[go: up one dir, main page]

WO1991002360A1 - Procede electrochimique nucleaire et appareil singulier de production de tritium, de chaleur, et de rayonnement - Google Patents

Procede electrochimique nucleaire et appareil singulier de production de tritium, de chaleur, et de rayonnement Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1991002360A1
WO1991002360A1 PCT/US1990/003382 US9003382W WO9102360A1 WO 1991002360 A1 WO1991002360 A1 WO 1991002360A1 US 9003382 W US9003382 W US 9003382W WO 9102360 A1 WO9102360 A1 WO 9102360A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cathode
anode
elements
cell
improvement
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1990/003382
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Glen J. Schoessow
Original Assignee
Schoessow Glen J
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Schoessow Glen J filed Critical Schoessow Glen J
Publication of WO1991002360A1 publication Critical patent/WO1991002360A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B4/00—Hydrogen isotopes; Inorganic compounds thereof prepared by isotope exchange, e.g. NH3 + D2 → NH2D + HD
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the technical field of elec ⁇ trochemical nuclear process for making tritium, heat, and radiation.
  • Nuclear fusion has been recently reported in a process in which an electric current was passed through "heavy water” (deuterium oxide) in a cell having as a cathode a bar of pal ⁇ ladium encircled by a coil of platinum wire as the anode. It was reported that the process produced helium-3, some free neutrons, and heat energy in an amount more than would be ex ⁇ pected in a nonfusion electrolytic cell. The process was performed at room temperature, contrary to the prior art process teaching that such a process would only occur at a very high temperature, i.e., 50 million degrees Celsius. Only small amounts of heat energy were reported to be produced in the recent experiment, and that was not on a controllable, reproducible basis.
  • This invention relates to a process for producing tritium which comprises electrolyzing a liquid medium containing deuterium oxide at a temperature of 10°-300°C in an electro ⁇ lytic cell including a cathode and an anode of dissimilar materials submerged in said medium, wherein said anode is a cup-shaped article and said cathode is a solid geometrical mass suspended adjacently above the center of the anode, said anode being made of a substance included in Material A or a substance included in Material B, as defined below, and said cathode being made of a substance included in whichever of Material A and Material B that does not include the substance of said anode; Material A including the elements of Groups 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B and 8 of the Periodic Table of Elements and alloys of said elements with at least one other element of Material A; and Material B including the elements of the noble metals, the Lanthanide Series, and the Actinide Series of the Periodic Table of Elements, and alloys of said elements
  • the cathode is a geometrical mass, such as a block, a sphere, or a cylinder, positioned vertically-Ibove and close to the center of the anode, which is an pen-top, cup-shaped vessel having side walls, a vertical perimeter around the open top, and a flat, continuous bottom wall.
  • a heat energy removal coil may also serve as a condenser, since a condenser is normally employed to condense vapors rising above the liquid medium and return the condensed liquid to the medium.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic elevational cross sectional view of one embodiment of the apparatus of this invention
  • FIG. 2 is a second embodiment of the apparatus of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of the gamma radia ⁇ tion and the tritium production over a reaction time of about 100 hours;
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken at 4—4 of FIG. 5 of a first alternate embodiment of the electrolytic cell of this invention
  • FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view taken at 5—5 of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken at 6—6 of FIG. 7 of a second alternate embodiment of the electrolytic cell of this invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view taken at 7—7 of FIG. 6;
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic flow sheet of a power plant em ⁇ ploying the process of this invention.
  • the process of this invention relates to an electrolysis procedure with the cathode being a metal from Groups 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B or 8 of the Periodic Table of Elements or alloys thereof and the anode being platinum, gold, an element of the Lanthanide Series or the Actinide Series of the Periodic Table of Elements or alloys thereof; and the electrolysis medium being "heavy water", i.e., deuterium oxide (D 2 0) or mixtures of a major amount of deuterium oxide with a minor amount of ordinary water (H 2 0) .
  • deuterium oxide D 2 0
  • H 2 0 ordinary water
  • Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen having a mass of two, i.e., one proton and one neutron in the nucleus and one free electron. Two deuteriums combine with one oxygen atom to form "heavy water” (D 2 0) just as two hydrogens combine with one oxygen to form ordinary water (H 2 0).
  • Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen having a mass of three which means one proton and two neutrons in the nucleus with one free electron. Tritium has widespread use as a tracer in research and in space weapon technology. There also is produced heat energy and radiation energy (gamma) .
  • the electrolysis medium of this process becomes highly concentrated with tritium which can readily be analyzed and stored. It is reasonably stable, having a half life of 12.33 years.
  • the apparatus of this invention differs from that of the prior art, in that the apparatus of this invention employs as the cathode a central mass of palladium or other suitable metal encircled by a dish of platinum or other suitable metal.
  • the cathode and anode are immersed in conductive deuterium oxide as the electrolysis medium at a temperature of about 10°-300°C., preferably about 10°-100°C, and subjected to a D.C. electrolysis current.
  • Deuterium oxide is made more con ⁇ ductive by dissolving therein a chemical compound called an "electrolyte" that will ionize and carry the electrolysis current.
  • Such chemical compounds, or electrolytes include metallic oxydeuterides, i.e., containing the cation OD where D is deuterium.
  • metallic oxydeuterides i.e., containing the cation OD where D is deuterium.
  • metal oxydeuterides include LiOD, NaOD and KOD. LiOH, and K 2 C0 3 are also suitable for this purpose.
  • the preferred electrolyte is lithium oxy- deuteride (LiOD) .
  • the preferred process and apparatus includes a means for collecting such vapors, partially condensing them, and returning them to the elec ⁇ trolysis medium.
  • the condensing operation also serves to capture the heat of vaporization and any excess heat in the vapors and to permit that heat to be conducted elsewhere for any chosen purpose.
  • FIG. 1 shows the basic form of the apparatus for oper ⁇ ating the process.
  • a central containment vessel 20 holds a volume of the electrolysis medium 21, which principally is deuterium oxide (commonly known as “heavy water") which may be diluted with ordinary water, and which contains 0.05 to 0.2, preferably 0.1, molar dissolved lithium electrolyte, such as lithium oxydeuteride, lithium hydroxide, or lithium carbonate.
  • Tne preferred electrolysis medium contains 70- 100% deuterium, 0-30% ordinary water, and an electrolyte as just described in a molar amount of 0.05-0.2.
  • the cathode 23, submerged in the medium 21, is a mass of metal, preferably palladium, although other suitable metals include those of group IVB of the Periodic Table, i.e., hafnium, titanium, and zirconium, and alloys of any such metal with another metal of this grouping.
  • the anode is an encircling dish-like structure 25 which may be in the form of a shallow pan, or cup, with a perimeter wall, in this case generally cylindrical and equally spaced radially from the central cathode 23.
  • Other shapes than circular and cylin ⁇ drical are also useful, e.g., square, triangular, or the like.
  • Anode 25 may be a structure impermeable to fluid flow, or it may be mad permeable to fluid flow in the form of a screen, woven wire, perforated plate, or the like.
  • the material from which anode 25 is made is any of the noble metals, i.e., those of the gold and platinum families, esp. nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, and gold; as well as alloys with each other.
  • the cathode 23 and the anode 25 are connected by electrical conducting wires 24 and 26 to a power source for delivering D.C.
  • a battery 48 with the appropriate terminals connected to the cathode 23 and anode 25; i.e., the positive terminal to the anode and the negative terminal to the cathode.
  • the amount of electrolysis current required may vary for different em ⁇ bodiments of the invention but is generally about 5-25 volts and 0.1-10.0 amps, D.C.
  • Containment vessel 20 is closed at its open end with a tight plug cover 28.
  • a thermocouple 31 enclosed in a glass tube 32 is positioned slightly above the level 22 of the medium to measure the temperature there near cathode 23.
  • a protective glass tubular shield 27 extends from cover 28 to immediately above the level 22 of the electrolysis medium surrounding wire 24 and thermocouple 31.
  • a first vapor vent 29 provides a passageway for vapor from inside shield 27 to outside of cover 28.
  • the vapor may include dissociated deu ⁇ terium and oxygen which may be condensed and/or recombined, if desired.
  • Cathode 23 hangs suspended by wire 24 generally along the central longitudinal axis of shield 27.
  • Thermo ⁇ couple 35 also encased in a glass tube 36 is positioned below level 22 to measure the temperature of medium 21.
  • a second vent tube 30 permits vapors to pass from inside con ⁇ tainment vessel 20 to outside cover 28.
  • the electrical wire connecting anode 25 with battery 48 also passes through cover 28 to outside of containment vessel 20. Insulation covers all sides of containment vessel 20 as shown at 38, for the walls and bottom and a special cover 49 is shown for cover 28.
  • a tunnel 50 is cut into insulation cover 49 to allow vapors from tubes 29 and 30 to be conducted away for condensation, for further treatment, or for disposal. Tunnel 50 also serves as a conduit for wires 24, 26, 33, and 37. Wires 24 and 26 are connected to battery 48 for power. Wires 33 and 37 are connected to a recorder 34 to record the temperatures of thermocouples 31 and 35.
  • An observation tunnel 47 is cut in insulation wall 38 to permit the operator to see the level 22 of the electrolysis medium 21.
  • FIG. 1 There also is shown in FIG. 1 a coil 39 surrounding containment vessel 20 which can be used for several purposes. It has an inlet 40 and an outlet 41 with thermocouples 42 and 43, respectively, to measure the temperatures at the two lo ⁇ cations and record them on recorder 44 connected by lines 45 and 46, respectively. Since the reaction produces its own heat energy the water in coil 39 is principally used to re ⁇ ceive that heat for measurement purposes and/or to collect and transfer that heat to other locations for use, e.g., in a power plant. The water in coil 39 also serves to cool the electrolysis medium 21 to maintain it at a selected optimum temperature of 10°-300°C., which preferably is about 10°- 100°C.
  • FIG. 2 there is shown a second embodiment of the ap ⁇ paratus of FIG. 1.
  • the difference is that in FIG. 2 there is a coil 51 inside containment vessel 20 rather than coil 39 in FIG. 1 outside of vessel 20. Because of its direct contact with medium 21, coil 51 is able to provide a more efficient heat transfer than is coil 39. If one of the principal uses of the apparatus of this invention is to provide heat energy for conversion to electric power, the .-sign of FIG. 2 is preferred over that of FIG. 1. Still another advantage of the arrangement of FIG. 2 is that coil 51 can be electrically connected (as at 91) to anode 25 and make the electrolysis process function more efficiently, so long as the coil 51 is made of a material operable as the anode.
  • the ap ⁇ paratus can also be operated as a closed cell by eliminating vents 29 and 30 and thereby preventing any communication be ⁇ tween the vapor space above the electrolysis medium 22 and the atmosphere outside of the cells.
  • the closed cell requires, in addition to the features shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a means for recombining dissociated deuterium and oxygen into deuterium oxide. This can be accomplished by passing the dissociated vapors over a catalyst in a procedure known in the prior art.
  • the catalytic recombiner can be located inside or outside of the cell so long as it is sealed from the outside atmosphere.
  • the process of this invention produces tritium in liquid deuterium oxide, heat energy in excess of that normally ex ⁇ pected by an electrolysis reaction, and gamma radiation,
  • the amount of tritium and the amount of gamma radiation are di ⁇ rectly proportional to each other and increase with time of reaction.
  • the process and/or the apparatus may be scaled up for application to commercial power plants by known engin ⁇ eering principles.
  • FIG. 3 shows the graphical relationship of the tritium production and the gamma radiation production versus time. This will be discussed more fully below with respect to the working examples.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show a first alternate arrangement of the cathode and anode in the electrolytic cell of this invention.
  • a single cup-shaped anode such as 25 in FIGS. 1 and 2
  • a multi-compartmented cup-shaped anode 58 with segmental walls dividing the single internal space in anode 25 into four internal spa ⁇ es in anode 58.
  • the single bar cathode 23 in FIGS. 1 and 2 is replaced by four bar cathodes 59 in FIGS. 4 and 5. All of cathode bars 59 are electrically connected to and suspend from a bus bar 60 which is electrically connected to and suspend from a bus bar 60 which is electrically con ⁇ nected via wire 89 to a power source of D.C. current to run the cell.
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 show a second alternate arrangement of the cathode and anode.
  • the cathode and anode are arranged in concentric circular shapes.
  • the anode cup 61 has a plur ⁇ ality of concentric circular walls to divide the anode 61 internal space into a plurality of concentric spaces, with each space forming a recess for a corresponding tubular cathode 62, except for the central bar, which may be solid or tubular, as desired.
  • the cathode tubes 62 are suspended from and electrically connected to a bus bar 63 which is electrically connected via wire 90 to a power source of D.C. current.
  • Other arrangements of a plurality of cathodes in a plurality of cup-shaped anodes can be employed operatively. It appears to be important, however, to maintain a solid cathode surrounded by cup-shaped walls of the anode.
  • the generation of tritium, excess heat energy, and radi ⁇ ation energy is increased in quantity by using plural anode/ cathode systems of FIGS. 4-7 as compared to the single anode/ cathode systems of FIGS. 1-2.
  • FIG. 8 shows a flow diagram of a power plant using the excess heat energy produced by the electrolytic cell and pro ⁇ cess of this invention.
  • Cell 64 contains cathode 66 suspended above and in the center of anode cup 65 submerged in a pool containing deuterium oxide and connected to a battery 67 to provide the necessary power for electrolysis.
  • Cell 64 is in a surrounding insulation layer 68 and an insulated cover 69.
  • Two cooling coils 70 and 71 are shown representing, respec ⁇ tively, an internal coil (as shown in FIG. 2) and an external coil (as shown in FIG. 1) . Water or other suitable liquid is circulated through these coils 70 and 71 to collect the heat generated by the electrolysis process in cell 64.
  • coils 70 and 71 It is not necessary to include both coils 70 and 71, since in some em ⁇ bodiments either one of the coils is sufficient by itself.
  • the output of coils 70 and 71 passes through lines 73 and 75 which are joined into line 76. If cell 64 has been operating efficiently, line 76 will contain high pressure vapor. If the heat output of cell 64 is not high it may be necessary to add heat by a means not shown to produce vapor in line 76 as it enters turbine 77. Vapor .in line 76 turns turbine 77 which is rotationally joined via shaft 78 to generator 79 to pro- cute electx-ic current that is drawn off through terminals 80 for use elsewhere in any electricity consuming device or pro ⁇ cess.
  • the cell 64 of FIG. 8 canbe operated as a pressurized liquid system to produce high pressure liquid in line 76 which can then be expanded to vapor before entering turbine 77.
  • Coolants other than water may be used in coils 70 and 71 if lower pressure systems are desired.
  • Liquid fluorochlorocar- bons (Freons) or aqueous ammonia solutions can be employed where boiling points of 50°-60°C are typical and correspond ⁇ ingly lower pressures are developed in the vapor to reach acceptable overall efficiencies.
  • LiOD lithium metal elec ⁇ trolyte
  • a D.C. current of about 15 volts and 1.0 amps is im ⁇ pressed on the cathode and anode and the reaction is continued for any desired length of time.
  • a coil in which water is circulated around the- electrolysis cell is employed to absorb any heat produced in the cell.
  • a Geiger-Mueller tube is used to detect radiation due to tritium production and to detect any gamma radiation produced in the reaction.
  • the cathode was pretreated by being heated to 400°C in nitrogen, cooled to room temperature, and then the surface was abraded by filing off approximately 0.1 mm.
  • the electrolysis medium was analyzed for tritium content and for gamma radiarion with the results shown graphically in FIG. 8.
  • a standard Geiger-Mueller tube was used to detect the presence of gamma radiation or radiation from tritium.
  • Tritium con ⁇ tent was measured by extracting a small amount of electrolyte with a long hypodermic needle inserted through a vent (e.g., 29 or 30 in FIG. 1) in the reactor, mixing the sample with a standard scintillation fjLuid, counting the radiation, and converting it to counts per ml. of electrolyte.
  • Tritium is believed to be generated as a gas and may combine with oxygen in the electrolyte to produce liquid tritium dioxide.
  • FIGS. 1 or 2 were operated as described in Example 1 employing a platinum cup as the anode and a palla ⁇ dium bar as the cathode and conductive deuterium oxide as the medium using lithium oxydeuteride (LiOD) or lithium hydroxide (LiOH) as the conduction enhancer. In all cases the lithium compound was present in 0.1 molar concentration. The follow ⁇ ing results were obtained.
  • LiOD lithium oxydeuteride
  • LiOH lithium hydroxide
  • the cathode was the same Pd block that had been used in Run 1.
  • water was added gradually to the medium (up to 30%) to determine the operability of the process in the presence of ordinary water.
  • the medium was allowed to become depleted to the extent of uncovering a por ⁇ tion of the cathode to determine the sensitivity of the pro ⁇ cess of this change.
  • the cathode was natural uranium.
  • ordinary water was used with no D 2 0 present so as to check the heat loss in a control experiment.
  • Runs 1-8 The days of operation in Runs 1-8 were continuous, i.e., 24 hours per day, in all runs except Run 3 which was discon ⁇ tinuous, i.e., the power was off for one or more short periods (aggregating not more than about 10% of the total op ⁇ eration time) of time to make adjustments in the cell appa ⁇ ratus or process.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 were used in a series of ex ⁇ periments similar to Example 3 to compare results using dif ⁇ ferent combinations of anode and cathode materials, although keeping the cathode in the shape of a cup and the anode in the shape of a cylindrical solid bar. Operation was contin ⁇ uous in Runs 10-12 and discontinuous in Run 9, as generally explained in Example 3. The following results were obtained.
  • the cathode and the anode of the cell of this invention may be selected from either of two large groups of elements and their alloys.
  • One group herein called Material A in ⁇ cludes hydrogen-loving metals, namely, metals of Groups 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B and 8 of the Periodic Table of Elements which specifically include Sc, Y, La, Ac, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au.
  • the other group herein called Material B. includes the Lanthanides and Actinides of the periodic Group of Ele ⁇ ments as well as platinum and gold.
  • These latter elements include La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lw, Pt, and Au.
  • alloys of an element of Material A or Material B with one or more other elements of the same Material A or Material B are excluded from this definition.
  • the anode and cathode material in any given cell must be dissimilar materials.
  • the most preferred cathode materials are La, Zr, Hf, Cr, Re, Co, Ni, Cu, and Pd, with Pd being the most desirable of all.
  • the most preferred anode materials are Ce, Pr, Th, Ni, Pt, and Au, with Pt being the most desirable of all.
  • the anode be a cup- shaped structure with a bottom wall, single or multiple side- walls, an open top and an open interior space.
  • the cathode should be a solid geometrical shape, such as a sphere, a cylinder, a tetrahedron, a cube, or the like. It is not important that internal voids be eliminated in the cathode, and therefore tubular structures or hollow shapes are accept ⁇ able, although not preferred.
  • the anode is placed so as to be spaced centrally in the open interior space with respect to the sidewall or sidewalls and the bottom wall.
  • the bottom wall and sidewalls of the anode may be solid and impervious to fluid flow or may be porous, as in a perforated sheet or as in a screen. It is preferable for the anode to be a solid impervious structure. It has been found to be advantageous to pretreat the cathode before use in the electrolysis pro ⁇ cess of this invention.
  • the surface of the cathode is roughened, e.g., with a file to remove the glossy finish, and also to abrade the surface, e.g., by cutting minute grooves into the surface by the edge of the file or other similar procedures. .
  • the ratio of heat output/heat input and the rate of production of tritium and radiation is en ⁇ hanced by a pretreatment given to the cathode.
  • the preferred treatment is to heat the cathode to about 400°C in an inert gas, e.g., nitrogen, argon or helium, cooling the cathode to room temperature, and abrading the surface, e.g., by filing, to remove about 0.1 mm.
  • an inert gas e.g., nitrogen, argon or helium
  • the liquid medium of this process is electrically con ⁇ ductive deuterium oxide or mixture of deuterium oxide and ordinary water where the deuterium oxide is the major com ⁇ ponent, i.e., more than 50%.
  • the medium is 70- 100% deuterium oxide and 0-30% water.
  • the medium In order for the medium to be electrically conductive it is preferred for it to contain small amounts of an electrolyte as described above, the amount being 0.05 to 0.2 molar amounts of ioniz- able compounds of lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, or the like.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

Procédé de préparation et de récupération de tritium, d'énergie thermique, et d'énergie rayonnante par électrolyse d'un milieu liquide (21) contenant de l'eau lourde dans une cellule électrolytique comportant une cathode (23) en palladium, ou certains autres éléments par mise en ÷uvre du procédé à une température comprise entre environ 10° et 30 °C; ainsi qu'un appareil permettant la mise en ÷uvre dudit procédé, dans lequel la cathode (23) comprend une masse géométrique centrale solide, et l'anode (25) est une cuve de forme évasée à partie supérieure ouverte, positionnée à proximité et en dessous de ladite cathode (23) qu'elle encercle.
PCT/US1990/003382 1989-06-30 1990-06-18 Procede electrochimique nucleaire et appareil singulier de production de tritium, de chaleur, et de rayonnement WO1991002360A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US37350989A 1989-06-30 1989-06-30
US373,509 1989-06-30
US44853289A 1989-12-11 1989-12-11
US448,532 1989-12-11

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1991002360A1 true WO1991002360A1 (fr) 1991-02-21

Family

ID=27006199

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1990/003382 WO1991002360A1 (fr) 1989-06-30 1990-06-18 Procede electrochimique nucleaire et appareil singulier de production de tritium, de chaleur, et de rayonnement

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0431152A4 (fr)
AU (1) AU6870591A (fr)
WO (1) WO1991002360A1 (fr)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0563381A4 (en) * 1991-10-21 1993-11-18 Technova Inc. Heat generation apparatus and heat generation method
EP0658268A4 (fr) * 1992-02-24 1995-02-07 Eneco Inc Procede et appareil de generation de puissance par fusion d'alcali et d'hydrogene.
WO1997046736A3 (fr) * 1996-05-24 1998-02-19 James A Patterson Systeme, cellule electrolytique et procede servant a produire de la chaleur et a desactiver de l'uranium et du thorium par electrolyse
WO1997039164A3 (fr) * 1996-04-15 1999-07-29 James A Patterson Systeme et pile electrolytiques
WO2003041086A1 (fr) * 2001-11-05 2003-05-15 Clean Energy Pte Ltd Production d'energie et de matieres par synthese nucleaire
WO2006102224A3 (fr) * 2005-03-18 2007-03-08 Cone Partners Ltd Fusion a basse temperature
DE102013110249A1 (de) * 2013-09-17 2015-03-19 Airbus Defence and Space GmbH Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Energieerzeugung

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3080304A (en) * 1961-05-22 1963-03-05 Smith Corp A O Process and apparatus for reducing the applied potential requirement of a hydrogen charging cell
US3288694A (en) * 1963-03-11 1966-11-29 Continental Oil Co Methods and apparatus for anodic protection of vessels
DE2447381A1 (de) * 1974-10-04 1976-04-15 Varta Batterie Gasdichter akkumulator
US4056449A (en) * 1974-10-31 1977-11-01 Diamond Shamrock Technologies S.A. Electrowinning method
US4392924A (en) * 1980-11-27 1983-07-12 Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann Process for controlling the permeability of diaphragms in the preparation of polyvalent metals by electrolysis and an electrolysis cell for carrying out the process
US4482440A (en) * 1983-10-06 1984-11-13 Olin Corporation Electrochemical cell and process for manufacturing temperature sensitive solutions
US4565619A (en) * 1983-02-18 1986-01-21 The Foxboro Company Composite electrode structure
US4670113A (en) * 1984-10-30 1987-06-02 Lewis Arlin C Electrochemical activation of chemical reactions
US4728586A (en) * 1986-12-29 1988-03-01 Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. Enhanced charge retention electrochemical hydrogen storage alloys and an enhanced charge retention electrochemical cell

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3080304A (en) * 1961-05-22 1963-03-05 Smith Corp A O Process and apparatus for reducing the applied potential requirement of a hydrogen charging cell
US3288694A (en) * 1963-03-11 1966-11-29 Continental Oil Co Methods and apparatus for anodic protection of vessels
DE2447381A1 (de) * 1974-10-04 1976-04-15 Varta Batterie Gasdichter akkumulator
US4056449A (en) * 1974-10-31 1977-11-01 Diamond Shamrock Technologies S.A. Electrowinning method
US4392924A (en) * 1980-11-27 1983-07-12 Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann Process for controlling the permeability of diaphragms in the preparation of polyvalent metals by electrolysis and an electrolysis cell for carrying out the process
US4565619A (en) * 1983-02-18 1986-01-21 The Foxboro Company Composite electrode structure
US4482440A (en) * 1983-10-06 1984-11-13 Olin Corporation Electrochemical cell and process for manufacturing temperature sensitive solutions
US4670113A (en) * 1984-10-30 1987-06-02 Lewis Arlin C Electrochemical activation of chemical reactions
US4728586A (en) * 1986-12-29 1988-03-01 Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. Enhanced charge retention electrochemical hydrogen storage alloys and an enhanced charge retention electrochemical cell

Non-Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
J. Electroanal, Chem. Vol. 261, (10 April 1989), pages 301-308, FLEISHMANN et al. *
Nature, Vol. 344, issued 29 March 1990, SALAMON et al, pages 401-405, Cited as Casting Doubt on the Obtainment of Electrochemically Induced Nuclear Fusion *
ORNL/FTR-3341, dated 31 July 1989, COOKE, see pages 3-5, Cited as Casting Doubt on th Obtainment of Electrochemically Induced Nuclear Fusion. *
See also references of EP0431152A4 *

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0563381A4 (en) * 1991-10-21 1993-11-18 Technova Inc. Heat generation apparatus and heat generation method
EP0658268A4 (fr) * 1992-02-24 1995-02-07 Eneco Inc Procede et appareil de generation de puissance par fusion d'alcali et d'hydrogene.
WO1997039164A3 (fr) * 1996-04-15 1999-07-29 James A Patterson Systeme et pile electrolytiques
WO1997046736A3 (fr) * 1996-05-24 1998-02-19 James A Patterson Systeme, cellule electrolytique et procede servant a produire de la chaleur et a desactiver de l'uranium et du thorium par electrolyse
WO2003041086A1 (fr) * 2001-11-05 2003-05-15 Clean Energy Pte Ltd Production d'energie et de matieres par synthese nucleaire
WO2006102224A3 (fr) * 2005-03-18 2007-03-08 Cone Partners Ltd Fusion a basse temperature
DE102013110249A1 (de) * 2013-09-17 2015-03-19 Airbus Defence and Space GmbH Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Energieerzeugung
WO2015040077A1 (fr) 2013-09-17 2015-03-26 Airbus Defence and Space GmbH Dispositif générateur d'énergie et procédé de génération d'énergie et ensemble de commande et récipient réactionnel associé

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU6870591A (en) 1991-03-11
EP0431152A1 (fr) 1991-06-12
EP0431152A4 (en) 1992-03-18

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Williams et al. Upper bounds on'cold fusion'in electrolytic cells
Maroni et al. Some preliminary considerations of a molten-salt extraction process to remove tritium from liquid lithium fusion reactor blankets
RU2242059C2 (ru) Способ отделения и извлечения редких продуктов ядерного деления из отработавшего ядерного топлива, применение указанных продуктов (варианты)
US3957597A (en) Process for recovering tritium from molten lithium metal
WO1991002360A1 (fr) Procede electrochimique nucleaire et appareil singulier de production de tritium, de chaleur, et de rayonnement
CN107868962B (zh) 一种合成气制备系统及其方法
US20030112916A1 (en) Cold nuclear fusion under non-equilibrium conditions
Konishi et al. Experiments on a ceramic electrolysis cell and a palladium diffuser at the Tritium Systems Test Assembly
US10450660B2 (en) Recovery of tritium from molten lithium blanket
US3208883A (en) Hydrogen-hydride cell
US9472812B2 (en) Electric energy cell
JP2003130976A (ja) 核融合反応装置
WO1991006959A2 (fr) Milieux pour fusion a l'etat solide
JPH032236B2 (fr)
CA2040420A1 (fr) Appareillage et procede electrochimique de production de tritium, de chaleur et de radiations
WO1993014503A1 (fr) Procede de production d'energie fonde sur l'affaissement gravitationnel
WO1996006434A1 (fr) Procede de condensation d'un hydrure
Ritley et al. A search for tritium production in electrolytically deuterided palladium
JPH07101701A (ja) 水素吸蔵金属への水素又はその同位体の吸蔵方法
JPH0335194A (ja) 重水の電気化学反応を用いた加熱方法及びその加熱装置
Crespo et al. Electrochemically Induced Cold Fusion and Environment
Isaacs et al. Hydrogen production from fusion reactors coupled with high temperature electrolysis
JP2024047240A (ja) 水素同位体移送装置及び水素同位体移送方法
JPH06160560A (ja) 重水電解方法、常温核融合方法及び常温核融合エネルギーの取出方法。
McCracken et al. In search of nuclear fusion in electrolytic cells and in metal/gas systems

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AK Designated states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT AU BB BG BR CA CH DE DK FI GB HU JP KP KR LK LU MC MG MW NL NO RO SD SE SU

AL Designated countries for regional patents

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE BF BJ CF CG CH CM DE DK ES FR GA GB IT LU ML MR NL SE SN TD TG

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 1990917707

Country of ref document: EP

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2040420

Country of ref document: CA

WWP Wipo information: published in national office

Ref document number: 1990917707

Country of ref document: EP

REG Reference to national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: 8642

WWW Wipo information: withdrawn in national office

Ref document number: 1990917707

Country of ref document: EP