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US9476050B2 - Combination therapy - Google Patents

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US9476050B2
US9476050B2 US14/128,342 US201214128342A US9476050B2 US 9476050 B2 US9476050 B2 US 9476050B2 US 201214128342 A US201214128342 A US 201214128342A US 9476050 B2 US9476050 B2 US 9476050B2
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cancer
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US20140135377A1 (en
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Jukka Westermarck
John Eriksson
Amanpreet Kaur
Emilia Peuhu
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University of Turku
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    • C12N2320/31—Combination therapy

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of combination cancer therapeutics.
  • Cancer is a devastating disease afflicting all communities worldwide. It has been estimated that 1 out of 2 men and 1 out 3 women will develop some form cancer within their lifetime.
  • PP2A is a widely conserved protein serine/threonine phosphatase (PSP) that functions as a trimeric protein complex consisting of a catalytic subunit (PP2Ac or C), a scaffold subunit (PR65 or A), and one of the alternative regulatory B subunits.
  • PSP protein serine/threonine phosphatase
  • Identification of PP2A inhibiting mechanisms might provide opportunities for development of novel class of cancer therapeutics re-activating PP2A tumor suppressor activity. This idea would be similar to cancer therapy approaches aiming at re-activation of tumor suppressor activity of p53 by small-molecules such as Nutlin-3 (Vassilev et al., Science, 2004, 303:844-48).
  • PME-1 Protein phosphatase methylesterase 1
  • PME-1 inhibits PP2A activity was proposed by structural analysis of PME-1-PP2A complex demonstrating that PME-1 directly binds to catalytic cleft of the PP2Ac subunit (Xing et al., Cell, 2008, 133:154-163).
  • PME-1 expression has been reported to correlate with human glioblastoma (GBM) progression, and with proliferation, as well as ERK MAPK pathway activity in human patient samples of GBM.
  • the present invention is based on a surprising, synergistic effect of PME-1 gene silencing and certain small molecule chemical agents on the level of apoptosis in hyperproliferative cells.
  • the invention provides a combination of PME-1 silencing and a chemical compound having a general Formula (I):
  • R′ is H or alkyl
  • R′′ is H or alkoxy
  • R1 and R2 are H or together form oxo
  • R3 and R4 are independently H, OH or together form oxo:
  • R5, R6, R6′, R7, and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or mono- and dialkylamino;
  • X is CH 2 or O
  • n 0 or 1, as medicine.
  • the invention provides a small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:s 3 to 5.
  • dsRNA small double-stranded RNA
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the above-mentioned combination or dsRNA.
  • the invention provides a method of sensitizing hyperproliferative cells to a chemotherapeutic agent by silencing PME-1 gene in a human or animal subject in need of such sensitization.
  • one aspect of the invention provides method of treating a hyperproliferative disease in a human or animal subject in need of such treatment by administering at least one type of PME-1 silencing agent and a compound of Formula (I) as defined above.
  • said PME-1 silencing is obtained by an agent selected from the group consisting of an siRNA molecule, DsiRNA molecule, artificial miRNA precursor, shRNA molecule, antisense oligonucleotide, ribozyme, agent preventing PME-1 function towards PP2Ac, and any combinations thereof.
  • the PME-1 silencing agent comprises a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:s 1 to 39.
  • the hyperproliferative disease to be treated is selected from a group consisting of psoriasis, myocardial hypertrophy, benign tumors, solid cancers and haematological cancers.
  • solid cancers include squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, colon cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, brain cancer, glioma, astrocytoma, and glioblastoma.
  • FIG. 1A is a western blot demonstrating PME-1 silencing activity of a scrambled dsRNA (Scr.) and PME-1 specific dsRNA (PME-1) in human glioblastoma T98G cells.
  • Scr. scrambled dsRNA
  • PME-1 specific dsRNA PME-1
  • FIG. 1B displays the amount of apoptotic nuclear fragmentation in T98G glioblastoma cells induced by transfection of either scrambled or PME-1 specific dsRNA for 48 hours, and then treatment with indicated concentration of different drugs/chemical inhibitors for another 24 hours.
  • FIG. 1C shows the amount of apoptotic nuclear fragmentation in T98G glioblastoma cells induced by transfection of either scrambled or PME-1 specific dsRNA for 48 hours, and then treatment with indicated concentration of staurosporine (STS) or cell death inducing ligands, recombinant FasL and TRAIL, for another 24 hours.
  • STS staurosporine
  • FIG. 1D shows the dose dependent increase in the apoptosis of PME-1 dsRNA transfected T98G cells with increasing concentration of staurosporine, as compared to scrambled dsRNA transfected cells.
  • FIGS. 1E and 1F represent the colonogenic potential of T98G and U118MG glioblastoma cells respectively, after transfection of scrambled or PME-1 dsRNA and treatment with indicated concentration of staurosporine for 2 days.
  • FIG. 2A represents the induction of apoptotic nuclear fragmentation by three different PME-1 dsRNAs, PME-1.1 (SEQ ID NO:1), PME-1.2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) and PME-1.3 (SEQ ID NO: 3), in combination with staurosporine treatment.
  • FIG. 2B a western blot demonstrating PME-1 silencing activity of a scrambled dsRNA (Scr.) and three different PME-1 specific dsRNAs (PME-1.1, i.e. SEQ ID NO: 1, PME-1.2, i.e. SEQ ID NO: 2, and PME-1.3, i.e. SEQ ID NO: 3) in T98G cells.
  • Scr. scrambled dsRNA
  • PME-1.1 i.e. SEQ ID NO: 1
  • PME-1.2 i.e. SEQ ID NO: 2
  • PME-1.3 i.e. SEQ ID NO: 3
  • FIG. 2C is the densitometric analysis of above mentioned western blot image showing residual PME-1 levels in T98G cells transfected with PME-1 specific dsRNAs (PME-1.1, i.e. SEQ ID NO: 1, PME-1.2, i.e. SEQ ID NO: 2, and PME-1.3, i.e. SEQ ID NO: 3) as compared to scrambled siRNA transfected cells.
  • PME-1 specific dsRNAs PME-1 specific dsRNAs
  • FIG. 2D shows the dose dependent increase in the apoptosis of PME-1 dsRNA transfected T98G cells with increasing concentration of staurosporine as compared to untransfected cells.
  • FIG. 3A shows the effect of PME-1 dsRNA transfection and staurosporine treatment on the viability of T98G cells.
  • FIG. 3B shows the effect of PME-1 dsRNA transfection and staurosporine treatment on the levels of active caspase-3 and -7 in T98G cells.
  • FIG. 3C shows the effect of pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK treatment on PME-1 dsRNA and staurosporine mediated apoptosis, measured as the amount of nuclear fragmentation.
  • FIG. 4A shows the effect of pre-treatment of T98G cells with PP2A inhibitor, okadaic acid, on PME-1 dsRNA and staurosporine mediated apoptosis, measured as amount of nuclear fragmentation.
  • FIG. 4B represents the effect of dsRNA mediated co-depletion of different PP2A B-subunits on PME-1 specific dsRNA and staurosporine mediated apoptosis of T98G cells, measured as amount of nuclear fragmentation.
  • FIG. 4C shows a comparison between the apoptosis inducing potential of PME-1 specific or CIP2A specific dsRNA upon staurosporine treatment in comparison to scrambled dsRNA transfected cells.
  • FIG. 4D is a western blot image demonstrating the PME-1 and CIP2A silencing activity of a scrambled dsRNA (Scr.), PME-1 specific dsRNA (PME-1) and CIP2A specific dsRNA (CIP2A) in human glioblastoma T98G cells.
  • Scr. scrambled dsRNA
  • PME-1 specific dsRNA PME-1 specific dsRNA
  • CIP2A CIP2A specific dsRNA
  • FIG. 4E shows a comparison between apoptosis mediated by staurosporine treatment in T98G cells depleted of PME-1 using specific dsRNA (PME-1) and different chemical activators of PP2A, FTY720, Selenate or Xylulose-5-phosphate (X5P).
  • PME-1 specific dsRNA
  • X5P Xylulose-5-phosphate
  • FIG. 5A shows the amount of apoptotic nuclear fragmentation in T98G glioblastoma cells after transfection with either scrambled or PME-1 specific dsRNA for 48 hours and treatment with indicated concentration of different staurosporine analogues/derivatives for another 24 hours.
  • FIG. 5B represent the colonogenic potential of scrambled or PME-1 specific dsRNA transfected T98G glioblastoma cells after 2 days of treatment with indicated concentration of staurosporine analogues, PKC412 and K252a.
  • FIGS. 5C and 5D represent the colonogenic potential of scrambled or PME-1 specific dsRNA transfected U251MG and U87MG glioblastoma cells respectively, after 2 days of treatment with indicated concentration of staurosporine (STS), PKC412 and K252a.
  • the present invention is based on a surprising finding that silencing PME-1 gene sensitizes cancer cells for apoptosis-inducing activity of certain small molecule chemotherapeutic agents. Concomitant silencing of PME-1 gene and administration of said chemotherapeutic agent results in synergistic increase in the level of apoptosis.
  • the invention provides a combination therapy of PME-1 depletion and said chemotherapeutic agents.
  • RNA interference RNA interference
  • siRNA small interfering RNA
  • siRNA duplex molecule comprises an antisense region and a sense strand wherein said antisense strand comprises sequence complementary to a target region in an mRNA sequence encoding a certain protein, and the sense strand comprises sequence complementary to the said antisense strand.
  • the siRNA duplex molecule is assembled from two nucleic acid fragments wherein one fragment comprises the antisense strand and the second fragment comprises the sense strand of said siRNA molecule.
  • siRNAs are small double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs).
  • the sense strand and antisense strand can be covalently connected via a linker molecule, which can be a polynucleotide linker or a non-nucleotide linker.
  • the length of the antisense and sense strands may vary and is typically about 19 to 21 nucleotides each. In some cases, the siRNA may comprise 22, 23 or 24 nucleotides.
  • RNAi-based PME-1 silencing is to use longer, typically 25-35 nt, Dicer substrate siRNAs (DsiRNAs), which in some cases have been reported to be more potent than corresponding conventional 21-mer siRNAs (Kim et al., Nat Biotechol, 2005, 23: 222-226). DsiRNAs are processed in vivo into active siRNAs by Dicer.
  • Dicer substrate siRNAs Dicer substrate siRNAs
  • RISC RNA-induced silencing complex
  • RdRP RNA dependent RNA polymerase
  • dsRNA refers to both siRNAs and DsiRNAs.
  • the antisense strand and the sense strand of dsRNA both comprise a 3′-terminal overhang of a few, typically 1 to 3 nucleotides.
  • the 3′ overhang may include one or more modified nucleotides, such as a 2′-O-methyl ribonucleotide.
  • the 5′-terminal of the antisense is typically a phosphate group (P).
  • P phosphate group
  • the dsRNA duplexes having terminal phosphate groups (P) are easier to administrate into the cell than a single stranded antisense.
  • the 5′-terminal of the sense strand or of both antisense and sense strands may comprise a P group.
  • RNA normal, unmodified RNA has low stability under physiological conditions because of its degradation by ribonuclease enzymes present in the living cell. If the oligonucleotide shall be administered exogenously, it is highly desirable to modify the molecule according to known methods so as to enhance its stability against chemical and enzymatic degradation.
  • nucleotides to be administered exogenously in vivo are extensively described in the art (e.g. in US 2005/0255487, incorporated herein by reference). Principally, any part of the nucleotide, i.e the ribose sugar, the base and/or internucleotidic phosphodiester strands can be modified. For example, removal of the 2′-OH group from the ribose unit to give 2′-deoxyribosenucleotides results in improved stability.
  • internucleotidic phosphodiester linkage can, for example, be modified so that one or more oxygen is replaced by sulfur, amino, alkyl or alkoxy groups.
  • the base in the nucleotides can be modified.
  • the oligonucleotide comprises modifications of one or more 2′-hydroxyl groups at ribose sugars, and/or modifications in one or more internucleotidic phosphodiester linkages, and/or one or more locked nucleic acid (LNA) modification between the 2′- and 4′-position of the ribose sugars.
  • LNA locked nucleic acid
  • Particularly preferable modifications are, for example, replacement of one or more of the 2′-OH groups by 2′-deoxy, 2′-O-methyl, 2′-halo, e.g. fluoro or 2′-methoxyethyl.
  • oligonucleotides where some of the internucleotide phoshodiester linkages also are modified, e.g. replaced by phosphorothioate linkages.
  • dsRNAs may contain one or more synthetic or natural nucleotide analogs including, but not limited to, phosphorothioates, phosphoramidates, methyl phosphonates, chiral-methyl phosphonates, and peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs) as long as dsRNAs retain their PME-1 silencing ability.
  • synthetic or natural nucleotide analogs including, but not limited to, phosphorothioates, phosphoramidates, methyl phosphonates, chiral-methyl phosphonates, and peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs) as long as dsRNAs retain their PME-1 silencing ability.
  • RNAi RNA-binding protein
  • genes with incomplete complementarity are inadvertently downregulated by the dsRNA, leading to problems in data interpretation and potential toxicity. This however can be partly addressed by carefully designing appropriate dsRNAs with design algorithms. These computer programs sieve out given target sequence with a set of rules to find sequence stretches with low GC content, a lack of internal repeats, an A/U rich 5-end and high local free binding energy which are features that enhance the silencing effect of dsRNA.
  • PME-1 siRNAs were designed by using commercial and non-commercial algorithms. To this end, full length cDNA sequence of PME-1 was loaded to siRNA algorithm programs (Eurofi ⁇ s MWG Operon's Online Design Tool) and stand-alone program developed by Cuia et al. (Biomedicine, 2004, 75: 67-73). Further, algorithm generated siRNA sequences were then screened trough genome wide DNA sequence alignment (BLAST) to eliminate siRNAs which are not free from off-targeting. In other words, all those siRNAs which had even short sequence regions matching with other genes than target gene (PME-1) were considered invaluable for further use.
  • BLAST genome wide DNA sequence alignment
  • Suitable dsRNAs include those having a greater than 80% sequence identity, e.g., 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or even 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:s 1 to 36, as long as they have similar binding properties and PME-1 silencing activity as the reference dsRNAs.
  • PME-1 specific dsRNAs suitable for use in various embodiments of the present invention can be designed and synthetized according to methods known in the art. Any such isolated dsRNA must be sufficiently complementary to PME-1 cDNA sequence in order to silence PME-1 gene.
  • RNA precursors are another class of small RNAs suitable for mediating RNAi.
  • artificial miRNA precursors are about 21-25 nucleotides in length, and they may have 1 to 3, typically 2, overhanging 3′ nucleotides.
  • PME-1 silencing artificial miRNA precursors may be designed and synthetized by methods known in the art.
  • Short-hairpin RNAs are still another way of silencing PME-1.
  • ShRNAs consist of i) a short nucleotide sequence, typically ranging from 19 to 29 nucleotides, derived from the target gene; ii) a loop, typically ranging between 4 to 23 nucleotides; and iii) a short nucleotide sequence reversely complementary to the initial target sequence, typically ranging from 19 to 29 nucleotides.
  • PME-1 silencing shRNAs may be designed and synthetized by means and methods known to a skilled person. Non-limiting examples of PME-1 specific shRNAs include those listed in Table 3.
  • PME-1 silencing may also be obtained by antisense therapy, where relatively short (typically 13-25 nucleotides) synthetic single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides inactivate PME-1 gene by binding to a corresponding mRNA.
  • Antisense oligonucleotides may be unmodified or chemically modified.
  • the hydrogen at the 2′-position of ribose is replaced by an O-alkyl group, such as methyl.
  • antisense oligonucleotides may contain one or more synthetic or natural nucleotide analogs including, but not limited to PNAs.
  • PME-1 silencing may obtained by ribozymes cleaving the PME-1 mRNA.
  • the ribozyme technology is described, for example, by Li et al. in Adv. Cancer Res., 2007, 96:103-43.
  • PME-1 silencing refers to complete or partial reduction of PME-1 gene expression.
  • PME-1 gene expression is reduced by at least 50%, or at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% when PME-1-specific dsRNA, artificial miRNA precursor, shRNA, antisense oligonucleotide, ribozyme, or any combination thereof is introduced into a human or animal subject.
  • PME-1 silencing may be obtained by blocking or inhibiting the interaction between PME-1 and PP2A, especially the c-subunit of PP2A, thus preventing PME-1 function towards PP2Ac at least 50%, or at least 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%.
  • Such blocking or inhibiting agents include, but are not limited to, recombinantly or chemically produced modified or unmodified peptides and partial peptides, as well as non-peptide molecules, such as small molecule chemical compounds. Methods for identifying such agents have been disclosed e.g. in WO 2009/100173 and US 2009/239244.
  • Chemical compounds suitable for use in various embodiments of the present invention include those listed in Table 4 and any stereoisomers, salts, solvates, or prodrugs thereof.
  • suitable compounds have a general formula (I):
  • R′ is H or alkyl
  • R′′ is H or alkoxy
  • R1 and R2 are H or together form oxo
  • R3 and R4 are independently H or OH, or together form oxo:
  • R5, R6, R6′, R7, and R8 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, monoalkylamino- and dialkylamino;
  • X is CH 2 or O
  • n 0 or 1.
  • alkyl referred to above include both linear and branched C 1-6 alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and the like.
  • the alkyl group is a C 1-3 alkyl group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
  • alkoxy refers to both linear and branched C 1-6 alkoxy groups, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and the like.
  • the alkoxy group is a C 1-3 alkoxy group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
  • hydroxyalkyl refers to any of the above-mentioned C 1-6 alkyl groups substituted by —OH.
  • alkoxycarbonyl refers to any of the above-mentioned C 1-6 alkoxy groups substituted by —COOH.
  • amino refers to —NH 2 .
  • monoalkylamino includes any of the above-mentioned alkyl groups substituted with an amino group.
  • dialkylamino refers to any of the above-mentioned alkyl groups substituted with two amino groups.
  • stereoisomer is a general term for all isomers of individual molecules that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. It includes enantiomers and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (diastereomers).
  • chiral center or “asymmetric center” refers to a carbon atom to which four different groups are attached.
  • enantiomer refers to a molecule that is nonsuperimposeable on its mirror image and hence optically active, wherein the enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light in one direction and its mirror image rotates the plane of polarized light in the opposite direction.
  • racemic refers to a mixture of equal parts of enantiomers and which is optically inactive.
  • any of the disclosed compounds may be converted to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is not particularly limited as long as it is non-toxic.
  • Non-limiting examples of salts with an inorganic or organic base include alkali metal salts (e.g. sodium salt, potassium salt and the like), alkaline earth metal salts (e.g. calcium salt, magnesium salt and the like), ammonium salts, amine salts (e.g. triethylamine salt), and the like.
  • Non-limiting examples of acid addition salts derived from mineral acid e.g. hydrochloride acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid and the like
  • salts derived from organic acids e.g. tartaric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, glycol acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid and the like).
  • prodrug refers to any compound that can be converted to an active drug in vivo after administration, e.g. by being metabolized.
  • Non-limiting examples of compounds having Formula (I) include staurosporine (STS), PKC412, K252a, UCN-01, CEP-701, and SB-218078 listed in Table 4.
  • PME-1 dsRNAs and compounds of formula (I) may be concomitant, simultaneous, or subsequent.
  • PME-1 specific dsRNAs can be accomplished in two principally different ways: 1) endogenous transcription of a nucleic acid sequence encoding the oligonucleotide, where the nucleic acid sequence is located in an expression construct or 2) exogenous delivery of the oligonucleotide.
  • PME-1 specific dsRNAs may be inserted into suitable expression systems using methods known in the art.
  • suitable expression systems include retroviral vectors, adenoviral vectors, lentiviral vectors, other viral vectors, expression cassettes, and plasmids, such as those encapsulated in pegylated immunoliposomes (PILs), with or without one or more inducible promoters known in the art.
  • PILs pegylated immunoliposomes
  • Both dsRNA strands may be expressed in a single expression construct from the same or separate promoters, or the strands may be expressed in separate expression constructs.
  • the above-mentioned expression systems may also be used for the delivery of PME-1 silencing artificial miRNA precursors and shRNAs.
  • expression constructs are formulated into pharmaceutical compositions prior to administration to a human or animal subject (e.g. a canine subject). Administration may be performed by any suitable method known in the art, including systemic and local delivery. The formulation depends on the intended route of administration as known to a person skilled in the art.
  • the expression construct may be delivered in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, or it may be embedded in a suitable slow release composition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may contain one or more cells producing the expression construct.
  • bacteria may be used for RNAi delivery. For instance, recombinantly engineered Escherichia coli can enter mammalian cells after in vivo delivery and transfer shRNAs. A related approach is to use minicells derived e.g. from Salmonella enterica.
  • dsRNA molecules are typically complexed with liposome or lipid-based carriers, cholesterol conjugates, or polyethyleneimine (PEI).
  • PEI polyethyleneimine
  • SNALPs stable nucleic acid lipid particles
  • Suitable routes of administration for exogenous delivery, with or without said complexing include, but are not limited to, parenteral delivery (e.g. intravenous injection), enteral delivery (e.g. orally), local administration, topical administration (e.g. dermally or transdermally) as known to a person skilled in the art. Since surgical removal of a tumour is usually the primary clinical intervention, dsRNAs may be administered directly to the resected tumour cavity.
  • Chemotherapeutic agents of formula (I) may be administered to a human or animal subject by any suitable route known in the art including, but not limited to, those listed for the administration of PME-1 specific dsRNAs.
  • dsRNA molecules and compounds of formula (I) may be formulated into the same or separate pharmaceutical composition.
  • administration may be concomitant, simultaneous, or subsequent.
  • the formulation and/or route of administration for dsRNA molecules and compounds of formula (I) may be selected independently from each other.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may comprise one or more different PME-1 silencing dsRNAs and/or one or more chemotherapeutic agents of formula (I).
  • compositions may be administered in any appropriate pharmacological carrier suitable for administration. They can be administered in any form that effect prophylactic, palliative, preventive or curing hyperproliferative diseases, such as cancer, in human or animal patients.
  • dsRNAs and/or compounds of formula (I) may be formulated, for instance, as solutions, suspensions or emulsions.
  • the formulations may comprise aqueous or non-aqueous solvents, co-solvents, solubilizers, dispersing or wetting agents, suspending agents and/or viscosity agents, as needed.
  • non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oil, fish oil, and injectable organic esters.
  • Aqueous carriers include, for instance, water, water-alcohol solutions, including saline and buffered medial parenteral vehicles including sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose solution, dextrose plus sodium chloride solution, Ringer's solution containing lactose, or fixed oils.
  • Non-limiting examples of intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers, such as those based on Ringer's dextrose and the like.
  • Aqueous compositions may comprise suitable buffer agents, such as sodium and potassium phosphates, citrate, acetate, carbonate or glycine buffers depending on the targeted pH-range. The use of sodium chloride as a tonicity adjuster is also useful.
  • compositions may also include other excipients, such as stabilizing agents or preservatives.
  • useful stabilizing excipients include surfactants (polysorbate 20 & 80, poloxamer 407), polymers (polyethylene glycols, povidones), carbohydrates (sucrose, mannitol, glucose, lactose), alcohols (sorbitol, glycerol propylene glycol, ethylene glycol), suitable proteins (albumin), suitable amino acids (glycine, glutamic acid), fatty acids (ethanolamine), antioxidants (ascorbic acid, cysteine etc.), chelating agents (EDTA salts, histidine, aspartic acid) or metal ions (Ca, Ni, Mg, Mn).
  • useful preservative agents are benzyl alcohol, chlorbutanol, benzalkonium chloride and possibly parabens.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, capsules, tablets, pills, troches, lozenges, powders and granules.
  • dsRNAs and/or compounds of formula (I) may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch.
  • Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, pharmaceutical adjuvant substances, e.g. stearate lubricating agents or flavouring agents.
  • Solid oral preparations can also be prepared with enteric or other coatings which modulate release of the active ingredients.
  • Non-limiting examples of liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs containing inert non-toxic diluents commonly used in the art, such as water and alcohol.
  • Such compositions may also comprise adjuvants, such as wetting agents, buffers, emulsifying, suspending, sweetening and flavouring agents.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be provided in a concentrated form or in a form of a powder to be reconstituted on demand.
  • certain cryoprotectants are preferred, including polymers (povidones, polyethylene glycol, dextran), sugars (sucrose, glucose, lactose), amino acids (glycine, arginine, glutamic acid) and albumin.
  • solution for reconstitution is added to the packaging, it may consist e.g., of sterile water for injection or sodium chloride solution or dextrose or glucose solutions.
  • Means and methods for formulating the present pharmaceutical preparations are known to persons skilled in the art, and may be manufactured in a manner which is in itself known, for example, by means of conventional mixing, granulating, dissolving, lyophilizing or similar processes.
  • the present combination therapy may be used to treat human or animal hyperproliferative diseases including, but not limited to psoriasis, myocardial hypertrophy, benign tumors such as adenoma, hamartoma and chondroma, as well as cancers such as squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, colon cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, brain cancers (e.g. gliomas, astrocytomas, and glioblastomas), and haematological cancers (e.g. chronic and acute myeloid leukaemia).
  • hyperproliferative diseases including, but not limited to psoriasis, myocardial hypertrophy, benign tumors such as adenoma, hamartoma and chondroma, as well as cancers such as squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, colon cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, brain cancer
  • treatment refers not only to complete cure of a disease, but also to prevention, alleviation, and amelioration of a disease or symptoms related thereto.
  • an “efficient amount” of a combination of dsRNAs and compounds of formula (I) is meant an amount in which the harmful effects of a tumor are, at a minimum, ameliorated.
  • Amounts and regimens for the administration of the present combination therapy can be determined readily by those with ordinary skill in the clinical art of treating cancer-related disorders.
  • the dosage of the present combination therapy depend on considerations such as: age, gender and general health of the patient to be treated; kind of concurrent treatment, if any; frequency of treatment and nature of the effect desired; extent of tissue damage; duration of the symptoms; and other variables to be adjusted by the individual physician.
  • a desired dose can be administered in one or more applications to obtain the desired results.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions according to the present embodiments may be provided in unit dosage forms.
  • dsRNAs may be administered in an effective amount within the dosage range of about 0.01 ⁇ g/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or about 1.0 ⁇ g/kg to about 10 ⁇ g/kg. DsRNAs may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses, e.g. of two, three or four times daily.
  • compounds of formula (I) may be administered in an effective amount within the dosage range of about 0.1 ⁇ g/kg to about 300 mg/kg, or about 1.0 ⁇ g/kg to about 10 mg/kg.
  • the compounds of formula (I) may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses, e.g. of two, three or four times daily.
  • the dosing schedule may be selected independently from the dosing schedule of dsRNAs.
  • T98G, U118MG, U251MG and U87MG human glioblastoma cell lines.
  • T98G and U251MG cells were cultured in Eagle's MEM, U118MG in DMEM (Sigma-Aldrich) and U87MG in DMEM/F-12 (Gibco Products, Invitrogen) media supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FCS and penicillin (100 units/mL)-streptomycin (100 Ag/mL) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37° C.
  • Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfections were performed with Lipofectamine RNAiMAX reagent (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • a small inhibitor screening set containing H-7, H-8, H-89, Chelerythrine chloride (Chl Cl), Sunitinib, Tandutinib, Lapatinib, Vandetanib, PKC412 and K252a was purchased from Biaffin GmbH & Co KG.
  • Topotecan Hydrochloride was purchased from Selleck Chemicals.
  • UO126, LY 294002, RO-31-8220, G ⁇ 6976 and SB 218078 were purchased from Calbiochem.
  • Staurosporine (STS), CEP-701, UCN-01 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich; Temozolomide (TMZ), Arcyriaflavin-A and K252c from Tocris Bioscience; Rebeccamycin from Enzo Life Sciences and Enzastaurin from LC laboratories.
  • Pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK, PP2A inhibitor Okadaic acid, and activators Sodium selenate and Xylulose-5-phosphate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
  • Another PP2A activator FTY720 was purchased from Cayman chemicals.
  • TRAIL human recombinant Fc-FasL fusion protein and human recombinant isoleucine-zipper TRAIL (TRAIL) were a gift from Professor. John Eriksson (Abo Akademi University). All the chemicals were reconstituted as recommended by the supplier in either water or DMSO.
  • CTG CellTiter-glo
  • Caspase-3 and -7 activity was measured by luminescence based method, which utilize a substrate containing Caspase-3 and -7 target peptide DEVD, named Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay (Promega Corp.). Assays were performed in white polystyrene 96-well plates (Nunc, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) according to manufacturer's instructions and luminescence was measured with Perkin Elmer Victor2 Plate Reader.
  • the percentage of the sub-G0/G1 fraction containing fragmented nuclei stained with Propidium iodide (P1) was taken as a measure of apoptotic cells.
  • 3.5-4 ⁇ 10 4 cells were plated in 24-well plates, transfected with siRNA for 48 hrs, and then treated with indicated concentration of test compounds in fresh media. After 24 hrs of treatment, both floating and adherent cells were harvested by centrifugation.
  • human glioblastoma T98G cells were transiently transfected with PME-1 siRNA for 72 hs to effectively reduce PME-1 protein levels ( FIG. 1A ).
  • T98G cells containing normal or reduced levels of PME-1 were treated with different chemical drugs including broadly specific inhibitors of serine-threonine protein kinases (H7, H8, H89, Chelerythrine chloride, UO126, LY 294002 and Staurosporine), inhibitors of tyrosine kinases (Sunitinib, Tandutinib, Lapatinib and Vandetanib), DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor (Topotecan) and a DNA methylating drug, Temozolomide, which is currently used for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).
  • GBM glioblastoma multiforme
  • the T98G cells transfected with siRNA for 48 hrs were given drug treatments for 24 hrs and were subsequently lysed, and their nuclei were stained using hypotonic propidium iodide buffer.
  • the lysates were analysed for changes in the sub-G0/G1 fraction of fragmented nuclei by flow cytometry (FACS) ( FIG. 1B ). Condensation and fragmentation of nucleus is a key biochemical feature of apoptosis and sub-G0/G1 analysis has been widely used for detection of apoptosis (FEBS Lett., 1986, 194(2):347-50; Cytometry, 1991, 12(4):323-329; Nature Protocols, 2006, 1:1458-1461).
  • H7, Sunitinib and LY 294002 showed moderate levels of apoptosis in PME-1 depleted cells.
  • the chemotherapeutic drug Temozolomide also induced cell death in glioblastoma cells to moderate levels, but did not benefit much when used in combination with PME-1 siRNA.
  • the most outstanding candidate of all tested drugs was Staurosporine (STS) which induced very high level of apoptosis in PME-1 depleted glioblastoma T98G cells with STS concentration that did not alone induce significant nuclear fragmentation.
  • STS Staurosporine
  • the synergistic effect of PME-1 depletion was found to be specific to STS because treatment of cells with most of the chemical compounds ( FIG. 1B ) or with cell death inducing ligands, FasL (recombinant Fc-FasL fusion protein) and TRAIL ( FIG. 1C ) did not show the same trend.
  • STS was found to induce apoptosis in a dose dependent manner in PME-1 depleted cells at concentrations that did not induce cell death in scrambled siRNA transfected cells ( FIG. 1D ). However, at concentrations higher than 50 nM, STS alone started inducing cell death even in control (Scrambled siRNA transfected) T98G cells.
  • PME-1 siRNA depicted in SEQ ID NO:1 three different PME-1 specific siRNA sequences (SEQ ID NO:s 1 to 3) were transfected to T98G cells and apoptotic nuclear fragmentation was analysed following STS treatment ( FIG. 2A ). Effectiveness of these PME-1 siRNAs was measured by western blotting ( FIG. 2B ), and band intensities were quantified and normalised with respect to beta-actin ( FIG. 2C ). All PME-1 siRNA sequences were capable of sensitizing glioblastoma T98G cells to STS mediated apoptosis.
  • FIG. 4B shows that the cells co-depleted for either PPP2R2a, PPP2R3b, PPP2R5a, or PPP2R5b B-subunit are capable of significantly reversing the STS mediated apoptosis in PME-1 depleted cells.
  • simultaneous depletion of either PPP2R2c ( FIG. 4B ) or other tested B-subunits (data not shown) could not affect the apoptosis of cells receiving PME-1 siRNA and STS treatment. Therefore, we can conclude that PME-1 inhibition promotes STS-mediated apoptosis by reactivation of PP2A trimers containing above four B-subunits.
  • STS has been documented in the literature to be a broadly specific inhibitor of kinases, it is considered less significant in the field of cancer chemotherapeutics. But, some STS derivatives are known which are far more specific and have fewer side effects and are currently in clinical trials for treatment of different diseases. So, we replaced STS with its derivatives, PKC412, K252a, RO-31-8220, G ⁇ 6976, SB 218078, Arcyriaflavin A, K252c, Rebeccamycin, Enzastaurin, UCN-01 or CEP-701 in our experimental setup at different concentrations ( FIG. 5A ).
  • PKC-412, K252a, UCN-01 and CEP-701 being capable of inducing apoptosis in PME-1 depleted glioblastoma cells at levels even higher than STS itself.
  • SB 218078 induced moderate levels of apoptosis at higher concentration.
  • RO-31-8220 and the other tested STS derivatives were not active in these cells.
  • the biochemical features, structure and potentiation to apoptosis of all these drugs in PME-1 depleted T98G cells are also listed in the Table 4.

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