO, using electrocoagulation (Force 2

Electrosurgical Generator, Valley Lab Inc., Boulder, CO), the artery was stimultaneously occluded and cut dorsal to the lateral olfactory tract at the level of the inferior cerebral vain. A small piece of sterile saline-soaked Gelfoam (Upjohn, Kalamazoo, M1) is then positioned over the craniotomy and the temporails muscle and skin are closed in two layers. Animals are allowed to recover from anesthesia under a heating lamp and then are returned to their cages. The animals are sacrificed 24 hours following MCAO and the brains are prepared from reactive histologic examination.

Measurements of Ischemic Damage

Following the neurologic evaluation (24 hours after surgery) rats are euthanized with an overdose of sodium pentobarbital. Within 2-3 min, brains are removed and six coronal forebrain slices (2 mm thick) are made from the level of the olfactory bulbs to the cortical-cerebellar junction using a rat brain slicer [(59); Zivic-Miller Laboratories Inc.,

Allison Park, PA]. These forebrain slices then are immersed immediately in a 1% solution of triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) in phosphate buffer at 37°C for 20-30 min (6.78). Strained tissues then are fixed by filtration in 10% phosphate buffered formalin. The two sides of each TTC-strained section are photographed in colour using a polaroid camera. These photographs are analyzed for the quantification of ischemic damage using an image analysis system (Amersham RAS 3000; Loats Associates, Inc.). Morphological changes following surgery are evaluated in the entire forebrain (total of 11 planar surfaces) for each animal. The 11 planar images are planar surfaces) for each animal. The 11 planar images were obtained from each side of the six 2 mm thick sections and correspond approximately to 1 mm section surfaces from + 5mm to -5 mm from bregma (97) and include the complete forebrain. These planar image surfaces (from the photographs) are digitized and used in the Image Analysis System for planimetry determination of infarct size and swelling. Two parameters of ischemic damage due to MCAO are determined for each slice as described previously (2,4,98,122).

"Hemispheric swelling" is expressed as the percent increase in size of the ipsilateral (i.e., surgery side) hemisphere over the contralateral (normal) hemisphere and is calculated as:

Ipsilateral Contralateral

Hemisphere - Hemisphere

Area Area

Percent

Hemispheric = - ------------------------------------------- x 100

Contralateral

Swelling

Hemisphere Area

"Infarct size" which was expressed as the percent infarcted tissue in reference to the contralateral (normal) hemisphere and is calculated as:

Percent infarct area

Hemispheric = - -------------------------------------------- x 100

Infarct Size Contralateral

Hemisphere Area

The swelling and infarct size are expressed in reference to the contralateral hemisphere (i.e., ipsilateral ischemic damage is normalized to the normal contralateral hemisphere). These parameters are determined for each slice to evaluate the profile of damage throughout the forebrain (i.e., "fore-brain profile") and for "total" forebrain changes by using the sum of all individual slice data in these formulas.

The occurrence of brain edema asociated with hemispheric swelling following MCAO was determined by comparison of wet/dry weight as described previously (45,118). Rats were sacrificed by an overdose of sodium pentobarbital 24 hours after sham or MCAO surgery. The brains are quickly removed, the forebrain isolated at the cerebellar cortical junction and cut into two hemispheres, and each forebrain hemisphere measured on a Mettler Types H5 chemical balance (Mettler Instruments Corp, Hightstown, NJ) within 2 min after decapitation. The dry weight was measured on the same scale after drying the hemisphere in an over at 80°C for 48-72 hours. The water content of each hemisphere was calculated as the difference between the wet and dry weight as a percent fraction from the wet weight:

^Percent Wet Weight - Dry Weight

Water Content = - ---------------------------------------- x 100

Wet Weight

Claims

1. A method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of anxiety, mania, depression, the effects associated with withdrawal from substances of abuse such as cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and benzodiazepines; disorders treatable and/or preventable with anti- convulsive agents, such as epilepsy; and in the treatment or prevention of cerebral ischaemia, disorders resulting from sub-arrachnoid haemorrhage, Parkinson's Disease, migraine and/or psychosis, comprising administering to the sufferer in need thereof an effective or prophylactic amount of a compound of formula (I) or

pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

R⁷

(I)

P wherein:

P is a ring system selected from the following:

a)

wherein;

and the other variables are as defined below: b)

in which either a and b together represent a bond or CH₂ or a and b together represent a carbonyl group, a group C=NOR^F, CHOR^F or

O

II F

O-O-C-R

where R^F is hydrogen or C_1-6 alkyl; or c)

in which either J is nitrogen and J^a is a lone pair of electrons, M is carbon and M^a is R₅; or

J is carbon and M is nitrogen and J^a and M^a are hydrogen; or d)

in which Z is oxygen or CH₂;

e)

in which X is oxygen or NR in which R is hydrogen or Ci .4 alkyl; and; where:

either one of R₁ and R₂ is hydrogen and the other is selected from the class of hydrogen, C_3-8 cycloalkyl, C_1-6 alkyl optionally interrupted by oxygen or substituted by hydroxy, C_{1 -6} alkoxy or substituted aminocarbonyl, C_{1 -6} alkylcarbonyl, C_{1 -6} alkoxycarbonyl, C_{1 -6} alkylcarbonyloxy, C_{1 -6} alkoxy, nitro, cyano, halo,

trifluoromethyl, CF₃S, or a group CF₃-A-, where A is -CF₂-, -CO-, -CH₂-, CH(OH), SO₂, SO, CH₂-O, or CONH, or a group CF₂H-A'- where A' is oxygen, sulphur, SO, SO₂, CF₂ or CFH; trifluoromethoxy, C_{1 -6} alkylsulphinyl, perfluoro C2.6

alkylsulphonyl, C_{1 -6} lkylsulphonyl, C_{1 -6} alkoxysulphinyl, C_{1 -6} alkoxysulphonyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylcarbonyl, heteroarylcaibonyl, phosphono, arylcarbonyloxy, heteroarylcarbonyloxy, arylsulphinyl, heteroarylsulphinyl, arylsulphonyl,

heteroarylsulphonyl in which any aromatic moiety is optionally substituted, C_{1 -6} alkylcarbonylamino, C_{1 -6} alkoxycarbonylamino, C_{1 -6} alkyl-thiocarbonyl, C_{1 -6} alkoxy-thiocarbonyl, C_{1 -6} alkyl-thiocarbonyloxy, 1-mercapto C2-7 alkyl, formyl, or aminosulphinyl, aminosulphonyl or aminocarbonyl, any amino moiety being optionally substituted by one or two C_{1 -6} alkyl groups, or C_{1 -6} alkylsulphinylamino, C_{1 -6} alkylsulphonylamino,C_{1 -6} alkoxysulphinylamino or C_{1 -6}

alkoxysulphonylamino, or ethylenyl terminally substituted by C_{1 -6} alkylcarbonyl, nitro or cyano, or -C(C_{1 -6} alkyl)NOH or -C(C_{1 -6} alkyl)NNH₂, or one of R₁ and R₂ is nitro, cyano or C_{1 -3} alkylcarbonyl and the other is methoxy or amino optionally substituted by one or two C_{1 -6} alkyl or by C_2-7 alkanoyl; or where possible R₁ and R₂ when adjacent together are -(CH₂)4- or -CH = CH-CH = CH-, or form an optionally substituted triazole or oxadiazole ring;

one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen or C_{1 -4} alkyl and the other is C_{1 -4} alkyl, CF₃ or CH₂ X^a where X^a is fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C_{1 -4} alkoxy, hydroxy, C_{1 -4}

alkylcarbonyloxy, -S-C_{1 -4} alkyl, nitro, amino optionally substituted by one or two C_{1 -4} alkyl groups; cyano or C_1-4 alkoxycarbonyl or R₃ and R₄ together are C_2-5 polymethylene optionally substituted by C_{1 -4} alkyl; R₅ is C_{1 -6} alkylcarbonyloxy, benzoyloxy, ONO₂, benzyloxy, phenyloxy or C_1-6 alkoxy and R₆ and R₉ are hydrogen or R₅ is hydroxy and R₆ is hydrogen or C_1-2 alkyl and R₉ is hydrogen;

R₁₀ is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, O-R₁₅, cyano, nitro, CF₃, halo, S-alkyl, COR₁₅, COOR₁₅, NR₁₅CO alkyl or OCO alkyl where R₁₅ is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl or (cycloalkyl)-alkyl; m is O or 1; and the R₇ group is cis or trans to the R₅ group.

2. A pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of anxiety, mania, depression, disorders associated with a subarachnoid haemorrhage, neural shock, the effects associated with withdrawal from substances of abuse such as cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and benzodiazepines; disorders treatable or preventable with anti-convulsive agents, such as epilepsy; Parkinson's disease, psychosis, migraine and/or cerebral ischaemia, which comprises a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a

pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

3. Use of a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of anxiety, mania, depression and/or disorders associated with a subarachnoid haemorrhage, neural shock the effects associated with withdrawal from substances of abuse such as cocaine, nicotine, alcohol and benzodiazepines; disorders treatable or preventable with anti-convulsive agents, such as epilepsy; Parkinson's disease, psychosis, migraine and/or cerebral ischaemia.

4. A method according to claim 1 in which preferred variables for a compound of formula (I) are as defined in EP-A-0509 762.

5. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 2 in which preferrred variables for a compound of formula (I) are as defined in EP-A-0509 762.

6. A use according to claim 3 in which preferred variables for a compound of formula (I) are as defined in EP-A-0509 762.

7. A method according to any one of claim 1 or 4 in which the compound of formula (I) is selected for examples 1 to 4 in EP-A-0509 762.

8. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 3 or 6 in which the compound of formula (I) is selected for examples 1 to 4 in EP-A-0509762.

9. 6. A use according to any one of claims 3 or 6 in which the compound of formula (I) is selected for examples 1 to 4 in EP-A-0509 762.