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WO1992019150A1 - Sonde d'insertion directe dans les tissus d'un patient - Google Patents

Sonde d'insertion directe dans les tissus d'un patient Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1992019150A1
WO1992019150A1 PCT/US1992/003620 US9203620W WO9219150A1 WO 1992019150 A1 WO1992019150 A1 WO 1992019150A1 US 9203620 W US9203620 W US 9203620W WO 9219150 A1 WO9219150 A1 WO 9219150A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
needle
sensor
tissue
probe
window
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1992/003620
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Gary G. Frugard
Ronald B. Beckman
Donald E. Bobo
Original Assignee
Innerspace, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Innerspace, Inc. filed Critical Innerspace, Inc.
Publication of WO1992019150A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992019150A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/14542—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue for measuring blood gases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/1468—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue using chemical or electrochemical methods, e.g. by polarographic means
    • A61B5/1473—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue using chemical or electrochemical methods, e.g. by polarographic means invasive, e.g. introduced into the body by a catheter
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
    • A61B5/6846—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive
    • A61B5/6847—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive mounted on an invasive device
    • A61B5/6848—Needles

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to sensors for measuring physiological parameters and more specifically to sensors for measuring blood gas concentrations, pressures, and other physiological parameters in the tissue of a patient.
  • Tissue probes are devices which are adapted to be inserted into the tissue of a patient to measure various physiological parameters such as oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, pH, and pressure. These sensors are typically carried by a probe which is disposed at the end of a long flexible catheter.
  • the prior art has relied upon a catheter introducer which is more commonly used to provide access for catheters and other instruments directly into the vessels of a patient.
  • the introducer includes a needle and an overlying sleeve or cannula which is carried by the needle.
  • the needle and sleeve are inserted into the tissue bed and the needle is removed leaving the sleeve in place with the cannula defining a channel into the tissue bed.
  • the flexible catheter can then be
  • SUBSTITUTE SHEET introduced through the cannula up to the point where the sensor contacts the tissue at the end of the sleeve. At this location the sensor can be activated to provide the measurements of interest.
  • the sensor of such a catheter might include the fiber optic probe disclosed and claimed in U. S. Patent Application Serial No. 100,100 filed on September 21, 1987.
  • This probe includes a fiber optic probe connector for measuring physiological parameters such as the concentration of oxygen in tissue.
  • the device includes an optical fiber and a sleeve connector including a sheath substrate which defines a sensor cavity and an annular recess for receiving the fiber core.
  • the sheath comprises a gas permeable polymer material which permits the passage of oxygen ions into the region of the sensor.
  • a chemical indicator including an oxygen quenching fluorescent dye is disposed in the sensor region and interrogated by incident light from the fiber.
  • the fluorescent dye includes a reversible chemical indicator having fluorophors which fluoresce in response to the incident light, with an intensity which is dependent upon the concentration of oxygen.
  • the fluorescent return light is then measured to provide an indication of oxygen concentration.
  • a needle is provided with a closed end having a conical surface which facilitates piercing without cutting.
  • the needle has walls which define an interior lumen that extends along the axis of the needle. Portions of the walls define at least one window which provides access between regions exterior of the needle and the interior lumen.
  • a sensor such as that previously referenced, is disposed in the lumen and positioned to receive input from the physiological parameter of interest. For example, in one embodiment where oxygen concentration in the tissue is of interest, the sensor is disposed to receive oxygen molecules through the window and to provide a measurement of the concentration of those molecules within the tissue.
  • a particular embodiment may include an opaque sleeve or window pane which is permeable to the physiological parameter of interest.
  • the sensor may be recessed to form a cavity between the sensor and the distal end of the window. This cavity can be filled with an opaque, oxygen permeable material to facilitate the measurement without interference from extraneous light.
  • the invention includes a probe for directly inserting a sensor into the tissue of a patient.
  • the probe includes a needle having a wall defining a lumen which extends between distal and proximal ends along an elongate axis of the needle.
  • Means is included in the needle for defining a point along the axis at the distal end of the needle, while other portions of the needle define at least one window extending through the wall. This window provides access for an analyte or other physiological parameter of interest to pass from the tissue outside the needle to the lumen inside the needle.
  • the sensor is disposed in the lumen and provided with characteristics which are variable in accordance with a particular property of the analyte. Means responsive to these characteristics of the sensor determine the particular property of the analyte in the tissue.
  • means is provided for closing the lumen of the needle at the distal end of the needle.
  • This closing means has the configuration of a cone which in a preferred embodiment is a right cone.
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a probe of the present invention directly inserted into the tissue of an arm of a patient;
  • Fig. 2 is a perspective view of the tissue probe illustrated in Fig. 1, the probe including a conical point and a lateral window;
  • Fig. 3 is an axial cross-section view of the probe taken along lines 3-3 of Fig. 2;
  • SUBSTITUTE SHEET Fig. 4 is a radial cross-section view of the probe taken along lines 4-4 of Fig. 3;
  • Fig. 5 is a radial cross-section view of the probe taken along lines 5-5 of Fig. 3;
  • Fig. 6 is an end view taken along lines 6-6 of Fig 3;
  • Fig. 7 is an axial cross-section view of a further embodiment of the probe of the present invention.
  • Fig. 8 is an axial cross-section view of an additional embodiment of the probe of the present invention.
  • Fig. 9 is an axial cross-section view of further embodiment of the probe illustrating a fenestration of windows in the walls of the probe;
  • Fig. 10 is a side elevation view illustrating a preferred method for using a single window embodiment of the probe
  • Fig. 11 is an axial cross-section view of a probe of the present invention including a pH sensor
  • Fig. 12 is an axial cross-section view of a probe of the present invention including a pressure sensor
  • Fig. 13 is a side elevation view of a further embodiment of the probe of the present invention including more than one sensor;
  • a probe is illustrated in Figure 1 and designated generally by the reference numeral 10.
  • the probe 10 is adapted for direct insertion into a tissue bed 12, such as that present in an arm 13 of a patient.
  • a primary purpose of the probe 10 is to carry a sensor 14, best shown in Figure 3, into the tissue bed 13.
  • This sensor can be of several types which are adapted to measure a physiological parameter such as blood pressure or the concentration of some analyte, such as a blood gas.
  • the sensor 14 is coupled through a conductor 16 to a signal processor 18 which provides the information of interest.
  • the senor 14 may be an oxygen sensor for measuring the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissue bed.
  • the cable 16 includes optical fibers which illuminate and interrogate the sensor 14 in the manner disclosed in the afore mentioned U. S. Patent Application Serial No. 100,100.
  • the processor 18 include a fiber optic detector and various filters for measuring the fluorescence of dye in the sensor 14.
  • the probe 10 in the illustrated embodiment includes a needle 21 which extends along an elongate axis 22 from a proximal end 23 to a distal end 25.
  • the needle 21 is provided with a piercing structure shown generally at 27.
  • This structure 27 includes a conical outer surface 29 and
  • the needle 21 will typically be provided with some gripping means such as a handle 34.
  • the handle 34 is shown in axial cross-section in Figure 3 where the needle 21 is illustrated to include a wall 36 which define a central lumen 38 that extends proximally through the handle 34.
  • Portions of the wall 36 define at least one window 41 near the distal end 25 of the needle 21.
  • this window 41 can be defined in the conical surface 29 of the piercing mechanism 27, it may be desirable that it face generally laterally of the needle 21 as illustrated in Figure 3.
  • the sensor 14 is disposed in the lumen 38 of the needle 21 in proximity to the window 41.
  • the sensor 14 includes a dye matrix 42 having a lateral surface 43, a proximal end surface 45, and a distal end surface 47.
  • a connector sleeve 48 surrounds the matrix 42 and the optical fiber which forms the cable 16.
  • the sleeve 48 forms a connector which maintains the cable 16 and the proximal end surface 45 of the matrix 42 in abutting relationship.
  • the lateral surface 43 of the dye matrix 42 may contact the inner surface of the sleeve 48 while the outer surface of the sleeve 48 contacts the wall 36 of the needle 21.
  • the piercing mechanism 27 be closed in order to inhibit the passage of blood and air into the lumen 38 of the needle 21. If the mechanism 27 is closed, then the only path which oxygen can follow in passing from the tissue bed 12 to the sensor 14 is through the window 41.
  • the sensor 14 may be disposed directly beneath the window 41, as illustrated in the embodiment of Figure 7; however, in some cases this disposition will make the sensor 14 too susceptible to extraneous light.
  • the sensor 14 in the Figure 3 embodiment is disposed with the distal surface 47 in juxtaposition to the most proximal edge of the window 41.
  • the surface 47 extends radially of the needle 21 in a plane which includes this proximal edge of the window 41. With this disposition, the lateral surface 43 of the sensor 14 is hidden from the window 41 and only the distal surface 47 is available to be contacted by the oxygen molecules, such as those represented by the arrows 50.
  • the lumen 38 forms a cavity 51 beneath the window 41 between the sensor 14 and the distal end 25 of the needle 21. It is desirable that this cavity 51 be filled to keep any gases, blood or other fluid from collecting in the path of the oxygen molecules 50. In the illustrated embodiment, this cavity 51 between the sensor 14 and the distal end 25 of the needle 21, is filled with a plug 52.
  • the material of the plug 52 must be permeable to, or otherwise trans issive of, the oxygen molecules 50.
  • the plug 52 not only provides means for filling the cavity 51 but also means for facilitating the transmission of the analyte, such as oxygen, to the sensor 14.
  • the plug 52 can be formed from silicone.
  • the plug 52 can be formed from any material which is capable of filling the cavity 51, which is permeable to the physiological parameter of interest, and/or which is opaque to extraneous light.
  • the plug 52 is formed from silicone impregnated with an opacifying agent such as ferrous oxide.
  • the walls 36 which form the needle 21 also form the piercing mechanism 27.
  • the cavity 51 extends from a location proximal of the window 41 into the mechanism 27 at the distal end 25 of the needle 21.
  • the embodiment of Figure 7 also illustrates that the entire cavity 51 can be filled with the dye matrix material of the sensor 14. In such an embodiment only the proximal regions of the sensor 14 may enter the measurement calculations; nevertheless, the remainder of the sensor material provides oxygen permeable means for filling the cavity 51.
  • Figure 7 also discloses an alternative structure for the piercing mechanism 27.
  • the piercing mechanism 27 preferably has the configuration of a cone, this structure may not necessarily be a right cone.
  • the piercing mechanism 27 is conical, but the point 32 does not lie along the axis 22.
  • the senor In a further embodiment of the invention, the sensor
  • the sleeve 48 can be provided with an opacifying agent, such as ferrous oxide, in order to inhibit the effects of extraneous light on the measurement.
  • an opacifying agent such as ferrous oxide
  • the sleeve 48 in this embodiment provides means for inhibiting the effects of extraneous light while remaining permeable to the analyte of interest.
  • the sleeve 48 may fill the window 41 as an extension of the wall 41. In such an embodiment, the sleeve 48 appears as a window pane.
  • the sleeve 48 may also be advantageous to extend the sleeve 48 beyond the distal end surface 47 of the die matrix 42. This region can be advantageously filled by the plug 52 which in this embodiment can be formed from the same material as that of the sleeve 48.
  • the size of the window 41 is to be maximized in order to provide optimal access between the sensor 14 and the tissue bed 12.
  • the circumferential width of the window 41 should be limited to a range of 40% to 70% of the circumference of the wall 36.
  • the lower the number of windows the lower the percentage in this range.
  • the circumferential width of that window is only 40% of the entire circumference of the wall 36.
  • the combined circumferential width of the windows may be as high as 70% of the circumference of the needle 21. The intention is to provide sufficient column strength that the needle will not bend when subjected to the piercing forces.
  • SUBSTITUTE SHEET The selection of a window pattern may also be dependent upon the presence of extraneous light.
  • the probe 10 can be rotated to face away from any extraneous light fixture such as that designated by the reference numeral 60 in Figure 10.
  • the preferred axial length for the window 41 is dependent on the diameter of the sensor 14, which is generally equivalent to the inside diameter of the needle 21. In most embodiments, the window 41 will have an axial length between 0.5 and 14 times the diameter of the sensor 14. The best results seem to occur at the lower end of this range where the ratio between window length and sensor diameter is between one and four. In a preferred embodiment, the sensor 14 has a diameter of .013 inches and the axial length of the window 41 is approximately .039 inches.
  • the sensors may also include absorption sensors such as the pH sensor 69 illustrated in the embodiment of Figure 11.
  • absorption sensors such as the pH sensor 69 illustrated in the embodiment of Figure 11.
  • similar structural elements are designated by the same reference numerals followed by a lower case "a".
  • the pH needle is designated by the numeral 21a.
  • the sensor 69 includes a fiber optic cable 16a which conveys incident light to an operative element 70 which has characteristics for changing color in accordance with the concentration of hydrogen ions 50a introduced to the element 70. This color change in the element 70 is detected by light which is reflected by a mirror 72 back along the fiber 16a.
  • the operative element 70 in a preferred embodiment comprises a sheet of cellophane which is disposed in a radial plane in contact with the fiber 16a.
  • the cellophane of the element 70 is impregnated with a dye which changes colors in response to the presence of hydrogen ions 50a.
  • these hydrogen ions 50a pass through the window 41a and through a filler material or plug 52a which is permeable to the hydrogen ions. These ions pass through axial passages 74 in the mirror 72 in order to reach the operative element 70.
  • the mirror 72 is formed from glass which is provided with a coating of gold on its proximate surface to provide the reflective characteristics.
  • a plurality of the passages 74 extend axially from the plug 52a through the glass substrate and gold coating of the mirror 72.
  • the sensor 69 can be recessed from the window 41a as illustrated in Figure 11 or disposed beneath the window 41a in the manner illustrated in Figure 8.
  • the material forming the plug 52a preferably has characteristics for filling the cavity 51a, but also properties which are permeable to the ion of interest.
  • the plug 52a is formed from Hydrogel which is permeable to hydrogen ions.
  • FIG. 12 Another type of sensor which might be used with the present invention could include a pressure sensor 79 such as that disclosed by Saaski in U. S. Patent No. 4,945,230.
  • a pressure sensor 79 such as that disclosed by Saaski in U. S. Patent No. 4,945,230.
  • This embodiment of the invention is illustrated in Figure 12 where like structural elements are referenced with the same numerals followed by a lower case "b".
  • the sensor 79 includes a substrate 80 which forms a cavity 82 with a cover 84.
  • the cavity 82 is formed with two radial surfaces which are of particular interest.
  • the first is a distal surface 86 of the substrate 80; the second is a proximal surface 88 of the cover 84.
  • Light from the fiber 16 which impinges on these two surfaces 86, 88 is spectrally modulated in accordance with the distance separating the surfaces 86, 88. In response to pressure, this separation distance varies an amount which is detectable to determine the magnitude of the pressure on the cover 84.
  • the pressure sensor 79 can be disposed relative to the window 41b so that pressures in the surrounding tissue are transmitted to the cover 84.
  • the plug 52b must be formed with a material which has characteristics for transmitting the pressure from the window 41b to the cover 84.
  • the plug 52b is formed from Hydrogel or a polymer having a low cured viscosity such as silicone.
  • a silicone of particular interest is that manufactured by Dow Chemical and marketed under its trademark Visolox®.
  • a further embodiment of the invention includes multiple sensors in a single probe. This embodiment, illustrated in Figure 13, includes structures similar to those previously discussed which are designated with the same reference numerals followed by the lower case letter
  • a single needle 21c includes a single lumen 38c.
  • multiple sensors 90, 92 and 94 are disposed in the lumen 38c as best illustrated in Figure 14.
  • Each of these sensors 90 - 94 can include its respective fiber optic cable 16c and an appropriate die matrix or other operative element having characteristics responsive to the analytes or physical parameters of interest.
  • Each of the sensors 90 - 94 may also have an associated window 41c which is appropriately positioned and sized for the associated sensor 90 - 94.
  • the single cavity 51c in this embodiment can be filled with a single material which is permeable to all of the analytes or physical properties of interest.
  • the plug 52c can be provided with discrete segments 96, 98, 100 which are respectively permeable to the analyte being sensed by the associated sensor 90 - 94.
  • the present invention provides for a probe which is directly insertable into the tissue of a patient.
  • the probe can be provided with a conical tip and lateral windows which permit the analyte or other physiological parameter of interest to be sensed from inside the needle.
  • the sensor can be disposed directly beneath the window to sense the analyte concentration. If extraneous light is objectionable, the sensor can be recessed from the window and a permeable, opaque plug can be provided to fill the resulting cavity. Alternatively, a permeable, opaque
  • SUBSTITUTE SHEET material can be disposed in the path between the sensor and the window.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)

Abstract

Une sonde (10) adaptée à une insertion directe dans les tissus d'un patient comprend une aiguille (21) ayant des parois définissant un passage intérieur (38) et une pointe fermée avec une forme généralement conique. Au moins un capteur (14) capable de mesurer un paramètre physiologique particulier est disposé dans le passage. Au moins une fenêtre (41) est formée dans la paroi de l'aiguille (36) le long d'un chemin allant du tissu au capteur. Un matériau de remplissage (52) disposé le long du chemin empêche le passage d'air ou de sang tout en facilitant la transmission d'un paramètre physiologique particulier d'intérêt tel que le taux d'oxygène, de dioxyde de carbone, le pH et la pression.
PCT/US1992/003620 1991-05-03 1992-04-29 Sonde d'insertion directe dans les tissus d'un patient WO1992019150A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US69553891A 1991-05-03 1991-05-03
US695,538 1991-05-03

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1992019150A1 true WO1992019150A1 (fr) 1992-11-12

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Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5431160A (en) * 1989-07-19 1995-07-11 University Of New Mexico Miniature implantable refillable glucose sensor and material therefor
US5596988A (en) * 1993-06-30 1997-01-28 Biomedical Sensors, Ltd. Multi-parameter sensor apparatus
WO2002006823A1 (fr) * 2000-07-15 2002-01-24 Alexander Wannenwetsch Sonde de mesure
US6567679B1 (en) 1999-05-28 2003-05-20 E-Monitors, Inc. Method of using a pH tissue monitor
WO2004016162A1 (fr) * 2002-08-16 2004-02-26 Grampian University Hospitals Nhs Trust Methode et appareil de determination de l'ischemie
WO2006023725A3 (fr) * 2004-08-19 2006-05-18 Blood Cell Storage Inc Systeme de detecteur de ph fluorescent et procedes associes
WO2006095191A1 (fr) * 2005-03-11 2006-09-14 Oxford Optronix Ltd. Capteur a fibres optiques
US8183052B2 (en) 2004-08-19 2012-05-22 Blood Cell Storage, Inc. Methods and apparatus for sterility testing
US8497134B2 (en) 2004-08-19 2013-07-30 Blood Cell Storage, Inc. Fluorescent detector systems for the detection of chemical perturbations in sterile storage devices
EP2642278A3 (fr) * 2012-03-22 2013-10-02 Mocon, Inc. Capteur d'analyte à fibre optique
EP2653855A1 (fr) 2012-04-20 2013-10-23 Mocon, Inc. Flacon d'étalonnage et technique servant à étalonner une aiguille de détection d'oxygène à fibres optiques
EP2696194A1 (fr) * 2012-08-06 2014-02-12 Mocon, Inc. Suivi de sonde d'oxygène photoluminescente
US8838195B2 (en) 2007-02-06 2014-09-16 Medtronic Minimed, Inc. Optical systems and methods for ratiometric measurement of blood glucose concentration
US8979790B2 (en) 2007-11-21 2015-03-17 Medtronic Minimed, Inc. Use of an equilibrium sensor to monitor glucose concentration
US9040307B2 (en) 2011-05-27 2015-05-26 Blood Cell Storage, Inc. Fluorescent pH detector system and related methods
US9274060B1 (en) 2011-01-13 2016-03-01 Mocon, Inc. Methods for transmembrane measurement of oxygen concentration and monitoring changes in oxygen concentration within a space enclosed by a membrane employing a photoluminescent transmembrane oxygen probe
US9316554B1 (en) 2014-12-23 2016-04-19 Mocon, Inc. Fiber optic analyte sensor with integrated in situ total pressure correction
US10295514B1 (en) 2016-10-17 2019-05-21 Mocon, Inc. Instrument and method for sealed penetration of rigid packaging to measure internal oxygen concentration with an optical oxygen analyzer
US20200113494A1 (en) * 2017-07-05 2020-04-16 Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha Sensor and method for manufacturing sensor
CN111982995A (zh) * 2020-08-05 2020-11-24 中山大学 一种集成式全固态pH传感器及其制备方法
US20210298632A1 (en) * 2019-10-15 2021-09-30 Exostat Medical, Inc. Tissue perfusion sensor and placement device
US11478151B2 (en) 2011-12-14 2022-10-25 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Fiber optic flow and oxygenation monitoring using diffuse correlation and reflectance

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US5054882A (en) * 1990-08-10 1991-10-08 Puritan-Bennett Corporation Multiple optical fiber event sensor and method of manufacture
US5063930A (en) * 1989-03-07 1991-11-12 Prospero Nucci Disposable probe for the determination of vaginal ph and other indices

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US4478222A (en) * 1980-03-10 1984-10-23 Cordis Europa N.V. Electrochemical sensing apparatus with in situ calibration
EP0073558A2 (fr) * 1981-08-25 1983-03-09 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA as represented by the Secretary United States Department of Commerce Capteur à fibres optiques pour la mesure de pH de tissus
US4432366A (en) * 1981-11-27 1984-02-21 Cordis Corporation Reference electrode catheter
US4474183A (en) * 1983-01-17 1984-10-02 Kuraray Co., Ltd. Gas sensor
US4671288A (en) * 1985-06-13 1987-06-09 The Regents Of The University Of California Electrochemical cell sensor for continuous short-term use in tissues and blood
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EP0320109A1 (fr) * 1987-11-05 1989-06-14 MediSense, Inc. Système de mesure
US5005576A (en) * 1988-04-09 1991-04-09 Hewlett-Packard Company Optical probe
US5020537A (en) * 1988-04-09 1991-06-04 Hewlett-Packard Company Measuring probe
US5063930A (en) * 1989-03-07 1991-11-12 Prospero Nucci Disposable probe for the determination of vaginal ph and other indices
US5054882A (en) * 1990-08-10 1991-10-08 Puritan-Bennett Corporation Multiple optical fiber event sensor and method of manufacture

Cited By (39)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5431160A (en) * 1989-07-19 1995-07-11 University Of New Mexico Miniature implantable refillable glucose sensor and material therefor
US5596988A (en) * 1993-06-30 1997-01-28 Biomedical Sensors, Ltd. Multi-parameter sensor apparatus
US6567679B1 (en) 1999-05-28 2003-05-20 E-Monitors, Inc. Method of using a pH tissue monitor
US6600941B1 (en) 1999-05-28 2003-07-29 E-Monitors, Inc. Systems and methods of pH tissue monitoring
WO2002006823A1 (fr) * 2000-07-15 2002-01-24 Alexander Wannenwetsch Sonde de mesure
US7813781B2 (en) 2002-08-16 2010-10-12 Grampian Health Board Method and apparatus for determining ischaemia
WO2004016162A1 (fr) * 2002-08-16 2004-02-26 Grampian University Hospitals Nhs Trust Methode et appareil de determination de l'ischemie
US7608460B2 (en) 2004-08-19 2009-10-27 Blood Cell Storage, Inc. Fluorescent pH detector system and related methods
US9217170B2 (en) 2004-08-19 2015-12-22 Blood Cell Storage, Inc. Fluorescent detector systems for the detection of chemical perturbations in sterile storage devices
US7968346B2 (en) 2004-08-19 2011-06-28 Blood Cell Storage, Inc. Fluorescent pH detector system and related methods
US8148167B2 (en) 2004-08-19 2012-04-03 Blood Cell Storage, Inc. Fluorescent pH detector system and related methods
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