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WO1994004721A1 - Procede et granule d'electrolyse de liquides - Google Patents

Procede et granule d'electrolyse de liquides Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1994004721A1
WO1994004721A1 PCT/DE1993/000758 DE9300758W WO9404721A1 WO 1994004721 A1 WO1994004721 A1 WO 1994004721A1 DE 9300758 W DE9300758 W DE 9300758W WO 9404721 A1 WO9404721 A1 WO 9404721A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electrolysis
layer sequence
substrate
granulate
solar cell
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/DE1993/000758
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Michel Marso
Hans LÜTH
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH
Original Assignee
Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH filed Critical Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH
Publication of WO1994004721A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994004721A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10F77/70—Surface textures, e.g. pyramid structures
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/50—Processes
    • C25B1/55—Photoelectrolysis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the electrolysis of liquids, in particular for the electrolysis of water. Furthermore, the invention relates to a granulate for use in such electrolysis processes.
  • Solar cells made of semiconducting materials such as silicon or III-V semiconductor compounds in crystalline or amorphous form have long been used to convert light into electrical energy. Great efforts are made to increase the efficiency of the solar cells and to keep the production costs as low as possible. Efficiencies of up to 30% are achieved.
  • the object of the invention is achieved by a method of the type mentioned at the outset, in which material having a .solar cell function and with a voltage sufficient for electrolysis is introduced into the liquid and exposed to light.
  • a layer sequence formed on a substrate is advantageously selected which has at least one p-n junction which, when irradiated with light, generates a voltage sufficient for electrolysis between at least two metal layers formed as contacts in the layer sequence.
  • this minimum voltage in the case of water as electrolytes is 1.23 volts.
  • the method is further developed according to claim 3 in an advantageous manner in that a substrate with a flat surface is selected and the layers applied thereon in layers run parallel to the substrate surface.
  • the surface of the substrate forms a body with an oval, circular or elliptical cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, the layers applied thereon running parallel to the substrate surface.
  • the method according to the invention is developed in an extraordinarily advantageous manner.
  • the light can only enter the layer sequence having the pn junction from one side, lower layers can increasingly no longer participate effectively in the energy conversion of light into electrical energy a granu lats achieved that the light can penetrate not only from an orientation into the active pn zone, but also laterally up to this area.
  • a lateral extent is selected according to claim 8, at least in an excellent direction perpendicular to the normal to the substrate surface, which is smaller than the thickness of the layer sequence.
  • Claim 10 is developed in such a way that in the case of the electrolysis of water that on the contacts Oxygen or hydrogen gas formed on the water surface is passed into a system for separating the two gas components, a cold trap operated with liquid nitrogen being used in a special way to separate the two components.
  • the H 2 / ⁇ 2 mixture is cooled to below the boiling point of C> 2.
  • the liquefied oxygen can be separated from the gaseous hydrogen very easily.
  • one of the two electrodes of the solar cells can be designed in such a way that it binds the gas formed on it.
  • Titanium or palladium is suitable as a cathode to bind the hydrogen.
  • This gated gas can be released at a later point in time by heating the material than with a solar cell function, in particular by heating the granulate.
  • titanium dissolves up to 1 atomic% of hydrogen at room temperature, and hydrogen is strongly gettered by titanium (about 5 cm J hydrogen per mg titanium). In palladium, the solubility of hydrogen is even much higher at around 10 atom%.
  • another possibility also consists in adding a suitable additive to the electrolyte which binds one of the two gases to itself.
  • the method according to the invention is particularly advantageous if, when using a layer sequence applied to the substrate as material with a solar cell function, this is etched in a sawtooth-pyramid or conical manner to support the lateral light irradiation up to the pn junctions.
  • the etched material with solar cell function is not one
  • a suitable or desired contact metallization of the layer sequence can then optionally take place.
  • the material with solar cell function is designed as granules, the light is more likely to enter the layer sequence laterally, the smaller the lateral longitudinal extent of the individual particle compared to the thickness of the layer sequence.
  • each of these zones can be adequately exposed.
  • the contact sides can advantageously be coated with contact metal over the entire surface without this material having to be translucent.
  • the choice of this material can be made from other points of view.
  • the side walls of the individual particles can be passivated, for example, with SiC> 2. This ensures that leakage and leakage currents that do not contribute to electrolysis are prevented.
  • the method according to the invention and the granulate according to the invention are a very simple and inexpensive way of converting light energy into chemical energy. Such a process is of great importance for hydrogen technology, in which hydrogen is used as an environmentally friendly energy source.
  • FIG. 1 a shows the cross section of an individual particle of the granulate according to the invention. It shows an alternating layer sequence of p + -doped, intrinsic, n + -doped, Si-semiconducting layers (p +, i, n +, p +, i, n +, ).
  • the outer semiconducting layers are covered with one of the two contact-forming metallic layers.
  • the layer sequence formed in this way has a thickness D of approximately 20-500 ⁇ m, while, as shown in the figure, the lateral dimension L is approximately only 1/5 of this thickness.
  • FIG. 1b shows the cross section of an individual particle of the granulate, in which the layer sequence has a plurality of individual cells with two internal metal layers as contact.
  • the substrate material was not shown in the schematic representations of FIGS. 1a and 1b. It is not necessary for the material with a solar cell function, in particular the granulate, to have substrate material. The material can be used just as well in the manner described here as a layer sequence without substrate material.
  • Each activated zone is exposed to light through the side entry of the light.
  • the series connection of several individual cells within one particle results in a voltage multiplication of the output voltage of the material with solar cell function.
  • FIGS. 2a, 2b and 2c show excerpts of schematic cross sections of a material that has been structured with a sawtooth or pyramid using an etching process.
  • a substrate with a layer sequence n + -i-p + -n + -i-p + was structured in such a way that incident light has a relatively large effective area available through the etching edges formed, in order to increase the voltage between the corresponding contact metallizations with increased effectiveness Generate "Metal 1" and "Metal 2".
  • FIG. 2b shows an alternative to the contact metallization for an identical layer sequence on an n + substrate.
  • the contact point "metal 2" is now on the opposite side of the substrate carrying the layer sequence mentioned.
  • the layer sequence was etched down to the lowest layer n + of the layer sequence.
  • etching can alternatively be carried out into the substrate (n +) if necessary, as shown by way of example in FIG. 2c.
  • the cross sections shown in FIGS. 2a to 2c are only sections of an etched material with a solar cell function.
  • the material can contain a multiple structure of this sawtooth, pyramid, or cone shape.
  • the material structured in this way can already be used with increased efficiency for electrolysis by immersion.
  • the material structured in this way can be further processed into granules. The etching of the material makes it easier to cut or break this material to form the granulate.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Hybrid Cells (AREA)
  • Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un granulé d'électrolyse. L'objet de l'invention est de créer un procédé d'électrolyse susceptible d'être mis en ÷uvre par des moyens techniques plus simples que les procédés connus. A cet effet, on introduit dans le liquide un matériau ayant une fonction de cellule solaire. On choisit notamment une série de couches ayant une transition p-n formées sur un substrat. Il est particulièrement avantageux de choisir un granulé comme matériau à fonction de cellule solaire. Afin d'obtenir un rendement accru, l'extension latérale de chaque particule individuelle du granulé dans au moins une direction perpendiculaire à la normale de la surface du substrat est inférieure à l'épaisseur de la série de couches.
PCT/DE1993/000758 1992-08-22 1993-08-20 Procede et granule d'electrolyse de liquides Ceased WO1994004721A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEP4227963.1 1992-08-22
DE4227963A DE4227963C2 (de) 1992-08-22 1992-08-22 Granulat

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1994004721A1 true WO1994004721A1 (fr) 1994-03-03

Family

ID=6466224

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/DE1993/000758 Ceased WO1994004721A1 (fr) 1992-08-22 1993-08-20 Procede et granule d'electrolyse de liquides

Country Status (2)

Country Link
DE (1) DE4227963C2 (fr)
WO (1) WO1994004721A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19941261B4 (de) * 1999-08-31 2007-02-08 Patselya, Igor, Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Knallgasgenerator für Selbstversorgendes Ökoenergiehaus

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4381233A (en) * 1980-05-19 1983-04-26 Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Photoelectrolyzer
US4643817A (en) * 1985-06-07 1987-02-17 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Photocell device for evolving hydrogen and oxygen from water
WO1989006051A1 (fr) * 1987-12-17 1989-06-29 Unisearch Limited Amelioration des proprietes optiques de cellules solaires au moyen de formes geometriques inclinees
WO1992007386A1 (fr) * 1990-10-15 1992-04-30 United Solar Systems Corporation Configuration monolithique de cellules solaires et methode de realisation

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4011149A (en) * 1975-11-17 1977-03-08 Allied Chemical Corporation Photoelectrolysis of water by solar radiation
US4094751A (en) * 1976-09-30 1978-06-13 Allied Chemical Corporation Photochemical diodes
GB1581422A (en) * 1976-11-26 1980-12-10 Allied Chem Photoelectrolysis of water by solar radiation
US4263111A (en) * 1979-12-17 1981-04-21 United Technologies Corporation Hydrogen generation utilizing semiconducting platelets suspended in a divergent vertically flowing electrolyte solution
US4460443A (en) * 1982-09-09 1984-07-17 The Regents Of The University Of California Electrolytic photodissociation of chemical compounds by iron oxide electrodes

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4381233A (en) * 1980-05-19 1983-04-26 Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Photoelectrolyzer
US4643817A (en) * 1985-06-07 1987-02-17 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Photocell device for evolving hydrogen and oxygen from water
WO1989006051A1 (fr) * 1987-12-17 1989-06-29 Unisearch Limited Amelioration des proprietes optiques de cellules solaires au moyen de formes geometriques inclinees
WO1992007386A1 (fr) * 1990-10-15 1992-04-30 United Solar Systems Corporation Configuration monolithique de cellules solaires et methode de realisation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE4227963C2 (de) 1996-01-25
DE4227963A1 (de) 1994-02-24

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