WO1990004380A1 - Sac de sterilisation auto-scelle - Google Patents
Sac de sterilisation auto-scelle Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1990004380A1 WO1990004380A1 PCT/US1989/004647 US8904647W WO9004380A1 WO 1990004380 A1 WO1990004380 A1 WO 1990004380A1 US 8904647 W US8904647 W US 8904647W WO 9004380 A1 WO9004380 A1 WO 9004380A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- pouch
- opening
- flap
- edge
- recited
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/26—Accessories or devices or components used for biocidal treatment
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B50/00—Containers, covers, furniture or holders specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments, e.g. sterile covers
- A61B50/30—Containers specially adapted for packaging, protecting, dispensing, collecting or disposing of surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D33/00—Details of, or accessories for, sacks or bags
- B65D33/16—End- or aperture-closing arrangements or devices
- B65D33/1691—End- or aperture-closing arrangements or devices using adhesive applied to attached closure elements
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B50/00—Containers, covers, furniture or holders specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments, e.g. sterile covers
- A61B2050/002—Containers, covers, furniture or holders specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments, e.g. sterile covers having adhesive means, e.g. an adhesive strip
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B50/00—Containers, covers, furniture or holders specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments, e.g. sterile covers
- A61B50/30—Containers specially adapted for packaging, protecting, dispensing, collecting or disposing of surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments
- A61B2050/314—Flexible bags or pouches
Definitions
- the present invention relates to sterilization pouches for holding items during sterilization, and more particularly, to a sterilizable pouch having an improved means of sealing the pouch opening.
- Sterilizable pouches are well known in the art. Hospital type pouches consist generally of a paper sheet which is permeable to gases but impermeable to microorganisms and an opposing transparent plastic sheet which is impermeable to gases and microorganisms. The paper and plastic sheets are typically heat sealed along three or four edges. Lewis, U.S. Patent No. 4,194,622 illustrates a sterilizable pouch which is sealed on all four edges. A slit adjacent one edge and between two side edges provides access to the interior of the pouch. An adhesive strip on the paper sheet between the slit and the one edge of the paper sheet is provided so that when folded over, it covers and seals the slit.
- U.S. Patent No. 4,276,982 discloses a sterilizable pouch which is sealed on three edges. An opening is defined between the fourth edge of the plastic sheet and a flap created by an extension of the paper sheet. An adhesive strip on the paper flap spaced from the opening provides a seal for the opening when the flap is folded over so that the adhesive strip contacts the opening and the plastic sheet. Alternatively, the adhesive strip can be placed on the plastic sheet adjacent to but spaced from the unsealed fourth edge. The"paper flap is folded over the unsealed edge and pressed against the adhesive strip to provide the seal for the opening in the pouch.
- a commercially available sterilization pouch is heat sealed on each of its four edges.
- An opening is provided by a slit in the plastic sheet similar to that shown in Lewis, ' U.S. Patent No. 4,194,622.
- a seal for the opening is provided by an adhesive backed paper strip connected to the plastic sheet adjacent to and spaced from the slit.
- a removable liner covers the adhesive side of the paper strip. When it is necessary to close the slit to seal the pouch, the liner is removed and the paper member pressed against the slit.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a sterilizable pouch which has an improved means of sealing the opening to avoid the creation of air channels.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide such a pouch with easy access to the opening so that tearing is avoided.
- a sterilizable pouch which includes a first sheet-like member and a second sheet-like member.
- the first and second members are both made of a material which is impermeable to microorganisms.
- One or both of the first and second members has at least a portion thereof made of a material which is permeable to gases.
- the first member extends outwardly beyond one edge of the second member to define a flap.
- the edge of the second member and the flap define an opening therebetween.
- the first and second members are sealed to one another along all edges thereof except for the opening to define the pouch for receiving items to be sterilized.
- the pouch also includes sealing means having an upper surface and an adhesive coated lower surface connected along one edge to the second member proximate the opening.
- a liner for removably covering the adhesive coated lower surface is provided.
- the sealing means is dimensioned to cover the opening and at least a portion of the flap adjacent the opening when the liner is removed and the adhesive backed lower surface is pressed against the opening and the flap to close and seal the opening.
- the pouch is preferably generally rectangular in shape and has access means for unsealing the pouch along the sealed edges.
- FIG. 1 illustrates the preferred embodiment of the self sealing sterilization pouch of the present invention
- FIG. 2 illustrates an enlarged view of the sealing means and opening of the sterilization pouch of FIG. 1.
- the preferred embodiment of the sterilizable pouch 10 of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.
- the pouch 10 includes generally a first sheet-like member 12, a second sheet-like member 14 and a sealing member 16.
- the first and second members, 12 and 14 are rectangular shaped, opposing, flat sheets sealed on three of four sides by a marginal heat seal 18 to define the pouch 10 between the opposing, members.
- the chevron configuration 20 at the bottom of pouch 10 provides an access means to facilitate manual opening of the pouch 10 to remove the contents following sterilization by peeling the first and second members apart. While the chevron shape is preferred, the access means may be any suitable shape. It can be formed by having the seal at one portion of the pouch 10 spaced from an edge of at least one of the first or second members, 12 and 14.
- a cut away section 22 is provided in one of the members 12 or 14 to make it easier to grasp and separate the members, 12 and 14.
- the first member 12 extends outwardly beyond the second member 14 on the fourth side to define a flap 26.
- An opening 24 is defined on the unsealed fourth side between the first and second members, 12 and 14, and more specifically, between the unsealed fourth edge of the second member 14 and the flap 26 of first member 12.
- sealing member 16 is an adhesive backed strip having an upper surface 28 and a lower surface 30.
- One edge 32 of the sealing member 16 is connected to the second member 14 proximate the opening 24.
- the sealing member 16 may be connected at, adjacent to or spaced from the opening 24.
- Edge 32 of sealing member 16 is preferably parallel to opening 24 and" extends along the full width of the second member 14.
- Edge 32 is preferably permanently connected to the second member 14, as shown in FIG. 1, to prevent the inadvertant removal and loss of the sealing member 16 and to enhance the alignment of sealing member 16 across the opening 24.
- sealing member 16 is coated in any suitable manner with a pressure sensitive adhesive.
- a readily removable release liner 36 covers the adhesive coating of lower surface 30 until the user is ready to seal opening 24 of pouch 10. When the release liner 36 is peeled away from the adhesive, the opening 24 can be closed by pressing sealing member 16 against the portion of second member 14 between edge 32 and opening 24, opening 24 and flap 26 of first member 12.
- the first and second members 12 and 14 can both be made of a paper material which is impermeable to microorganisms but permeable to gases, such as steam and ethylene oxide.
- a paper material which is impermeable to microorganisms but permeable to gases, such as steam and ethylene oxide.
- gases such as steam and ethylene oxide.
- One commercially available source of the synthetic paper is made by duPont and sold under the trademark TYVEK. Natural papers may also be used.
- the members 12 and 14 may also both be made of a thermally stable, preferably transparent, plastic material which is impermeable to microorganisms.
- the plastic material can be impermeable to gases, thus, in this embodiment of pouch 10, at least a portion of one or both of first and second members 12 and 14 would have to be made of a material which is permeable to gases.
- the first member 12 is made of a paper material and the second member 14 is made of the plastic laminate material.
- the pouch 10 of the present invention provides both the ease of access of an open end 24 and a self aligning sealing member 16. Because sealing member 16 does not have to be folded over to seal the opening, the occasion for poor alignment resulting in wrinkles and air channels is avoided.
- Pouch 10 is used in the same manner as known sterilization pouches.
- the items to be sterilized are placed in the pouch through opening 24.
- the opening is sealed as described above by pressing the adhesive backed sealing member 16 over the second member 14, opening 24 and flap 26.
- the pouch is then ready for exposure to a sterilization process. Any suitable known indicators to monitor effective sterilization can be incorporated into the pouch 10.
- the sterilized items can be stored in the pouch until ready for use. At that time, the first and second sheet-like members are peeled apart at the chevron shaped end of the pouch and the items removed.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Bag Frames (AREA)
- Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
Abstract
Un sac stérilisable (10) contient des articles pendant leur stérilisation et permet de conserver ces articles dans un état stérile après leur stérilisation. Le sac (10) comprend un premier élément (12) et un second élément opposé (14). Le premier élément (12) s'étend vers l'extérieur au-delà d'un bord du second élément (14) pour définir un rabat (26). Une ouverture (24) est définie entre ce bord du second élément (14) et le rabat (26). Les bords restants des premier et second éléments (12, 14) sont scellés l'un avec l'autre pour définir le sac (10). Une bande adhésive ayant une doublure amovible (36) sur l'adhésif est reliée le long d'un bord au second élément (14) de manière adjacente ou espacée de l'ouverture (24) et est dimensionné pour recouvrir l'ouverture (24) et le rabat (26) lorsque la doublure (36) est enlevée et que la bande adhésive est appliquée par pression contre l'ouverture (24) et le rabat (26).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/261,197 US4874090A (en) | 1988-10-24 | 1988-10-24 | Self-seal sterilization pouch |
| US261,197 | 1989-10-24 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1990004380A1 true WO1990004380A1 (fr) | 1990-05-03 |
Family
ID=22992305
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US1989/004647 Ceased WO1990004380A1 (fr) | 1988-10-24 | 1989-10-18 | Sac de sterilisation auto-scelle |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4874090A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2000814C (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2017162A6 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO1990004380A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2110095A1 (fr) | 2008-04-18 | 2009-10-21 | Gebr. Dürrbeck Kunststoffe Gmbh | Sac, notamment pour la réception d'objets contaminés |
Families Citing this family (42)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5222600A (en) * | 1992-07-28 | 1993-06-29 | Stoddard James T | Autoclave pouch |
| US5458730A (en) * | 1992-08-14 | 1995-10-17 | American Fluoroseal Corporation | Peel package sealing machine |
| US5253754A (en) * | 1992-08-14 | 1993-10-19 | American Fluoroseal Corporation | Peel package and method of packaging organs |
| US6406674B1 (en) | 1993-06-30 | 2002-06-18 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Single step sterilization wrap system |
| US6048098A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 2000-04-11 | Uniflex, Inc. | Tamper-resistant envelope |
| US5788377A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1998-08-04 | Uniflex, Inc. | Tamper-resistant envelope |
| FR2741599B1 (fr) * | 1995-11-29 | 1998-01-09 | Jr Maruani Sarl Ets | Emballage a ouverture facile |
| US5976299A (en) * | 1997-06-30 | 1999-11-02 | Fisher Container Corporation | Method for making a non-peelable, sterilizable bag |
| US5922428A (en) * | 1997-09-16 | 1999-07-13 | Adchem Corporation | Sterilizable package with improved seal |
| US6073767A (en) * | 1998-05-29 | 2000-06-13 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Package and method to reduce bacterial contamination of sterilized articles |
| US20030209453A1 (en) * | 2001-06-22 | 2003-11-13 | Herman Craig Steven | Method and package for storing a pressurized container containing a drug |
| US6352152B1 (en) | 1998-12-18 | 2002-03-05 | Smithkline Beecham Corporation | Method and package for storing a pressurized container containing a drug |
| US6119853A (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2000-09-19 | Glaxo Wellcome Inc. | Method and package for storing a pressurized container containing a drug |
| US6315112B1 (en) | 1998-12-18 | 2001-11-13 | Smithkline Beecham Corporation | Method and package for storing a pressurized container containing a drug |
| US6390291B1 (en) | 1998-12-18 | 2002-05-21 | Smithkline Beecham Corporation | Method and package for storing a pressurized container containing a drug |
| CA2357043C (fr) | 1998-12-30 | 2008-02-05 | Ethicon, Inc. | Emballage sterile pour endoscopes souples |
| US6308875B1 (en) * | 1999-08-11 | 2001-10-30 | Kristi M. Almo | Surgical instrument storage pack |
| US20040089561A1 (en) * | 1999-11-23 | 2004-05-13 | Herman Craig Steven | Method and package for storing a pressurized container containing a drug |
| GB0015043D0 (en) * | 2000-06-21 | 2000-08-09 | Glaxo Group Ltd | Medicament dispenser |
| US20030143136A1 (en) * | 2002-01-25 | 2003-07-31 | Regan Timothy P. | Instrument sterilization roll |
| US20040076564A1 (en) * | 2002-10-16 | 2004-04-22 | Schild Lisa A. | Multi-layer products having improved strength attributes |
| US20040074593A1 (en) * | 2002-10-16 | 2004-04-22 | Schild Lisa A. | Methods of making multi-layer products having improved strength attributes |
| DE20219246U1 (de) * | 2002-12-12 | 2003-02-20 | Dolmar GmbH, 22045 Hamburg | Handgeführtes Arbeitsgerät mit Griff |
| US20040178099A1 (en) * | 2003-03-10 | 2004-09-16 | Natay-Curley Cindy J. | Dental mirror scratch resistant sterilizing bag |
| US8518348B2 (en) * | 2003-11-26 | 2013-08-27 | Leica Biosystems Richmond, Inc. | Histological specimen retaining device |
| US7521021B2 (en) * | 2003-11-26 | 2009-04-21 | Leica Biosvstems St. Louis Llc | System for in situ processing of a tissue specimen |
| US7922983B2 (en) | 2005-07-28 | 2011-04-12 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Sterilization wrap with additional strength sheet |
| US20060067855A1 (en) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-03-30 | Mathis Michael P | Multiple ply sterilization wrap |
| US20060104856A1 (en) * | 2004-11-18 | 2006-05-18 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Sterilization wrap with fastening means |
| US20070023309A1 (en) * | 2005-07-27 | 2007-02-01 | General Hospital Supply Corporation | Sterilization pouch for medical instruments and methods of use |
| EP2057957B1 (fr) * | 2007-11-12 | 2014-09-03 | Steripack Medical Limited | Poche stérilisable |
| DE202008017648U1 (de) | 2008-08-04 | 2010-04-22 | hawo Gerätebau GmbH & Co Maschinenbau KG | Verpackungsmaschine |
| US20100094238A1 (en) * | 2008-10-10 | 2010-04-15 | Scarano Anthony J | Biodegradable tampon disposal bag |
| US20120304600A1 (en) * | 2011-05-31 | 2012-12-06 | Ward Kraft, Inc. | Containment Device And Method Of Use |
| US9427710B2 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2016-08-30 | Bemis Company, Inc. | Radial filtration vent and medical device packaging |
| US10485626B2 (en) | 2014-05-20 | 2019-11-26 | Tristel Plc | Transportation of medical instruments |
| GB2526313B (en) * | 2014-05-20 | 2017-01-11 | Tristel Plc | Transportation of medical instruments |
| USD747220S1 (en) | 2014-12-30 | 2016-01-12 | Invenio Healthcare, Llc | Sterilization wrap material |
| USD742249S1 (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2015-11-03 | Invenio Healthcare, Llc | Sterilization wrap material |
| USD838999S1 (en) * | 2015-04-09 | 2019-01-29 | Medline Industries, Inc. | Sterile wrap |
| USD825198S1 (en) | 2015-04-09 | 2018-08-14 | Medline Industries, Inc. | Sterile wrap |
| US11903747B2 (en) * | 2021-03-04 | 2024-02-20 | Paxxus, Inc. | Breathable package with cohesive color heat seal indicator |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4194622A (en) * | 1978-07-03 | 1980-03-25 | Faser Industries | Sterilizable package and a method of packaging for sterilization |
| US4276982A (en) * | 1977-10-26 | 1981-07-07 | Arvey Corporation | Pressure sensitive tape closure pouch |
| EP0089659A1 (fr) * | 1982-03-22 | 1983-09-28 | Surgicot, Inc. | Sachet de stérilisation autoadhésif |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2400406A (en) * | 1944-06-21 | 1946-05-14 | Albert L Godoy | Closure for envelopes and the like |
| US3702171A (en) * | 1971-07-16 | 1972-11-07 | Elliot Levine | Envelope with impermanent closure |
| US4358015A (en) * | 1979-02-05 | 1982-11-09 | Arvey Corporation | Pressure sensitive closure pouch with insertable sterilization indicator |
| US4402453A (en) * | 1981-06-25 | 1983-09-06 | Arvey Corporation | Pouch with closure seal strip and method for making same |
| US4470153A (en) * | 1982-03-08 | 1984-09-04 | St. Regis Paper Company | Multiwall pouch bag with vent strip |
| US4714595A (en) * | 1984-12-27 | 1987-12-22 | Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc. | Tissue storage system |
| US4660721A (en) * | 1986-04-07 | 1987-04-28 | Cvp Systems, Inc. | Sterilization package |
-
1988
- 1988-10-24 US US07/261,197 patent/US4874090A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-10-16 CA CA002000814A patent/CA2000814C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-10-18 WO PCT/US1989/004647 patent/WO1990004380A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1989-10-19 ES ES8903518A patent/ES2017162A6/es not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4276982A (en) * | 1977-10-26 | 1981-07-07 | Arvey Corporation | Pressure sensitive tape closure pouch |
| US4194622A (en) * | 1978-07-03 | 1980-03-25 | Faser Industries | Sterilizable package and a method of packaging for sterilization |
| EP0089659A1 (fr) * | 1982-03-22 | 1983-09-28 | Surgicot, Inc. | Sachet de stérilisation autoadhésif |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2110095A1 (fr) | 2008-04-18 | 2009-10-21 | Gebr. Dürrbeck Kunststoffe Gmbh | Sac, notamment pour la réception d'objets contaminés |
| DE102008019598A1 (de) | 2008-04-18 | 2009-10-22 | Gebr. Dürrbeck Kunststoffe GmbH | Beutel, insbesondere zur Aufnahme von kontaminierten Gegenständen |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2000814A1 (fr) | 1991-04-16 |
| ES2017162A6 (es) | 1991-01-01 |
| US4874090A (en) | 1989-10-17 |
| CA2000814C (fr) | 1998-12-08 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US4874090A (en) | Self-seal sterilization pouch | |
| EP0089659B1 (fr) | Sachet de stérilisation autoadhésif | |
| US4276982A (en) | Pressure sensitive tape closure pouch | |
| US3062371A (en) | Internally sterile composite package | |
| US4510621A (en) | Self-sealing pouch for forming adhesive-to-adhesive seal | |
| US3460742A (en) | Peelable transparent envelope for sterile articles | |
| US3403776A (en) | Sterile surgical package | |
| US2946435A (en) | Adhesive bandage | |
| US5056930A (en) | Self-sealing specimen pouch assembly | |
| JP3195305B2 (ja) | シート状開閉蓋を有する包装体およびその製造方法 | |
| EP0120161B1 (fr) | Poches | |
| US4358015A (en) | Pressure sensitive closure pouch with insertable sterilization indicator | |
| US5922428A (en) | Sterilizable package with improved seal | |
| GB2112745A (en) | Resealable package for premoistened towellettes | |
| AU2130195A (en) | Box | |
| US4352429A (en) | Means for the storage and aseptic delivery of sterilized articles | |
| US5178277A (en) | Breather pouch for surgical suture packages | |
| US3419136A (en) | Package for flat articles such as surgical sponges | |
| US6969197B2 (en) | Sterilizable package | |
| GB2081215A (en) | Blood bag | |
| GB2066209A (en) | Two compartment bag | |
| US3025957A (en) | Packaged folded adhesive sheets | |
| EP0014447B1 (fr) | Sac pour stérilisation muni d'un indicateur de stérilisation incorporable | |
| CA1147702A (fr) | Sac a fermeture par ruban auto-collant | |
| JPH1135079A (ja) | ウェットティッシュ用容器 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): JP |
|
| AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LU NL SE |