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WO1989004723A1 - Procede et appareil de traitement du grain - Google Patents

Procede et appareil de traitement du grain Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1989004723A1
WO1989004723A1 PCT/GB1988/001046 GB8801046W WO8904723A1 WO 1989004723 A1 WO1989004723 A1 WO 1989004723A1 GB 8801046 W GB8801046 W GB 8801046W WO 8904723 A1 WO8904723 A1 WO 8904723A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
grain
grains
hagberg
wheat
reciprocating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/GB1988/001046
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
John Patrick Farrow Wilsdon
Jonathon William Stollery
Simon Gibbs
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
W & S Agriculture Ltd
Original Assignee
W & S Agriculture Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB878727801A external-priority patent/GB8727801D0/en
Priority claimed from GB878728404A external-priority patent/GB8728404D0/en
Priority claimed from GB878729530A external-priority patent/GB8729530D0/en
Priority claimed from GB888804450A external-priority patent/GB8804450D0/en
Priority claimed from GB888813428A external-priority patent/GB8813428D0/en
Priority claimed from GB888813429A external-priority patent/GB8813429D0/en
Application filed by W & S Agriculture Ltd filed Critical W & S Agriculture Ltd
Publication of WO1989004723A1 publication Critical patent/WO1989004723A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N11/00—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties
    • G01N11/10—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by moving a body within the material
    • G01N11/12—Investigating flow properties of materials, e.g. viscosity, plasticity; Analysing materials by determining flow properties by moving a body within the material by measuring rising or falling speed of the body; by measuring penetration of wedged gauges
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03B—SEPARATING SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS
    • B03B4/00—Separating by pneumatic tables or by pneumatic jigs
    • B03B4/02—Separating by pneumatic tables or by pneumatic jigs using swinging or shaking tables
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03B—SEPARATING SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS
    • B03B5/00—Washing granular, powdered or lumpy materials; Wet separating
    • B03B5/28—Washing granular, powdered or lumpy materials; Wet separating by sink-float separation

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the provision of wheat for bread making which is of a suitable quality when measured by the Hagberg test.
  • the invention relates to the separation of wheat having a low Hagberg number to provide an upgraded product having a much higher Hagberg number, and to apparatus for carrying out this and other grain separations.
  • the Hagberg test is described in some detail in two original papers by S. Hagberg in Cereal Chemistry 37, 218, 222 (I960) and 38 202-203 (1961).
  • the "falling number" is measured for a flour sample.
  • the wheat to be analysed is milled, conventionally in a high-speed hammer mill, and a standard amount of the flour is combined with a standard amount of water in a standard test tube.
  • the mixture is heated for a standard time during which it is gently agitated and then the time is measured for a standard plunger to fall a standard distance through the paste which is formed.
  • the time (in seconds) for the plunger to fall is added to the time during which the flour-water mixture is heated (60 seconds) to give the falling number or the Hagberg number for the wheat sample.
  • the test is a measure of the degree of amylolysis which had taken place in the wheat. Adverse weather conditions, particularly cold and wet. activate the aroylase content of the grain leading to breakdown of the starch chains to produce di- and oligo-saccharides. Even a relatively small degree of hydrolysis has a drastic effect on the viscosity of the gelatinized starch and thus has a critical effect on the suitability of the wheat for the production of bread.
  • the Hagberg test is widely used in the cereal market as a measure of the suitability of wheat for bread production. Unless the dough has a sufficient viscosity, bread making is not possible. Good viscosity is provided primarily by a high starch content. As wheat ripens, the starch content increases to a maximum value. Ideally, wheat should be harvested at that point. However, if there is a period of wet weather at harvesting time, and the grain stays wet for a considerable period, the starch begins to degrade to release free sugars in a chemical process akin to that of malting. As this process proceeds, the Hagberg number of the wheat decreases. Conventionally for suitable bread production, the Hagberg number should be at least 250.
  • weathered grains of low Hagberg number can be simply separated from good grains of higher Hagberg number by subjecting the grain to specific gravity separation in suitable apparatus.
  • the weathered grains are only slightly lighter in weight than the good grains (typically about 1% lighter), it has been found that this slight difference in specific gravity coupled with an increased roughness of the outer coating, enables effective separation to take place.
  • a method for increasing the Hagberg number of a sample of wheat or other grain comprising subjecting the wheat to separation on the basis of specific gravity to exclude low Hagberg number grains, and to recover grains of higher Hagberg number.
  • the proportion of lighter grains to discard can be simply judged by monitoring the Hagberg number of withdrawn samples.
  • weathered wheat having a Hagberg number of 86 overall was fed to a specific gravity separator and a cut of about 30% of the lighter grains was removed.
  • the remaining grains were found to have a Hagberg number of 280 and were completely suitable for milling.
  • the separation on the basis of specific gravity can be conveniently effected in a specific gravity separator, or gravity table, of the type commonly used for the removal of foreign bodies from cereal crops, for example weed seeds, ergot grains and soil particles.
  • a specific gravity separator or gravity table
  • Such machines conventionally comprise an inclined table formed of an oscillating mesh screen over which the wheat grains move. Conventionally, compressed air is supplied under the screen to cause flotation.
  • Typical machines of this type are supplied by Spiroll Kipp Kelly (1984) Incorporated of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Canada, although many other similar types of machine are available, eg HEID, Oliver and Kamas separators.
  • Gravity separators comprise large, heavy machines including a reciprocatable perforated or slatted table and a source of compressed air which can be passed upwards through the table to fluidise grains placed thereon.
  • the separators are used to clean up grain by removing weed seeds, grit etc.
  • separators of this type are used, surprisingly, to upgrade by a dramatic amount the Hagberg value of wheat and other grains by removal of partially weathered, low-starch grains.
  • a gravity separator can be mounted on a suitably rigid and massive truck chassis or other wheeled or tracked vehicle provided with jackable stabiliser legs (after the manner of a mobile crane etc).
  • the combined weight of the gravity separator plus the chassis and wheels etc, together with the vibration-damping effect of the stabiliser legs, is sufficient to dampen and absorb the reciprocation energy so that the apparatus remains stationary and stable during use without the need for permanent ground fixings.
  • a gravity separator of say, 2 - 3 tonnes (e.g. an Oliver Hi-Cap Model 480) is rigidly bolted onto the chassis of a truck (e.g. a Ford Cargo) fitted with jackable or hydraulically operated stabiliser legs which can be lowered to contact the ground around the chassis.
  • the total weight is about 7 tonnes.
  • the resulting equipment can be driven or towed to any required site, the legs lowered into place, and the machine is then ready for immediate use.
  • the gravity separator can receive operating power from mains electricity on site, or as an option, electricity can be provided by an on-board generator, powered by the engine of the truck. It is most surprising that an arrangement as apparently simple as this is so effective, since the general view in the field has always been that permanent solid fixings were required, and that mounting a truck with a normal type of suspension and tyres would immediately result in a complete loss of useful reciprocating movement. However, we find that the table works well for all types of seed separation, provided that the stabiliser legs are firmly on the ground. Indeed, if the legs are lifted, the table immediately becomes useless.
  • the gravity separators used in this process can be of various designs, but in all types grain passes up the sloping table and spreads into a generally wedge-shaped flow, with good quality, heavy grains reaching one edge of the table and being removed in a trough running along the edge of the table. Inferior grains move across the table and are removed from outlets on an adjacent side.
  • a specific gravity separating table having an outlet arranged for removal of good quality grain, this outlet being in the form of a channel or trough or other open receiver into which grain falls having left the reciprocating table and which also reciprocates; and a perforated or mesh screen placed across the top of the grain outlet and communicating with a separate outlet for stones and grit, the screen being arranged so as to intercept the flow of only the heaviest grains from the table into the outlet.
  • the screen is placed across the top of the grain outlet level with the top edge of the table or deck, effectively bridging the top edge of the table to an outlet for stones.
  • the combination of heaviest grains (eg. about 5%) and stones passes off the table onto the screen.
  • the apertures in the screen are chosen so as to pass the grain while stones and pieces of earth remain on the screen and pass to the stone outlet under the influence of the reciprocating motion.
  • the size of aperture in the screen can be varied, depending on the grain to be treated. For English soft wheat a pass range of up to 5mm is desirable, for example, while for barley wheat a size range of up to 5.5mm is preferred; for peas a pass of up to 12mm is satisfactory. Since only about 5% of the grain is being sieved at all it is acceptable to have a very "tight" specification.
  • the screen can be made of perforated mild steel sheet, woven wire or any other suitable material.
  • the stone outlet can conveniently comprise a simple sheet metal shute, which can be arranged to lead to a receptacle.
  • the modification according to the present invention enables only a small fraction of the good grain to be required to be sieved, and that can be achieved with apparatus which adds very little to the bulk or weight of the separator.
  • the invention is thus ideally suited to the mobile separator table of the invention in particular and to all separators in general.
  • the Hagberg number of wheat etc is upgraded and so it is necessary to be able to measure the Hagberg number of different fractions of grain being separated in order that the correct "cut” is made and the minimum amount of poor grade wheat is discarded.
  • a method of obtaining the Hagberg number of cereal samples, especially of wheat or rye by measuring the time taken for a plunger to fall a standard distance through a cooked flour-water paste, characterised in that the flour is obtained by grinding the wheat in a rotary blade (flail) grinder until substantially all will pass a 500 micron screen and discarding the material which does not pass through.
  • the size of the screen, and the size to which the substantial proportion of the wheat should be ground is preferably between 250 and 500 microns; greater than 500 microns and smaller than 250 microns does not produce reproducible results.
  • rotary blade grinder is used to refer to the electrically powered intermittent flail type of grinder typified by the domestic coffee grinder, where two or more opposed blades rotate rapidly to chop the material into small fragments.
  • a typical machine has a power of 150 watts. It has been found that using this combination of a simple electric grinder and an appropriately sized screen, a flour sample can be produced which is suitable for the falling number test.
  • the test itself can then be effected by measuring out a predetermined standard weight of the flour and mixing it thoroughly with a predetermined standard amount of water in a standard tube.
  • the flour-water mixture is then heated, for example in a boiling water bath, for a standard time while be gently agitated.
  • a calibrated plunger is then positioned at the top of the paste and is allowed to fall a standard distance through the tube. The time taken for the fall is measured, and is added to the above-mentioned standard time of heating to obtain a Hagberg number.
  • the amounts of flour and water used, the standard heating time and the dimensions of the tube and the plunger are all subject to variation; any particularly combination can be simply calibrated to provide a correct Hagberg value by using samples of known Hagberg value.
  • a tube of dimensions similar to those used in the original Hagberg paper typically a test tube of interior diameter 21mm and length 220mm containing 25g of water to which 7g of the flour is added.
  • apparatus for carrying out the Hagberg test on a grain sample comprising milling means, means for gelatinising a flour sample under controlled conditions and callibrated means for measuring the falling number, characterised in that the milling means comprises rotary blade grinder in combination with sieving means capable of passing particles of up to 500 microns.
  • the conventional Hagberg test is conducted in a glass (or borosilicate) test tube.
  • the tube should have an internal diameter of 21 mm and a length of 220 mirt.
  • the tubes are generally formed of relatively thick glass for strength.
  • the gelatinised, glutinous starch paste must be washed out so that the tube can be re-used. This can be difficult and time-consuming, especially if the contents of the tube are allowed to cool and/or dry.
  • a method of estimating the quality, eg. the homogeneity, of a cereal sample comprising immersion of a sample of the grain in a fluid with a specific gravity chosen such that, for the required quality, substantially all the grains sink to the bottom of the fluid.
  • the method utilises the specific gravity of the grain as a means of indicating its quality.
  • the proportion of grains in a sample having a suitable quality can be obtained by doing a flotation/sinking test in a given fluid and determining the proportion of grains which sink.
  • the method of the present invention is exceptionally simple and easy to carry out. A result is obtained almost instantaneously, thus providing an estimate useful in determining the adjustment needed to the separator when setting it up for use. for "fine tuning" during use. etc.
  • it offers the grain trader a rapid estimate of the quality and homogeneity of a grain sample: a separation of grains into floating, sinking and in-between, would indicated an undesirable degree of heterogeneity.
  • a relatively inert medium which does not deteriorate at ambient temperature, which is easily re-usable and which is not unpleasent (ie, is not noxious).
  • the medium should be cheap. It must also be relativly low viscosity, in order that clear separations of floating and sinking grains can be rapidily achieved.
  • a prefered fluid medium comprises an aqueous solution of a suitable solute, eg. a sugar such as sucrose or an inorganic salt such as magnesium sulphate.
  • solutes in water e.g. other inorganic salts such as sodium chloride, sodium sulphate etc.
  • suitable solutions can be pre-packed or suitable solutes can be pre-packed or tabletted so as to provide the required specific gravity solution in a standard volume of water at a standard temperature such as 20°C.
  • Simple tables can be provided for calibration if the ambient water temperature is lower (or higher) and means are not available for altering the temperature. It can be envisaged that pre-packed solutions or solutes could be simply labelled with Hagberg numbers or other indications of quality.
  • the homogeneity or the bushel or hectolitre weight of grain can be estimated in an extremely short time without the need for a more elaborate test.
  • the flotation test can thus be used to assist in calibrating a specific gravity separating machine for use in the Wilsdon process.
  • the method can also be used as a spot check during gravity separation to ensure that the product is of a constant standard.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Adjustment And Processing Of Grains (AREA)

Abstract

Un procédé servant à augmenter le nombre Hagberg par exemple du blé consiste à soumettre le grain à une opération de séparation sur la base de la densité, par exemple au moyen d'un séparateur à plateau de gravité à mouvement alternatif. Le séparateur peut être monté sur un châssis mobile équipé de pieds de support à vérin. Le degré de séparation et/ou de qualité du grain peut être estimé par flottation dans un fluide de densité calibrée.
PCT/GB1988/001046 1987-11-27 1988-11-28 Procede et appareil de traitement du grain Ceased WO1989004723A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8727801 1987-11-27
GB878727801A GB8727801D0 (en) 1987-11-27 1987-11-27 Process for improving bread wheat
GB8728404 1987-12-04
GB878728404A GB8728404D0 (en) 1987-12-04 1987-12-04 Method of cereal analysis
GB878729530A GB8729530D0 (en) 1987-12-18 1987-12-18 Method of cereal analysis
GB8729530 1987-12-18
GB888804450A GB8804450D0 (en) 1988-02-25 1988-02-25 Mobile gravity processing apparatus
GB8804450 1988-02-25
GB8813428.3 1988-06-07
GB8813429.1 1988-06-07
GB888813428A GB8813428D0 (en) 1988-06-07 1988-06-07 Specific gravity separator
GB888813429A GB8813429D0 (en) 1988-06-07 1988-06-07 Method of cereal analysis

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1989004723A1 true WO1989004723A1 (fr) 1989-06-01

Family

ID=27546991

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1988/001046 Ceased WO1989004723A1 (fr) 1987-11-27 1988-11-28 Procede et appareil de traitement du grain

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AU (1) AU2802789A (fr)
GB (1) GB2213039A (fr)
WO (1) WO1989004723A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU214128U1 (ru) * 2021-04-26 2022-10-12 Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение "Федеральный аграрный научный центр Северо-Востока имени Н.В. Рудницкого" Машина для отделения склероций гриба claviceps purpurea tul. от семян ржи

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1926621A (en) * 1930-05-29 1933-09-12 John W Hoefling Portable grain cleaning machine
US2343985A (en) * 1941-07-07 1944-03-14 Yakima Chief Ranches Inc Air separator
EP0067440A2 (fr) * 1981-06-16 1982-12-22 Satake Engineering Co., Ltd. Trieur pour céréales, légumineuses et analogues
EP0159050A1 (fr) * 1981-02-23 1985-10-23 Bühler AG Appareil de séparation pour céréales

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB351044A (en) * 1930-03-19 1931-06-19 Murphy John Improvements relating to the shelling or hulling of oats or other grain
GB1161087A (en) * 1966-11-21 1969-08-13 Sturtevant Mill Co Method and Apparatus for Processing Finely Dvided Particulate Material.
GB1395287A (en) * 1973-04-05 1975-05-21 Satake T Huller

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1926621A (en) * 1930-05-29 1933-09-12 John W Hoefling Portable grain cleaning machine
US2343985A (en) * 1941-07-07 1944-03-14 Yakima Chief Ranches Inc Air separator
EP0159050A1 (fr) * 1981-02-23 1985-10-23 Bühler AG Appareil de séparation pour céréales
EP0067440A2 (fr) * 1981-06-16 1982-12-22 Satake Engineering Co., Ltd. Trieur pour céréales, légumineuses et analogues

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Cereal Chemistry, volume 37, 1960, S. Hagberg: "A rapid method for determining alpha-amylase activity", pages 218-222 *
Cereal Chemistry, volume 38, 1961, S. Hagberg: "Note on a simplified rapid method for determining alpha-amylase activity", pages 202-203 *
Motorisation & Technique Agricole, no. 77, May 1985, (Paris, FR), A. Thiberge: "Nettoyeurs et trieurs de grains", pages 7-8,21-24,27 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU214128U1 (ru) * 2021-04-26 2022-10-12 Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение "Федеральный аграрный научный центр Северо-Востока имени Н.В. Рудницкого" Машина для отделения склероций гриба claviceps purpurea tul. от семян ржи

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2802789A (en) 1989-06-14
GB2213039A (en) 1989-08-09
GB8827767D0 (en) 1988-12-29

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