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WO1993016409A1 - Procede pour transferer de l'information visuelle - Google Patents

Procede pour transferer de l'information visuelle Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1993016409A1
WO1993016409A1 PCT/FI1993/000033 FI9300033W WO9316409A1 WO 1993016409 A1 WO1993016409 A1 WO 1993016409A1 FI 9300033 W FI9300033 W FI 9300033W WO 9316409 A1 WO9316409 A1 WO 9316409A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
several
optic
light
transformer
transformers
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/FI1993/000033
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jouko Viitanen
Jukka Lekkala
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd
Original Assignee
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd filed Critical VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd
Publication of WO1993016409A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993016409A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/19—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on variable-reflection or variable-refraction elements not provided for in groups G02F1/015 - G02F1/169
    • G02F1/195—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on variable-reflection or variable-refraction elements not provided for in groups G02F1/015 - G02F1/169 by using frustrated reflection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
    • G02F2203/10—Function characteristic plasmon

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for transmitting
  • visual information is e- optically transmitted from an information source, e.g. by emitting beams of light or from an illuminator or in a corresponding manner, on a data transmitting first surface and on a data visualizing second surface
  • a preferably closed structure is formed, wherein the said first and second surface are prefer ⁇ ably essentially parallel and organs are arranged to direct the transmission of information between the said surfaces, the function of the organs being at
  • Display elements utilizing liquid crystal materials are generally known and used in the industry of the
  • liquid crystal display which are most commonly used at the present are based on rotating the plane of polarization of light, including twist- - ing nematic (TN) and electrically controlled bire ⁇ fringence (ECB) displays. Displays of this type are
  • Such displays can be classified as passive, because they do not neces ⁇ sarily require additional illuminators for viewing but the light of the environment is sufficient. For viewing in the dark, however, a specially arranged
  • TIR total internal reflection
  • a TIR display is typically active, because it requires precisely collimated light, which is not possible using diffused illumination but specially arranged illuminators are needed.
  • Illumina- tors of this kind can be arranged to be modulatable so that the number of gray shades of the image points can be even relatively high.
  • this solution is expensive, particularly with a low multiplexing degree so that a large number of illuminators is needed.
  • the present technology of liquid crystal display has several disadvantages.
  • the multiplexing degree is limited, which means that the complexity of the display control electronics makes it expensive to manufacture displays with a high resolution.
  • the limiting factor is either the decrease of contrast (typically with passive displays) or the slowness of the switching means of the liquid crystal (with active displays) .
  • active matrix techniques the weakening of contrast can be avoided in passive displays, but the technique of manufacturing the display panel is demanding and expensive, because separate control transistors or diodes must be manufactured for each image point.
  • the number of grey or colour shades is limited in passive display types.
  • the tolerances or the thickness of the liquid crystal layer are critical, which raises the expenses.
  • the requirements of precision become significant par ⁇ ticularly with displays of large dimensions.
  • the response time of most display types is relatively slow, which weakens the quality of the picture e.g. when viewing a video or television screen.
  • Finnish Patent Application Publication FI-906095 Method for transmission of visual information
  • the method is based on optical transmission of visual information, e.g. by means of optic fibres or the like, and oh changing the refractive index of the medium, such as a liquid crystal or the like, mechanically, i.e. acoustically. Consequently, the said method utilizes particularly the change in the refractive index due to the change of motive state in the medium and induced by mechanical means effective in the medium.
  • the method of the invention is primarily characterized in that the organs controlling the transmission of the informa ⁇ tion are arranged to be operated by an arrangement at least partially transmitting optic energy into vibra- tion of electron plasm, such as one based on the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon or the like, wherein the structure is equipped with one or several electric transformer with electron plasm, such as a metal film, layer or the like.
  • a change in the orientation of a substantially thinner layer of the liquid crystal is required for switching the light by the method as compared with the methods of prior art.
  • the characteristic performance curve of the switching phenomenon is very sharp, which also accelerates the switching.
  • the characteristic performance curve has a sharp peak corresponding to the maximum emission of light. Consequently, as compared with the structural prin ⁇ ciples of prior art, a relatively simple arrangement can be used to manufacture a display with only one active image point at a time. It is thus possible to provide the control eletronics in an inexpensive manner and rise the multiplexing level of the display high.
  • the thickness of the liquid crystal layer required in the display is not critical, which makes it very inexpensive to manufacture the applications of the method.
  • Fig. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an ad ⁇ vantageous embodiment of the method of the invention
  • Fig. 2 illustrates the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon
  • Fig. 3 shows the characteristic performance curve of the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon.
  • the method shown in Fig. 1 is intended for transmitting visual information.
  • Visual information is transmitted from an information source 1 optically, by emitting beams of light or the like from an illuminator 10, on a data transmitting first surface 2 and on a data visualizing second surface 3 which forms a display surface 60, such as a viewing screen, display screen, scanning surface or the like.
  • An optically anisotropic medium such as a liquid crystal or the like, is arranged between the first surface 2 and the second surface 3.
  • a preferably closed structure 2, 3, 4, 65 is formed, wherein the said first surface 2 and second surface 3 are essen ⁇ tially parallel and organs 5 are arranged to direct the transmission of information between the said surfaces 2, 3, the function of the organs 5 being at least partially based on changing the refractive index of the medium 4.
  • the organs 5 controlling the transmission of the information are further arranged to be operated by an arrangement at least partially transmitting optic energy into vibration of electron plasm, such as one based on the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon or the like.
  • the structure is thus equipped with one or several electromagnetic transformers 7 with electron plasm, such as a metal film 40, layer or the like.
  • SPR surface plasmon resonance
  • FIG. 2 shows the most commonly used Kretschmann configuration, where the p-polarized light I ; is emitted from a medium p with a higher optic density and totally reflected I r at the interface of the medium p and a medium v with a lower optic density.
  • a thin (in the range of 50 nm) metal layer m has been vaporized, the plasmon B sp being formed on the outer surface thereof.
  • the reflection coefficient R the ratio between the intensity of the reflected light I r and the intensity of the incoming light I ;
  • the reso ⁇ nance (the depth and width of the peak) is dependent on the dielectric constants (eO, e2) of the media p, v, the dielectric function (el) and thickness of the metal , the wavelength of the light used, as well as the angle of incidence ⁇ .
  • the best metals for inducing surface plasmon resonance are the precious metals silver and gold, by which a sharp resonance is ob- tained. With these metals, the real part of the dielectric function is high and negative, and the imaginary part is small and positive.
  • the resonance phenomenon increases the intensity of the electric field E of the evanescent wave which is generated in total reflection in the medium v outside the metal film m.
  • the electric field E extends to a distance of a few hundred nanometres from the interface and is exponentially damped in either direction perpendicular to the interface. Because the electric field extends outside the interface, changes in the refractive index taking place in the outside medium v have an effect on the intensity of the electric field at the interface and thus on the resonance. Keeping all the other parameters constant and allowing a change to take place in the refractive index of the outside medium, transmission of the resonance will occur, as is shown by a broken line in Fig. 3. When measured using a constant angle (e.g.
  • the change can be observed as a change in the intensity. If the interfaces of the media are ideally even, the energy of the plasmon generated on the surface of the metal, i.e. the energy of incoming light at an angle corresponding to the resonance minimum, is converted to heat in the metal film m. In practice, however, the interfaces are uneven in a microscale. Part of the energy of the plasmon is thus transformed back into light which is emitted into the medium v.
  • Figure 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a display application of the method according to the invention in principle.
  • the cross-section is so elected that it corresponds to part of one line, e.g. a horizontal line, of the display.
  • one line contains several image points 50. Constructions corresponding to other lines and other image points 50 of the line are identical with the illustrated detail.
  • the light emitted from the il ⁇ luminator 10 with a modulatable intensity of light is led through a collimator 20 and a polarizer 21 to form a beam p-polarized in relation to the first surface 2.
  • the light with a uniform direction is directed through a prism 30 in the first surface 2 to the successive metal layers 40 acting as electro- magnetic transformers 7.
  • the light falling onto the metal layer 40 is either reflected with small losses or forms, according to the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon, an electric field E in the material of the metal layer 40 in which the energy of the light is almost totally absorbed.
  • Such an electric field E emits the absorbed energy further as light 80 out of the structure through the liquid crystal 4 and a light-transparent front plate 60 acting as the second surface 3.
  • a bright image point 80 is formed at the said point, whereas there is a non-illuminated image point 50 at the points of other metal layers from which the light is reflected back to the prism 30.
  • the refractive index of the liquid crystal 4 which is changed according to location and possibly also time, can be controlled by any known mechanism, e.g. an electric field, surface finishing, magnetic field or mechanical movement.
  • any known mechanism e.g. an electric field, surface finishing, magnetic field or mechanical movement.
  • the organs 9 for changing the refractive index are arranged to be electrically operated.
  • Metal layers 40 arranged in succession are used as the first electrodes changing the refractive index of the medium 4 and layers 34 on the inner surface of the front plate 60 are used as the second electrodes, these being effected by a preferably adjustable control voltage U led from a power supply 70.
  • the materials of the structure are elected in a way that the refractive index n e of the liquid crystal is higher and the refractive index n c lower than the refractive index n t required for inducing surface plasmon resonance in the electrodes 40.
  • the surfaces of the electrodes 40 in contact with the liquid crystal 4 as well as the surfaces 35 are treated by a known liquid crystal technique in a manner that in successive sections I 1 , I 2 , I 3 being formed at points corresponding to the electrodes 40 in the liquid crystal, the refractive index of the fluid crystal molecules of the dormant section I 1 which are effective on the p-polarization component of the light travelling in the prism 30 are close to the index n 0 .
  • the control voltage U causes reorientation of the liquid crystal in a way that the refractive index effective on the said polarization component is in the said section I 3 close to the index n e . Consequently, after coupling of the control voltage U, the active section I 2 is at least for a moment in a state that the refractive index n t effective on the polarized light is suitable for inducing surface plasmon resonance in the elec ⁇ trode 40.
  • the optic energy transmitted on the first surface 35 of the electrode 40 and converted into electricity in the electrode 40 is returned by a transforming arrangement to optic energy in order to form an image point 80 to be illuminated by light reflected on the other surface 39 of the electrode 40.
  • the transforming arrangement is realized by roughening the back sur ⁇ faces 39 of the electrodes 40 partially uneven in a way that the intensity of the resonating electric field is further emitted as light 80.
  • the layers 37 and 36 used in the embodiment as the mechanical first and second control means are intended to improve the contrast of the image points 50 of the display.
  • the electrodes 40 are typically so thin that they are light-permeable to some extent even though there were no resonance. The switching on of the light is induced e.g. by the roughness of the surfaces of the electrodes 40 due to poor manufacturing tech- niques.
  • the structure of the display is arranged to be such that there are no directly illuminated absorbing parts 35 of the electrodes 40 visible in the display when viewed through the front plate 60.
  • the non- transparent layers 37 cover the illuminated absorbing parts 35 of the electrodes 40, whereas the reflecting layers 36 prevent illumination of the reflecting parts 39 of the electrodes. Choosing the lengths of the layers 36 and 37 sufficiently short and making the absorbing parts 35 of the electrodes 40 as even as possible and their reflecting parts 39. rough, the dampening of the light emitted from the resonance is prevented.
  • the illuminator 10 It is not necessary to illuminate directly the entire area of one line or line group of the display by the illuminator 10 and the optics conneted therewith. As shown in Fig. 1, if no surface plasmon resonance is induced in a certain electrode 40, typically more than 90% of the light falling on it is reflected further.
  • the other surfaces 38 of the prism 30 and the layer 36 are manufactured in a way that total reflection takes place in them, wherein almost all the luminosity is reflected further.
  • the prism 30 can thus be made very thin to allow even several dozens of reflections depending on the luminosity reserve of the illumina ⁇ tor 10. It is possible to take into account the dissipation of the reflections in a multiplex display e.g. in a way that the signal amplitude of the modula ⁇ tor 11 modulating the illuminators 10 is arranged to be greater at those moments of time when the momentary resonance is taking place at the outermost image points.
  • illuminators 10 it is advantageous to use light- emitting diodes (LED) which can be modulated at a sufficiently wide band width and v/hich are available in all light components of a full colour system: red, green and blue.
  • LED light- emitting diodes
  • the display it is advantageous to arrange the display to be multiplexed also in a way that one illuminator 10 illuminates several lines of the type described above simultaneously, but only one line is active at a time.
  • a colli ator is used between the illuminator and the polarizer which makes the beams parallel.
  • an illuminator which has not been collimated. In such a case resonance is only induced at a point with a suitable angle of incidence of the beams and suitable orientation of the liquid crystal.
  • the changing control voltage of the electrodes can be used to induce a local emission with a changing location always at the point with a suitable orienta- tion of the liquid crystal.
  • a monotonously changing control voltage produces a uniform scanning image point.
  • a display based on the scanning principle can be constructed without 'using separate control for each image point. In this case it is not possible, however, to use indirect illumination of the image points but the entire display area must be directly illuminated by the illuminator.
  • the first mechanical control means which are not light-permeable and the second mechanical control means which intensify or dampen the reflection are only used to improve the contrast of the display; however, the contrast may be sufficient without these layers.
  • the position of the layers may vary, wherein e.g. the layer functioning as the second mechanical control means can be located on the way of the previously incoming light in a way that it prevents the illumination of certain parts of the electrodes.
  • the said layer can be manufactured of any reflecting or dampening material.
  • the reflecting parts of the electrodes can be made thicker than the other parts or formed in another way to provide sufficient dampening of light permeation.
  • an electric arrange ⁇ ment can be used to form an electric field by coupling the successive metal layers together, wherein each two metal layers next to each other are used as the first and the second electrode.
  • the control voltage coupled between them orientates also the liquid crystal of the electrodes which is in contact with the back surface directed towards the front plate.
  • the construction used is based on a previously known method for generating surface plasmon resonance according to the so-called Kretschmann configuration.
  • Kretschmann configuration There are, however, also other commonly known configurations, e.g. the Otto and Sarid configurations, with which resonance can be generated.
  • the surface structures used in these configurations differ slightly from the one presented above.
  • said Sarid configuration is advantageous, because it can be used to provide greater intensification of the electric field as compared with the con iguration presented.
  • it has the disadvantage of requiring at least one additional dielectric surface between the electrodes and the prism. It is obvious that when applying the method of the invention, also other known methods can be used for generating surface plasmon resonance than those presented above without changing the basic principle of the invention.
  • the presented operation can naturally be also reversed without changing the principle of the invention, i.e. light is connected through the liquid crystal layer and it radiates through a prism or another suitable covering plate.
  • This can be arranged e.g. by choosing suitable refractive indices of the prism and the liquid crystal as well as suitable material and thickness of the electrodes.
  • the unevenness of the reflecting parts of the metal layer is utilized as the arrangement for transforming optic energy, wherein the light is emitted because of the roughness of their surfaces.
  • other known trans ⁇ forming arrangements can be used for emitting illumina ⁇ tion, e.g. a grating produced in the metal layer for this purpose, or a fluorescent substance mixed into the liquid crystal which is excited by the electric field of the electrodes and emits the excited energy as illumination.
  • each pair of electrodes is equipped with electric control of its own.
  • By choosing suitable resistance values and a suitable number of connected electrodes it is possible to arrange resonance to be found in only one pair of electrodes at a time. Thus the number of control stages of electrodes can be reduced.
  • each of the electrodes is arranged as a rectangular strip for simplicity.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)

Abstract

Le procédé de l'invention est destiné à transmettre de l'information visuelle. On transmet optiquement l'information visuelle depuis une source d'information (1) en émettant des faisceaux de lumière depuis une source lumineuse (10) sur une première surface de transmission des données (2) et sur une seconde surface de visualisation des données (3) telle qu'un écran de visionnement, un écran d'affichage, une surface à balayage ou similaire. Un milieu optiquement anisotrope (4), tel qu'un cristal liquide ou similaire est agencé entre la première surface (2) et la seconde surface (3). Pour la mise en ÷uvre du procédé, on forme de préférence une structure fermée (2, 3, 4, 65) où ladite première (2) et seconde (3) surfaces sont de préférence sensiblement parallèles et où des éléments (5) sont agencés pour diriger la transmission de l'information entre lesdites surfaces (2, 3), le fonctionnement des éléments étant au moins partiellement basé sur le changement de l'indice de réfraction dudit milieu (4). Selon l'invention, les éléments (5) contrôlant la transmission de l'information sont agencés pour être actionnés par un agencement transformant au moins partiellement l'énergie optique en vibration d'un plasma d'électrons tel que celui basé sur le phénomène de résonance de plasmons de surface ou similaire. La structure est ainsi équipée avec un ou plusieurs transformateurs électriques (7) avec un plasma d'électrons tel qu'une couche, un film métallique ou similaire.
PCT/FI1993/000033 1992-02-11 1993-02-10 Procede pour transferer de l'information visuelle Ceased WO1993016409A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI920559 1992-02-11
FI920559A FI88754C (fi) 1992-02-11 1992-02-11 Foerfarande foer foermedling av visuell information

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1993016409A1 true WO1993016409A1 (fr) 1993-08-19

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/FI1993/000033 Ceased WO1993016409A1 (fr) 1992-02-11 1993-02-10 Procede pour transferer de l'information visuelle

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Country Link
AU (1) AU3454693A (fr)
FI (1) FI88754C (fr)
WO (1) WO1993016409A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6078704A (en) * 1994-09-09 2000-06-20 Gemfire Corporation Method for operating a display panel with electrically-controlled waveguide-routing
WO2014204471A1 (fr) * 2013-06-20 2014-12-24 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Modulation de lumière sur la base d'un réseau en utilisant un cristal liquide

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5067788A (en) * 1990-03-21 1991-11-26 Physical Optics Corporation High modulation rate optical plasmon waveguide modulator

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5067788A (en) * 1990-03-21 1991-11-26 Physical Optics Corporation High modulation rate optical plasmon waveguide modulator

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6078704A (en) * 1994-09-09 2000-06-20 Gemfire Corporation Method for operating a display panel with electrically-controlled waveguide-routing
US6141465A (en) * 1994-09-09 2000-10-31 Gemfire Corporation Display architecture with waveguide routing and out-plane emission
WO2014204471A1 (fr) * 2013-06-20 2014-12-24 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Modulation de lumière sur la base d'un réseau en utilisant un cristal liquide

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI920559A0 (fi) 1992-02-11
FI88754C (fi) 1993-06-28
AU3454693A (en) 1993-09-03
FI88754B (fi) 1993-03-15

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