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WO1985004260A1 - Verres afocaux, lunettes grossissantes, coupoles de telescopes, segments de coupoles ou autres et combinaisons avec des systemes optiques connus en tant que lunette faible avec grand champ de vision, bonne definition d'image et coefficient d'eclairage eleve - Google Patents

Verres afocaux, lunettes grossissantes, coupoles de telescopes, segments de coupoles ou autres et combinaisons avec des systemes optiques connus en tant que lunette faible avec grand champ de vision, bonne definition d'image et coefficient d'eclairage eleve Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1985004260A1
WO1985004260A1 PCT/EP1985/000056 EP8500056W WO8504260A1 WO 1985004260 A1 WO1985004260 A1 WO 1985004260A1 EP 8500056 W EP8500056 W EP 8500056W WO 8504260 A1 WO8504260 A1 WO 8504260A1
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Prior art keywords
afocal
glass
glasses
telescope
field
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PCT/EP1985/000056
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German (de)
English (en)
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Hermann Gernet
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Individual
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Priority claimed from DE19843406276 external-priority patent/DE3406276A1/de
Priority claimed from DE19843411409 external-priority patent/DE3411409A1/de
Priority claimed from DE19843432423 external-priority patent/DE3432423A1/de
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to GB08526211A priority Critical patent/GB2183862A/en
Publication of WO1985004260A1 publication Critical patent/WO1985004260A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/0025—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for optical correction, e.g. distorsion, aberration

Definitions

  • Keplerian telescopes consist of 2 focal lenses with the same effect (convex lenses)
  • Galileo systems consist of 2 focal lenses with different optical effects, namely a convex lens away from the eye (closer to the object) and a concave lens close to the eye.
  • Usual telescopes of lower magnification preferably consist of Galileo systems, which one soon learned to use with a short tube.
  • Telescopes result from the ratio of the object focal length to the eyepiece focal length.
  • the field of view (field of view) of the observer's eye is referred to, i.e. the area of the environment that is caused by the afocal glass / the combination and by the The observer's eye pupil is sharply imaged on the retina.
  • This field of view (field of view) corresponds approximately to the field of view (field of view) of glasses / optical aids, which is common in physics.
  • the image section is the environmental section of the film after development and without additional enlargement (reduction), with image resolution the resolution due to focal length enlargement (reproduction of details of the recorded objects) on the film / photo print.
  • All telescopes made from focal lens or mirror systems i.e. consisting of lenses / mirrors with focal points and focal lengths are afocal due to their construction as a whole, because, as shown in Figure 1, incident parallel rays emerge from the eyepiece of such telescopes again in parallel, being closer together, i.e. are more concentrated than the incident parallel rays.
  • Due to their special construction, conventional telescopes cause the objects viewed to move closer and to enlarge them, because - to put it simply - more optical information is passed through the pupil of the eye through the eye pupil to the retina responsible for image resolution.
  • Figure 2 shows from the book by M. v. Rohr (The glasses as an optical instrument, Julius Springer, Berlin, 1934, page 82) a representation of the eye and stopper lens on a scale of approximately 1: 1. From a critical point of view, stopper lenses are not lenses because optical lenses by definition have focal points and focal lengths. Stopper lenses, if designed for distant vision, have neither focal points nor
  • Focal lengths so they are afocal like the usual telescope systems described, although they have nothing else in common with them from an optical point of view.
  • the stopper lens for distance is not an optical lens, but an afocal glass (afocal glass).
  • Figure 3 shows schematically the beam path in a stopper lens for the distance, which in its dimension of
  • Figure 3 shows the basic difference between stopper lens and telescopes made from focal lenses / mirror systems.
  • the stopper lens does not have any front or rear focal points, nor focal lengths or angles according to Figure 1, from which one could derive the physical magnification. Only through tricks (see Reiner, Auge und Brille, Enke Verlag, Issue 59, 1972, page 26 last paragraph and page 27 including (35)), which are didactically meaningful in the context there (spectacle lenses), which I use in connection with stopper lenses and However, afocal lenses are considered inappropriate because their physical magnification results solely from the glass thickness and front curvature, so the fiction of focal points and focal lengths can be maintained with such "lenses". Thus, stopper lenses for distance are actually and really different telescopes than those from Kepler and Galilei. In other words: no physicist, optician or ophthalmologist will be able to find a focal point for the optical system consisting of a glass for a stopper lens, just as little as a plane-parallel glass plate can.
  • the outer surface power (D) results a by inserting.
  • the surface power of the outer surface of the afocal glass treated in the example is thus 12.5 diopters.
  • the second physical basis of the invention is the magnification formula for afocal lenses, it corresponds to the formula for the "self-enlargement" of spectacle lenses.
  • the physical magnification (V) for afocal glasses is
  • V corresponds to the physical magnification of an afocal glass
  • d the thickness of the transparent and optically perfect material (glass, plastic, etc.) in meters
  • n the refractive index (refractive index) of the material
  • D the refractive power of the outer surface of the afocal glass in dioptres .
  • the physical magnification (V) of an afocal glass and its Far East effect depends solely on the material thickness and the refractive power of the outer surface.
  • All afocal glasses including anise icon glasses, stopper lenses, telescope glasses, telescope domes, etc., have optically effective boundary surfaces that are spherically convex on the object side and spherically concave on the eye side and are also the same, i.e. have an identical center of curvature.
  • afocal glasses i.e. so-called aniseicon glasses, were not used as double telescope in glasses as a weak telescope. Stopper lenses have had no practical significance for more than 100 years, and they have never been used with both eyes.
  • Figure 6 a - f shows the fundamental differences between stopper lenses and telescope glasses with afocal lenses and the magnification effects according to Snellius and Reiner for Pritchard's stopper lens (Figure 6 a, see also Figures 2 and 3), a model of the telescope glasses registered as utility models (G 81 21 262.3, Figure 6 b) and the magnification effects for afocal lenses that are already in other telescope eyewear patterns ( Figure 6 c, 6 d) or were produced for such use ( Figure 6 e, f) or in which Manufacturing are.
  • Pritchard's stopper lens in Figure 6 a has an arc of curvature of 0.0415 m for the larger (left) spherical-convex boundary surface and for the smaller one (right) spherical-concave boundary surface has a radius of curvature of 0.0135 m and for both radii the same, ie an identical center of curvature.
  • the refractive index of the stopper lens n 2 is 1.5 (crown glass, which at the time was probably the usual lens material).
  • the utility model shown in Figure 7 b (G 81 21 262.3) has a radius of curvature of 0.0286 m for the spherical-convex boundary surface away from the eye, a radius of curvature of 0.0175 m for the spherical-concave boundary surface and the same for both radii, ie an identical center of curvature that lies on the visual axes.
  • the refractive index of the afocal glasses (n 1 ) is 1.5, since they are glasses made of crown glass. According to Snellius, the refractive power of the surface far from the eye (r 1 ) is 17.5 diopters. Diopter.
  • the afocal lenses of the telescope glasses shown in Figure 7 c have a radius of curvature of 0.0428 m for the spherical-convex boundary surface remote from the eye and a radius of curvature of 0.026 m for the spherical-concave boundary surface close to the eye and for both radii same, ie an identical center of curvature, which lies on the visual axes.
  • the afocal glasses are made of plastic with a refractive index of 1.503.
  • the afocal lenses of the telescope glasses shown in Figure 6 d have a radius of curvature of 0.0302 m for the spherical-convex boundary surface remote from the eye, a radius of curvature of 0.0185 m for the spherical-concave boundary surface close to the eye and the same for both radii, i.e. an identical center of curvature.
  • the afocal glasses are also made of plastic with a refractive index of 1.503.
  • Figure 6 e shows an afocal lens for telescope glasses that has a radius of curvature of 0.02 m for the spherical-convex boundary surface away from the eye, a radius of curvature of 0.011 m for the spherical-concave boundary surface and the same, i.e. an identical, for both radii Have center of curvature.
  • the afocal glass is made of plastic with a refractive index from 1, 7
  • Figure 7 shows P 34 06 276.9 as an example of a telescopic dome (2) made of high-index glass with a refractive index of 1.93, a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex outer surface of 0.54 m, a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave inner surface of 0 , 22 m for the same, ie identical center of curvature and a thickness of 0.32 m on a scale of about 14: 1.
  • the telescope glasses 1.28 - afocal telescope dome 1.40 after 1.28 results for the system.
  • 1.40 1.792 a total physical magnification of around 1.79 with a large field of view (field of view) and a visual improvement, which is analogous to the findings of Schulte-Wintrop on 50 healthy subjects with telescope glasses 1.15. Reflections on the glass surfaces can be avoided using the techniques mentioned.
  • periscope-telescope-afocal glass 1.38 results in a face field that is just as large as with the periscope field nroh r 3.0, but from 3.0. 1.38 a higher overall magnification of 4.14.
  • Such a periscope-telescope-afocal glass combination is shown in Figure 8 in a schematic manner, i.e. not to scale.
  • the afocal glass has a radius of curvature of 0.3 m for the spherical-convex outer surface, a radius of curvature of 0.1 m for the spherical-concave inner surface and an identical center of curvature lying on the central axis of vision for both radii.
  • the afocal glass is made of bulletproof plastic with a refractive index of 1.7. According to Snellius, the refractive power of the outer surface of the afocal glass is: According to Reiner, it follows from a physical magnification of around 1.38.
  • the afocal lens is designed so that its field of view (field of view) is significantly larger than the field of view (field of view) of the periscope telescope 3.0. If the field of view (field of view) of the usual periscope telescope 3.0 has a diameter of 15, then with the periscope-telescope-afocal glass combination in Figure 8, for the same total magnification 3.0, only a telescope magnification of
  • the diameter of the visual field (field of view) is approximately 30% larger, and the area of the visual field (visual field) is almost twice as large
  • Figures 9 a and b show an afocal glass-periksop-telescope-afocal glass combination, in which the afocal glass located in front of the part of the periscope that is far from the eye is designed as a telescopic dome or as a telescopic dome section.
  • Figure 9 a shows a vertical section
  • Figure 9 b shows a horizontal section through the telescope-dome-periscope-telescope-afocal glass combination nation.
  • the telescopic dome consists of bulletproof plastic with a refractive index of 1.70 and has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex outer surface of 0.15 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave inner surface of 0.09 m with the same, ie identical center of curvature .
  • the telescope dome contains the periscope telescope end, which is far from the observer's eye and can be freely rotated about the vertical periscope axis.
  • the periscope has a magnification of 3.0 (triple). At the end of the periscope near the observer's eye there is an afocal glass as shown in Figure 6 f
  • the field of view (field of view) of the telescopic dome (of the telescopic dome section) is many times larger for the observer than the field of view (field of view) of the periscope telescope 3.0 (3 times) and because the afocal lenses located on the eyepieces of the periscope 1.28 in comparison to the periscope field of view (field of view) according to Figure 6 f likewise do not cause any field of vision (field of view) restrictions, resulting in the telescopic dome 1, 20 periscope 3, 0 afocal glasses 1, 28 combination instead a field of view (field of view) diameter from 15 ° to 15 °.
  • afocal glasses of suitable size and shape in combination with photo, film, television cameras, telescopes, microscopes and other optical systems have higher magnifications / better image resolution and, with a suitable design, larger, identical or only slightly smaller image sections (visual field, visual fields ) than how they result with a camera, telescope, microscope or another optical system alone.
  • afocal-glass combinations In order to achieve a large field of vision (field of view) for the observer, the diameters of the near-objective (near-objective) spherical-concave boundary surfaces of afocal lenses and the distance from the eye (objective) the determining sizes, afocal-glass combinations must accordingly be built up from these starting points ).
  • the transverse diameter of the image section recorded by the equipment optics of a roll film camera with a transverse diameter of 0.10 m in the photo is set to the image resolution 1.0, then such a combination leads to a larger transverse diameter with the same image resolution (1.0) of the captured image section, ie to a larger detail of the environment in the photo than without the afocal glass.
  • Figure 10 shows an afocal glass-camera combination without incorporating an additional afocal glass into the camera.
  • the afocal glass attached in front of the camera lens has a spherical-convex curvature of the outer surface of 0.05 m and a spherical-concave curvature of the inner surface of 0.02 m and the same, ie an identical center of curvature, for both radii.
  • the refractive index of the plastic afocal glass is 1.70. According to Snellius, the spherical-convex outer surface of
  • afocal glasses that are suitable for telescope glasses, as well as afocal telescope domes, dome or similar cutouts or combinations of periscope telescopes, cameras, telescopes, microscopes and other optical systems with afocal glasses have a suitable shape and refractive index compared to known ones Stopper lenses, common telescopes, cameras, telescopes, microscopes and other optical systems optical advantages, all based on the special afocal glass construction (spherical-convex-concave boundary surfaces with the same, ie identical center of curvature).
  • afocal glasses are plane-parallel plates which are brought into a spherical or a similar shape, as a result of which the effect of the aiming accuracy results even with an oblique view, as was described in US Pat. No. 126457 as the Gernet effect.
  • Afocal glasses of this type bring about an enlargement of the image with a large field of view (visual field) and are therefore, alone and in combination, real innovations compared to stopper lenses, conventional telescopes, telescope glasses, cameras, telescopes, microscopes and other optical systems.
  • Afocal glasses are also conceivable as contact lenses. In the range that is compatible with the human eye, however, only small magnifications of significantly less than 1.10 are to be expected. From an ophthalmological point of view, such contact lenses do not seem to me to be worth developing because the inventions described can do much more with respect to the magnification without impairing the human eye, and also because with contact lenses that are similar to Afocal lenses, eye damage can be caused by wearing them on the eye are to be feared. This applies even more to afocal glasses as intraoclarly implanted "lenses".
  • afocal glasses with a large field of view represent weak telescopes according to the principle of the stopper lens.
  • the image section of which is smaller, equal to or larger than the image section created by the lens system of a camera or which is significantly larger than the visual field (visual field) of telescopes, microscopes etc.?
  • Afocal glasses of a suitable shape are effective if their spherical-convex boundary surfaces are close to the object and theirs.
  • the centers of curvature on the visual axis are, in connection with the eye of an observer or in combination with a second (several) afocal glasses of the same arrangement, an enlargement of the objects seen with a relatively wide field of view (field of view) due to their telescope effect.
  • afocal glasses should, however, have an opposite optical effect
  • the afocal glass in front of the camera object should have an enlarging effect, the one behind the lens a reducing effect.
  • This can be achieved with a roll film camera, for example, in that the afocal glass in front of the camera lens has its spherical-convex boundary surface on the object side (not on the lens side), i.e. it allows the beams to move closer together and converge more strongly, while the camera is at a suitable point behind Afocal glass built into the lens has its spherical-convex boundary surface on the film side (image side), which means that the individual light beams are further apart and diverge more.
  • Such a combination leads to a magnifying effect, which is multiplied by the magnifying effect of the two afocal glasses.
  • the special features of the non-parallel beam path in cameras must be taken into account accordingly.
  • Afokalqlas (qläser) camera combination (s) for higher magnification / better image resolution / better light output and for (relatively) large image detail
  • Figure 11 b shows the photographic result without the Afocal glass 1.15
  • Figure 11 c shows the result with the Afocal glass 1.15 in front.
  • the transverse diameter of the ceiling square, which is fully accommodated under the ledge (from the outer edge to the outer edge) is 1.15 without the afocal glass in Figure 11 b 5.30 cm, the same transverse diameter - taken with the Afocal glass 1.15 - in Figure 11 c is 6, 10 centimeters .
  • Figure 11 c shows four things:
  • Figure 11 c shows no distortion.
  • afocal glasses of suitable size and shape in combination with photo, film and television cameras enable distortion-free images of the environment.
  • afocal glasses provide more optical information through the stronger bundling of light rays. Theoretically, this means that afocal glasses in front of the lens of cameras increase the light intensity of the lenses in the approximate ratio of their magnification effect (numerical values for radius and cross-sectional area differ according to physical laws). Indeed, in the example chosen, the negatives of the den
  • the afocal glass in front of the lens is designed in such a way that the image section conveyed by the afocal glass is larger than the image section conveyed by the camera lens, whereby disturbing light refractions (reflections or multiple reflections) are eliminated by suitable measures (see pages 9, 10).
  • an example of this is a cover of the optically unnecessary glass areas with opaque (black) plastic firmly attached to the glass, which is also useful for attaching the afocal glass (avoiding damage to the glass surface) and a non-parallel course of the glass surfaces in the optical area not shown.
  • the annihilation of unwanted light rays by these and other measures corresponding to the current state of the art is indicated by the meandering in the optically unnecessary area of the afocal glasses in Figure 12.
  • the afocal glass in front of the lens has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex outer surface of 0.05 and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave inner surface of
  • a second afocal glass of suitable size and shape is located in the camera between the lens and the film plane, the spherical-convex boundary surface facing the film plane.
  • This afocal glass has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.03 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.018 m for the same, i.e. identical center of curvature.
  • the thickness of the afocal glass is thus 0.012 m, the refractive index of the glass material is 1.93.
  • the two afocal glasses have two advantages: the attached afocal glass 1.24 brings more optical information in a ratio of 1.24 to 1.0 through the lens into the camera and distributes it over a larger film area.
  • the afocal glass 1.24 in the camera disperses this additional optical information on an even larger film surface. Both afocal glasses thus result in an enlargement / better image resolution for the viewer, which is 1.24 in comparison to the enlargement / image resolution of the original camera (whose magnification / image resolution is set to 1.0).
  • a conventional roll film camera without an SLR finder with a focal length of 35 mm is shown schematically in vertical section in Figure 13.
  • the afocal glass A in front of the lens has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex outer surface of 0.035 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave inner surface of 0.02 m for the same, i.e. identical center of curvature.
  • the thickness of the afocal glass is therefore 0.015 m, the refractive index of the glass material is 1.93.
  • a second afocal glass B of a suitable size and shape is located in the camera between the lens and the film plane, the spherical-convex boundary surface facing the film plane.
  • This afocal glass has a radius of curvature that is spherical-convex. Area of 0.01 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.0057 m with the same, ie identical center of curvature.
  • the thickness of the afocal glass is 0.0043 m, the width index of the glass material is 1.93.
  • the refractive power of the spherically convex surface is Diopter.
  • the refractive power of the spherical-convex surface of the diopter results.
  • Such telescopes are used to observe distant objects, such as the moon and stars.
  • Such telescopes consist of relatively large tubes (tubes) with a relatively large transverse diameter, at the distal end of which there is a concave mirror (reflector) with focal lengths mostly over 600 mm.
  • Some of the rays reflected by the mirror are reflected by a deflecting prism into an eyepiece that is perpendicular to the tube axis.
  • the resulting image is either viewed through the eye of an observer or photographed by attached photo film television cameras.
  • a viewfinder mounted on the tube is used to locate the distant objects, and manual or automatic devices are used to track the motion of the stars.
  • Figure 15 shows possibilities, such as a stronger magnification with a smaller field of view (field of view) / image through afocal glass (lens) -telescope combinations cutout can be reached.
  • a standard reflector with a tube length of 0.65 m, a focal length of the reflector of 0.72 m, a mirror diameter of 0.12 m and a magnification of 100.0 (100 times) is shown schematically in the basic configuration .
  • the afocal lenses are arranged so that their centers of curvature lie on the (hypothetical) central beam of the reflector or on the central beam of the eyepiece.
  • the special features described at the beginning also apply to the telescope for observation by the human eye or for the recording of the image produced by photo film television cameras.
  • Figure 15 shows, among other things, an afocal glass-telescope combination with only one afocal glass (B,), whose field of view (field of view) is considerably larger than the field of view due to its suitable shape and size
  • the afocal glass (B,) is attached to the tube end near the object using conventional technology (screwed on, inserted).
  • the afocal glass B 1 has a radius of curvature of 0.215 m for the spherical-convex outer surface and a radius of curvature of 0.065 m for the spherical-concave inner surface, and for both radii the same, ie an identical center of curvature, which lies on the (hypothetical) central beam axis.
  • the afocal glass is made of highly refractive glass with a refractive index of 1.93 and its thickness is 0.15 m.
  • the refractive power of the outer surface of the afocal glass is 1 diopter.
  • a similar magnification effect can be achieved if one arranges a much smaller afocal glass of suitable size and shape B 2 in the beam path in the tube in front of the deflecting prism so that the center of curvature of the glass on the
  • the afocal glass B 2 shown in Figure 15 has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.0125 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.005 m with the same, ie identical, center of curvature.
  • the glass has a thickness of 0.0075 m and a refractive index of 1.93.
  • the refractive power of the spherical-convex surface of the afocal glass B 2 is
  • Afocal glass B 2 is only around 20% lower than that of much larger and unwieldy Afocal glass B 1 .
  • Another magnifying effect for the observer looking through the eyepiece is obtained if the eyepiece is used attaches an afocal glass of suitable size and shape B 3 with the same magnifying effect as that of the afocal glass B 2 . If one arranges the afocal glass B 3 so that its spherical-convex surface is close to the eyepiece and that its center of curvature lies on the central beam of the eyepiece, then the afocal glass B 3 again results in a physical magnification of around 1.41;
  • the "enlargement” (actual “downsizing” of a camera always) / image resolution of the original telescope image without afocal glass is set to 1.0, then results from the connection with Afocal glass-camera combinations in detail described facts through the afocal glasses B 1 , B 2 , and B 3 on the film an enlargement and thus a better image resolution with a significantly smaller section of the photographed objects on the film / photo print.
  • afocal glasses In combination with transmitted-light microscopes, afocal glasses have optical advantages at various points on the microscope; corresponding afocal glasses are shown in the schematic illustration in Figure 16 for a conventional transmitted-light microscope.
  • an arrangement (as viewed in the direction of the illuminating rays) of an afocal glass of suitable size and shape B 1 - with its spherical-convex surface facing the illuminating device (L) - behind the first lens system leads to a stronger convergence of the light rays.
  • the double radius of the spherical-concave surface must correspond to the transverse diameter of the light tunnel in the microscope.
  • the double radius of the spherical-convex surface of the afocal glass can be equal to or larger than the transverse diameter of the light tunnel.
  • both the objective with a magnification of 4.0 (4x) and the eyepiece of suitable size and shape can be placed in front (screwed on, inserted, etc.).
  • these afocal glasses result in stronger ones
  • the afocal glass B 2 has such a size and shape that its field of view (field of view) is larger than the field of view of the objective 4.0.
  • the afocal glass B 2 has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.008 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.0045 m. Its thickness is accordingly 0.0035 m.
  • the refractive index of the glass material is 1.93. According to Snellius, there is a refractive power of the spherical-convex surface of the afocal glass T diopter. According to Reiner, it follows from
  • the Afocal glass B 3 shown in Figure 16 has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.0125 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.005 m with a thickness of 0.0075 m, the refractive index of the glass material is 1.93.
  • the refractive power of the spherical-convex surface of diopters results.
  • the narrowing of the field of view (field of view) caused by the afocal glasses can be partially or completely canceled out by combining afocal glasses of a suitable size and shape at a suitable location in a differently constructed microscope with a larger aperture and a shorter focal length than the specified one, so that a similarly large field of vision (Field of view) results as with the original microscope alone.
  • the described optical advantages can be transmitted to the film / photo print by connecting a suitable camera with a close-up lens using a suitable adapter, i.e. one can achieve a better image resolution with a relatively bright, but without the above-mentioned measures, significantly reduced image section of the microscopic object.
  • afocal glasses of a suitable size and shape offer clear combinations in combination with conventional microscopes optical advantages.
  • Glass fiber optics is a newer field of optics. It enables non-rectilinear light conduction without the usual aids such as mirrors, prisms, etc.
  • the possible uses of fiber optics in technology and life sciences are diverse and well-known.
  • This application is intended to describe optical / lighting advantages which arise when flexible glass fiber cables, which consist of a large number of individual and as thin as possible glass fibers, are combined with afocal glass.
  • afocal glasses whose spherical-convex surfaces face a light source and whose centers of curvature lie on the (hypothetical) central axis of a fiber optic cable, bring more parallel and non-parallel light beams closer together.
  • afocal glasses If you give afocal glasses a suitable shape and size and if you additionally mirror the non-spherical boundary surfaces of the afocal glasses, then such afocal glasses, when their spherical-convex surface faces the light source, allow more light to enter a fiber optic cable than would have occurred without the afocal glasses.
  • the prerequisite is that the transmission of the afocal glasses is high, which can be made possible by known measures (anti-reflective coating, etc.).
  • Afocal glasses work in combination with fiber optic cables like light compressors.
  • Afocal glasses of a suitable shape and size allow more light to enter through a fiber optic cable with a certain cross-section than would happen without them. If one combines the fiber optic cable end from which the light rays emerge, also with afocal glasses of a suitable shape and size, whose centers of curvature also lie on the (hypothetical) central axis of the fiber optic cable and whose spherical-concave boundary surfaces face the cable end from which the light emerges again the afocal glasses cause the light beams to move closer together and thus distribute the light over a larger area than without the afocal glasses. These afocal glasses thus act as light decompressors, illuminating an area that is larger than the area that would be illuminated without the afocal glasses.
  • afocal glasses of a suitable shape and size In some areas of technology and life sciences it may be useful to attach afocal glasses of a suitable shape and size only to the side facing the light source, in other areas the use of afocal glasses at the opposite end or at both ends may be useful.
  • Figure 17 shows two examples of fiber optic cables of different thicknesses, which contain a large number of individual and as thin as possible glass fibers.
  • the thicker fiber optic cable A has a cross section of 0.0028 m.
  • the radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of the near-cable afocal glass should be selected so that it is one track larger than the optically effective radius of the glass fiber cable cross section for the production of suitable afocal glasses.
  • this afocal glass B 1 of suitable size and shape one or more other afocal glasses of suitable size and shape can be placed in front of the afocal glass B 1 .
  • a further afocal glass B 2 of suitable size and shape is attached in front of the afocal glass B 1 , the center of curvature of which likewise lies on the (hypothetical) central axis of the glass fiber cable.
  • Afocal glass B 2 has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.01 m and a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.005 m, its thickness is 0.005 m, the glass material has a refractive index of 1.93.
  • the side surfaces are analogous to those of the Afocal glass B 1 (mirrored).
  • the refractive power of the spherical-convex surface of diopters results.
  • the Afocal glass B 1 produces a guided amount of light due to its light compression, which is significantly higher than that without the Afocal glass and which (without taking the transmission loss into account) is 1.24 to 1.0. Because of the loss of transmission through the afocal glass, the ratio will be somewhat less favorable, but the amount of light that will be guided will be (significantly) greater than without afocal glass.
  • the afocal glasses B 1 and B 2 at the end of the cable near the light source provide (without loss of transmission) from 1.2387.
  • 1.3178 1.6318 is a guided amount of light that is even larger and that - based on the diameter - represents around 1.63 to 1.0. If one refers to the cross-sectional area, then the amount of light conducted according to the known physical law (r 2. ⁇ ) is around 166% greater than without the two afocal glasses.
  • the transmission losses of afocal glasses are also multiplicative and not additive. Therefore, the percentage of more guided light will be significantly less than 166%.
  • the afocal glass B 3 has a physical magnification of 1.191, i.e. approximately 1.19. There is a physical one for the Afocal glass B 4 Magnification of 1.1913, also of around 1.19.
  • Figure 18 As the last example of a combination of Afocal glasses of a suitable size and shape with fiber optic cables, a modern fiber endoscope is shown in schematic form in Figure 18, as used in medicine for examining the food pipe and stomach. The situation differs from that in Figure 17 only in that the part of the endoscope near the eye, which usually contains a telescope system of weaker magnification (approximately 2.0, 2x), is either the observer's eye or by means of a suitable one Adapter a photo, film, television camera is located.
  • Figure 18 does not show the fiber optic cables that are usually used in duplicate in endoscopes for lighting, and channels that are still available for flushing or instrument use. Only the fiber optic cable for observation is shown. The flexibility of such endoscopes is great and is indicated by the curvature in Figure 18.
  • the afocal glass B 1 is with the near-object end of the
  • the center of curvature of the Afocal glass B 1 lies on the (hypothetical) central axis of the fiber optic cable.
  • the afocal glass B has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface facing the object (object under investigation) of 0.0025 m, a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.0015 m, a thickness of 0.001 m with a refractive index of 1.93.
  • the optical laws in the usual form cannot be applied to fiber optic cables with a large number of individual fibers, insofar as the fiber optics lead to a similar vision to that found in animals, e.g. There are insects with faceted or similar eyes.
  • the image resolution depends mainly on the cross section of the individual glass fibers.
  • the afocal glass B 1 acts like a weak telescope and brings more optical information through the fiber optic cable.
  • another afocal glass B 2 of a suitable size and shape can be arranged at a suitable point so that its spherical-convex surface faces the object (object under investigation) and that its center of curvature is on the central axis of the endoscope. Eyepiece lies.
  • the afocal glass B 2 shown in Figure 18 has a radius of curvature of the spherical-convex surface of 0.01 m, a radius of curvature of the spherical-concave surface of 0.005 m, a thickness of 0.005 m and a refractive index of 1.93.
  • An observer who looks through the endoscope has an enlargement through the afocal lenses, which is compared to the endoscope alone as 1.63 to 1.0 (3.26 to 2.0). The observer may thus receive more precise information about the structures seen than without the two afocal glasses B, and B 2 .
  • the possibly improved image resolution may behave in a similar way to the total magnification to the original magnification (this set arbitrarily to 1.0), that is to say approximately 1.63 to 1.0.
  • optical / lighting efficiency can be improved by providing space for suitable afocal glasses at a suitable location and by constructively changing the optical systems in the direction of optimal efficiency with regard to a combination with afocal glasses.
  • a conventional periscope enlargement a larger field of vision (field of view) can be achieved and the lower magnification effect can be fully compensated for by suitable size and shape using afocal glasses without any restriction of the field of vision, or an even greater magnification can be achieved.
  • afocal glasses for use in telescope glasses instead of their spherical boundary surfaces can be given an additional optical effect by known design of the surfaces, which compensates for refractive errors in the observer's eyes (nearsightedness, clarity, rod-sightedness, presbyopia).

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Telescopes (AREA)

Abstract

Verres afocaux avec des surfaces de limitation sphériques-concaves-convexes et avec un centre de courbure identique, en tant que lunette faible avec un grand champ de vision et en tant qu'éléments additionnels pour des appareils optiques. Description des principes de fabrication de verres afocaux selon les formules de Snell et de Reiner et exposition des possibilités d'utilisation pratiques de verres afocaux dans des coupoles de télescopes, des télescopes et dans des combinaisons avec des périscopes, des caméras, des microscopes, des guides de lumière et des systèmes de documentation.
PCT/EP1985/000056 1984-02-22 1985-02-20 Verres afocaux, lunettes grossissantes, coupoles de telescopes, segments de coupoles ou autres et combinaisons avec des systemes optiques connus en tant que lunette faible avec grand champ de vision, bonne definition d'image et coefficient d'eclairage eleve Ceased WO1985004260A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB08526211A GB2183862A (en) 1984-02-22 1985-02-20 Afocal glasses, magnifying spectacles, telescope cupolas, cupola segments or the like and combinations with optical systems known as weak binocular with large field of vision, good image definition and high light efficiency

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEP3406276.9 1984-02-22
DE19843406276 DE3406276A1 (de) 1984-02-22 1984-02-22 Afokale teleskop-kuppel (rundum-fernrohr) mit freiem gesichtsfeld
DEP3411409.2 1984-03-28
DE19843411409 DE3411409A1 (de) 1984-03-28 1984-03-28 Rotierender scheibenwischer mit waschanlage fuer teleskop-kuppeln
US12645784A 1984-04-11 1984-04-11
US126,457 1984-04-11
DEP3432423.2 1984-09-04
DE19843432423 DE3432423A1 (de) 1984-09-04 1984-09-04 Periskop-fernrohr-afokalglas-kombination zur vergroesserung des gesichtsfeldes
US65410784A 1984-09-24 1984-09-24
US654,107 1984-09-24

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1985004260A1 true WO1985004260A1 (fr) 1985-09-26

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PCT/EP1985/000056 Ceased WO1985004260A1 (fr) 1984-02-22 1985-02-20 Verres afocaux, lunettes grossissantes, coupoles de telescopes, segments de coupoles ou autres et combinaisons avec des systemes optiques connus en tant que lunette faible avec grand champ de vision, bonne definition d'image et coefficient d'eclairage eleve

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0174350A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE3590114C1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1985004260A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0336073A3 (en) * 1988-04-06 1990-05-09 Hermann Prof. Dr. Med. Gernet Telescopic ophthalmic lens
CN103777341A (zh) * 2013-12-16 2014-05-07 国家电网公司 开关柜隔离开关位置观测仪

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR552355A (fr) * 1922-05-31 1923-04-30 Lunette de galilée simplifiée
GB412081A (en) * 1933-10-11 1934-06-21 Dartmouth College Improvements in eyeglasses for correcting ocular image differences
FR1003465A (fr) * 1947-01-07 1952-03-18 Dispositif ou ligne de visée périscopique
US3094580A (en) * 1959-08-06 1963-06-18 Soc Optique Mec Haute Prec Afocal optical system focal length changer
DE8121262U1 (de) * 1981-07-20 1982-10-07 Gernet, Hermann, Prof. Dr.med., 4400 Münster Fernrohrbrille mit Vergrößerungswirkung durch Aniseikoniegläser (Gläser ohne Brennpunkt)

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE348835C (fr) *
US3611970A (en) * 1969-12-10 1971-10-12 Sun Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co High-pressure window arrangement
DE2814678C2 (de) * 1978-04-05 1982-07-29 Hermann Prof. Dr.med. 4400 Münster Gernet Sehhilfe bei einseitiger Aphakie oder Pseudophakie

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR552355A (fr) * 1922-05-31 1923-04-30 Lunette de galilée simplifiée
GB412081A (en) * 1933-10-11 1934-06-21 Dartmouth College Improvements in eyeglasses for correcting ocular image differences
FR1003465A (fr) * 1947-01-07 1952-03-18 Dispositif ou ligne de visée périscopique
US3094580A (en) * 1959-08-06 1963-06-18 Soc Optique Mec Haute Prec Afocal optical system focal length changer
DE8121262U1 (de) * 1981-07-20 1982-10-07 Gernet, Hermann, Prof. Dr.med., 4400 Münster Fernrohrbrille mit Vergrößerungswirkung durch Aniseikoniegläser (Gläser ohne Brennpunkt)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0336073A3 (en) * 1988-04-06 1990-05-09 Hermann Prof. Dr. Med. Gernet Telescopic ophthalmic lens
CN103777341A (zh) * 2013-12-16 2014-05-07 国家电网公司 开关柜隔离开关位置观测仪

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3590114C1 (de) 1990-10-25
DE3590114D2 (de) 1986-04-24
EP0174350A1 (fr) 1986-03-19

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